Coal
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
Extraction and Processing Industry
Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
Occupational Exposure
Steel
Metallurgy
Air Pollutants, Occupational
Industry
Benzene
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms
Coal Tar
Mortality among residents near cokeworks in Great Britain. (1/68)
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether residents near cokeworks have a higher standardised mortality than those further away, particularly from cardiovascular and respiratory causes, which may be associated with pollution from cokeworks. METHOD: Cross sectional small area study with routinely collected postcoded mortality data and small area census statistics. Populations within 7.5 km of 22 cokeworks in Great Britain, 1981-92. Expected numbers of deaths within 2 and 7.5 km of cokeworks, and in eight distance bands up to 7.5 km of cokeworks, were calculated by indirect standardisation from national rates stratified for age and sex and a small area deprivation index, and adjusted for region. Age groups examined were all ages, 1-14, 15-64, 65-74, > or = 75. Only the 1-14 and 15-44 age groups were examined for asthma mortality. RESULTS: There was a 3% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1% to 4%) excess of all deaths within 2 km of cokeworks, and a significant decline in mortality with distance from cokeworks. The excess of deaths within 2 km was slightly higher for females and elderly people, but excesses within 2 km and declines in risk with distance were significant for all adult age groups and both sexes. The size of the excess within 2 km was 5% (95% CI 3% to 7%) for cardiovascular causes, 6% (95% CI 3% to 9%) for ischaemic heart disease, and 2% (95% CI -2% to 6%) for respiratory deaths, with significant declines in risk with distance for all these causes. There was a non-significant 15% (95% CI -1% to 101%) excess in asthma mortality in the 15-44 age group. There were no significant excesses in mortality among children but 95% CIs were wide. Within 2 km of cokeworks, the estimated additional excess all cause mortality for all ages combined related to region and mainly to the greater deprivation of the population over national levels was 12%. CONCLUSIONS: A small excess mortality near cokeworks as found in this study is plausible in the light of current evidence about the health impact of air pollution. However, in this study the effects of pollution from cokeworks, if any, are outweighed by the effects of deprivation on weighed by the effects of deprivation on mortality near cokeworks. It is not possible to confidently exclude socioeconomic confounding or biases resulting from inexact population estimation as explanations for the excess found. (+info)Proximity to coke works and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular disease in England and Wales. (2/68)
BACKGROUND: The incidence of hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in areas close to operating coke works in England and Wales was investigated. METHODS: A small area study using distance from source as a proxy for exposure was undertaken in subjects aged 65 or over and children under 5 years within 7.5 km of four coke works (1991 estimated populations 87 760 and 43 932, respectively). The main outcome measures were emergency hospital admissions in 1992/3-1994/5 with a primary diagnosis of coronary heart disease (ICD 410-414), stroke (ICD 431-438), all respiratory diseases (ICD 460-519), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD 491-492), and asthma (ICD 493) in those aged 65 or over, and all respiratory and asthma admissions in children under 5 years of age. RESULTS: At age 65 or over the combined estimate of relative risk with proximity to coke works (per km) ranged from 0.99 (95% CI 0.90 to 1.09) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to 1.03 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.13) for asthma. For children under 5 years the combined estimate of risk was 1.08 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.20) for all respiratory disease and 1.07 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.18) for asthma. There was evidence of significant heterogeneity in risk estimates between coke work groups, especially in children under 5 years (p<0.001 and p=0.004 for respiratory disease and asthma, respectively). For the Teesside coke works in North East England the relative risk with proximity (per km) was 1.09 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.12) for respiratory disease and 1.09 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.15) for asthma. CONCLUSIONS: No evidence overall was found for an association between hospital admissions and living near operational coke works in England and Wales. Trends of a higher risk of hospital admission for respiratory disease and asthma among children with proximity to the Teesside plant require further investigation. (+info)Biological monitoring the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of coke oven workers in relation to smoking and genetic polymorphisms for GSTM1 and GSTT1. (3/68)
Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) increases the risk of developing lung cancer. Human exposure is often demonstrated by increased internal levels of PAH metabolites and of markers for early biological effects, like DNA adducts and cytogenetic aberrations. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess whether the current exposure to PAH of coke oven workers in a Dutch plant induced biological effects, and to determine if these effects are influenced by tobacco smoking and by genetic polymorphisms for the glutathione S-transferase genes GSTM1 and GSTT1. METHODS: Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHpyr) levels were used to monitor the internal dose, while the internal effective dose was assessed by monitoring PAH-DNA adducts, DNA strand breaks (Comet assay), sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) and cells with a high frequency of SCE (HFC) in lymphocytes together with micronuclei (MN) in exfoliated urothelial cells. RESULTS: Occupational exposure to PAH resulted in statistically significant increased 1-OHpyr levels (P<0.001), but it did not cause a significant induction of SCE, HFC, MN, DNA strand breaks or DNA adducts. Smoking caused a significant increase of 1-OHpyr (P<0.05), SCE (P<0.001), HFC (P<0.001) and DNA adducts (P<0.05), but not of MN or DNA strand breaks. Following correction for the smoking-related effects, no occupational induction of the effect biomarkers could be discerned. Multi-variate analysis did not show a significant influence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms on any biomarker. Also no significant interactions were observed between the various biomarkers. CONCLUSION: This study shows that in the examined plant, the occupational exposure to PAH does not result in measurable early biological effects (+info)Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in coke oven workers relative to exposure, alcohol consumption, and metabolic enzymes. (4/68)
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the influence of personal lifestyle--such as smoking and alcohol consumption-on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentrations in coke oven workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and to evaluate the association of 1-OHP concentrations with the genetic polymorphism of several metabolic enzymes including cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A1 and glutathione S-tranferases (GSTs). METHODS: The study population contained 162 coke oven workers and 58 controls employed at the largest iron and steel factory in China. Personal data were collected at the interview. 1-OHP in urine was measured with high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Genetic polymorphisms were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS: A positive association between excretion of urinary 1-OHP and the levels of exposure to PAHs was confirmed. Those people who consumed >or=50 g/day ethanol had significantly higher 1-OHP excretion than did other coke oven workers (p<0.01). No significant difference in urinary 1-OHP was found between smokers and non-smokers, in both controls and exposed subjects. The variant homozygotes at exon 7 of the CYP1A1 gene had significantly higher urinary 1-OHP concentrations than other CYP1A1 genotypes among the exposed workers (p=0.03). There was less association between the concentrations of 1-OHP and the GSTM1, GSTP1, or GSTT1 polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirmed that urinary 1-OHP is a good biomarker for exposure to PAHs. Alcohol consumption affected urinary 1-OHP excretion. The variant genotypes of the CYP1A1 gene may result in the enhancement of PAH metabolites. It is helpful to understand the role of individual susceptibility on metabolism of carcinogens. These findings suggest that the modulating effect of individual lifestyle factors or genetic nature should be considered in future studies on occupational exposure to PAHs and in evaluating the health risk from harmful chemicals. (+info)The effect of relevant genotypes on PAH exposure-related biomarkers. (5/68)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coke oven emissions cause a cancer risk to humans. In a comprehensive biomonitoring study among Estonian coke oven workers, we looked at the effect of genetic polymorphisms in metabolic enzymes on urinary mutagenicity, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentration in urine, and aromatic DNA adducts in white blood cells (WBCs). Coke oven workers were sampled twice (samplings I and II), and controls only once at the time of sampling I. Urinary mutagenicity was measured using the Ames test. CYP1A1, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genotypes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Urinary mutagenicity did not differ between exposed and controls, but those coke oven workers who were smokers had significantly higher (P=0.0002) mutagenic activity in urine than nonsmokers. Urinary mutagenicity was moderately correlated to levels of 1-OHP and aromatic DNA adducts, the P values ranging from 0.0005 to 0.002. Carriers of a variant allele in exon 4 of mEH (Arg139) had elevated urinary mutagenicity (sampling I). In addition, urine mutagenicity of persons with predicted high mEH activity was significantly higher. Smoking habit did not explain the differences observed in urinary mutagenicity between mEH phenotype or genotype subgroups. Variation in exon 3 of mEH (His113) was related to a significantly (P=0.01) higher 1-OHP concentration in exposed workers (sampling II). Workers from sampling I who had an Arg139 variation in mEH had lower levels of adducts in lymphocytes (P=0.01) than others, while airborne benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and His113 variation affected interactively on adduct levels. Our study shows that a comprehensive assessment of exposure is essential for elucidation of PAH exposure at a workplace. Even at high exposures metabolic polymorphisms seem to have some effect on biomarker levels, and should be assessed in biomonitoring studies. (+info)Cross sectional study on lung function of coke oven workers: a lung function surveillance system from 1978 to 1990. (6/68)
AIMS: To determine the association between lung function of coke oven workers and exposure to coke oven emissions. METHODS: Lung function data and detailed work histories for workers in recovery coke ovens of a steelworks were extracted from a lung function surveillance system. Multiple regressions were employed to determine significant predictors for lung function indices. The first sets of lung function tests for 613 new starters were pooled to assess the selection bias. The last sets of lung function tests for 834 subjects with one or more year of coke oven history were pooled to assess determinants of lung function. RESULTS: Selection bias associated with the recruitment process was not observed among the exposure groups. For subjects with a history of one or more years of coke oven work, each year of working in the most exposed "operation" position was associated with reductions in FEV(1) of around 9 ml (p = 0.006, 95% CI: 3 ml to 16 ml) and in FVC of around 12 ml (p = 0.002, 95% CI: 4 ml to 19 ml). Negative effects of smoking on lung function were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to coke oven emissions was found to be associated with lower FEV(1) and FVC. Effects of work exposure on lung function are similar to those found in other studies. (+info)Lymphohaematopoietic system cancer incidence in an urban area near a coke oven plant: an ecological investigation. (7/68)
AIMS: To evaluate the incidence risk of lymphohaematopoietic cancers for the 1986-94 period in Cornigliano, a district of Genoa (Italy), where a coke oven is located a few hundred metres from the residential area. METHODS: The whole of Genoa and one of its 25 districts (Rivarolo) were selected as controls. The trend of risk around the coke oven was evaluated via Stone's method, while the geographic pattern of such risks across the Cornigliano district was evaluated by computing full Bayes estimates of standardised incidence ratio (FBE-SIR). RESULTS: In males, elevated relative risks (RR) were observed for all lymphohaematopoietic cancers (RR 1.7 v Rivarolo and 1.6 v Genoa), for NHL (RR 2.4 v Rivarolo and 1.7 v Genoa), and for leukaemia (RR 2.4 v Rivarolo and 1.9 v Genoa). In females, statistically non-significant RR were observed. In males no excess of risk was found close to the coke oven. In females, a rising risk for NHL was observed approaching the plant, although statistical significance was not reached, while the risk for leukaemia was not evaluable due to the small number of cases. Analysis of the geographic pattern of risk suggested the presence of a cluster of NHL in both sexes in the eastern part of the district, where a foundry had been operational until the early 1980s. A cluster of leukaemia cases was observed in males in a northern part of the area, where no major sources of benzene seemed to be present. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated risks seem to be slightly or not at all related to the distance from the coke oven. The statistically significant higher risks observed in males for NHL and leukaemia, and the clusters of leukaemia in males and of NHL in both sexes deserve further investigations in order to trace the exposures associated with such risks. (+info)Association of HSP70 and genotoxic damage in lymphocytes of workers exposed to coke-oven emission. (8/68)
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have been reported to protect cells, tissues, and organisms against damage from a wide variety of stressful stimuli. Whether they protect against deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in individuals exposed to environmental stresses and chemical carcinogens is unknown. In the study, we investigated the association between Hsp70 levels (the most abundant mammalian Hsp) and genotoxic damage in lymphocytes of workers exposed to coke-oven emission using Western dot blot and 2 DNA damage assays, the comet assay and the micronucleus test. The data show that there is a significant increase in Hsp70 levels, DNA damage score, and micronucleus rates in lymphocytes of workers exposed to coke-oven emission as compared with the control subjects. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation of Hsp70 levels with DNA damage scores in the comet assay (r = -0.663, P < 0.01) and with micronucleus rates (r = -0.461, P < 0.01) in the exposed group. In the control group, there was also a light negative correlation between Hsp70 with DNA damage and micronuclei rate (r = -0.236 and r = 0.242, respectively), but it did not reach a statistically significant level (P > 0.05). Our results show that individuals who had high Hsp70 levels generally showed lower genotoxic damage than others. These results suggest a role of Hsp70 in the protection of DNA from genotoxic damage induced by coke-oven emission. (+info)'Coke' is a term that can have different meanings depending on the context. In the medical field, coke most commonly refers to a solid form of carbon or a type of char produced by heating coal or other organic materials in the absence of air. This form of carbon is relatively pure and low in impurities, making it useful for various industrial applications, including the production of steel and aluminum.
However, 'coke' can also refer to a street name for cocaine, which is a highly addictive stimulant drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant. It is important to note that this usage of the term 'coke' is more commonly associated with illicit drug use and addiction rather than medical terminology.
Therefore, when using the term 'coke' in a medical context, it is essential to clarify its meaning to avoid any confusion or misunderstandings.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pyrenes" is not a medical term. It is a term used in chemistry and materials science, referring to a type of aromatic hydrocarbon molecule that consists of two benzene rings fused together. If you have a different term or concept in mind, please provide it so I can give you an accurate definition or information.
Medical definitions typically focus on the relevance of a term to medicine or healthcare, so here's a medical perspective on polycyclic compounds:
Polycyclic compounds are organic substances that contain two or more chemical rings in their structure. While not all polycyclic compounds are relevant to medicine, some can have significant medical implications. For instance, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a type of polycyclic compound that can be found in tobacco smoke and certain types of air pollution. PAHs have been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer, due to their ability to damage DNA.
Another example is the class of drugs called steroids, which include hormones like cortisol and sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen. These compounds are polycyclic because they contain several interconnected rings in their structure. Steroid medications are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including inflammation, asthma, and Addison's disease.
In summary, while not all polycyclic compounds are relevant to medicine, some can have important medical implications, either as harmful environmental pollutants or as useful therapeutic agents.
I apologize for any confusion, but "coal" is not a medical term. Coal is a black or brownish-black sedimentary rock that is formed from the accumulation and preservation of plant materials, usually in a swamp environment. It is commonly used as a fuel source due to its high carbon content. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds characterized by the presence of two or more fused benzene rings. They are called "polycyclic" because they contain multiple cyclic structures, and "aromatic" because these structures contain alternating double bonds that give them distinctive chemical properties and a characteristic smell.
PAHs can be produced from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources include wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and the decomposition of organic matter. Anthropogenic sources include the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gasoline, as well as tobacco smoke, grilled foods, and certain industrial processes.
PAHs are known to be environmental pollutants and can have harmful effects on human health. They have been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung, skin, and bladder cancers, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity. PAHs can also cause skin irritation, respiratory problems, and damage to the immune system.
PAHs are found in a variety of environmental media, including air, water, soil, and food. They can accumulate in the food chain, particularly in fatty tissues, and have been detected in a wide range of foods, including meat, fish, dairy products, and vegetables. Exposure to PAHs can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact.
It is important to limit exposure to PAHs by avoiding tobacco smoke, reducing consumption of grilled and smoked foods, using ventilation when cooking, and following safety guidelines when working with industrial processes that produce PAHs.
The Extraction and Processing Industry, also known as the extraction industry or the mining sector, is a major category of businesses and economic activities involved in the removal of minerals and other natural resources from the earth. This industry includes several types of extraction operations, such as:
1. Oil and gas extraction: This involves the exploration, drilling, and pumping of crude oil and natural gas from underground reservoirs.
2. Mining: This includes the extraction of various minerals like coal, iron ore, copper, gold, silver, and other metals and non-metallic minerals. There are different methods used for mining, such as surface mining (open-pit or strip mining) and underground mining.
3. Support activities for mining: This category includes services and supplies needed for the extraction of minerals, like drilling, exploration, and mining support services.
After the extraction process, these raw materials undergo further processing to transform them into usable forms, such as refining crude oil into various petroleum products or smelting metals for manufacturing purposes. This processing stage is often included in the definition of the Extraction and Processing Industry.
The medical definition of this industry may not be explicitly stated; however, it indirectly impacts public health and the environment. For instance, mining activities can lead to air and water pollution, exposure to harmful substances, and increased risk of accidents and injuries for workers. Therefore, understanding the Extraction and Processing Industry is essential in addressing potential health hazards associated with these operations.
Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as aromatic compounds or arenes, are a class of organic compounds characterized by a planar ring structure with delocalized electrons that give them unique chemical properties. The term "aromatic" was originally used to describe their distinctive odors, but it now refers to their characteristic molecular structure and stability.
Aromatic hydrocarbons contain one or more benzene rings, which are cyclic structures consisting of six carbon atoms arranged in a planar hexagonal shape. Each carbon atom in the benzene ring is bonded to two other carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom, forming alternating double and single bonds between the carbon atoms. However, the delocalized electrons in the benzene ring are evenly distributed around the ring, leading to a unique electronic structure that imparts stability and distinctive chemical properties to aromatic hydrocarbons.
Examples of aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene. These compounds have important uses in industry, but they can also pose health risks if not handled properly. Exposure to high levels of aromatic hydrocarbons has been linked to various health effects, including cancer, neurological damage, and respiratory problems.
Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.
Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.
Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "steel" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe an alloy made primarily of iron and carbon. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "metallurgy" is not a term that has a medical definition. Metallurgy is a branch of materials science that deals with the properties, physical and chemical behavior, and production of metals. It involves studying the techniques and processes used to isolate, alloy, and fabricate various types of metal products. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!
Occupational air pollutants refer to harmful substances present in the air in workplaces or occupational settings. These pollutants can include dusts, gases, fumes, vapors, or mists that are produced by industrial processes, chemical reactions, or other sources. Examples of occupational air pollutants include:
1. Respirable crystalline silica: A common mineral found in sand, stone, and concrete that can cause lung disease and cancer when inhaled in high concentrations.
2. Asbestos: A naturally occurring mineral fiber that was widely used in construction materials and industrial applications until the 1970s. Exposure to asbestos fibers can cause lung diseases such as asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
3. Welding fumes: Fumes generated during welding processes can contain harmful metals such as manganese, chromium, and nickel that can cause neurological damage and respiratory problems.
4. Isocyanates: Chemicals used in the production of foam insulation, spray-on coatings, and other industrial applications that can cause asthma and other respiratory symptoms.
5. Coal dust: Fine particles generated during coal mining, transportation, and handling that can cause lung disease and other health problems.
6. Diesel exhaust: Emissions from diesel engines that contain harmful particulates and gases that can cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems.
Occupational air pollutants are regulated by various government agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States, to protect workers from exposure and minimize health risks.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Industry" is a general term that refers to a specific branch of economic activity, or a particular way of producing goods or services. It is not a medical term with a defined meaning within the field of medicine.
However, if you are referring to the term "industrious," which can be used to describe someone who is diligent and hard-working, it could be applied in a medical context to describe a patient's level of engagement and effort in their own care. For example, a patient who is conscientious about taking their medications as prescribed, following through with recommended treatments, and making necessary lifestyle changes to manage their condition might be described as "industrious" by their healthcare provider.
Carcinogens are agents that can cause cancer. According to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), environmental carcinogens refer to "cancer-causing agents that people encounter in their daily lives, including substances or exposures in air, water, food, and in the workplace." These carcinogens can increase the risk of cancer by damaging DNA or interfering with cellular processes that control growth.
Examples of environmental carcinogens include:
* Air pollution: Certain pollutants in the air, such as diesel exhaust particles and secondhand smoke, have been linked to an increased risk of lung cancer.
* Radon: A naturally occurring radioactive gas that can accumulate in homes and other buildings, radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States.
* UV radiation: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds can lead to skin cancer.
* Certain chemicals: Some chemicals found in the workplace or in consumer products, such as asbestos, benzene, and vinyl chloride, have been linked to an increased risk of cancer.
* Infectious agents: Certain viruses, bacteria, and parasites can increase the risk of cancer. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major cause of cervical cancer, and hepatitis B and C viruses are leading causes of liver cancer.
It's important to note that exposure to environmental carcinogens does not guarantee that a person will develop cancer. The risk depends on many factors, including the level and duration of exposure, as well as individual susceptibility. However, reducing exposure to these agents can help reduce the overall risk of cancer.
Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet odor. It has the molecular formula C6H6 and is composed of six carbon atoms arranged in a ring, bonded to six hydrogen atoms. Benzene is an important industrial solvent and is used as a starting material in the production of various chemicals, including plastics, rubber, resins, and dyes. It is also a natural component of crude oil and gasoline.
In terms of medical relevance, benzene is classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene can cause various health effects, including anemia, leukemia, and other blood disorders. Occupational exposure to benzene is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to protect workers from potential health hazards.
It's important to note that while benzene has legitimate uses in industry, it should be handled with care due to its known health risks. Exposure to benzene can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or accidental ingestion, so appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling this chemical.
Respiratory tract neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, and lungs. These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Malignant neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade nearby tissues, spread to other parts of the body, and interfere with normal respiratory function, leading to serious health consequences.
Respiratory tract neoplasms can have various causes, including genetic factors, exposure to environmental carcinogens such as tobacco smoke, asbestos, and radon, and certain viral infections. Symptoms of respiratory tract neoplasms may include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, hoarseness, or blood in the sputum. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or PET scans, as well as biopsies to determine the type and extent of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches.
Coal tar is a thick, dark liquid that is a byproduct of coal manufacturing processes, specifically the distillation of coal at high temperatures. It is a complex mixture of hundreds of different compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are known to be carcinogenic.
In medical terms, coal tar has been used topically for various skin conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, and seborrheic dermatitis due to its anti-inflammatory and keratolytic properties. Coal tar can help reduce scaling, itching, and inflammation of the skin. However, its use is limited due to potential side effects such as skin irritation, increased sun sensitivity, and potential risk of cancer with long-term use. Coal tar products should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider and according to the instructions on the label.
Coke
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Coke - Wikipedia
Coke (surname) - Wikipedia
Coke La Rock - Wikipedia
The dope on coke | New Scientist
Edward Coke - Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia
Why is carbon called coke? - Answers
Pepsi's profits pop. Is Coke next?
Download Cherry Coke Font
Coke - 3930 Words | Bartleby
Red all about it: Coke goes for broke
Terms & Conditions Diet Coke Always On
Skittles, Starbucks and Coke Rule Facebook Fan Pages
Coke Re-evaluates Security | CSO Online
Scrum and Coke - Medium
Coke Machine
Coke - PNE
About Allison Adelle Hedge Coke | Academy of American Poets
Whore, Coke On Strawberry's Training Table | The Smoking Gun
I'm Addicted to Coke-help
End Coke Cruelty
coke Articles - Neuromarketing
Coke Taps McCann for Creative Work in Central, Southern Europe
Coke Zero Was a Bullshit Drink From the Beginning | Lifehacker
Will.i.am selling sheets made from old coke bottles
Petition · Put l the "coke" in Coca-Cola · Change.org
France warns 'narco-tourists' after coke washes ashore
Smartphone Giving: 'Coke or Pepsi? Venmo or Zelle?'
The Coke Machine iPhone Skin
- GelaSkins
Adverblog: Coke brings Australia to ScandinaviaPepsi14
- Case 2.4 Coke and Pepsi Learn to Compete in India BRIEF SUMMARY OF CASE CONTENT: This is a detailed and comprehensive case describing the market entry of two global consumer product companies, PepsiCo and Coca-Cola Corporation into a Big Emerging Market (BEM), India. (bartleby.com)
- Pepsi, which is not far from its all-time high, has been a much better performer than top rival Coke ( KO ) in the past few years though. (cnn.com)
- So will Coke benefit from the same trends that helped Pepsi? (cnn.com)
- A survey this year by the Shanghai consulting firm China Market Research Group found that more urban Chinese thought Pepsi - not Coke - was an official Olympic sponsor, even though Pepsi is not sponsoring the event. (smh.com.au)
- Smartphone Giving: 'Coke or Pepsi? (umc.org)
- Smartphone Giving, Part 2: 'Coke or Pepsi? (umc.org)
- By the end of 1985, the original Coca-Cola version outsold both New Coke and Pepsi. (cnbc.com)
- In the cold beverage world, there are two great superpowers, Coke and Pepsi. (consumeraffairs.com)
- I have tried many times and many different ways to end my cravings for soft drinks, specifically Coke and Pepsi - no success. (emofree.com)
- In a flash of insight, probably because I was using EFT at the time, I realized that when I used the words 'Coke' or 'Pepsi' and even 'soft drinks' my mind was being flooded with all the lies and propaganda that have been fed to me throughout my lifetime by advertising and even doctors and nurses in hospitals. (emofree.com)
- Two of the biggest competitors in the soft drink industry, Coke and Pepsi, always have very powerful advertisements. (ipl.org)
- Coke and Pepsi sell very similar products, yet the ads I found aren't very similar. (ipl.org)
- Pepsi focuses more on the image to draw people in, while Coke uses a lot of bold font words and bold colors to catch consumer's eyes. (ipl.org)
- Coke McDonald and his twin sister, Pepsi, are about to turn 13 and have the entire summer ahead of them. (ipl.org)
Coal10
- Coke is a special form of carbon usually produced from coal. (answers.com)
- Mill Creek Coal and Coke Co.. . John Cooper s mine in Cooper section of Bramwell shipped 1st coal from W. Virginia s valuable Pocahontas Coalfield over N&WRR on 4 Nov. 1884. (hmdb.org)
- The Philadelphia financed Flat Top Coal Land Assoc., later Pocahontas Coal and Coke, became the coalfield s largest landholder. (hmdb.org)
- The words "Mill Creek Coal & Coke Co. 1924" are still visible at the top of the building, which is in sight of the marker on Coopers Road. (hmdb.org)
- This bar chart illustrates the value of total exports of coal, coke and briquettes from the United Kingdom, annually between 2010 and 2017. (statista.com)
- In 2017, the total value of coal, coke and briquettes exported reached 98 million U.S. dollars. (statista.com)
- CuO@Lignite activated coke activated persulfate advanced treatment of phenolic wastewater from coal chemical industry. (bvsalud.org)
- After bench scale tests indicated good coking qualities for the "cleaned" coal, three 50-pound coking tests were conducted. (cdc.gov)
- Coke from the unblended coal was strong and seemed of foundry quality. (cdc.gov)
- Using 30 percent of Castle Mountain as a blending coal with a Utah base coal produced a coke with reasonably good characterisitcs. (cdc.gov)
Exposures2
- Worker exposures to coke dusts and fertilizers were surveyed on May 13 and November 25 and 26, 1980 at the Port of Sacramento (SIC-9999) in Sacramento, California. (cdc.gov)
- Coke dust exposures to the track mobile operators were below California OSHA standards of 10 milligrams per cubic meter. (cdc.gov)
Company's2
- In the Coke espionage case, Joya Williams is accused of stealing confidential documents and a sample of a new Coke product from the Atlanta-based beverage giant while working as an administrative assistant to the company's global brand director. (csoonline.com)
- So why is Coke sponsoring rodeos, in contradiction of the company's policy? (sharkonline.org)
Fanta1
- In Estonia, he says, "the price is right," and a Coke, Fanta or Bon Aqua from the new machines costs 10 kroons ($0.68), about the same as in a store. (baltictimes.com)
Soda1
- I'm addicted to Coke (the soda- silly! (hubpages.com)
Cans3
- See all the commemorative Coke cans with logos in different languages, download wallpaper with themes from various countries, decorate your own Coke bottle, and more. (blogspot.com)
- Or even on the sides of Coke cans. (gapingvoid.com)
- But let's see what happens with Surfaces, bathroom tiles and Coke cans, before we consign Microsoft to the dustbin of history. (gapingvoid.com)
Keurig4
- What Coke Is Brewing by Increasing Its Stake in Keurig Coca-Cola has upped its stake in the coffee maker company to 16 percent from 10 percent. (entrepreneur.com)
- In February, Coca-Cola acquired a 10 percent holding in Keurig and signed a 10-year partnership to sell Coke drinks through an at-home beverage system developed by Keurig. (entrepreneur.com)
- Keurig will offer Coca-Cola products, from Coke to Powerade, through the KeurigCold system. (entrepreneur.com)
- Coke from a Keurig? (consumeraffairs.com)
Bottle1
- On the outside wall of the Vigo County Historical Museum there is a giant mural proclaiming Terre Haute to be the birthplace of the Coke bottle. (roadsideamerica.com)
Mock1
- And Pepsi's then-president, Roger Enrico, went on to mock New Coke, calling it 'the Edsel of the 80s' - in reference to one of Ford's biggest auto blunders . (cnbc.com)
Coca-Cola's1
- Unfortunately, customers threatened boycotts and Coca-Cola's own bottling partners were reluctant to distribute New Coke products. (cnbc.com)
Olympics6
- For Coke the Beijing Olympics presents an opportunity to build its brand among China's 1.3 billion people, while attaching its name to an event that gets worldwide attention and often transcends the field of play. (smh.com.au)
- A survey by the Beijing offices of R3 and CSM Media Research found that more than 93 per cent of Chinese had a strong interest in the Olympics and almost half of respondents connected Coke to the Games without being prompted, the highest association of any sponsor. (smh.com.au)
- If protests kick off in Beijing during the Olympics and people link Coke to a crackdown by the Chinese Government, that would not help them. (smh.com.au)
- I'm a big fan of the Olympics and yes I also love Coke. (blogspot.com)
- I love the Olympics and my sister loves Coke, so this is perfect for both of us! (blogspot.com)
- well i'm a fan of neither coke nor the olympics - but i just glanced at your etsy favorites and instantaneously spent $20 on a photograph. (blogspot.com)
Content1
- Ekocycle is a broader partnership between Will.i.am and Coke to use recycled content in more products. (cnn.com)
Rapper2
- Coke Studio season 14 episode two dropped Wednesday night with new promising singers, including the up-and-coming hijabi rapper Eva B. (com.pk)
- Speaking to Coke Studio in a recent interview, the rapper shared how she was instantly attracted to rap songs after listening to a number by Eminem. (com.pk)
Activist1
- A literary activist, Hedge Coke works with incarcerated youth, underserved indigenous youth and elders, among others, and founded and directs the annual Honoring the Sandhill Crane Migration Literary Retreat and Festival on the Platte River. (poets.org)
Giant1
- Watch as this injured calf is taken away to slaughter right past the giant Coca-Cola truck and decide for yourself if Coke really doesn't sponsor this abuse. (sharkonline.org)
Beverage3
- The larger concern among companies such as Coke is preventing the product itself from being known by the competition before it is released, John Sicher, an industry analyst and editor of Beverage Digest, told the AP. (csoonline.com)
- Last month, Netflix and Coca-Cola announced that the series' third season would include a cross-promotion for New Coke, the beverage giant's product offering that launched in 1985 - the same year that the show's current season is set - and was almost immediately deemed as a major marketing misstep. (cnbc.com)
- Plus, Coke needs to compete with other beverage giants who are pushing to expand its offerings in the realm of "homemade" carbonated drinks. (entrepreneur.com)
Taste2
- There's just something about the taste of coke that is irresistible. (hubpages.com)
- To make vivid the impossible made possible, Coke Zero got the most unbelievable creatures to tell you that real Coke taste with Zero sugar is possible. (bestadsontv.com)
Distribute1
- Coke expects to distribute about 26 million beverages through concession stands or provided free to Olympic athletes and officials during the Games. (smh.com.au)
Drinks2
- If you're trying to lose weight, you may find yourself reaching for diet drinks, such as Diet Coke. (mirror.co.uk)
- The versatility of the coke-ice cream combination also means any number of alcoholic drinks can be added, turning the dessert into a cocktail. (morningadvertiser.co.uk)
Products2
Sugar1
- Gary Harris, an employee of the first hip-hop record label, Sugar Hill , noted that "people respected Herc and Coke, but by the early eighties those guys were like specters-they just weren't visible on the scene anymore. (wikipedia.org)
Sponsorship2
- In addition to those sponsorship fees, Coke typically spends three to four times more on Olympic advertising, promotions and tickets for guests, IEG estimates. (smh.com.au)
- Back when Coke still addressed their sponsorship of rodeo animal abuse, they had the abusers themselves write a letter saying all was fine! (sharkonline.org)
Back1
- Strawberry, who has been working out in Tampa to get himself back into shape following cancer surgery in October, claimed the solicitation was a joke and he didn't own the coke. (thesmokinggun.com)
India3
- Coke Studio India launched its Tamil edition and also released a promo. (hindustantimes.com)
- The widely popular musical show Coke Studio, which was launched in India in 2011, is going regional with its latest edition. (hindustantimes.com)
- Coke Studio India launched its Tamil edition. (hindustantimes.com)
Made6
- Is a coke can made from carbon steel? (answers.com)
- Will.i.am is partnering with Coke and W Hotels on a line of bed sheets partially made from old plastic bottles. (cnn.com)
- So the Black Eyed Peas frontman has partnered with Coke ( KO ) and W Hotels on a line of bedding made with at least 30% recycled plastic. (cnn.com)
- Coca-Cola also made a number of New Coke 'limited-edition' offerings available for purchase online and in certain U.S. cities. (cnbc.com)
- Excepting all the CGI-heavy effects, the Coke commercial looks like it was made around the time Cameron last directed a non-documentary feature film. (slashfilm.com)
- The sample was shipped to the Bureau of Mines Denver Coloradoal Research Laboratory where studies of its coking properties were made. (cdc.gov)
People1
- Since Dr. McDonald loves history and Mrs. McDonald adores strange and interesting facts that most normal people would never want to know about, Coke and Pep are facing a summer of boring museums and visits to places like the world's largest ball of twine. (ipl.org)
Draws1
- New Nottingham bar Das Kino, which draws inspiration from 1930s Berlin, claims its coke float cocktail - the Sassafras - has quickly become a house favourite. (morningadvertiser.co.uk)
Advertisement1
- Coke used product name repetition and their reputation to help push their advertisement to consumers. (ipl.org)
Diet11
- Does regular coke have more carbon dioxide than Diet Coke? (answers.com)
- I'm addicted to Diet Coke and Mentos. (hubpages.com)
- If only they could make one with little to no calories and which won't cause cancer in lab animals (e.g., whatever they put in diet coke). (hubpages.com)
- Odds are, the server will reply, "Is Diet Coke OK? (umc.org)
- Diet Coke was actually born of the same market factors, because Tab (Coke's cola-flavored diet drink) had too much of that "woman on a diet" stigma . (lifehacker.com)
- Any time you re-brand a drink, you have an opportunity to change the flavor, and so Diet Coke tasted a little better than Tab. (lifehacker.com)
- Ditch the Diet Coke! (mirror.co.uk)
- Another reason to ditch Diet Coke! (mirror.co.uk)
- Turner Network Television will feature seven feature films as part of the Diet Coke Moviefest planned for the network Aug. 1-3. (mediapost.com)
- The moviefest, developed by TNT, launched April 11 and will continue through Sept. 28, featuring customized diet Coke-branded movie opens and closes, intermissions and tune-in messages produced by TNT On-Air Creative. (mediapost.com)
- Future Diet Coke Moviefest Weekends will be Sept. 19-21 and Sept. 26-28. (mediapost.com)
Time2
- A model is presented that predicts the coke bed temperature profile over time and thus the optimum quenching conditions. (aiche.org)
- In this study, lignite activated coke (LAC) was used as the carrier for the first time , Fe3O4-CuO composite metal oxide was used as the main active material, and the nano-scale magnetic supported composite metal oxide Fe3O4-CuO@LAC catalyst was synthesized for the first time , which can effectively activate the active oxygen in peroxodisulfate (PS). (bvsalud.org)
Good4
- But some experts wonder whether Coke and other sponsors are getting good value for their investments, particularly given controversies over the Games. (smh.com.au)
- on a serious note, a glass of coke with your meal is good for your digestion, this goes unnoticed because most of us usually drink gallons of it, also if children have a cold or the flu doctors in my country recommend giving them coke instead of milk as long as they have a lot of flem. (hubpages.com)
- And it's good that Coke is taking responsibility for its bottles. (cnn.com)
- But a few good things did come from the New Coke flop. (cnbc.com)
Drink1
- In the 1990s, Coca-Cola rebranded New Coke as 'Coke II,' but then entirely discontinued the drink in 2002. (cnbc.com)
Company4
- The company known as Coca-Cola today was started in September of 1919, but the first Coke brand was served as early as 1886. (bartleby.com)
- Although it wasn't locked up like the recipe for Coca-Cola Classic, the near theft of a new Coke product has the company re-evaluating its security, including safeguards for protecting trade secrets, the Associated Press reports via NJ.com . (csoonline.com)
- Coca-Cola obviously has strict control over its bottlers, and besides, the advertising is being done for Coke, not the local bottling company. (sharkonline.org)
- Coca-Cola never revealed how much money it lost from its short-lived New Coke blunder, but The New York Times reported that, in addition to the $4 million it spent on research and marketing, the company lost roughly $30 million due to unsold New Coke inventory. (cnbc.com)
Menu2
- Unlike with most menu items, almost everybody seems to agree on the origin of the coke float. (morningadvertiser.co.uk)
- The Olive Branch, in Clipsham, Rutland, has a coke float on its kids' menu for £2.95. (morningadvertiser.co.uk)
Sing a so1
- Sean Roldan asking if I would be willing to sing a song for Coke Studio Tamizh, a new project that was taking shape," Rahul wrote. (hindustantimes.com)
Brand3
- During the three-month period surrounding the Games Coke typically sees a bump in sales, and longer-term research shows that brand loyalty rises, Mr Tressler said. (smh.com.au)
- Companies that want to use the Ekocycle brand pay a royalty, which is shared between Coke and Will.i.am. (cnn.com)
- Still, New Coke was a success because it revitalized the brand and reattached the public to Coke. (cnbc.com)
Machine2
- The coke machine in college takes 50 pence pieces. (maths.org)
- According to Raul Vahisalu, who heads the Coke machine project at EMT, it would be feasible to set up similar systems of payment for other services, such as parking. (baltictimes.com)
Market2
- The article states anyone could take a Coke product currently on the market and have it tested to see what's in it. (csoonline.com)
- I think Coke underestimated the potential damage that could come from getting too close to the Chinese regime,' said Matthew Crabbe, the director of Access Asia, a Shanghai market research firm. (smh.com.au)
Results4
- Coke reports its second quarter results on July 22. (cnn.com)
- We present here experimental results on steam stripping and water quenching in a delayed coking pilot unit system with a three inch diameter coke drum. (aiche.org)
- Results show the dependence of coke cooling profiles on the coke density and water feed rates. (aiche.org)
- XRD, FTIR , BET, SEM, XPS and other analysis results showed that there was particulate matter with spherical structure on the surface of the active coke , and its diffraction peaks matched well with the characteristic peaks of Fe3O4 and CuO, and it was a mesoporous structure with a specific surface area of 619.090 m2 g-1. (bvsalud.org)
Season4
- The new season of 'Stranger Things' includes scenes of characters enjoying New Coke. (cnbc.com)
- Though New Coke failed, the product still managed to leave a lasting impression on popular culture, which is why Netflix and the creators of 'Stranger Things' wanted to feature the product in the show's latest season. (cnbc.com)
- Chinmayi tweeted, "I am really happy to be a part of something beautiful, original and a lovely song for Season 1 of Coke Studio Tamil. (hindustantimes.com)
- Sanjay added that Coke Studio season one was launched officially on January 23. (hindustantimes.com)
Soft1
- McDonald's is the obvious starting point, with its Coke McFloat - Coca-Cola topped with soft serve vanilla and chocolate syrup. (morningadvertiser.co.uk)
Studio1
- Coke Studio has teased a promo of the Tamil edition and the team is set to produce the show in other regional languages too. (hindustantimes.com)
Years ago1
- When Coke several years ago came out with Vanilla Coke, they wanted that to be ahead of everybody else doing a vanilla cola. (csoonline.com)
