Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.
A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.
Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of glucuronate residues from chondroitin A,B, and C or which catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate groups of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate. EC 4.2.2.-.
A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed)
Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of delta-4,5-D-glucuronate residues from polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages thereby bringing about depolymerization. EC 4.2.2.4 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C as well as on dermatan sulfate and slowly on hyaluronate. EC 4.2.2.5 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C.
An enzyme that catalyzes the eliminative degradation of polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)
Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.
Proteoglycans consisting of proteins linked to one or more CHONDROITIN SULFATE-containing oligosaccharide chains.
A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.
Electrophoresis in which cellulose acetate is the diffusion medium.
Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.
A natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. It is found in the UMBILICAL CORD, in VITREOUS BODY and in SYNOVIAL FLUID. A high urinary level is found in PROGERIA.
A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.
Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.
A group of carbon-oxygen lyases. These enzymes catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond in polysaccharides leading to an unsaturated product and the elimination of an alcohol. EC 4.2.2.
An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.
Glucosamine is a naturally occurring amino sugar that plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of various tissues, particularly in the synthesis of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, which are essential components of cartilage and synovial fluid in joints.
A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates consisting of long, often branched chains of repeating monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds, which serve as energy storage molecules (e.g., glycogen), structural components (e.g., cellulose), and molecular recognition sites in various biological systems.
Enzymes which transfer sulfate groups to various acceptor molecules. They are involved in posttranslational sulfation of proteins and sulfate conjugation of exogenous chemicals and bile acids. EC 2.8.2.
Organic esters of sulfuric acid.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.
Inorganic and organic derivatives of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The salts and esters of sulfuric acid are known as SULFATES and SULFURIC ACID ESTERS respectively.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)
Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.
The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.
Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.
Sulfatases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate ester bonds in various substrates, playing crucial roles in the metabolism and homeostasis of carbohydrates, proteoglycans, neurotransmitters, and steroid hormones within the body.
HYALURONAN-containing proteoglycans found in the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of a variety of tissues and organs. Several versican isoforms exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the versican MESSENGER RNA.
The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.
An enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the eliminative cleavage of polysaccharides containing 1,4-linked D-glucuronate or L-iduronate residues and 1,4-alpha-linked 2-sulfoamino-2-deoxy-6-sulfo-D-glucose residues to give oligosaccharides with terminal 4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.2.7.
Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)
3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.
A group of elongate elasmobranchs. Sharks are mostly marine fish, with certain species large and voracious.
Large HYALURONAN-containing proteoglycans found in articular cartilage (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR). They form into aggregates that provide tissues with the capacity to resist high compressive and tensile forces.
Ubiquitous macromolecules associated with the cell surface and extracellular matrix of a wide range of cells of vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. They are essential cofactors in cell-matrix adhesion processes, in cell-cell recognition systems, and in receptor-growth factor interactions. (From Cancer Metastasis Rev 1996; 15(2): 177-86; Hepatology 1996; 24(3): 524-32)
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine from a nucleoside diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.
Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).
Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.
Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.
An arylsulfatase with high specificity towards sulfated steroids. Defects in this enzyme are the cause of ICHTHYOSIS, X-LINKED.
Unstable isotopes of sulfur that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. S 29-31, 35, 37, and 38 are radioactive sulfur isotopes.
Derivatives of GLUCURONIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the 6-carboxy glucose structure.
A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.
Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

Distribution of chondroitin sulfate in cartilage proteoglycans under associative conditions. (1/1490)

Proteoglycan aggregates and proteoglycan subunits were extracted from bovine articular cartilage with guanidine-HC1 folowed by fractionation by equilibrium centrifugation in cesium chloride density gradients. The distribution of chondroitin sulfates (CS) in the cartilage proteoglycans was studied at the disaccharide level by digestion with chondroitinases. In the proteoglycan aggregate fraction, it was observed that the proportion of 4-sulfated disaccharide units to total CS increased from the bottom to the top fractions, whereas that of 6-sulfated disaccharide units was in the reverse order. Thus, the ratio of 4-sulfated disaccharide units to 6-sulfated disaccharide units increased significantly with decreasing density. The proportion of non-sulfated disaccharide units to total CS tended to increase with increasing density. These data indicate a polydisperse distribution of CS chains, under the conditions used here, in proteoglycan aggregates from bovine articular cartilage.  (+info)

Identification and characterization of ligands for L-selectin in the kidney. II. Expression of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate proteoglycans reactive with L-selectin. (2/1490)

Ligands for the leukocyte adhesion molecule L-selectin are expressed not only in lymph node high endothelial venules (HEV) but also in the renal distal tubuli. Here we report that L-selectin-reactive molecules in the kidney are chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate proteoglycans of 500-1000 kDa, unlike those in HEV bearing sialyl Lewis X-like carbohydrates. Binding of L-selectin to these molecules was mediated by the lectin domain of L-selectin and required divalent cations. Binding was inhibited by chondroitinase and/or heparitinase but not sialidase. Thus, L-selectin can recognize chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans structurally distinct from sialyl Lewis X-like carbohydrates.  (+info)

Action of chondroitinases. II. Numerical calculation of the degree of multiple attack. (3/1490)

Further investigation was carried out on the action patterns of two chondroitinase-AC [EC 4.2.2.5.] preparations obtained from Arthrobacter aurescens and Flavobacterium heparinum. To infer the action patterns of the chondroitinases, we proposed a new method for the calculation of the degree of multiple attack, based on the concept established by Robyt and French ((1967) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 122, 8-16). It was shown that the degree of multiple attack (DM) is represented by the ratio of the initial velocity of number-average degree of scission to that of viscosity-average degree of scission. By this method, DM for A-Chase was estimated to be 3.03 and for F-chase, 1.31.  (+info)

Molecular cloning and characterization of a human uronyl 2-sulfotransferase that sulfates iduronyl and glucuronyl residues in dermatan/chondroitin sulfate. (4/1490)

A partial-length human cDNA with a predicted amino acid sequence homologous to a previously described heparan sulfate iduronyl 2-sulfotransferase (Kobayashi, M., Habuchi, H., Yoneda, M., Habuchi, O., and Kimata, K. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13980-13985) was obtained by searching the expressed sequence-tagged data bank. Northern blot analysis was performed using this homologous cDNA as a probe, which demonstrated ubiquitous expression of messages of 5.1 and 2.0 kilobases in a number of human tissues and in several human cancer cell lines. Since the human lymphoma Raji cell line had the highest level of expression, it was used to isolate a full-length cDNA clone. The full-length cDNA was found to contain an open reading frame that predicted a type II transmembrane protein composed of 406 amino acid residues. The cDNA in a baculovirus expression vector was expressed in Sf9 insect cells, and cell extracts were then incubated together with 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phospho[35S]sulfate and potential glycosaminoglycan acceptors. This demonstrated substantial sulfotransferase activity with dermatan sulfate, a small degree of activity with chondroitin sulfate, but no sulfotransferase activity with desulfated N-resulfated heparin. Analysis of [35S]sulfate-labeled disaccharide products of chondroitin ABC, chondroitin AC, and chondroitin B lyase treatment demonstrated that the enzyme only transferred sulfate to the 2-position of uronyl residues, which were preponderantly iduronyl residues in dermatan sulfate, but some lesser transfer to glucuronyl residues of chondroitin sulfate.  (+info)

Multiple mechanisms contribute to the avoidance of avian epidermis by sensory axons. (5/1490)

In birds, sensory innervation of skin is restricted to dermis, with few axons penetrating into the epidermis. This pattern of innervation is maintained in vitro, where sensory neurites avoid explants of epidermis but grow readily on dermis. We have used this coculture paradigm to investigate the mechanisms that impede innervation of avian epidermis. The lack of epidermal innervation in birds has been attributed to diffusible chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) secreted by the epidermis, although direct experimental evidence is weak. We found that elimination of CSPG function with either chondroitinase or neutralizing antibodies did not promote growth of DRG neurites onto epidermis in vitro, indicating that CSPGs alone are not responsible for preventing epidermal innervation. Moreover, the failure of sensory neurites to invade epidermis is not due exclusively to soluble chemorepulsive factors, since sensory neurites also avoid dead epidermis. This inhibition can be overridden, however, by coating epidermis with the growth-promoting molecule laminin, but only if the tissue is killed first. Epidermal innervation of laminin-coated epidermis is even more robust when CSPGs are also eliminated. Thus, the absence of growth-promoting or permissive molecules, such as laminin, may contribute to the failure of sensory neurites to invade avian epidermis. Together these results show that the inhibitory character of avian epidermis is complex. Cell- or matrix-associated CSPGs clearly contribute to the inhibition, but are not solely responsible.  (+info)

Infectious laryngotracheitis virus, an alpha herpesvirus that does not interact with cell surface heparan sulfate. (6/1490)

Among the alpha herpesviruses studied to date, the initial stage of wild-type virus attachment involves an interaction between virally encoded structural envelope glycoproteins (predominantly glycoprotein C) and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. An analysis of the infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) glycoprotein C and glycoprotein B sequences suggested that these proteins lacked consensus heparin-binding domains. This indicated that ILTV might attach to its host cell in a heparan-independent manner, distinct from other alpha herpesviruses. The infectivity of two ILTV strains, a tissue-culture-adapted vaccine strain and a virulent field challenge strain, were found to be insensitive to the presence of exogenous heparin or chondroitin. Furthermore, infectivity was retained in chicken embryonic liver cells treated with heparinase. However, 4 degrees C attachment studies and penetration studies in the presence of citrate buffer clearly demonstrated that ILTV attaches stably to and effectively penetrates chicken embryonic liver cells. Consequently, ILTV represents an alpha herpesvirus whose initial attachment step does not involve interactions with heparan or chondroitin sulfate containing proteoglycans.  (+info)

The adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to chondroitin sulfate A is mediated by P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1. (7/1490)

Chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) is an important receptor for the sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum in the placenta, but the parasite ligand involved in adhesion has not previously been identified. Here we report the identification of a var gene transcribed in association with binding to CSA and present evidence that the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 product of the gene is the parasite ligand mediating CSA binding. Description of this gene and the implication of P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 as the parasite ligand paves the way to a more detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of placental infection and potential therapeutic strategies targeting the interaction.  (+info)

DSD-1-proteoglycan is the mouse homolog of phosphacan and displays opposing effects on neurite outgrowth dependent on neuronal lineage. (8/1490)

DSD-1-PG is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) expressed by glial cells that can promote neurite outgrowth from rat embryonic mesencephalic (E14) and hippocampal (E18) neurons, an activity that is associated with the CS glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Further characterization of DSD-1-PG has included sequencing of peptides from the core protein and the cloning of the corresponding cDNA using polyclonal antisera against DSD-1-PG to screen phage expression libraries. On the basis of these studies we have identified DSD-1-PG as the mouse homolog of phosphacan, a neural rat CSPG. Monoclonal antibodies 3H1 and 3F8 against carbohydrate residues on rat phosphacan recognize these epitopes on DSD-1-PG. The epitopes of the antibodies, L2/HNK-1 and L5/Lewis-X, which have been implicated in functional interactions, are also found on DSD-1-PG. Although DSD-1-PG has previously been shown to promote neurite outgrowth, its upregulation after stab wounding of the CNS and its localization in regions that are considered boundaries to axonal extension suggested that it may also have inhibitory functions. Neonatal dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants grown on a rich supportive substrate (laminin) with and without DSD-1-PG were strikingly inhibited by the proteoglycan. The inhibitory effects of DSD-1-PG on the DRG explants were not relieved by removal of the CS GAGs, indicating that this activity is associated with the core glycoprotein. The neurite outgrowth from embryonic hippocampal neurons on laminin was not affected by the addition of DSD-1-PG. This indicates that DSD-1-PG/mouse phosphacan can have opposing effects on the process of neurite outgrowth dependent on neuronal lineage.  (+info)

Chondroitin sulfates are a type of complex carbohydrate molecules known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). They are a major component of cartilage, the tissue that cushions and protects the ends of bones in joints. Chondroitin sulfates are composed of repeating disaccharide units made up of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine, which can be sulfated at various positions.

Chondroitin sulfates play a crucial role in the biomechanical properties of cartilage by attracting water and maintaining the resiliency and elasticity of the tissue. They also interact with other molecules in the extracellular matrix, such as collagen and proteoglycans, to form a complex network that provides structural support and regulates cell behavior.

Chondroitin sulfates have been studied for their potential therapeutic benefits in osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage. Supplementation with chondroitin sulfate has been shown to reduce pain and improve joint function in some studies, although the evidence is not consistent across all trials. The mechanism of action is thought to involve inhibition of enzymes that break down cartilage, as well as stimulation of cartilage repair and synthesis.

Chondroitin is a type of molecule known as a glycosaminoglycan, which is found in the connective tissues of the body, including cartilage. It is a major component of proteoglycans, which are complex molecules that provide structural support and help retain water within the cartilage, allowing it to function as a cushion between joints.

Chondroitin sulfate, a form of chondroitin, is commonly used in dietary supplements for osteoarthritis, a condition characterized by the breakdown of cartilage in joints. The idea behind using chondroitin sulfate as a treatment for osteoarthritis is that it may help to rebuild damaged cartilage and reduce inflammation in the affected joints. However, research on the effectiveness of chondroitin sulfate for osteoarthritis has had mixed results, with some studies showing modest benefits while others have found no significant effects.

It's important to note that dietary supplements containing chondroitin are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the same way that drugs are, so the quality and purity of these products can vary widely. As with any supplement, it's a good idea to talk to your doctor before starting to take chondroitin, especially if you have any medical conditions or are taking other medications.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units. They are a major component of the extracellular matrix and connective tissues in the body. GAGs are negatively charged due to the presence of sulfate and carboxyl groups, which allows them to attract positively charged ions and water molecules, contributing to their ability to retain moisture and maintain tissue hydration and elasticity.

GAGs can be categorized into four main groups: heparin/heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. These different types of GAGs have varying structures and functions in the body, including roles in cell signaling, inflammation, and protection against enzymatic degradation.

Heparin is a highly sulfated form of heparan sulfate that is found in mast cells and has anticoagulant properties. Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate are commonly found in cartilage and contribute to its resiliency and ability to withstand compressive forces. Keratan sulfate is found in corneas, cartilage, and bone, where it plays a role in maintaining the structure and function of these tissues. Hyaluronic acid is a large, nonsulfated GAG that is widely distributed throughout the body, including in synovial fluid, where it provides lubrication and shock absorption for joints.

Chondroitinases and chondroitin lyases are enzymes that break down chondroitin sulfate, a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) found in connective tissues such as cartilage. Glycosaminoglycans are long, unbranched polysaccharides made up of repeating disaccharide units. In the case of chondroitin sulfate, the disaccharide unit consists of a glucuronic acid residue and a N-acetylgalactosamine residue that may be sulfated at various positions.

Chondroitinases are enzymes that cleave the linkage between the two sugars in the chondroitin sulfate chain, specifically between the carbon atom in the fourth position of the glucuronic acid and the nitrogen atom in the first position of the N-acetylgalactosamine. This results in the formation of unsaturated disaccharides. Chondroitinases are produced by certain bacteria and are used in research to study the structure and function of chondroitin sulfate and other GAGs.

Chondroitin lyases, on the other hand, are enzymes that cleave the same linkage but in the opposite direction, resulting in the formation of 4,5-unsaturated disaccharides. Chondroitin lyases are also produced by certain bacteria and are used in research to study the structure and function of chondroitin sulfate and other GAGs.

It is important to note that while both chondroitinases and chondroitin lyases break down chondroitin sulfate, they do so through different mechanisms and produce different products.

Dermatan sulfate is a type of glycosaminoglycan, which is a long, unbranched sugar chain found on the proteoglycan core protein in the extracellular matrix of animal tissues. It is composed of repeating disaccharide units of iduronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine, with alternating sulfation at the 4-position of the iduronic acid and the 6-position of the galactosamine.

Dermatan sulfate is found in various tissues, including skin, heart valves, and blood vessels, where it plays important roles in regulating cell behavior, tissue development, and homeostasis. It also binds to a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and enzymes, modulating their activities and contributing to the regulation of various biological processes.

Abnormalities in dermatan sulfate metabolism can lead to several genetic disorders, such as Hunter syndrome and Hurler-Scheie syndrome, which are characterized by skeletal abnormalities, cardiac defects, and neurological impairment.

Chondroitin lyases are a group of enzymes that breakdown chondroitin, which is a type of proteoglycan found in connective tissues such as cartilage. These enzymes cleave chondroitin at specific points by removing certain sugar units, thereby breaking down the large, complex molecule into smaller fragments. Chondroitin lyases are classified based on their site of action and the type of fragment they produce. They play important roles in various biological processes, including tissue remodeling, growth, and development. In some cases, chondroitin lyases may also be used in research and medical settings to study the structure and function of proteoglycans or for the production of smaller chondroitin fragments with therapeutic potential.

Chondroitin ABC lyase, also known as chondroitinase ABC or chondroitin sulfate eliminase, is an enzyme that breaks down chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which are major components of the extracellular matrix in various tissues including cartilage. CSPGs contain chondroitin sulfate chains, which are long, negatively charged polysaccharides composed of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid) with sulfate groups attached at specific positions.

Chondroitin ABC lyase cleaves chondroitin sulfate chains by removing a disaccharide unit from the polymer, resulting in the formation of unsaturated bonds between the remaining sugars. This enzymatic activity has been used in research to study the structure and function of CSPGs and their role in various biological processes, such as cell migration, tissue repair, and neural plasticity. Additionally, chondroitin ABC lyase has potential therapeutic applications for treating conditions associated with excessive accumulation of CSPGs, such as fibrosis and some neurological disorders.

In the context of medicine and biology, sulfates are ions or compounds that contain the sulfate group (SO4−2). Sulfate is a polyatomic anion with the structure of a sphere. It consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement.

Sulfates can be found in various biological molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, which are important components of connective tissue and the extracellular matrix. Sulfate groups play a crucial role in these molecules by providing negative charges that help maintain the structural integrity and hydration of tissues.

In addition to their biological roles, sulfates can also be found in various medications and pharmaceutical compounds. For example, some laxatives contain sulfate salts, such as magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) or sodium sulfate, which work by increasing the water content in the intestines and promoting bowel movements.

It is important to note that exposure to high levels of sulfates can be harmful to human health, particularly in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a common air pollutant produced by burning fossil fuels. Prolonged exposure to SO2 can cause respiratory problems and exacerbate existing lung conditions.

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are complex molecules found in the extracellular matrix of various connective tissues, including cartilage. They are composed of a core protein covalently linked to one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, such as chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate.

CSPGs play important roles in the structure and function of tissues, including:

1. Regulating water content and providing resilience to tissues due to their high negative charge, which attracts cations and bound water molecules.
2. Interacting with other matrix components, such as collagen and elastin, to form a highly organized network that provides tensile strength and elasticity.
3. Modulating cell behavior by interacting with various growth factors, cytokines, and cell surface receptors, thereby influencing processes like cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and migration.
4. Contributing to the maintenance of the extracellular matrix homeostasis through their involvement in matrix turnover and remodeling.

In articular cartilage, CSPGs are particularly abundant and contribute significantly to its load-bearing capacity and overall health. Dysregulation of CSPGs has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as osteoarthritis, where altered proteoglycan composition and content can lead to cartilage degradation and joint dysfunction.

Heparin sulfate is not exactly referred to as "heparitin sulfate" in medical terminology. The correct term is heparan sulfate, which is a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a long unbranched chain of repeating disaccharide units composed of a hexuronic acid and a hexosamine.

Heparan sulfate is found on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where it plays crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, regulation of growth factor activity, and control of blood coagulation. It is also an important component of the proteoglycans, which are complex molecules that help to maintain the structural integrity and function of tissues and organs.

Like heparin, heparan sulfate has a high negative charge due to the presence of sulfate groups, which allows it to bind to and interact with various proteins and growth factors. However, heparan sulfate has a more diverse structure than heparin, with variations in the pattern of sulfation along the chain, which leads to specificity in its interactions with different proteins.

Defects in heparan sulfate biosynthesis or function have been implicated in various human diseases, including certain forms of cancer, developmental disorders, and infectious diseases.

Electrophoresis, cellulose acetate is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze proteins or other charged molecules based on their size and charge. The sample is applied to a sheet of cellulose acetate, a type of porous plastic film, and an electric field is applied. The proteins migrate through the film towards the electrode with the opposite charge, with smaller and more negatively charged molecules moving faster than larger and less negatively charged ones. This allows for the separation and identification of different protein components in a mixture. It is a simple and rapid method for routine protein separations and is commonly used in biochemistry and molecular biology research.

Disaccharides are a type of carbohydrate that is made up of two monosaccharide units bonded together. Monosaccharides are simple sugars, such as glucose, fructose, or galactose. When two monosaccharides are joined together through a condensation reaction, they form a disaccharide.

The most common disaccharides include:

* Sucrose (table sugar), which is composed of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule.
* Lactose (milk sugar), which is composed of one glucose molecule and one galactose molecule.
* Maltose (malt sugar), which is composed of two glucose molecules.

Disaccharides are broken down into their component monosaccharides during digestion by enzymes called disaccharidases, which are located in the brush border of the small intestine. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond that links the two monosaccharides together, releasing them to be absorbed into the bloodstream and used for energy.

Disorders of disaccharide digestion and absorption can lead to various symptoms, such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. For example, lactose intolerance is a common condition in which individuals lack sufficient levels of the enzyme lactase, leading to an inability to properly digest lactose and resulting in gastrointestinal symptoms.

Hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan, a type of complex carbohydrate, that is naturally found in the human body. It is most abundant in the extracellular matrix of soft connective tissues, including the skin, eyes, and joints. Hyaluronic acid is known for its remarkable capacity to retain water, which helps maintain tissue hydration, lubrication, and elasticity. Its functions include providing structural support, promoting wound healing, and regulating cell growth and differentiation. In the medical field, hyaluronic acid is often used in various forms as a therapeutic agent for conditions like osteoarthritis, dry eye syndrome, and skin rejuvenation.

Heparin is defined as a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan (a type of polysaccharide) that is widely present in many tissues, but is most commonly derived from the mucosal tissues of mammalian lungs or intestinal mucosa. It is an anticoagulant that acts as an inhibitor of several enzymes involved in the blood coagulation cascade, primarily by activating antithrombin III which then neutralizes thrombin and other clotting factors.

Heparin is used medically to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and certain types of heart attacks. It can also be used during hemodialysis, cardiac bypass surgery, and other medical procedures to prevent the formation of blood clots.

It's important to note that while heparin is a powerful anticoagulant, it does not have any fibrinolytic activity, meaning it cannot dissolve existing blood clots. Instead, it prevents new clots from forming and stops existing clots from growing larger.

Proteoglycans are complex, highly negatively charged macromolecules that are composed of a core protein covalently linked to one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. They are a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, regulation of growth factor activity, and maintenance of tissue structure and function.

The GAG chains, which can vary in length and composition, are long, unbranched polysaccharides that are composed of repeating disaccharide units containing a hexuronic acid (either glucuronic or iduronic acid) and a hexosamine (either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine). These GAG chains can be sulfated to varying degrees, which contributes to the negative charge of proteoglycans.

Proteoglycans are classified into four major groups based on their core protein structure and GAG composition: heparan sulfate/heparin proteoglycans, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, keratan sulfate proteoglycans, and hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans. Each group has distinct functions and is found in specific tissues and cell types.

In summary, proteoglycans are complex macromolecules composed of a core protein and one or more GAG chains that play important roles in the ECM and various biological processes, including cell signaling, growth factor regulation, and tissue structure maintenance.

Polysaccharide-lyases are a class of enzymes that cleave polysaccharides through a β-elimination mechanism, leading to the formation of unsaturated sugars. These enzymes are also known as depolymerizing enzymes and play an essential role in the breakdown and modification of complex carbohydrates found in nature. They have important applications in various industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels.

Polysaccharide-lyases specifically target polysaccharides containing uronic acid residues, such as pectins, alginates, and heparin sulfate. The enzymes cleave the glycosidic bond between two sugar residues by breaking the alpha configuration at carbon 4 of the uronic acid residue, resulting in a double bond between carbons 4 and 5 of the non-reducing end of the polysaccharide chain.

Polysaccharide-lyases are classified into several subclasses based on their substrate specificity and reaction mechanism. These enzymes have potential therapeutic applications, such as in the treatment of bacterial infections, cancer, and other diseases associated with abnormal glycosylation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hyaluronoglucosaminidase" appears to be a made-up term or a typographical error. The correct term related to hyaluronic acid metabolism is "hyaluronidase," which is an enzyme that degrades hyaluronic acid, a component of the extracellular matrix in various tissues. If you meant to ask about this enzyme or its functions, I'd be happy to provide more information on that. However, if "Hyaluronoglucosaminidase" is intended to represent another medical term, could you please clarify so I can provide an accurate and helpful response?

Glucosamine is a natural compound found in the body, primarily in the fluid around joints. It is a building block of cartilage, which is the tissue that cushions bones and allows for smooth joint movement. Glucosamine can also be produced in a laboratory and is commonly sold as a dietary supplement.

Medical definitions of glucosamine describe it as a type of amino sugar that plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and other connective tissues. It is often used as a supplement to help manage osteoarthritis symptoms, such as pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints, by potentially reducing inflammation and promoting cartilage repair.

There are different forms of glucosamine available, including glucosamine sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride, and N-acetyl glucosamine. Glucosamine sulfate is the most commonly used form in supplements and has been studied more extensively than other forms. While some research suggests that glucosamine may provide modest benefits for osteoarthritis symptoms, its effectiveness remains a topic of ongoing debate among medical professionals.

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that is found throughout the body in various forms. It is made up of specialized cells called chondrocytes, which are embedded in a firm, flexible matrix composed of collagen fibers and proteoglycans. This unique structure gives cartilage its characteristic properties of being both strong and flexible.

There are three main types of cartilage in the human body: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.

1. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and is found in areas such as the articular surfaces of bones (where they meet to form joints), the nose, trachea, and larynx. It has a smooth, glassy appearance and provides a smooth, lubricated surface for joint movement.
2. Elastic cartilage contains more elastin fibers than hyaline cartilage, which gives it greater flexibility and resilience. It is found in structures such as the external ear and parts of the larynx and epiglottis.
3. Fibrocartilage has a higher proportion of collagen fibers and fewer chondrocytes than hyaline or elastic cartilage. It is found in areas that require high tensile strength, such as the intervertebral discs, menisci (found in joints like the knee), and the pubic symphysis.

Cartilage plays a crucial role in supporting and protecting various structures within the body, allowing for smooth movement and providing a cushion between bones to absorb shock and prevent wear and tear. However, cartilage has limited capacity for self-repair and regeneration, making damage or degeneration of cartilage tissue a significant concern in conditions such as osteoarthritis.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units (simple sugars) bonded together by glycosidic linkages. They can be classified based on the type of monosaccharides and the nature of the bonds that connect them.

Polysaccharides have various functions in living organisms. For example, starch and glycogen serve as energy storage molecules in plants and animals, respectively. Cellulose provides structural support in plants, while chitin is a key component of fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons.

Some polysaccharides also have important roles in the human body, such as being part of the extracellular matrix (e.g., hyaluronic acid) or acting as blood group antigens (e.g., ABO blood group substances).

Sulfotransferases (STs) are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the process of sulfoconjugation, which is the transfer of a sulfo group (-SO3H) from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. These enzymes are widely distributed in nature and are found in various organisms, including humans.

In humans, STs are involved in the metabolism and detoxification of numerous xenobiotics, such as drugs, food additives, and environmental pollutants, as well as endogenous compounds, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and lipids. The sulfoconjugation reaction catalyzed by STs can increase the water solubility of these compounds, facilitating their excretion from the body.

STs can be classified into several families based on their sequence similarity and cofactor specificity. The largest family of STs is the cytosolic sulfotransferases, which use 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as a cofactor to transfer the sulfo group to various acceptor molecules, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and steroids.

Abnormalities in ST activity have been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of STs is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.

Sulfuric acid esters, also known as sulfate esters, are chemical compounds formed when sulfuric acid reacts with alcohols or phenols. These esters consist of a organic group linked to a sulfate group (SO4). They are widely used in industry, for example, as detergents, emulsifiers, and solvents. In the body, they can be found as part of various biomolecules, such as glycosaminoglycans and steroid sulfates. However, excessive exposure to sulfuric acid esters can cause irritation and damage to tissues.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Keratan sulfate is a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), which is a complex carbohydrate found in connective tissues, including the cornea and cartilage. It is composed of repeating disaccharide units of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine, with sulfate groups attached to some of the sugar molecules.

Keratan sulfate is unique among GAGs because it contains a high proportion of non-sulfated sugars and is often found covalently linked to proteins in structures called proteoglycans. In the cornea, keratan sulfate plays important roles in maintaining transparency and regulating hydration. In cartilage, it contributes to the elasticity and resilience of the tissue.

Abnormalities in keratan sulfate metabolism have been associated with several genetic disorders, including corneal dystrophies and skeletal dysplasias.

I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. Sulfuric acid is not a medical term, but instead a chemical compound with the formula H2SO4. It's one of the most important industrial chemicals, being a strong mineral acid with numerous applications.

If you are asking for a definition related to human health or medicine, I can tell you that sulfuric acid has no physiological role in humans. Exposure to sulfuric acid can cause irritation and burns to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Prolonged exposure may lead to more severe health issues. However, it is not a term typically used in medical diagnoses or treatments.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Uronic acids are a type of organic compound that are carboxylic acids derived from sugars (carbohydrates). They are formed by the oxidation of the primary alcohol group (-CH2OH) on a pentose sugar, resulting in a carboxyl group (-COOH) at that position.

The most common uronic acid is glucuronic acid, which is derived from glucose. Other examples include galacturonic acid (derived from galactose), iduronic acid (derived from glucose or galactose), and mannuronic acid (derived from mannose).

Uronic acids play important roles in various biological processes, such as the formation of complex carbohydrates like glycosaminoglycans, which are major components of connective tissues. They also serve as important intermediates in the metabolism of sugars and other carbohydrates.

Iduronic acid is a type of uronic acid, which is a derivative of glucose. It is a component of certain complex carbohydrates known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides, which are found in the extracellular matrix and on the surface of cells in the body. Specifically, iduronic acid is a component of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate, two types of GAGs that play important roles in various biological processes such as cell signaling, growth factor regulation, and blood clotting.

Iduronic acid has an unusual structure compared to other sugars because it contains a five-membered ring instead of the more common six-membered ring found in most other sugars. This unique structure allows iduronic acid to form complex structures with other sugar molecules, which is important for the biological activity of GAGs.

Abnormalities in the metabolism of iduronic acid and other GAG components can lead to various genetic disorders known as mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), which are characterized by a range of symptoms including developmental delays, coarse facial features, skeletal abnormalities, and cardiac problems.

Acetylgalactosamine (also known as N-acetyl-D-galactosamine or GalNAc) is a type of sugar molecule called a hexosamine that is commonly found in glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which are complex carbohydrates that are attached to proteins and lipids. It plays an important role in various biological processes, including cell-cell recognition, signal transduction, and protein folding.

In the context of medical research and biochemistry, Acetylgalactosamine is often used as a building block for synthesizing glycoconjugates, which are molecules that consist of a carbohydrate attached to a protein or lipid. These molecules play important roles in many biological processes, including cell-cell recognition, signaling, and immune response.

Acetylgalactosamine is also used as a target for enzymes called glycosyltransferases, which add sugar molecules to proteins and lipids. In particular, Acetylgalactosamine is the acceptor substrate for a class of glycosyltransferases known as galactosyltransferases, which add galactose molecules to Acetylgalactosamine-containing structures.

Defects in the metabolism of Acetylgalactosamine have been linked to various genetic disorders, including Schindler disease and Kanzaki disease, which are characterized by neurological symptoms and abnormal accumulation of glycoproteins in various tissues.

Oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of relatively small numbers (3-10) of monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic linkages. They occur naturally in foods such as milk, fruits, vegetables, and legumes. In the body, oligosaccharides play important roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, signaling, and protection against pathogens.

There are several types of oligosaccharides, classified based on their structures and functions. Some common examples include:

1. Disaccharides: These consist of two monosaccharide units, such as sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), and maltose (glucose + glucose).
2. Trisaccharides: These contain three monosaccharide units, like maltotriose (glucose + glucose + glucose) and raffinose (galactose + glucose + fructose).
3. Oligosaccharides found in human milk: Human milk contains unique oligosaccharides that serve as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. These oligosaccharides also help protect infants from pathogens by acting as decoy receptors and inhibiting bacterial adhesion to intestinal cells.
4. N-linked and O-linked glycans: These are oligosaccharides attached to proteins in the body, playing crucial roles in protein folding, stability, and function.
5. Plant-derived oligosaccharides: Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are examples of plant-derived oligosaccharides that serve as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.

Overall, oligosaccharides have significant impacts on human health and disease, particularly in relation to gastrointestinal function, immunity, and inflammation.

Sulfatases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the metabolism of sulfated steroids, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and other sulfated molecules. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate groups from these substrates, converting them into their respective unsulfated forms.

The human genome encodes for several different sulfatases, each with specificity towards particular types of sulfated substrates. For instance, some sulfatases are responsible for removing sulfate groups from steroid hormones and neurotransmitters, while others target GAGs like heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate.

Defects in sulfatase enzymes can lead to various genetic disorders, such as multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD), X-linked ichthyosis, and mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type IIIC (Sanfilippo syndrome type C). These conditions are characterized by the accumulation of sulfated molecules in different tissues, resulting in progressive damage to multiple organs and systems.

Versican is a type of proteoglycan, which is a complex protein molecule that contains one or more long sugar chains (glycosaminoglycans) attached to it. Proteoglycans are important components of the extracellular matrix (the material that provides structural support and regulates cell behavior in tissues and organs).

Versican is primarily found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues, including skin, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. It plays a role in regulating cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, as well as in maintaining the structural integrity of tissues. Versican has been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, such as embryonic development, wound healing, inflammation, and cancer progression.

There are several isoforms of versican (V0, V1, V2, and V3) that differ in their structure and function, depending on the specific glycosaminoglycan chains attached to them. Abnormal expression or regulation of versican has been associated with various diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, and inflammatory disorders.

A "carbohydrate sequence" refers to the specific arrangement or order of monosaccharides (simple sugars) that make up a carbohydrate molecule, such as a polysaccharide or an oligosaccharide. Carbohydrates are often composed of repeating units of monosaccharides, and the sequence in which these units are arranged can have important implications for the function and properties of the carbohydrate.

For example, in glycoproteins (proteins that contain carbohydrate chains), the specific carbohydrate sequence can affect how the protein is processed and targeted within the cell, as well as its stability and activity. Similarly, in complex carbohydrates like starch or cellulose, the sequence of glucose units can determine whether the molecule is branched or unbranched, which can have implications for its digestibility and other properties.

Therefore, understanding the carbohydrate sequence is an important aspect of studying carbohydrate structure and function in biology and medicine.

Heparin Lyase, also known as Heparan Sulfate Lyase or Heparanase, is an enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which are complex sugar-protein molecules found on the surface of many cells and in the extracellular matrix. These molecules play important roles in various biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and migration.

Heparin Lyase specifically cleaves heparan sulfate chains at a specific site, forming two unsaturated sugar residues. This enzyme is involved in the degradation of HSPGs during physiological processes like tissue remodeling and pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis, inflammation, and diabetic complications.

It's important to note that there are two main types of heparin lyases (heparin lyase I, II, and III) that differ in their substrate specificity and tissue distribution. Heparin Lyase I primarily acts on highly sulfated regions of heparan sulfate chains, while Heparin Lyase III prefers less sulfated domains. Heparin Lyase II has intermediate properties between the other two isoforms.

Glycosides are organic compounds that consist of a glycone (a sugar component) linked to a non-sugar component, known as an aglycone, via a glycosidic bond. They can be found in various plants, microorganisms, and some animals. Depending on the nature of the aglycone, glycosides can be classified into different types, such as anthraquinone glycosides, cardiac glycosides, and saponin glycosides.

These compounds have diverse biological activities and pharmacological effects. For instance:

* Cardiac glycosides, like digoxin and digitoxin, are used in the treatment of heart failure and certain cardiac arrhythmias due to their positive inotropic (contractility-enhancing) and negative chronotropic (heart rate-slowing) effects on the heart.
* Saponin glycosides have potent detergent properties and can cause hemolysis (rupture of red blood cells). They are used in various industries, including cosmetics and food processing, and have potential applications in drug delivery systems.
* Some glycosides, like amygdalin found in apricot kernels and bitter almonds, can release cyanide upon hydrolysis, making them potentially toxic.

It is important to note that while some glycosides have therapeutic uses, others can be harmful or even lethal if ingested or otherwise introduced into the body in large quantities.

Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate (PAPS) is not exactly a medical term, but a biochemical term. However, it is often referred to in the context of medical and biological research.

PAPS is a crucial molecule in the metabolism of living organisms and serves as the primary donor of sulfate groups in the process of sulfonation, which is a type of enzymatic modification that adds a sulfate group to various substrates such as proteoglycans, hormones, neurotransmitters, and xenobiotics. This process plays an essential role in several biological processes, including detoxification, signal transduction, and cell-cell recognition.

Therefore, PAPS is a critical molecule for maintaining proper physiological functions in the body, and its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and neurodevelopmental disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "sharks" are not a medical term. Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral and dorsal fins without spines.

If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Aggrecan is a large, complex proteoglycan molecule found in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage and other connective tissues. It is a key component of the structural framework of these tissues, helping to provide resiliency, cushioning, and protection to the cells within. Aggrecan contains numerous glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, which are negatively charged molecules that attract water and ions, creating a swelling pressure that contributes to the tissue's load-bearing capacity.

The medical definition of 'Aggrecans' can be described as:

1. A large proteoglycan molecule found in articular cartilage and other connective tissues.
2. Composed of a core protein with attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, primarily chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate.
3. Plays a crucial role in the biomechanical properties of articular cartilage by attracting water and ions, creating a swelling pressure that contributes to the tissue's load-bearing capacity.
4. Aggrecan degradation or loss is associated with various joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis, due to reduced structural integrity and shock-absorbing capabilities of articular cartilage.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are complex molecules composed of a core protein to which one or more heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan chains are covalently attached. They are widely distributed in animal tissues and play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell-cell communication, growth factor signaling, viral infection, and cancer metastasis.

The HS chains are long, linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucosamine and uronic acid (either glucuronic or iduronic acid). These chains contain sulfate groups at various positions, which give them a negative charge and allow them to interact with numerous proteins, growth factors, and enzymes.

HSPGs can be found on the cell surface (syndecans and glypicans) or in the extracellular matrix (perlecans and agrin). They act as co-receptors for many signaling molecules, such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), wingless-type MMTV integration site family members (WNTs), and hedgehog proteins. By modulating the activity of these signaling pathways, HSPGs help regulate various cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and adhesion.

Dysregulation of HSPGs has been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, fibrosis, and viral infections (e.g., HIV and herpes simplex virus). Therefore, understanding the structure and function of HSPGs is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to target these diseases.

N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Ts) are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in the process of protein glycosylation. Protein glycosylation is the attachment of carbohydrate groups, also known as glycans, to proteins. This modification significantly influences various biological processes such as protein folding, stability, trafficking, and recognition.

GalNAc-Ts specifically catalyze the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) from a donor molecule, UDP-GalNAc, to serine or threonine residues on acceptor proteins. This initial step of adding GalNAc to proteins is called mucin-type O-glycosylation and sets the stage for further glycan additions by other enzymes.

There are at least 20 different isoforms of GalNAc-Ts identified in humans, each with distinct substrate specificities, tissue distributions, and subcellular localizations. Aberrant expression or dysfunction of these enzymes has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, where altered glycosylation patterns contribute to tumor progression and metastasis.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are a group of structural and functional molecules that provide support, organization, and regulation to the cells in tissues and organs. The ECM is composed of a complex network of proteins, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates that are secreted by the cells and deposited outside of them.

ECM proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function, including:

1. Collagens: These are the most abundant ECM proteins and provide strength and stability to tissues. They form fibrils that can withstand high tensile forces.
2. Proteoglycans: These are complex molecules made up of a core protein and one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. The GAG chains attract water, making proteoglycans important for maintaining tissue hydration and resilience.
3. Elastin: This is an elastic protein that allows tissues to stretch and recoil, such as in the lungs and blood vessels.
4. Fibronectins: These are large glycoproteins that bind to cells and ECM components, providing adhesion, migration, and signaling functions.
5. Laminins: These are large proteins found in basement membranes, which provide structural support for epithelial and endothelial cells.
6. Tenascins: These are large glycoproteins that modulate cell adhesion and migration, and regulate ECM assembly and remodeling.

Together, these ECM proteins create a microenvironment that influences cell behavior, differentiation, and function. Dysregulation of ECM proteins has been implicated in various diseases, including fibrosis, cancer, and degenerative disorders.

Gel chromatography is a type of liquid chromatography that separates molecules based on their size or molecular weight. It uses a stationary phase that consists of a gel matrix made up of cross-linked polymers, such as dextran, agarose, or polyacrylamide. The gel matrix contains pores of various sizes, which allow smaller molecules to penetrate deeper into the matrix while larger molecules are excluded.

In gel chromatography, a mixture of molecules is loaded onto the top of the gel column and eluted with a solvent that moves down the column by gravity or pressure. As the sample components move down the column, they interact with the gel matrix and get separated based on their size. Smaller molecules can enter the pores of the gel and take longer to elute, while larger molecules are excluded from the pores and elute more quickly.

Gel chromatography is commonly used to separate and purify proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules based on their size and molecular weight. It is also used in the analysis of polymers, colloids, and other materials with a wide range of applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine.

Chlorates are salts or esters of chloric acid (HClO3). They contain the chlorate ion (ClO3-) in their chemical structure. Chlorates are strong oxidizing agents and can be hazardous if mishandled. They have various uses, including in matches, explosives, and disinfectants, but they can also pose health risks if ingested or come into contact with the skin or eyes. Exposure to chlorates can cause irritation, burns, and other harmful effects. It is important to handle chlorates with care and follow proper safety precautions when using them.

Stearyl-sulfatase is a type of enzyme that is responsible for breaking down certain types of fatty substances called lipids in the body. Specifically, it helps to break down a substance called stearyl sulfate, which is a type of sulfated lipid.

Stearyl-sulfatase is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the brain, skin, and kidneys. Mutations in the gene that provides instructions for making this enzyme can lead to a condition called X-linked ichthyosis, which is characterized by dry, scaly skin. This is because the body is unable to properly break down stearyl sulfate and other related lipids, leading to their accumulation in the skin.

In medical terminology, steruly-sulfatase may also be referred to as arylsulfatase C or Arylsulfatase-C.

Sulfur radioisotopes are unstable forms of the element sulfur that emit radiation as they decay into more stable forms. These isotopes can be used in medical imaging and treatment, such as in the detection and treatment of certain cancers. Common sulfur radioisotopes used in medicine include sulfur-35 and sulfur-32. Sulfur-35 is used in research and diagnostic applications, while sulfur-32 is used in brachytherapy, a type of internal radiation therapy. It's important to note that handling and usage of radioisotopes should be done by trained professionals due to the potential radiation hazards they pose.

Glucuronates are not a medical term per se, but they refer to salts or esters of glucuronic acid, a organic compound that is a derivative of glucose. In the context of medical and biological sciences, glucuronidation is a common detoxification process in which glucuronic acid is conjugated to a wide variety of molecules, including drugs, hormones, and environmental toxins, to make them more water-soluble and facilitate their excretion from the body through urine or bile.

The process of glucuronidation is catalyzed by enzymes called UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), which are found in various tissues, including the liver, intestines, and kidneys. The resulting glucuronides can be excreted directly or further metabolized before excretion.

Therefore, "glucuronates" can refer to the chemical compounds that result from this process of conjugation with glucuronic acid, as well as the therapeutic potential of enhancing or inhibiting glucuronidation for various clinical applications.

Glucuronic acid is a physiological important organic acid, which is a derivative of glucose. It is formed by the oxidation of the primary alcohol group of glucose to form a carboxyl group at the sixth position. Glucuronic acid plays a crucial role in the detoxification process in the body as it conjugates with toxic substances, making them water-soluble and facilitating their excretion through urine or bile. This process is known as glucuronidation. It is also a component of various polysaccharides, such as heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, which are found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues.

Ion exchange chromatography is a type of chromatography technique used to separate and analyze charged molecules (ions) based on their ability to exchange bound ions in a solid resin or gel with ions of similar charge in the mobile phase. The stationary phase, often called an ion exchanger, contains fixed ated functional groups that can attract counter-ions of opposite charge from the sample mixture.

In this technique, the sample is loaded onto an ion exchange column containing the charged resin or gel. As the sample moves through the column, ions in the sample compete for binding sites on the stationary phase with ions already present in the column. The ions that bind most strongly to the stationary phase will elute (come off) slower than those that bind more weakly.

Ion exchange chromatography can be performed using either cation exchangers, which exchange positive ions (cations), or anion exchangers, which exchange negative ions (anions). The pH and ionic strength of the mobile phase can be adjusted to control the binding and elution of specific ions.

Ion exchange chromatography is widely used in various applications such as water treatment, protein purification, and chemical analysis.

Carbohydrate conformation refers to the three-dimensional shape and structure of a carbohydrate molecule. Carbohydrates, also known as sugars, can exist in various conformational states, which are determined by the rotation of their component bonds and the spatial arrangement of their functional groups.

The conformation of a carbohydrate molecule can have significant implications for its biological activity and recognition by other molecules, such as enzymes or antibodies. Factors that can influence carbohydrate conformation include the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, steric effects, and intermolecular interactions with solvent molecules or other solutes.

In some cases, the conformation of a carbohydrate may be stabilized by the formation of cyclic structures, in which the hydroxyl group at one end of the molecule forms a covalent bond with the carbonyl carbon at the other end, creating a ring structure. The most common cyclic carbohydrates are monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, which can exist in various conformational isomers known as anomers.

Understanding the conformation of carbohydrate molecules is important for elucidating their biological functions and developing strategies for targeting them with drugs or other therapeutic agents.

... s (CSPGs) are proteoglycans consisting of a protein core and a chondroitin sulfate side chain. ... Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are composed of a core protein and a sugar side chain. The core protein is generally a ... Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and epilepsy. The two primary markers of ... Galtrey, C. M.; Fawcett, J. W. (2007). "The role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in regeneration and plasticity in the ...
"Chondroitin sulfate B" is an old name for dermatan sulfate, and it is no longer classified as a form of chondroitin sulfate. ... Although the name "chondroitin sulfate" suggests a salt with a sulfate counter-anion, this is not the case, as sulfate is ... Furthermore, marine chondroitin sulfate chains tend to be longer, with molecular weight of up to 70 kDa in chondroitin sulfate ... Chondroitin sulfate is not metabolized by cytochrome P450. The effect of chondroitin sulfate in people with osteoarthritis is ...
... may refer to: Chondroitin ABC lyase, an enzyme Chondroitin-sulfate-ABC exolyase, an enzyme ... Chondroitin-sulfate-ABC endolyase, an enzyme This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chondroitin ... sulfate ABC lyase. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article ...
... chondroitin sulfate ABC lyase (ambiguous), ChS ABC lyase (ambiguous), chondroitin sulfate ABC exoeliminase, chondroitin sulfate ... The enzyme chondroitin-sulfate-ABC exolyase (EC 4.2.2.21) catalyzes the following process: Exolytic removal of Δ4-unsaturated ... Suzuki S; Hashimoto, N; Mochizuki, H; Kato, F; Makiguchi, Y; Horie, K; Suzuki, S (1997). "Two distinct chondroitin sulfate ABC ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is chondroitin-sulfate-ABC exolyase. Other names in common use include chondroitinase ...
... chondroitin ABC lyase (ambiguous), chondroitin sulfate ABC lyase (ambiguous), ChS ABC lyase (ambiguous), chondroitin sulfate ... The enzyme chondroitin-sulfate-ABC endolyase (EC 4.2.2.20) catalyzes the following process: Endolytic cleavage of (1→4)-β- ... Suzuki S; Hashimoto, N; Mochizuki, H; Kato, F; Makiguchi, Y; Horie, K; Suzuki, S (1997). "Two distinct chondroitin sulfate ABC ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is chondroitin-sulfate-ABC endolyase. Other names in common use include chondroitinase ...
Schwartz NB, Roden L (1975). "Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. Solubilization of chondroitin sulfate glycosyltransferases ... This enzyme participates in chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis and glycan structures - biosynthesis 1. It employs one cofactor, ... Robinson JA, Robinson HC (1985). "Initiation of chondroitin sulphate synthesis by beta-D-galactosides Substrates for ...
Chondroitin sulfate synthase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHPF gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... 2003). "Chondroitin sulfate synthase-2. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human glycosyltransferase homologous ... "Molecular cloning of a chondroitin polymerizing factor that cooperates with chondroitin synthase for chondroitin polymerization ... "Entrez Gene: CHPF chondroitin polymerizing factor". Human CHPF genome location and CHPF gene details page in the UCSC Genome ...
This enzyme participates in chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis. Malmstrom A, Aberg L (1982). "Biosynthesis of dermatan sulphate. ... In enzymology, a chondroitin-glucuronate 5-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.19) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is chondroitin-D-glucuronate 5-epimerase. Other names in common use include ... polyglucuronate 5-epimerase, dermatan-sulfate 5-epimerase, urunosyl C-5 epimerase, and chondroitin D-glucuronosyl 5-epimerase. ...
... recommends glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate for knee osteoarthritis. Its use as a therapy for osteoarthritis is ... Chondroitin Sulfate Concentration and Chain Length, Water, and Ash Content". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 45 (7): ... Vangsness CT, Spiker W, Erickson J (January 2009). "A review of evidence-based medicine for glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate ... Miller KL, Clegg DO (February 2011). "Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate". Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. 37 (1 ...
Helting T, Roden L (1969). "Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. II. Glucuronosyl transfer in the formation of the carbohydrate ... This enzyme participates in chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis and glycan structures - biosynthesis 1. It employs one cofactor, ...
Pedersen LC, Tsuchida K, Kitagawa H, Sugahara K, Darden TA, Negishi M (November 2000). "Heparan/chondroitin sulfate ...
Schwartz NB, Roden L (1975). "Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. Solubilization of chondroitin sulfate glycosyltransferases ... This enzyme participates in chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis and glycan structures - biosynthesis 1. It employs one cofactor, ...
The antibody binds heparan sulfate, not chondroitin sulfate. The binding of HS20 to heparan sulfate requires sulfation at both ... The pathways for HS/heparin or chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) biosynthesis diverge after the formation of ... "Biosynthesis of 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate: unique substrate specificity of heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 5". ... Duncan MB, Chen J, Krise JP, Liu J (March 2004). "The biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparan sulfate by the heparan sulfate 3-O- ...
The enzyme chondroitin B lyase (EC 4.2.2.19) catalyzes the following process: Eliminative cleavage of dermatan sulfate ... "Characterization of oligosaccharides from the chondroitin/dermatan sulfates. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR studies of reduced ... Genes Coding for the Chondroitin Sulfate-Degrading Enzymes Chondroitinase AC and Chondroitinase B, Respectively, from ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is chondroitin B lyase. Other names in common use include chondroitinase B, ChonB, and ...
Other names in common use include chondroitinase (ambiguous), chondroitin sulfate lyase, chondroitin AC eliminase, chondroitin ... "Characterization of oligosaccharides from the chondroitin/dermatan sulfates. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR studies of reduced ... The enzyme chondroitin AC lyase (EC 4.2.2.5) catalyzes the chemical reaction Eliminative degradation of polysaccharides ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is chondroitin AC lyase. ...
2000). "Heparan/chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis. Structure and mechanism of human glucuronyltransferase I". J. Biol. Chem. 275 ...
Chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHSY1 gene. CHSY1 synthesizes chondroitin sulfate ... 2003). "Chondroitin sulfate synthase-3. Molecular cloning and characterization". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (41): 39711-25. doi:10.1074 ... "Molecular cloning of a chondroitin polymerizing factor that cooperates with chondroitin synthase for chondroitin polymerization ... Kitagawa H, Uyama T, Sugahara K (Oct 2001). "Molecular cloning and expression of a human chondroitin synthase". J Biol Chem. ...
This enzyme participates in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate and glycan structures. XYLT1 XYLT2 Xylosyltransferase ... "Biosynthesis of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Purification and properties of xylosyltransferase". J. Biol. Chem. 247 ( ...
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4, also known as melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP) or neuron-glial ... "Entrez Gene: CSPG4 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4". Nishiyama A, Dahlin KJ, Prince JT, Johnstone SR, Stallcup WB (July 1991 ... Iida J, Meijne AM, Oegema TR, Yednock TA, Kovach NL, Furcht LT, McCarthy JB (March 1998). "A role of chondroitin sulfate ... Iida J, Pei D, Kang T, Simpson MA, Herlyn M, Furcht LT, McCarthy JB (June 2001). "Melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan ...
"Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine Supplements in Osteoarthritis". Retrieved November 22, 2017. Roush, James K.; Cross, Alan R ... Good sources of protein to meet higher protein requirements Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate to help maintain joint and bone ...
Chondroitin sulfate extracted from shark fin cartilage. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Hypromellose) is extracted from wood ... or a mixture of sodium hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate, which indicates better coating by the latter materials. Cohesive ... has a significantly higher surface tension and contact angle with the relevant tissues than a solution of chondroitin sulfate, ...
... and elongation of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate on the protein linkage region tetrasaccharide shared by heparin/heparan sulfate ... "Two N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase are involved in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate". European Journal of ... Uyama T, Kitagawa H, Tamura Ji J, Sugahara K (March 2002). "Molecular cloning and expression of human chondroitin N- ... uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-chondroitin acetylgalactosaminyltransferase I, UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:D-glucuronyl-1 ...
"N-glycolyl groups of nonhuman chondroitin sulfates survive in ancient fossils". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ...
"Chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 plays a critical role in chondroitin sulfate synthesis in cartilage". ... "Enzymatic synthesis of chondroitin with a novel chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that transfers N- ... Chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CSGALNACT1 gene. A form ... and elongation of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate on the protein linkage region tetrasaccharide shared by heparin/heparan sulfate ...
"Multifunctional chondroitin sulphate for cartilage tissue-biomaterial integration". Nature Materials. 6 (5): 385-392. doi: ...
... chondroitin 4'-sulfate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and chondroitin, whereas its two ... III Mechanism of sulfation of chondroitin and chondroitin sulfate A". J. Biol. Chem. 235: 274-276. PMID 13835881. Portal: ... This enzyme is also called chondroitin sulfotransferase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: chondroitin sulfate ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:chondroitin 4'-sulfotransferase. ...
This enzyme is also called chondroitin glucuronyltransferase II. This enzyme participates in chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis ... "Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel chondroitin sulfate glucuronyltransferase that transfers glucuronic acid to N ... DeAngelis PL, Padgett-McCue AJ (2000). "Identification and molecular cloning of a chondroitin synthase from Pasteurella ... "Molecular cloning and expression of a human chondroitin synthase". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (42): 38721-6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106871200 ...
It exhibits a bottlebrush structure, in which chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are ... a chondroitin sulfate and a keratan sulfate region. The three globular domains, G1, G2, and G3 are involved in aggregation, ... This gene is a member of the lectican (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan) family. The encoded protein is an integral part of the ... Kirschfink M, Blase L, Engelmann S, Schwartz-Albiez R (1997). "Secreted chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of human B cell lines ...
... chondroitin 6-sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Following a spinal cord injury, this enzyme can be used to erode scar tissue that ... Chondroitin ABC lyase (EC 4.2.2.20 EC 4.2.2.21, chondroitinase, chondroitin ABC eliminase, chondroitinase ABC) is an enzyme ... "Large-scale chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan digestion with chondroitinase gene therapy leads to reduced pathology and ... "Enzymatic methods for the determination of small quantities of isomeric chondroitin sulfates". The Journal of Biological ...
"Annexin 6 is a putative cell surface receptor for chondroitin sulfate chains". Journal of Cell Science. 115 (Pt 16): 3309-18. ...
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are proteoglycans consisting of a protein core and a chondroitin sulfate side chain. ... Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are composed of a core protein and a sugar side chain. The core protein is generally a ... Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans have been implicated in Alzheimers disease, stroke, and epilepsy. The two primary markers of ... Galtrey, C. M.; Fawcett, J. W. (2007). "The role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in regeneration and plasticity in the ...
Chondroitin sulfate is a chemical found in human and animal cartilage. It is commonly used by mouth with glucosamine or other ... Chondroitin Sulfate A, Chondroitin Sulfates, Chondroitin Sulfate B, Chondroitin Sulfate C, Chondroitin Sulphates, Chondroitin ... Calcium Chondroitin Sulfate, CDS, Chondroitin, Chondroitin Polysulfate, Chondroitin Polysulphate, ... Sulfate, Condroitin, CPS, CS, CSA, CSC, GAG, Galactosaminoglucuronoglycan Sulfate, Chondroitin 4-Sulfate, Chondroitin 4- and 6- ...
Inter Farma is branding its South American bovine-sourced chondroitin sulfate as Dynatin CS, and is marketing it on the dual ... Chondroitin Sulfate is found in human tissue and is essential to joint health. Along with glucosamine, it has been sold for use ... Inter Farma introduces certified chondroitin sulfate brand. By Clarisse Douaud 08-Feb-2007. - Last updated on 13-Mar-2017 at 18 ... chondroitin sulfate as Dynatin CS, and is marketing it on the dual platforms of US Pharmacopoeia certification and hailing from ...
... is sometimes refered to as chondroitin sulfate sodium. (1 tsp = 3.2g = 3200mg = 16 servings at 200mg each ... Chondroitin Sulfate. Chondroitin Sulfate is sometimes refered to as chondroitin sulfate sodium. (1 tsp = 3.2g = 3200mg = 16 ... Chondroitin Sulfate is sometimes refered to as chondroitin sulfate sodium. (1 tsp = 3.2g = 3200mg = 16 servings at 200mg each ... Ingredients: Chondroitin Sulfate.. Product Highlight: Pure Chondroitin Sulfate is derived from Bovine Cartilage. ...
Proteoglycans including chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate are major components of the ... Proteoglycans including chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate are major components of the ... Clone 9.2.27 has also been used in functional studies to investigate the role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in human ... Clone 9.2.27 has also been used in functional studies to investigate the role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in human ...
... chondroitin sulfate and compared them with 30 corneas transplanted during the same period, but preserved only in McCarey- ... Endothelial cell survival on transplanted human corneas preserved by organ culture with 1.35% chondroitin sulfate Am J ... We transplanted 30 donor corneas preserved at 34 C for 15 to 33 days in culture medium containing 1.35% chondroitin sulfate and ... chondroitin sulfate appear to survive and function after keratoplasty as well as those preserved at 4 C for one to three days ...
... World J Hepatol 2015; 7(24): 2559-2562 ... Unusual case of drug-induced cholestasis due to glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. World J Hepatol 2015; 7(24): 2559-2562 [ ...
Synonyms: Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4, Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2, HMW-MAA, MCSP, MCSPG, ... ... Role of melanoma chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan in patterning stem cells in human interfollicular epidermis. Legg, J., ... Melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan enhances FAK and ERK activation by distinct mechanisms. Yang, J., Price, M.A., ... Melanoma chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan regulates cell spreading through Cdc42, Ack-1 and p130cas. Eisenmann, K.M., McCarthy ...
Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and ... Botanical/INCI: Chondroitin sulfate. Classification: Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugar ... A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities. ... Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage and provides much of its resistance to compression. Along ...
Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage, a component of connective tissues, such as joints. Get ...
... chondroitin sulfate and collagen type II (GCC). The following information was collected at entry: demographics, BMI, ... in combination with glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (GC). An observational retrospective study, 1-year follow-up, on 104 ... chondroitin sulfate 1,000 mg (GC) and 57 with glucosamine 1,000 mg + chondroitin sulfate 1,000 mg + native COLLII partially ... glucosamine-chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine-chondroitin sulfate-native COLLII partially hydrolyzed) in a cohort of Italian ...
Shop Willner Chemists for Now Foods Chondroitin Sulfate 600 mg ... Chondroitin Sulf 600 mg. Chondroitin Sulfate 600 mg. -25% $ ...
Loss of chondroitin sulfate is detrimental to the health of the disc as well as cells and nerves. Discat Plus Enhanced offers ... Loss of Chondroitin Sulfate Is Detrimental. The loss of Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) is detrimental. CS is the glycosaminoglycan ( ... Chondroitin sulfate and disc herniation and degeneration is a large topic to study. Dr. Cox wrote another short article on ...
... lucosamine for the treatment of severe osteoarthritis ... In these cases, a combination of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine is recommended, because it is as efficient as NSAIDs, with ... Recent studies have determined that combination of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine is an efficient and safe option that can ... Gynecology experts recommend prescription of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine for the treatment of severe osteoarthritis. ...
Chondroitin Sulfate: the Science Behind the Supplement. Chondroitin sulfate is a naturally occurring molecule found in the ... chondroitin but contain little to no chondroitin-a, rendering them woefully ineffective. Chondroitin sulfate is one of six ... and some animal sources have more chondroitin-a than others. for instance, chondroitin sulfate sourced from beef trachea ... The finest chondroitin sulfate promotes joint and cartilage health.. An economical, single-ingredient product to support ...
Cross-reactive surface epitopes on chondroitin sulfate A-adherent Plasmodium falciparum-infected ery... ... Cross-reactive surface epitopes on chondroitin sulfate A-adherent Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes are associated ... that adhere to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA). Adhesion is mediated by P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), a ...
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of chains of alternating D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D- ... prescription formulations of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and crystalline glucosamine sulfate (GS).9 ... Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:795-808.doi ... Chondroitins 4 and 6 sulfate in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:779-86.doi: ...
Immunoablation of cells expressing the NG2 chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan.. Leoni G, Rattray M, Fulton D, Rivera A, Butt AM ... Summary: In this work the authors use an antibody against the NG2-glia marker chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG) along ... 2014) Immunoablation of cells expressing the NG2 chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan. J Anat 224(2):216-227. doi: 10.1111/joa. ...
Hayman, E.G.; Oldberg, A.; Rouslahti, E. 1981: Expression and localization of a heparan sulfate and a chondroitin sulfate ... Differential association of aortic chondroitin sulfate proteo glycan and dermatan sulfate proteo glycan with hyaluronic acid. ... Mathews, M.B. 1970: Binding of calcium by proteo glycan of chondroitin sulfate Balazs, Endre A (Edited By) Chemistry And ... Wiebkin, O.W.; Thonard, J.C. 1977: The effect of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate on the localization of proteo glycan ...
CHONDROITIN SULFATE 60caps According to researchers, major visible signs of skin, joint aging a result of collagen and ... And were a big fan of potency and purity at Doctors Best, so we chose a 90%+ pure chondroitin sulfate (a chemical found in ... Home › Doctors Best HYALURONIC ACID + CHONDROITIN SULFATE 60caps #ProductImage-31641697779884 { max-width: 200px; max-height: ... 200 mg of chondroitin sulfate and 100 mg of hyaluronic acid. Take two capsules daily with food. ...
Each easy-to-swallow capsule delivers an ideal ratio of 500 mg of glucosamine sulfate to 400 mg chondroitin sulfate and are ... When glucosamine and chondroitin sulfates are combined, they provide double action support to relieve the pain and discomfort ... Glucosamine sulfate is used to make the cartilage needed for repairing joints, while chondroitin actively fights the enzymes ... Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate by Natural Factors contains naturally sourced ingredients that proactively fight the root ...
There is some evidence from in vitro laboratory studies that Chondroitin Sulphate and Glucosamine protect against cartilage ... There is insufficient evidence from credible trials in horses to support the use of either Chondroitin Sulphate or Glucosamine ... Extensive studies in humans of Chondroitin Sulphate both in conjunction with, and without Glucosamine have been undertaken, ... Keratan Sulphate and collagen fibrils combines to make the structure of Articular Cartilage. Almost invariably used in ...
The specificity of the malarial VAR2CSA protein for chondroitin sulfate depends on 4-O-sulfation and ligand accessibility. * ... CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of CHPF and CHPF2 in tumor cells reduced the average molecular weight of cell-surface chondroitin sulfate ... CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of CHPF and CHPF2 in tumor cells reduced the average molecular weight of cell-surface chondroitin sulfate ... Here, we show that both placenta and tumors contain significantly more chondroitin sulfate moieties of higher molecular weight ...
For more details visit our Chondroitinase ABC page ,For more details visit our Chondroitin Sulfate Antibodies page , ... Anti Unsulfated Unsaturated Disaccharide Neoepitopes (C-0-S stubs) of Chondroitin Sulfate mAb (Clone 1B5) ... Anti Unsulfated Unsaturated Disaccharide Neoepitopes (C-0-S stubs) of Chondroitin Sulfate mAb (Clone 1B5) ...
DescriptionChondroitin sulfate (CSA) is a mucopolysaccharide found in cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, where it is bound to ... Chondroitin sulfate (CSA) is a mucopolysaccharide found in cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, where it is bound to proteins ...
Chondroitin Sulfate and MSM How to Incorporate Chondroitin, MSM, and, Glucosamine into Skincare Routine? Science Behind ... Chondroitin Sulfate, MSM, and Glucosamine How Titan Biotechs Ingredients Are Different from Others? Conclusion Radiant, ... Anti-Aging Benefits of Glucosamine, Chondroitin Sulfate and MSM. Anti-Aging Benefits of Chondroitin Sulfate, Glucosamine, ... How to Incorporate Chondroitin, MSM, and Glucosamine into Skincare Routine?. Applications of Chondroitin Sulfate, Glucosamine, ...
... chondroitin sulfate), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & lactation ... chondroitin sulfate (CDS%2C condroitin%2C GAG%2C galactosaminoglucuronoglycan (chondroitin sulfate))) and chondroitin sulfate ( ... Chondroitin Sulfate (Herb/Suppl). Brand and Other Names:CDS, condroitin, more...GAG, galactosaminoglucuronoglycan ... chondroitin sulfate)) What to Read Next on Medscape ... of the knee can experience some benefit from taking chondroitin ...
A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of a topical cream containing glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, ... placebo controlled trial of a topical cream containing glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and camphor for osteoarthritis ... placebo controlled trial of a topical cream containing glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and camphor for osteoarthritis ... placebo controlled trial of a topical cream containing glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and camphor for osteoarthritis ...
Chondroitin Sulfate - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... What is chondroitin sulfate? Chondroitin sulfate is a natural component of cartilage. It is extracted from shark or cow ... What claims are made about chondroitin sulfate? People take chondroitin sulfate by mouth for osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis (OA ... Does chondroitin sulfate work? Scientific evidence shows no benefit when chondroitin sulfate is taken by itself. However, ...
Clinical Observation of a Novel, Complementary, Immunotherapeutic Approach based on Ketogenic Diet, Chondroitin Sulfate, ... Chondroitin Sulfate, Vitamin D3, Oleic Acid and a Fermented Milk and Colostrum Product. American Journal of Immunology, 12(4), ... administration of an emulsion made of chondroitin sulfate, vitamin D3 and oleic acid and of a fermented milk and colostrum ...
  • Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid). (texasnaturalsupply.com)
  • Placental malaria infection is mediated by the binding of the malarial VAR2CSA protein to the placental glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate. (lu.se)
  • Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assembly initiates through the formation of a linkage tetrasaccharide region serving as a primer for both chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) chain polymerization. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Chondroitin Sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan extracted from shark cartilage. (sodiumhyaluronate-powder.com)
  • Chondroitin Sulfate by NOW Foods Joint Mobility and Comfort* Tissue Elasticity* Chondroitin Sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) naturally present in many body tissues, and is an especially important component of joint cartilage and synovial tissue. (mynutritiondepot.com)
  • Chondroitin Sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) naturally present in many body tissues, and is an especially important component of joint cartilage and synovial tissue. (mynutritiondepot.com)
  • The following CSPGs have been identified: Aggrecan (CSPG1) Versican (CSPG2) Neurocan (CSPG3) CSPG4 (melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, NG2) CSPG5 SMC3 (CSPG6, structural maintenance of chromosomes 3) Brevican (CSPG7) CD44 (CSPG8, cluster of differentiation 44) Phosphacan Neurocan, brevican, versican, and aggrecan all share similar N-terminal and C-terminal domains. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 9.2.27 monoclonal antibody specifically binds to CSPG4 (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • CSPG4 is also known as MCSP (melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan) and NG2 (neural/glial antigen 2). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Immunoablation of cells expressing the NG2 chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan. (atsbio.com)
  • Leoni G, Rattray M, Fulton D, Rivera A, Butt AM (2014) Immunoablation of cells expressing the NG2 chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan. (atsbio.com)
  • Summary: In this work the authors use an antibody against the NG2-glia marker chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG) along with Mab-ZAP (Cat. (atsbio.com)
  • Recently, we discovered that targeted enzymatic removal of the inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) component of the extracellular and perineuronal net (PNN) matrix via Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) rapidly restored robust respiratory function to the previously paralyzed hemi-diaphragm after remarkably long times post-injury (up to 1.5 years) following a cervical level 2 lateral hemi-transection. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • An associated change with the cervical ripening process is an increase in cervical decorin (dermatan sulfate proteoglycan 2), leading to collagen fiber separation. (medscape.com)
  • The purpose of the present study was to determine relationship between disease activity, systemic markers of cartilage degradation, urinary C-terminal cross-linking telopeptides of type II collagen (uCTX-II), and bone degradation, urinary C-terminal cross-linking telopeptides of type I collagen (uCTX-I), structural progression of osteoarthritis (OA) and potential therapeutic efficacy of type II collagen (COLLII) in combination with glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (GC). (springer.com)
  • Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate by Natural Factors contains naturally sourced ingredients that proactively fight the root cause of joint pain and reduce the need for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which simply mask pain. (goodnessme.ca)
  • Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are not only cartilage building blocks, but they can have anti-inflammatory properties of their own, making them excellent additions to any joint support protocol. (vin.com)
  • Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are considered nutritional supplements. (vin.com)
  • Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are proteoglycans consisting of a protein core and a chondroitin sulfate side chain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteoglycans including chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate are major components of the extracellular matrices of many animal cell types. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Chondroitin sulfate has been found to stimulate the production of proteoglycans, essential molecules that make up the cartilage matrix. (optiwizehealth.com)
  • Cartilage Protection and Repair: Chondroitin sulfate promotes the synthesis of proteoglycans and GAGs, which are vital components of cartilage. (optiwizehealth.com)
  • Intercalated among the collagen molecules are glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, predominantly dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and heparin sulfate. (medscape.com)
  • Conte A, Volpi N, Palmieri L, Bahous I, Ronca G. Biochemical and pharmacokinetic aspects of oral treatment with chondroitin sulfate. (meschinohealth.com)
  • We have investigated the effect of chondroitin sulfate (CS) on brain response to knee painful stimulation in patients with knee osteoarthritis using fMRI. (upf.edu)
  • Conrozier T, Vignon E. The effect of chondroitin sulfate treatment in coxarthritis. (meschinohealth.com)
  • Chondroitin sulfate is possibly safe when used together with other ingredients in an eye drop. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The move reflects an increasing trend towards certification as a means of lending credibility within competitive ingredients markets such as that for chondroitin sulfate. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Along with glucosamine, chondroitin is one of the leading ingredients in joint health supplements. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Liquid Glucosamine & Chondroitin with MSM combines three well-known joint support ingredients with nutritional components in an easy-to-swallow liquid. (vitaliving.com)
  • 2. Combined shipment of all joint care ingredients: We are able to supply almost all joint care ingredients including: shark cartilage powder, Chondroitin Sulfate, Glucosamine, MSM, Hyaluronic Acid. (chondroitinpowder.com)
  • Pure Chondroitin Sulfate is derived from Bovine Cartilage. (bulkfoods.com)
  • And we're a big fan of potency and purity at Doctor's Best, so we chose a 90%+ pure chondroitin sulfate (a chemical found in our cartilage around our joints) in this formula. (ieproduce.com)
  • However, until more is known, do not take chondroitin sulfate if you have prostate cancer or are at high risk for developing it (you have a brother or father with prostate cancer). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Biological Functions of Iduronic Acid in Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfate. (lu.se)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Biological Functions of Iduronic Acid in Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfate. (lu.se)
  • abstract = "The presence of iduronic acid in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate changes the properties of the polysaccharides, as it generates a more flexible chain with increased binding potentials. (lu.se)
  • Iduronic acid in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate influences multiple cellular properties such as migration, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and regulation of cytokine/growth factor activities. (lu.se)
  • The role of IdoA in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate is underlined by the vast changes of connective tissue features in patients with a new type of Ehler-Danlos syndrome, adducted thumb-clubfoot syndrome. (lu.se)
  • Further, a better definition of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate functions using different knock-out models is needed. (lu.se)
  • We offer a series of chondroitin sulphates (CS) and dermatan sulphates (DS) that cover the principal isomers found in mammalian tissues. (iduron.co.uk)
  • Mizumoto, S., Yamada, S. & Sugahara, K. (2015) Molecular interactions between chondroitin-dermatan sulfate and growth factors/receptors/matrix proteins. (iduron.co.uk)
  • Chondroitin Sulphate (CS) and Dermatan Sulphate (DS) are common constituents of the pericellular environment of most mammalian organs and tissues. (iduron.co.uk)
  • The amount of dermatan sulfate decreases, leading to reduced bridging among the collagen fibers and a corresponding decrease in cervical firmness. (medscape.com)
  • An observational retrospective study, 1-year follow-up, on 104 patients with OA (nodular osteoarthritis of the hand, erosive osteoarthritis of the hand, EOA, osteoarthritis of the knee or hip) who were treated with GC or glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate and collagen type II (GCC). (springer.com)
  • Each serving contains 1000 mg of BioCell Collagen®, which includes 600 mg of hydrolyzed collagen type II, 200 mg of chondroitin sulfate and 100 mg of hyaluronic acid. (ieproduce.com)
  • Chondroitin sulfate (CSA) is a mucopolysaccharide found in cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, where it is bound to proteins such as collagen and elastin. (ayurvedicherbsdirect.com)
  • J-Flex is pure, high-grade chondroitin sulfate - a natural ingredient for healthy joint lubrication and a normal inflammatory response. (springtimeinc.com)
  • Objectives Chondroitin sulfate 800 mg/day (CS) pharmaceutical-grade in the management of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis consistent with the European Medicines Agency guideline. (bmj.com)
  • Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfates are components of cartilage, and the theory is that by taking these precursors orally (by mouth), a body can use them to repair and rebuild damaged cartilage. (vin.com)
  • Both glucosamine and chondroitin are structural components of cartilage that cushions the ends of bones within the joints. (biolife.com.my)
  • Meitek chondroitin sulfate is the white powder made from animal cartilage, through the extraction and enzymolysis process. (meitek-inc.com)
  • China chondroitin sulfate powder Supplier. (sodiumhyaluronate-powder.com)
  • 5. Other certificates we have: NSF-GMP, ISO Certificates, Halal Certificates, MSC Certificates for shark cartilage powder and shark chondroitin sulfate. (chondroitinpowder.com)
  • This effect has not been shown with chondroitin sulfate supplements. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The chondroitin used in dietary supplements is extracted from the cartilage and connective tissues of animals. (springtimeinc.com)
  • Manufacturers of foods and supplements will demand more chondroitin sulfate in the upcoming years. (precedenceresearch.com)
  • Chondroitin sulfate is utilized more frequently in joint health supplements to lessen joint pain as the population ages and becomes more health conscious. (precedenceresearch.com)
  • Manganese is a co-factor in joint fluid synthesis and is often included in glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate supplements as are numerous other supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids, creatine, and more. (vin.com)
  • An injectable solution containing chondroitin sulfate and sodium hyaluronate is approved by the FDA to protect the eye during cataract surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most of the positive studies using Chondroitin Sulfate with arthritic patients have used injectable forms. (meschinohealth.com)
  • 1. Injectable chondroitin sulfate is the chondroitin puritied into a high substance of assay,with a lower substance of protein. (chondroitinpowder.com)
  • 2. Injectable chondroitin sulfate is the chondroitin sulfate utilized for the creation of intra-articular application infusions, particularly for the joints. (chondroitinpowder.com)
  • Chondroitin is the substance that enables cartilage to provide cushion to healthy joints, and it is what the body uses to make new cartilage. (springtimeinc.com)
  • Glucosamine sulfate is used to make the cartilage needed for repairing joints, while chondroitin actively fights the enzymes that breakdown joint tissue and helps maintain the nutrients and fluid within joints that allows for smooth and cushioned movement. (goodnessme.ca)
  • ChondroCare is designed to provide broad support for healthy joints by featuring high quality glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, nutritional factors known to help support cartilage health and soft tissue formation. (vitaliving.com)
  • Protocol For Life Balance Glucosamine & Chondroitin with MSM combines three of the best known nutrients available for the support of healthy joints in one dietary supplement. (vitaliving.com)
  • The cartilage between joints such as those in the hip, knee, finger, and other joints must contain chondroitin sulfate as a structural component. (precedenceresearch.com)
  • Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfates are not likely to be helpful with diseases involving other types of joints (i.e. the vertebrae and intervertebral discs). (vin.com)
  • The chondroitin sulfate infusion is utilized to alleviation the agony in the joints experienced osteoarthritis. (chondroitinpowder.com)
  • 2. Ponders recommends that Chondroitin sulfate may keeps the separating of ligaments in joints. (chondroitinpowder.com)
  • The results after six months of treatment proved that the combination of chondroitin and glucosamine reduces pain, functional disability, stiffness, inflammation and joint liquid effusion in a clinically relevant way, and that this combination, unlike anti-inflammatory drugs, has a high safety profile. (bioiberica.com)
  • Morreale P, Manopulo R, Galati M, Boccanera L, Saponati G, Bocchi L. Comparison of the anti-inflammatory efficacy of chondroitin sulfate and diclofenac sodium in patients with knee osteoarthritis. (meschinohealth.com)
  • Research suggests that chondroitin sulfate exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. (optiwizehealth.com)
  • Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Chondroitin sulfate possesses anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce joint inflammation and associated pain. (optiwizehealth.com)
  • Glucosamine and chondroitin are able to protect joint cartilage and anti-inflammatory effect, thus help in pain-relieving. (biolife.com.my)
  • The Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT) was a large, placebo-controlled study of glucosamine , chondroitin sulfate, and the 2 in combination to treat osteoarthritis of the knee. (msdmanuals.com)
  • For Mega BiO-LiFE Glucosamine 500mg with Chondroitin Sulphate 400mg, glucosamine is harvested from shells of shellfishes, and chondroitin is harvested from a bovine source. (biolife.com.my)
  • In line with this, CHPF and CHPF2, which encode proteins required for chondroitin polymerization, are significantly upregulated in most cancer types. (lu.se)
  • Sequestration of malaria parasite in the human placenta is mediated by interactions between chondroitin sulphate A (CSA) on the syncytiotrophoblasts and proteins expressed on the surface of infected human erythrocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To investigate this, we determined whether sulfate substitution of galactose (Gal) residues of the linkage region or of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) of the disaccharide unit influences activity and specificity of chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (CSGalNAcT-1), a key glycosyltransferase of CS biosynthesis. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Intriguingly, a crucial loop from A4 DBL 3X which provides the important Gly and Lys residues that chelate the bound sulphate is missing or significantly altered in all other DBL domains that interact with CSA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further analysis of the proposed sulphate and predicted CSA-binding site indicates either none or very low level of conservation among the critical interacting residues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Degradation kinetics models and chemical composition data of LMCS showed the GlcA residues of chondroitin -4- sulfate (CSA) may be preferentially attacked. (bvsalud.org)
  • We synthesized a series of sulfated and unsulfated analogs of the linkage oligosaccharide and of the constitutive unit of CS and tested these molecules as potential acceptor substrates for the recombinant human CSGalNAcT-1. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Derbal, I., Lortat-Jacob, H. & Kwok, J. (2017) Chondroitin sulfates and their binding molecules in the central nervous system. (iduron.co.uk)
  • Generally speaking, Chondroitin Sulfate molecules are at least fifty to three hundred times larger than glucosamine sulfate molecules and are usually too large to pass through the normal intact intestinal barrier. (meschinohealth.com)
  • Any clinical benefit derived from taking Chondroitin Sulfate is probably due to the absorption of sulfur (which supports cartilage structure), or smaller GAG molecules broken down by the digestive tract. (meschinohealth.com)
  • By stimulating the production of these molecules, chondroitin sulfate aids in the protection and repair of cartilage tissue. (optiwizehealth.com)
  • Joint Lubrication: Chondroitin sulfate attracts water molecules into the cartilage, improving hydration and lubrication. (optiwizehealth.com)
  • The biological products involve Glucosamine, MethylSulfonylMethane, and Chondroitin Sulfate. (titanbiotechltd.com)
  • Chondroitin Sulfate, Glucosamine, and MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) play vital roles in skin anti-aging. (titanbiotechltd.com)
  • Along with glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate has become a widely used dietary supplement for treatment of osteoarthritis. (texasnaturalsupply.com)
  • The food and dietary supplement industries' rising demand for chondroitin sulfate, consumers' awareness of the supplement's advantages, and a growing emphasis on preventive healthcare are driving this market's expansion. (precedenceresearch.com)
  • What drug interactions occur with chondroitin sulfate? (msdmanuals.com)
  • Recombinant subfragments of VAR2CSA (rVAR2) have also been shown to bind specifically and with high affinity to cancer cells and tissues, suggesting the presence of a shared type of oncofetal chondroitin sulfate (ofCS) in the placenta and in tumors. (lu.se)
  • Here, we show that both placenta and tumors contain significantly more chondroitin sulfate moieties of higher molecular weight than other tissues. (lu.se)
  • The basis for the amassing of parasitized erythrocytes (PEs) in the placenta was unknown until it was shown that PEs from placenta primarily bind to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two days before admission she had re- questration of infected red blood cells in ceived 5 injections of chloroquine after the placenta through binding to chondroitin confirmation of P. falciparum infection sulfate [ 3,4 ]. (who.int)
  • No GalNAcT activity was detected toward sulfated and unsulfated analogs of the CS constitutive disaccharide (GlcA-beta 1,3-GalNAc), indicating that CSGalNAcT-1 was involved in initiation but not in elongation of CS chains. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Osteoarthritis: Oral supplementation with Chondroitin Sulfate has typically used 400 mg, three times per day in most studies. (meschinohealth.com)
  • 1. Chondroitin sulfate is typically considered as could be expected under the circumstances treament for the joint deformity, for example, the osteoarthritis. (chondroitinpowder.com)
  • More precisely, the data of the MOVES study recently published by the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases journal confirmed that the combination of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine has an efficacy comparable to that of Celecoxib in the treatment of severe knee osteoarthritis. (bioiberica.com)
  • Effects of chondroitin sulfate on brain response to painful stimulation in knee osteoarthritis patients. (upf.edu)
  • Double-blind clinical evaluation of the relative efficacy of ibuprofen and glucosamine sulfate in the management of osteoarthrosis of the knee in out patients. (meschinohealth.com)
  • The finest chondroitin sulfate promotes joint and cartilage health. (springtimeinc.com)
  • Chondroitin sulfate is one of six related substances called glycosaminoglycans (gags), which are also referred to as mucopolysaccharides. (springtimeinc.com)
  • Chondroitin Sulfate contains a mixture of intact or partially hydrolysed glycosaminoglycans (GAG), of molecular weights ranging from 14,000 to over 30,000 Daltons. (meschinohealth.com)
  • Analysis of glycosaminoglycans in human sera after oral administration of chondroitin sulfate. (meschinohealth.com)
  • Chondroitin promotes water retention. (mynutritiondepot.com)
  • Chondroitin promotes water retention within the joint, giving it resiliency by acting as a lubricant and a means to absorb shock. (mynutritiondepot.com)
  • Cross-reactive surface epitopes on chondroitin sulfate A-adherent Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes are associated with transcription of var2csa. (edu.au)
  • Bioavailability of oral chondroitin sulfate. (meschinohealth.com)
  • Low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (LMCS) has attention for enhanced bioavailability and bioactivity compared to native CS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfates are extracted from sea mollusks (such as Perna canaliculus, also known as the New Zealand green-lipped mussel), from shark skeleton, as well as from cattle and chicken bones. (vin.com)
  • Cross-reactive surface epitopes on chondroitin sulfate A-adherent Plasmodium falciparum-infected ery. (edu.au)
  • Malaria in pregnancy is associated with placental accumulation of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IE) that adhere to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA). (edu.au)
  • CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of CHPF and CHPF2 in tumor cells reduced the average molecular weight of cell-surface chondroitin sulfate and resulted in a marked reduction of rVAR2 binding. (lu.se)
  • Preparation of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate from different sources by H 2 O 2 /ascorbic acid degradation and its degradation mechanism. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chondroitin sulfate is a naturally occurring molecule found in the cartilage and connective tissues of people and animals. (springtimeinc.com)
  • There is concern that some chondroitin sulfate products are not labeled accurately. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some products might contain no chondroitin, while other products might contain more than the amount stated on the product's label. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because of these issues, the effects of different chondroitin products may vary. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Conversely, some products on the market are labeled as 100% chondroitin but contain little to no chondroitin-a, rendering them woefully ineffective. (springtimeinc.com)
  • A recent report in the Lancet (January 2001), indicated that the addition of Chondroitin Sulfate to glucosamine products has not been shown to provide a further benefit to the use of glucosamine sulfate alone. (meschinohealth.com)
  • The Chondroitin Sulfate can also be used as additive in the foodstuff and the healthy products. (sodiumhyaluronate-powder.com)
  • Chondroitin sulfate is a chemical found in human and animal cartilage. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Early research suggests that chondroitin might cause the spread or recurrence of prostate cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In this blog post, we aim to shed light on the science behind Chondroitin Sulfate, explore its various applications, and highlight the compelling evidence supporting its efficacy. (optiwizehealth.com)
  • Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage and provides much of its resistance to compression. (texasnaturalsupply.com)
  • The global chondroitin sulfate market size surpassed USD 1.22 billion in 2022 and is projected to rise to USD 1.65 billion by 2032, anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 3.1 percent during the projection period from 2023 to 2032. (precedenceresearch.com)
  • Regular use of chondroitin sulfate may help slow down the progression of joint degeneration and improve the quality of life for individuals with osteoarthritis. (optiwizehealth.com)