A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.
Agents that increase mucous excretion. Mucolytic agents, that is drugs that liquefy mucous secretions, are also included here.
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.
Tests involving inhalation of allergens (nebulized or in dust form), nebulized pharmacologically active solutions (e.g., histamine, methacholine), or control solutions, followed by assessment of respiratory function. These tests are used in the diagnosis of asthma.
An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.

RIT 2214, a new biosynthetic penicillin produced by a mutant of Cephalosporium acremonium. (1/37)

A number of lysine-requiring auxotrophs of Cephalosporium acremonium were investigated for incorporation of side-chain precursors and for accumulation of beta-lactam compounds. One of the auxotrophs, Acremonium chrysogenum ATCC 20389, producing cephalosporin C and penicillin N only if grown in media supplemented with DL-alpha-amino-adipic acid (DL-alpha-AAA), was found to use L-S-carboxymethylcysteine (L-CMC) as a side-chain precursor for the synthesis of a new penicillin (RIT 2214). No corresponding cephalosporin was detected. The penicillin present in the culture filtrate, was concentrated by adsorption on activated carbon and successive column chromatography on Amberlite IRA-68 and Amberlite XAD-4. Final purification was achieved by cellulose column chromatography. RIT 2214 was identified as 6-(D)-[(2-amino-2-carboxy)-ethylthio]-acetamido]-penicillanic acid by spectral analysis, bioactivity spectrum, elucidation of side-chain structure and finally by semisynthesis. Its biological properties were also evaluated.  (+info)

Diurnal variation in the metabolism of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine in humans. (2/37)

The routes of metabolism of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine in humans are dependent on the time of dosing. Administration of 750 mg of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine (Day 1) during the day at 8:00 AM followed by a 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM urine collection revealed that S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine S-oxide was the major urinary metabolite produced. The 4:00 PM to midnight urine collection resulted in S-(carboxymethylthio)-L-cysteine being identified as the major urinary metabolite. However, the administration of 750 mg of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine (day 15) during the night at midnight and analysis of the midnight to 8:00 AM urine collection found that thiodiglycolic acid was the major urinary metabolite, whereas thiodiglycolic S-oxide was identified as the major urinary metabolite in the 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM urine collection. A diurnal variation in the metabolism of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine was seen and, in particular, the timing of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine administration had a profound effect on the identity of urinary S-oxide metabolites produced. After administration at 8:00 AM the urinary S-oxides produced were S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine S-oxide and S-methyl-L-cysteine S-oxide but at midnight the major urinary S-oxide metabolite produced was thiodiglycolic acid S-oxide.  (+info)

Effects of carbocysteine on antigen-induced increases in cough sensitivity and bronchial responsiveness in guinea pigs. (3/37)

Carbocysteine is a mucoactive drug and is being used for both acute and chronic infectious airway diseases. Although carbocysteine can repair the damage of epithelial cells caused by exposure to various agents, the effects of this agent on allergic airway diseases such as asthma and eosinophilic bronchitis with an isolated chronic cough, in both of which epithelial damage may be characteristic, is not clear. We investigated the effects of carbocysteine on antigen-induced cough hypersensitivity to inhaled capsaicin at 48 h and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to inhaled methacholine at 72 h after challenge with an aerosolized antigen in actively sensitized guinea pigs. After measuring bronchial responsiveness, we examined neutral endopeptidase (NEP) activity in the tracheal tissue. Carbocysteine (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally every 12 h for 3 days after antigen challenge. The number of coughs elicited by an aerosol of capsaicin (10(-4) M) was significantly (p < 0.01) decreased in carbocysteine groups (6.13 +/- 0.59 at 10 mg/kg, 4.88 +/- 0.67 at 30 mg/kg, and 4.50 +/- 0.33 at 100 mg/kg during 3 min measurement) compared with the control group (9.75 +/- 0.53). Furthermore, carbocysteine dose dependently repaired the antigen-induced decrease of NEP activity in the tracheal tissue, but it did not influence the bronchial hyperresponsiveness or bronchoalveolar lavage cell component. These findings suggest that carbocysteine promotes the repair of damaged epithelium by allergic reaction and may be useful in allergic airway diseases accompanied by isolated chronic coughing, especially eosinophilic bronchitis without asthma and tracheobronchitis with cough hypersensitivity.  (+info)

Does early detection of otitis media with effusion prevent delayed language development? (4/37)

OBJECTIVE: To consider whether earlier detection of otitis media with effusion (OME) in asymptomatic children in the first 4 years of life prevents delayed language development. METHODS: MEDLINE and other databases were searched and relevant references from articles reviewed. Critical appraisal and consensus development were in accordance with the methods of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. RESULTS: No randomised controlled trials assessing the overall screening for OME and early intervention to prevent delay in acquiring language were identified, although one trial evaluated treatment in a screened population and found no benefit. The "analytic pathway" approach was therefore used, where evidence is evaluated for individual steps in a screening process. The evidence supporting the use of tools for early detection such as tympanometry, microtympanometry, acoustic reflectometry, and pneumatic otoscopy in the first 4 years of life is unclear. Some treatments (mucolytics, antibiotics, steroids) resulted in the short term resolution of effusions as measured by tympanometry. Ventilation tubes resolved effusions and improved hearing. Ventilation tubes in children with hearing loss associated with OME benefited children in the short term, but after 18 months there was no difference in comparison with those assigned to watchful waiting. Most prospective cohort studies that evaluated the association between OME and language development lacked adequate measurement of exposure or outcome, or suffered from attrition bias. Findings with regard to the association were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to support attempts at early detection of OME in the first 4 years of life in the asymptomatic child to prevent delayed language development.  (+info)

S-carboxymethylcysteine in the treatment of glue ear: quantitative systematic review. (5/37)

OBJECTIVE: To establish the clinical relevance of S-carboxymethylcysteine in the treatment of glue ear in children using measures approximating those saving a child from operation for grommet insertion. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, reference lists and reviews were used for randomised controlled trials comparing S-carboxymethylcysteine with placebo. Seven trials involving 283 children and 146 ears were found. REVIEW METHODS: Studies were randomised, double-blind comparisons of S-carboxymethylcysteine (any dose and duration) with placebo in otitis media with effusion. Quality of trial reporting and validity of methods were assessed and used in sensitivity analysis. Main outcomes were relative benefit and number-needed-to-treat to prevent one grommet operation compared with placebo. RESULTS: Successful outcomes were obtained in 17% of children given placebo (range 5% to 38% in individual studies) and in 35% of children given S-carboxymethylcysteine (range 22 to 80%). For combined data (children and ears) the relative benefit was 2.0 (95%CI 1.4 to 2.8) and number-needed-to-treat 5.5 (95% confidence interval 3.8 to 9.8). Pooled data from trials of higher reporting quality (4/7) or methodological validity (3/7) tended to have lower efficacy but were not statistically different from those of lower quality or validity. CONCLUSION: S-carboxymethylcysteine is effective in the treatment of children with glue ear. For every five or six children treated with S-carboxymethylcysteine over one to three months, one will not undergo surgery for grommet insertion who would have done had they been given placebo. The confidence in this conclusion is limited because studies included relatively few children.  (+info)

Insights into the mechanisms of ifosfamide encephalopathy: drug metabolites have agonistic effects on alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptors and induce cellular acidification in mouse cortical neurons. (6/37)

Therapeutic value of the alkylating agent ifosfamide has been limited by major side effects including encephalopathy. Although the underlying biochemical processes of the neurotoxic side effects are still unclear, they could be attributed to metabolites rather than to ifosfamide itself. In the present study, the effects of selected ifosfamide metabolites on indices of neuronal activity have been investigated, in particular for S-carboxymethylcysteine (SCMC) and thiodiglycolic acid (TDGA). Because of structural similarities of SCMC with glutamate, the Ca(2+)(i) response of single mouse cortical neurons to SCMC and TDGA was investigated. SCMC, but not TDGA, evoked a robust increase in Ca(2+)(i) concentration that could be abolished by the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), but only partly diminished by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist 10,11-dihydro-5-methyl-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK=801). Cyclothiazide (CYZ), used to prevent AMPA/kainate receptor desensitization, potentiated the response to SCMC. Because activation of AMPA/kainate receptors is known to induce proton influx, the intracellular pH (pH(i)) response to SCMC was investigated. SCMC caused a concentration-dependent acidification that was amplified by CYZ. Since H(+)/monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) activity leads to similar cellular acidification, we tested its potential involvement in the pH(i) response. Application of the lactate transport inhibitor quercetin diminished the pH(i) response to SCMC and TDGA by 43 and 51%, respectively, indicating that these compounds may be substrates of MCTs. Taken together, this study indicates that hitherto apparently inert ifosfamide metabolites, in particular SCMC, activate AMPA/kainate receptors and induce cellular acidification. Both processes could provide the biochemical basis of the observed ifosfamide-associated encephalopathy.  (+info)

Effect of carbocysteine on cough reflex to capsaicin in asthmatic patients. (7/37)

AIMS: Cough, one of the main symptoms of bronchial asthma, is a chronic airway inflammatory disease with functionally damaged bronchial epithelium. Recently, we established an animal model with cough hypersensitivity after antigen challenge and clearly showed the protective effect of carbocysteine in this model. This study was designed to investigate the clinical effect of carbocysteine for cough sensitivity in patients with bronchial asthma. METHODS: The effects of the two orally active mucoregulatory drugs, carbocysteine and ambroxol hydrochloride, on cough response to inhaled capsaicin were examined in 14 patients with stable asthma. Capsaicin cough threshold, defined as the lowest concentration of capsaicin eliciting five or more coughs, was measured as an index of airway cough sensitivity. RESULTS: Geometric mean values of the cough threshold at run-in (baseline) and after 4 weeks' treatment of placebo, 1500 mg day-1 of carbocysteine and 45 mg day-1 of ambroxol hydrochloride were 12.8 micro M (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.5, 29.6), 11.0 micro M (95% CI 4.4, 27.5), 21.0 micro M (95% CI 8.8, 50.2) and 11.6 micro M (95% CI 5.8, 23.3), respectively. The cough threshold for carbocysteine was significantly greater than those of ambroxol hydrochloride (P = 0.047) and placebo (P = 0.047), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that carbocysteine administration may be a novel therapeutic option for asthmatic patients, especially with cough variant asthma.  (+info)

Study about the inhibition of L-cysteine derivatives of nucleic acid bases in protein production. (8/37)

Isopoly (S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine) derivatives of nucleic acids bases were prepared as antisense compounds. In past study, we investigated the properties of these compounds in vitro, and revealed that these compounds in vivo regulated the cell death presumably due to the inhibition of protein production. In this study, western and northern blots were carried out in order to reveal the mechanism of this inhibition for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid NG108-15 cell line. In addition, we investigated the resistance of these compounds against cell extract and the metabolism. In conclusion, we proved that these compounds inhibited the protein production by antisense mechanism.  (+info)

Carbocisteine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as mucolytic agents. It works by breaking down and thinning mucus in the airways, making it easier to cough up and clear the airways. This can help to relieve symptoms of respiratory conditions such as chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.

The chemical name for carbocisteine is S-carboxymethylcysteine. It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and syrup, and is typically taken by mouth several times a day. As with any medication, it's important to follow the dosage instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to be aware of potential side effects and interactions with other medications.

Expectorants are a type of medication that help to thin and loosen mucus in the airways, making it easier to cough up and clear the airways. They work by increasing the production of fluid in the respiratory tract, which helps to moisten and soften thick or sticky mucus. This makes it easier for the cilia (tiny hair-like structures that line the airways) to move the mucus out of the lungs and into the throat, where it can be swallowed or spit out.

Expectorants are often used to treat respiratory conditions such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which can cause excessive mucus production and difficulty breathing. Some common expectorants include guaifenesin, iodinated glycerol, and potassium iodide.

It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully when taking expectorants, as taking too much can lead to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It is also important to drink plenty of fluids while taking expectorants, as this can help to thin the mucus and make it easier to cough up.

A cough is a reflex action that helps to clear the airways of irritants, foreign particles, or excess mucus or phlegm. It is characterized by a sudden, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs through the mouth and nose. A cough can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term), and it can be accompanied by other symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fever. Coughing can be caused by various factors, including respiratory infections, allergies, asthma, environmental pollutants, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchitis. In some cases, a cough may be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as heart failure or lung cancer.

Bronchial provocation tests are a group of medical tests used to assess the airway responsiveness of the lungs by challenging them with increasing doses of a specific stimulus, such as methacholine or histamine, which can cause bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways) in susceptible individuals. These tests are often performed to diagnose and monitor asthma and other respiratory conditions that may be associated with heightened airway responsiveness.

The most common type of bronchial provocation test is the methacholine challenge test, which involves inhaling increasing concentrations of methacholine aerosol via a nebulizer. The dose response is measured by monitoring lung function (usually through spirometry) before and after each exposure. A positive test is indicated when there is a significant decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) or other measures of airflow, which suggests bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

Other types of bronchial provocation tests include histamine challenges, exercise challenges, and mannitol challenges. These tests have specific indications, contraindications, and protocols that should be followed to ensure accurate results and patient safety. Bronchial provocation tests are typically conducted in a controlled clinical setting under the supervision of trained healthcare professionals.

Capsaicin is defined in medical terms as the active component of chili peppers (genus Capsicum) that produces a burning sensation when it comes into contact with mucous membranes or skin. It is a potent irritant and is used topically as a counterirritant in some creams and patches to relieve pain. Capsaicin works by depleting substance P, a neurotransmitter that relays pain signals to the brain, from nerve endings.

Here is the medical definition of capsaicin from the Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary:

caпсаісіn : an alkaloid (C18H27NO3) that is the active principle of red peppers and is used in topical preparations as a counterirritant and analgesic.

Chalumeau M, Duijvestijn YC (May 2013). "Acetylcysteine and carbocysteine for acute upper and lower respiratory tract ...
... carbocysteine and N-acetylcysteine). Furthermore, erdosteine was the only mucolytic able to reduce the risk of hospitalization ...
... carbocysteine MeSH D12.125.119.307 - cystathionine MeSH D12.125.119.369 - cystine MeSH D12.125.119.450 - glutamic acid MeSH ... carbocysteine MeSH D12.125.166.230.330 - cysteinyldopa MeSH D12.125.166.230.369 - cystine MeSH D12.125.166.230.700 - ...
... carbocysteine MeSH D02.886.030.230.330 - cysteinyldopa MeSH D02.886.030.230.369 - cystine MeSH D02.886.030.230.700 - ...
... , also called carbocysteine, is a mucolytic that reduces the viscosity of sputum and so can be used to help ...
Smoothing carbocysteine with Bio Hairvolux of Carmen R first.. Leave a Comment / Photos, Smoothing Carbocysteine / By alisado ... Seeing that even her hair was weak, we decided to apply Bio Hairvolux, a smoothing of carbocysteine getting great results. ...
Acetylcysteine and carbocysteine for acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in paediatric patients without chronic ... Acetylcysteine and carbocysteine for acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in paediatric patients without chronic ... "Acetylcysteine and Carbocysteine for Acute Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Paediatric Patients Without Chronic ... Acetylcysteine and carbocysteine for acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in paediatric patients without chronic ...
Generic name: carbocysteine [ KAR-boe-SIS-te-een ]. Brand name: Availnex. *Warnings ...
Chalumeau M, Duijvestijn YC (May 2013). "Acetylcysteine and carbocysteine for acute upper and lower respiratory tract ...
Influence of Some Physico-Chemical Exposure Factors on the Carbocysteine Content of an Opened Pharmaceutical Product (Articles) ...
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... and glyoxiloyl carbocysteine.[43] The flat iron is applied at a temperature of 230° 15 to 20 times on the same hair strand and ...
The objective of this trial is to compare the effects of a polysaccharide-resin-honey based cough syrup, and carbocysteine ... Efficacy and tolerability of a polysaccharide-resin-honey based cough syrup as compared to carbocysteine syrup for children ... CONCLUSIONS: Both polysaccharide-resin-honey and carbocysteine cough syrups were well tolerated in children over 2 years of age ...
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Applies to carbocysteine: chewable tablets. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become ... Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur while taking carbocysteine: Severe allergic ...
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L-Cysteine, also known as C or e 920, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cysteine and derivatives. Cysteine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. L-Cysteine is a drug which is used for the prevention of liver damage and kidney damage associated with overdoses of acetaminophen. L-Cysteine is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). L-Cysteine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, L-cysteine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, L-cysteine can be converted into 3-sulfinoalanine; which is mediated by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase type 1. In addition, L-cysteine can be converted into hydrogen sulfide and pyruvic acid through the action of the enzyme cystathionine gamma-lyase. In humans, L-cysteine is involved in cysteine ...
Carbocysteine Lysine Monohydrate. *CAT. No.C740004. *CAS. No.151756-26-2. * Mol. F.C11H25N3O7S ...
S-羧甲基L-半胱氨酸亚砜 Carbocysteine Sulfoxide. ...
Glyoxyl Carbocysteine. A combination of glyoxylic acid + cysteine + acetic acid. The glyoxylic acid conveys the aldehyde group ...
Carbocysteine EP USP. EP/USP. 在線訂購. Glutamic acid USP/AJI. USP/AJI. 在線訂購. ...
carbocysteine is an amino acid. It can be used to help control sebum production. Mainly used in chronic bronchitis , bronchial ...
The association of carbocysteine and promethazine was recommended to treat dried acute coughs. Carbocysteine (combined or not ... Carbocysteine remains largely used today.. In some cases, S-carboxy-methyl-cysteine was combined with the antibiotic ... However, carbocysteine has been largely used also for the treatment of several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as chronic ... Carbocysteine acts as a free radical scavenger thereby reducing the oxidative stress associated with different pathologies. ...
Possible Role of Carbocysteine Syrup in the Deflation of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Balloons by Gabrio Bassotti ...
carbocysteine Packing/Price (raspberry & menthol flavour) 60 mL x 1s (raspberry flavour) 30 mL x 1s ...
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Clinical Efficacy of Carbocysteine in COPD: Beyond the Mucolytic Action. Pace, Elisabetta; Cerveri, Isa; Lacedonia, Donato; ... Carbocysteine is in fact able to modulate mucins and ciliary functions, and to counteract viral and bacterial infections as ... Furthermore, carbocysteine improves steroid responsiveness and exerts anti-inflammatory activity. This analysis demonstrates ... which include carbocysteine. However, their role in the treatment of patients suffering from COPD remains controversial due to ...
N0000167064 Carbimazole N0000006898 carbinoxamine N0000166368 Carbocyanines N0000170286 Carbocysteine N0000166413 Carbodiimides ...
0% carbocysteine. ( can be use in children and during pregnancy). Be part of this revolutionary treatment by Floractiveusa! ...
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... and carbocysteine were examined. Using this method, only eprazinone and carbocysteine were found to be compatible with ...
Active ingredients - Aqua, Glyoxyloyl carbocysteine, glycoxyloyl keratin amino acids, shea butter esters, behentrimonium ...
  • The Salvatore Blue Gold Progressive Brush straightens hair naturally and without damaging the strands, because its composition is free of formaldehyde and carbocysteine. (bkeratinstore.com)
  • The association of carbocysteine and promethazine was recommended to treat dried acute coughs. (oncowitan.com)
  • Carbocysteine (combined or not with an antihistaminic compound) is easily affordable and largely used worldwide, notably for the treatment of acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children. (oncowitan.com)
  • However, carbocysteine has been largely used also for the treatment of several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. (oncowitan.com)
  • The syrup Rhinathiol ® contained S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, also known as carbocysteine, as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. (oncowitan.com)
  • Seeing that even her hair was weak, we decided to apply Bio H airvo lux, a smoothing of carbocysteine getting great results. (alisado.com)
  • Carbocysteine acts as a free radical scavenger thereby reducing the oxidative stress associated with different pathologies. (oncowitan.com)
  • The formaldehyde-free type treatments generally use a combination of carbocysteine, amino acids, and proteins, including hydrolyzed keratin. (keratinsalondirect.com)
  • Thiol antioxidants (N-acetyl-l-cysteine [NAC] and N-acystelyn, carbocysteine, erdosteine, and fudosteine) have been used to increase lung thiol content. (nih.gov)
  • Product categories of Syrup , we are specialized manufacturers from China, Carbocysteine Syrup , Lincomycin Syrup suppliers/factory, wholesale high-quality products of Ibuprofen Syrup R & D and manufacturing, we have the perfect after-sales service and technical support. (cn-medicines.com)
  • The treatment consisted of administration of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) at a dose of 1.8 MIU subcutaneously three times/week (every other day) for the first 2 weeks of every month plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) 500 mg/day every other day plus antioxidant agents alpha-lipoic acid 300 mg/day and N-acetyl cysteine 1800 mg/day or carbocysteine lysine salt oral solution 2.7 g/day. (unica.it)
  • The natural products wheat, soybean and corn will act on the wires by replacing the lost mass, while an asset derived from carbocysteine acts by sequestering the cuticles of the strands in order to align them, reducing volume and frizz. (thebeautyyou.com)
  • The presence of carbocysteine in the composition is only as a preservative and not as a straightening agent. (beautybrazil.net)