Two new pyrrolidine alkaloids, radicamines A and B, as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase from Lobelia chinensis Lour. (1/28)
Two new pyrrolidine alkaloids, radicamines A and B were isolated as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase from Lobelia chinensis Lour. (Campanulaceae). Radicamines A and B were formulated as (2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-hydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-pyrroli dine (1) and (2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-hydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-pyrrolidine (2) on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. (+info)Saponins from platycodi radix ameliorate high fat diet-induced obesity in mice. (2/28)
We examined the effects of crude saponins isolated from Platycodi radix on the degree on fat storage induced in mice by feeding a high fat diet for 9 wk. We reported previously that feeding mice a high fat diet for a longer time caused obesity and fatty liver compared with those fed a low fat diet, nonpurified diet. Feeding a high fat diet containing 10 or 30 g/kg crude saponins prevented the body and parametrial adipose tissue weight increases and hepatic steatosis of mice fed the high fat diet alone. Furthermore, crude saponins (375 mg/kg) inhibited the elevations in blood triacylglycerol in rats orally administered a lipid emulsion compared with that of rats given the lipid emulsion alone. Previously, we reported that crude saponins inhibited pancreatic lipase activity in vitro. To identify the active substance(s) of crude saponins, we examined the effects of purified platycodin D, the primary saponin in the crude mixture, on pancreatic lipase activity and on the blood triacylglycerol elevation in rats administered the oral lipid emulsion tolerance test. Platycodin D (0.5 and 1.0 g/L) inhibited pancreatic lipase activity in vitro and at a dose of 244 mg/kg, inhibited the elevation of blood triacylglycerol. Therefore, the antiobesity effect of the crude saponins in mice fed a high fat diet may be due to the inhibition of intestinal absorption of dietary fat by platycodin D. (+info)Selective accumulation of delphinidin derivatives in tobacco using a putative flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase cDNA from Campanula medium. (3/28)
Blue flowers generally contain 3',5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins (delphinidin derivatives) as pigments, which are formed only in the presence of flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylases (F3'5'H). Heterologous expression of a F3'5'H gene therefore provides an opportunity to produce novel blue flowers for a number of ornamental plants missing blue flowering varieties. However, our previous study indicated difficulties in obtaining good accumulation of delphinidin derivatives in plants expressing F3'5'H. Here we report the isolation of a putative F3'5'H cDNA (Ka1) from canterbury bells (Campanula medium) and its expression in tobacco. Surprisingly, compared with other F3'5'H cDNAs, Ka1 encoded a protein with a unique primary structure that conferred high competence in the accumulation of delphinidin derivatives (up to 99% of total anthocyanins) and produced novel purple flowers. These results suggest that, among F3'5' H cDNAs, Ka1 is the best genetic resource for the creation of fine blue flowers by genetic engineering. (+info)Outcrossing rate and inbreeding depression in the herbaceous autotetraploid, Campanula americana. (4/28)
Polyploidy in angiosperms is frequently associated with an increase in self-compatibility. Self-fertilization can enhance polyploid establishment, and theory predicts reduced inbreeding depression in polyploids relative to diploids. Therefore, we may expect mating systems that promote self-fertilization or mixed-mating in polyploid species. However, few studies have measured polyploid mating systems and inbreeding depression. We report the outcrossing rate and inbreeding depression for Campanula americana, a self-compatible protandrous herb. Allozyme genotypes suggest that C. americana is an autotetraploid with tetrasomic inheritance. We found that the multilocus outcrossing rate, t(m)=0.938, did not differ from unity. This result was unexpected since previous work demonstrated that pollinators frequently move from male- to female-phase flowers on the same plant, that is, geitonogamy. Self and outcross pollinations were conducted for three populations. Offspring were germinated in controlled conditions and grown to maturity in pots in nature. Inbreeding depression was not significant for most seed and germination characters. However, all later life traits except flowering date differed between inbred and outcrossed individuals resulting in a 26% reduction in cumulative fitness for inbred plants. Limited early- and moderate later-life inbreeding depression suggest that it is buffered by the higher levels of heterozygosity found in an autotetraploid. C. americana appears to have a flexible mating system where within flower protandry and/or cryptic self-incompatibility result in a high outcrossing rate when pollinators are abundant, but self-compatibility and limited inbreeding depression maintain reproductive success when mates are limited. (+info)Chloroplast DNA rearrangements in Campanulaceae: phylogenetic utility of highly rearranged genomes. (5/28)
BACKGROUND: The Campanulaceae (the "hare bell" or "bellflower" family) is a derived angiosperm family comprised of about 600 species treated in 35 to 55 genera. Taxonomic treatments vary widely and little phylogenetic work has been done in the family. Gene order in the chloroplast genome usually varies little among vascular plants. However, chloroplast genomes of Campanulaceae represent an exception and phylogenetic analyses solely based on chloroplast rearrangement characters support a reasonably well-resolved tree. RESULTS: Chloroplast DNA physical maps were constructed for eighteen representatives of the family. So many gene order changes have occurred among the genomes that characterizing individual mutational events was not always possible. Therefore, we examined different, novel scoring methods to prepare data matrices for cladistic analysis. These approaches yielded largely congruent results but varied in amounts of resolution and homoplasy. The strongly supported nodes were common to all gene order analyses as well as to parallel analyses based on ITS and rbcL sequence data. The results suggest some interesting and unexpected intrafamilial relationships. For example fifteen of the taxa form a derived clade; whereas the remaining three taxa--Platycodon, Codonopsis, and Cyananthus--form the basal clade. This major subdivision of the family corresponds to the distribution of pollen morphology characteristics but is not compatible with previous taxonomic treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Our use of gene order data in the Campanulaceae provides the most highly resolved phylogeny as yet developed for a plant family using only cpDNA rearrangements. The gene order data showed markedly less homoplasy than sequence data for the same taxa but did not resolve quite as many nodes. The rearrangement characters, though relatively few in number, support robust and meaningful phylogenetic hypotheses and provide new insights into evolutionary relationships within the Campanulaceae. (+info)Periodical cicadas as resource pulses in North American forests. (6/28)
Resource pulses are occasional events of ephemeral resource superabundance that occur in many ecosystems. Aboveground consumers in diverse communities often respond strongly to resource pulses, but few studies have investigated the belowground consequences of resource pulses in natural ecosystems. This study shows that resource pulses of 17-year periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) directly increase microbial biomass and nitrogen availability in forest soils, with indirect effects on growth and reproduction in forest plants. These findings suggest that pulses of periodical cicadas create "bottom-up cascades," resulting in strong and reciprocal links between the aboveground and belowground components of a North American forest ecosystem. (+info)Artificial selection shifts flowering phenology and other correlated traits in an autotetraploid herb. (7/28)
There is mounting evidence that plants are responding to anthropogenic climate change with shifts in flowering phenologies. We conducted a three-generation artificial selection experiment on flowering time in Campanulastrum americanum, an autotetraploid herb, to determine the potential for adaptive evolution of this trait as well as possible costs associated with enhanced or delayed flowering. Divergent selection for earlier and later flowering resulted in a 25-day difference in flowering time. Experiment-wide heritability was 0.31 and 0.23 for the initiation of flowering in early and late lines, respectively. Selection for earlier flowering resulted in significant correlated responses in other traits including smaller size, fewer branches, smaller floral displays, longer fruit maturation times, fewer seeds per fruit and slower seed germination. Results suggest that although flowering time shows the potential to adapt to a changing climate, phenological shifts may be associated with reduced plant fitness possibly hindering evolutionary change. (+info)Character displacement among bat-pollinated flowers of the genus Burmeistera: analysis of mechanism, process and pattern. (8/28)
Coexisting plants that share pollinators can compete through interspecific pollen transfer. A long-standing idea holds that divergence in floral morphology may reduce this competition by placing pollen on different regions of the pollinator's bodies. However, surprisingly little empirical support for this idea exists. Burmeistera is a diverse neotropical genus that exhibits wide interspecific variation in the degree to which the reproductive parts are exserted outside the corolla. Coexisting Burmeistera share bats as their primary pollinators, and the degree of exsertion determines the site of pollen deposition on the bats' heads. Here we study the mechanism, process and pattern of floral character displacement for assemblages of coexisting Burmeistera. Flight cage experiments with bats and pairs of Burmeistera species demonstrate that the greater the divergence in exsertion length, the less pollen transferred interspecifically. Null model analyses of exsertion lengths for 19 species of Burmeistera across 18 sites (each containing two to four species) demonstrate that observed assemblage structure is significantly overdispersed relative to what would be expected by chance. Local evolution, rather than ecological sorting, appears to be the primary process driving this pattern of overdispersion because local adaptation of the nine widespread species accounts for a large portion of the observed pattern. Taken together, results of this study provide strong support for the idea that competition through interspecific pollen transfer can drive character displacement in plants. (+info)Campanulaceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as the bellflower family. It includes a wide variety of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and small trees, with over 2000 species distributed worldwide. The family is characterized by bilaterally symmetrical flowers, typically with fused petals forming a bell or funnel shape, hence the common name "bellflower."
The individual flowers of Campanulaceae often have distinct nectar guides and are arranged in various inflorescences such as racemes, panicles, or cymes. The leaves are typically simple and alternate, with entire or lobed margins.
Some notable genera within Campanulaceae include:
* Campanula (bellflowers)
* Lobelia (lobelias)
* Platycodon (balloon flowers)
* Trachelium (throatworts)
The family is of significant horticultural importance, with many species and cultivars widely used as ornamental plants in gardens and landscapes. Additionally, some members of Campanulaceae have medicinal uses, such as Lobelia inflata, which has been used historically to treat respiratory ailments.
Lobelia is not a medical term but rather the name of a genus of plants commonly known as lobelias. One species, Lobelia inflata, is used in medicine and is also known as Indian tobacco. It contains various alkaloids, including lobeline, which has been used as an expectorant, smoking deterrent, and anti-asthmatic agent. However, its use as a medicinal product is not well supported by scientific evidence and it may have harmful side effects.
"Platycodon" is a term that refers to a genus of plants, specifically the Balloon Flower. It is not a medical term and does not have a specific medical definition. However, in some alternative or traditional medicine practices, the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, a species within this genus, are used. They may be referred to as "Platycodon" and are believed to have medicinal properties, such as being anti-inflammatory, antitussive, and expectorant. However, it's important to note that the effectiveness of these traditional uses has not been thoroughly studied or proven by modern scientific research.
Campanulaceae
Nemacladus
Cyphocarpus
Cyphia
Smithiastrum prenanthoides
APG IV system
Campanula
List of largest inflorescences
APG III system
List of euasterid families
Hylaeus communis
Central Andean wet puna
Nesocodon
Lobelia archeri
Anthophora bimaculata
Reveal system
Lobelioideae
Ferdinand Bauer
Galium oreganum
Henry Georges Fourcade
Mikhail Grigorevich Popov
Banksia verticillata
Banksia coccinea
Anna Kharadze
Banksia sessilis
Lobelia fissiflora
Lobelia simulans
Kenneth Kent Mackenzie
Banksia ilicifolia
List of Balkan endemic plants
Campanulaceae - Wikipedia
CAMPANULACEAE
Lobelia monostachya (Campanulaceae) - HEAR species info
Flora Capensis, Volume 3: Rubiaceae to Campanulaceae | NHBS Academic & Professional Books
"A new record for Turkey: Michauxia nuda A.DC. (Campanulaceae)" by SERDAR ASLAN, MECİT VURAL et al.
Campanulaceae<...
Campanulaceae | Euro+Med-Plantbase
Keyword Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae @ ExplorOz Wildflowers
Campanulaceae « Po Sloveniji
Symbiota Sandbox - Campanulaceae
Neotropical Plant Portal - Campanulaceae
sharsmithiae [www.campanula-campanulaceae.nl]
Euro+Med-Checklist Notulae, 15
Cymbalaria [www.campanula-campanulaceae.nl]
CAMPANULACEAE (R) - Bushland Conservation Pty Ltd
Flora of Ecuador: Campanulaceae - 8/8
Campanulaceae - Vietnam Plant Data Center (BVNGroup)
Bellflower Family (Family Campanulaceae) · iNaturalist United Kingdom
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin
Plants of Texas Rangelands » Families » Campanulaceae (Bluebell family)
Diastatea at image, phylogeny, nomenclature for Diastatea (Campanulaceae)
Plants of Texas Rangelands » Families » Campanulaceae (Bluebell family)
FLORA CAPENSIS, Vol 3, Rubiaceae to Campanulaceae - Book Store
Microcodon - 5 images at images, phylogeny, nomenclature for Microcodon (Campanulaceae)
Bellflower (Nettle-leaved, Campanula trachelium), Campanulaceae | Art & Nature photographer Kristel Schneider
Wildflowers - Jewel Cave National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)
Category:Azorina - Wikimedia Commons
Canterbury Bells · George Washington's Mount Vernon
FIGURE. Lobelia alanae M.A in A new species of Lobelia (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) from the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico
Bellflower1
- The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky sap. (wikipedia.org)
Genus2
- When, in addition, the plant is unbranched, the result may be a palm- or treefern-like habit, as in species of the hawaiian genus Cyanea, which comprises the tallest of Campanulaceae, C. leptostegia (up to 14 m). (wikipedia.org)
- This name is the accepted name of a species in the genus Wahlenbergia (family Campanulaceae ). (theplantlist.org)
Lobelioideae3
- Most current classifications include the segregate family Lobeliaceae in Campanulaceae as subfamily Lobelioideae. (wikipedia.org)
- Increased resolution in the face of conflict: phylogenomics of the Neotropical bellflowers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), a rapid plant radiation. (bvsalud.org)
- The centropogonid clade (Lobelioideae Campanulaceae ) is an Andean-centred rapid radiation characterized by repeated convergent evolution of morphological traits, including fruit type and pollination syndromes . (bvsalud.org)
Species2
- Although most Campanulaceae are perennial herbs (sometimes climbing, as in Codonopsis), there is also a large number of annuals e.g. species of Legousia. (wikipedia.org)
- The species is named ofor Helen K. Sharsmith in recognition of her extensive work in the Mt. Hamilton Range and of her many careful collections and observations of Campanulaceae in California. (campanula-campanulaceae.nl)
Rubiaceae to Campanulaceae1
- Containing orders of the Calyciflorae with a monopetalous corolla and an inferior ovary, Volume 3 covers Rubiaceae to Campanulaceae. (nhbs.com)
Juss2
- Campanulaceae Juss. (europlusmed.org)
- Edraianthus (Candolle 1830: 130) Candolle (1839: 149) (Campanulaceae Juss. (uniroma1.it)
Asteraceae1
- Volume 09: Campanulaceae, Asteraceae. (koeltz.com)
Pollen1
- Pantoporate pollen in Campanulaceae has previously been known only from Campanula americana (Dunbar, 1975). (campanula-campanulaceae.nl)
Families1
- He has done revision work on South American Smilax, and molecular systematic work in the families Campanulaceae and Tamaricaceae. (usda.gov)