CHO Cells
Cricetinae
Cricetulus
Transfection
Ovary
Molecular Sequence Data
Amino Acid Sequence
Glycosylation
Cell Membrane
Cloning, Molecular
Base Sequence
Mutation
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
DNA, Complementary
Radioligand Assay
Endocytosis
Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase
Cyclic AMP
Binding, Competitive
Receptors, Virus
Gene Expression
Protein Binding
Biological Transport
Choline
Diprenorphine
DNA
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)
Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase
Creatine
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Polysaccharides
p27 is involved in N-cadherin-mediated contact inhibition of cell growth and S-phase entry. (1/15188)
In this study the direct involvement of cadherins in adhesion-mediated growth inhibition was investigated. It is shown here that overexpression of N-cadherin in CHO cells significantly suppresses their growth rate. Interaction of these cells and two additional fibroblastic lines with synthetic beads coated with N-cadherin ligands (recombinant N-cadherin ectodomain or specific antibodies) leads to growth arrest at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The cadherin-reactive beads inhibit the entry into S phase and the reduction in the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors p21 and p27, following serum-stimulation of starved cells. In exponentially growing cells these beads induce G1 arrest accompanied by elevation in p27 only. We propose that cadherin-mediated signaling is involved in contact inhibition of growth by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and elevation of p27 levels. (+info)Phosphorylation of the DNA repair protein APE/REF-1 by CKII affects redox regulation of AP-1. (2/15188)
The DNA repair protein apurinic endonuclease (APE/Ref-1) exerts several physiological functions such as cleavage of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites and redox regulation of the transcription factor AP-1, whose activation is part of the cellular response to DNA damaging treatments. Here we demonstrate that APE/Ref-1 is phosphorylated by casein kinase II (CKII). This was shown for both the recombinant APE/Ref-1 protein (Km=0.55 mM) and for APE/Ref-1 expressed in COS cells. Phosphorylation of APE/Ref-1 did not alter the repair activity of the enzyme, whereas it stimulated its redox capability towards AP-1, thus promoting DNA binding activity of AP-1. Inhibition of CKII mediated phosphorylation of APE/Ref-1 blocked mutagen-stimulated increase in AP-1 binding. It also abrogated the induction of c-Jun protein and rendered cells more sensitive to induced DNA damage. Thus, phosphorylation of APE/Ref-1 appears to be involved in regulating the different physiological activities of the enzyme. CKII mediated phosphorylation of APE/Ref-1 and concomitant increase in AP-1 binding activity appears to be a novel mechanism of cellular stress response, forcing transcription of AP-1 target gene(s) the product(s) of which may exert protective function. (+info)Reversal of hyperlipidaemia in apolipoprotein C1 transgenic mice by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of the low-density-lipoprotein receptor, but not by the very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor. (3/15188)
We have shown previously that human apolipoprotein (apo)C1 transgenic mice exhibit hyperlipidaemia, due primarily to an impaired clearance of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles from the circulation. In the absence of at least the low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), it was shown that APOC1 overexpression in transgenic mice inhibited the hepatic uptake of VLDL via the LDLR-related protein. In the present study, we have now examined the effect of apoC1 on the binding of lipoproteins to both the VLDL receptor (VLDLR) and the LDLR. The binding specificity of the VLDLR and LDLR for apoC1-enriched lipoprotein particles was examined in vivo through adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of the VLDLR and the LDLR [giving rise to adenovirus-containing (Ad)-VLDLR and Ad-LDLR respectively] in APOC1 transgenic mice, LDLR-deficient (LDLR-/-) mice and wild-type mice. Remarkably, Ad-VLDLR treatment did not reduce hyperlipidaemia in transgenic mice overexpressing human APOC1, irrespective of both the level of transgenic expression and the presence of the LDLR, whereas Ad-VLDLR treatment did reverse hyperlipidaemia in LDLR-/- and wild-type mice. On the other hand, Ad-LDLR treatment strongly decreased plasma lipid levels in these APOC1 transgenic mice. These results suggest that apoC1 inhibits the clearance of lipoprotein particles via the VLDLR, but not via the LDLR. This hypothesis is corroborated by in vitro binding studies. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the VLDLR (CHO-VLDLR) or LDLR (CHO-LDLR) bound less APOC1 transgenic VLDL than wild-type VLDL. Intriguingly, however, enrichment with apoE enhanced dose-dependently the binding of wild-type VLDL to CHO-VLDLR cells (up to 5-fold), whereas apoE did not enhance the binding of APOC1 transgenic VLDL to these cells. In contrast, for binding to CHO-LDLR cells, both wild-type and APOC1 transgenic VLDL were stimulated upon enrichment with apoE. From these studies, we conclude that apoC1 specifically inhibits the apoE-mediated binding of triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein particles to the VLDLR, whereas apoC1-enriched lipoproteins can still bind to the LDLR. The variability in specificity of these lipoprotein receptors for apoC1-containing lipoprotein particles provides further evidence for a regulatory role of apoC1 in the delivery of lipoprotein constituents to different tissues on which these receptors are located. (+info)Proteoglycan involvement in polyamine uptake. (4/15188)
We have evaluated the possible role of proteoglycans in the uptake of spermine by human lung fibroblasts. Exogenous glycosaminoglycans behaved as competitive inhibitors of spermine uptake, the most efficient being heparan sulphate (Ki=0.16+/-0.04 microM). Treatment of fibroblasts with either heparan sulphate lyase, p-nitrophenyl-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside or chlorate reduced spermine uptake considerably, whereas chondroitin sulphate lyase had a limited effect. Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis with alpha-difluoromethylornithine resulted in an increase of cell-associated heparan sulphate proteoglycans exhibiting higher affinity for spermine. The data indicate a specific role for heparan sulphate proteoglycans in the uptake of spermine by fibroblasts. Spermine uptake by pgsD-677, a mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell defective in heparan sulphate biosynthesis, was only moderately reduced (20%) compared with wild-type cells. Treatment of mutant cells with the above-mentioned xyloside resulted in a greater reduction of endogenous proteoglycan production as well as a higher inhibition of spermine uptake than in wild-type cells. Moreover, treatment with chondroitin sulphate lyase resulted in a selective inhibition of uptake in mutant cells, indicating a role for chondroitin/dermatan sulphate proteoglycans in the uptake of spermine by these cells. Fibroblasts, made growth-dependent on exogenous spermine by alpha-difluoromethylornithine treatment, were growth-inhibited by heparan sulphate or beta-D-xyloside, which might have future therapeutical implications. (+info)Non-serum-dependent chemotactic factors produced by Candida albicans stimulate chemotaxis by binding to the formyl peptide receptor on neutrophils and to an unknown receptor on macrophages. (5/15188)
Serum-free culture filtrates of six Candida species and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were found to contain chemoattractants for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and a mouse macrophage-like cell line, J774. The chemotactic factors differed for the PMN and J774 cells, however, in terms of heat stability, kinetics of liberation by the yeast cells, and divalent cation requirements for production. The chemoattractant in Candida albicans culture filtrates appeared to act through the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) of PMNs, since it was found to induce chemotaxis of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that were expressing the human FPR but did not induce chemotaxis of wild-type CHO cells. The C. albicans culture filtrates also induced migration of PMNs across confluent monolayers of a human gastrointestinal epithelial cell line, T84; migration occurred in the basolateral-to-apical direction but not the reverse direction, unless the epithelial tight junctions were disrupted. J774 cells did not migrate toward the formylated peptide (fMet-Leu-Phe; fMLF), and chemotaxis toward the C. albicans culture filtrate was not inhibited by an FPR antagonist (t-butoxycarbonyl-Met-Leu-Phe), suggesting that a different receptor mediated J774 cell chemotaxis. In conclusion, we have identified a receptor by which a non-serum-dependent chemotactic factor (NSCF) produced by C. albicans induced chemotaxis of PMNs. Additionally, we have shown that NSCF was active across epithelial monolayers. These findings suggest that NSCFs produced by C. albicans and other yeast species may influence host-pathogen interactions at the gastrointestinal tract mucosal surface by inducing phagocytic-cell infiltration. (+info)Enhanced Th1 and dampened Th2 responses synergize to inhibit acute granulomatous and fibrotic responses in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. (6/15188)
In murine schistosomiasis mansoni, CD4(+) Th1 and Th2 cells participate in the ovum-induced granulomatous inflammation. Previous studies showed that the interleukin-12 (IL-12)-induced Th1 response strongly suppressed the Th2-cell-mediated pulmonary granuloma development in naive or primed mice. However, liver granulomas were only moderately suppressed in egg-vaccinated, recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12)-treated infected mice. The present study shows that repeated rIL-12 injections given during early granuloma development at 5 to 7 weeks after infection prolonged the Th1 phase and resulted in gamma interferon-mediated suppression of liver granulomas. The timing is crucial: if given at 6 to 8 weeks, during the Th2-dominated phase of florid granuloma growth, the treatment is ineffective. Daily injections of rIL-12 given between 5 and 7.5 weeks during the period of granuloma growth achieved a somewhat-stronger diminution in granuloma growth with less deposition of collagen but caused 60% mortality and liver pathology. In contrast, combined treatment with rIL-12 and anti-IL-4-anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody (MAb) injections given during the Th2 phase strongly inhibited liver granuloma growth without mortality. The diminished inflammatory response was accompanied by less deposition of collagen in the liver. Moreover, neutralization of endogenous IL-12 by anti-IL-12 MAbs effectively decreased the early Th1 phase (between 5 and 6 weeks after infection) but not the developing Th2 phase (5 to 7 weeks) of granuloma development. These studies indicate that the granulomatous response in infected mice can be manipulated by utilizing the Th1-Th2-subset antagonism with potential salutary results in the amelioration of fibrous pathology. (+info)Identification of a cytolethal distending toxin gene locus and features of a virulence-associated region in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. (7/15188)
A genetic locus for a cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) was identified in a polymorphic region of the chromosome of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, a predominant oral pathogen. The locus was comprised of three open reading frames (ORFs) that had significant amino acid sequence similarity and more than 90% sequence identity to the cdtABC genes of some pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and Haemophilus ducreyi, respectively. Sonic extracts from recombinant E. coli, containing the A. actinomycetemcomitans ORFs, caused the distension and killing of Chinese hamster ovary cells characteristic of a CDT. Monoclonal antibodies made reactive with the CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC proteins of H. ducreyi recognized the corresponding gene products from the recombinant strain. CDT-like activities were no longer expressed by the recombinant strain when an OmegaKan-2 interposon was inserted into the cdtA and cdtB genes. Expression of the CDT-like activities in A. actinomycetemcomitans was strain specific. Naturally occurring expression-negative strains had large deletions within the region of the cdt locus. The cdtABC genes were flanked by an ORF (virulence plasmid protein), a partial ORF (integrase), and DNA sequences (bacteriophage integration site) characteristic of virulence-associated regions. These results provide evidence for a functional CDT in a human oral pathogen. (+info)Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S is a biglutamic acid ADP-ribosyltransferase. (8/15188)
Kinetic analysis of two mutations within Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S (ExoS) showed that a E379D mutation inhibited expression of ADP-ribosyltransferase activity but had little effect on the expression of NAD glycohydrolase activity while a E381D mutation inhibited expression of both activities. These data identify ExoS as a biglutamic acid ADP-ribosyltransferase, where E381 is the catalytic residue and E379 contributes to the transfer of ADP-ribose to the target protein. (+info)CHO cells, or Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, are a type of immortalized cell line that are commonly used in scientific research and biotechnology. They were originally derived from the ovaries of a female Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) in the 1950s.
CHO cells have several characteristics that make them useful for laboratory experiments. They can grow and divide indefinitely under appropriate conditions, which allows researchers to culture large quantities of them for study. Additionally, CHO cells are capable of expressing high levels of recombinant proteins, making them a popular choice for the production of therapeutic drugs, vaccines, and other biologics.
In particular, CHO cells have become a workhorse in the field of biotherapeutics, with many approved monoclonal antibody-based therapies being produced using these cells. The ability to genetically modify CHO cells through various methods has further expanded their utility in research and industrial applications.
It is important to note that while CHO cells are widely used in scientific research, they may not always accurately represent human cell behavior or respond to drugs and other compounds in the same way as human cells do. Therefore, results obtained using CHO cells should be validated in more relevant systems when possible.
Cricetinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes hamsters, gerbils, and relatives. These small mammals are characterized by having short limbs, compact bodies, and cheek pouches for storing food. They are native to various parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some species are popular pets due to their small size, easy care, and friendly nature. In a medical context, understanding the biology and behavior of Cricetinae species can be important for individuals who keep them as pets or for researchers studying their physiology.
"Cricetulus" is a genus of rodents that includes several species of hamsters. These small, burrowing animals are native to Asia and have a body length of about 8-15 centimeters, with a tail that is usually shorter than the body. They are characterized by their large cheek pouches, which they use to store food. Some common species in this genus include the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and the Daurian hamster (Cricetulus dauuricus). These animals are often kept as pets or used in laboratory research.
Transfection is a term used in molecular biology that refers to the process of deliberately introducing foreign genetic material (DNA, RNA or artificial gene constructs) into cells. This is typically done using chemical or physical methods, such as lipofection or electroporation. Transfection is widely used in research and medical settings for various purposes, including studying gene function, producing proteins, developing gene therapies, and creating genetically modified organisms. It's important to note that transfection is different from transduction, which is the process of introducing genetic material into cells using viruses as vectors.
An ovary is a part of the female reproductive system in which ova or eggs are produced through the process of oogenesis. They are a pair of solid, almond-shaped structures located one on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. Each ovary measures about 3 to 5 centimeters in length and weighs around 14 grams.
The ovaries have two main functions: endocrine (hormonal) function and reproductive function. They produce and release eggs (ovulation) responsible for potential fertilization and development of an embryo/fetus during pregnancy. Additionally, they are essential in the production of female sex hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, which regulate menstrual cycles, sexual development, and reproduction.
During each menstrual cycle, a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. If not fertilized, the egg, along with the uterine lining, will be shed, leading to menstruation.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
Glycosylation is the enzymatic process of adding a sugar group, or glycan, to a protein, lipid, or other organic molecule. This post-translational modification plays a crucial role in modulating various biological functions, such as protein stability, trafficking, and ligand binding. The structure and composition of the attached glycans can significantly influence the functional properties of the modified molecule, contributing to cell-cell recognition, signal transduction, and immune response regulation. Abnormal glycosylation patterns have been implicated in several disease states, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
A cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells in animals, plants, and microorganisms. It functions as a barrier to control the movement of substances in and out of the cell, allowing necessary molecules such as nutrients, oxygen, and signaling molecules to enter while keeping out harmful substances and waste products. The cell membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, which have hydrophilic (water-loving) heads and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails. This unique structure allows the membrane to be flexible and fluid, yet selectively permeable. Additionally, various proteins are embedded in the membrane that serve as channels, pumps, receptors, and enzymes, contributing to the cell's overall functionality and communication with its environment.
Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:
1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.
Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.
Recombinant fusion proteins are artificially created biomolecules that combine the functional domains or properties of two or more different proteins into a single protein entity. They are generated through recombinant DNA technology, where the genes encoding the desired protein domains are linked together and expressed as a single, chimeric gene in a host organism, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells.
The resulting fusion protein retains the functional properties of its individual constituent proteins, allowing for novel applications in research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. For instance, recombinant fusion proteins can be designed to enhance protein stability, solubility, or immunogenicity, making them valuable tools for studying protein-protein interactions, developing targeted therapies, or generating vaccines against infectious diseases or cancer.
Examples of recombinant fusion proteins include:
1. Etaglunatide (ABT-523): A soluble Fc fusion protein that combines the heavy chain fragment crystallizable region (Fc) of an immunoglobulin with the extracellular domain of the human interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R). This fusion protein functions as a decoy receptor, neutralizing IL-6 and its downstream signaling pathways in rheumatoid arthritis.
2. Etanercept (Enbrel): A soluble TNF receptor p75 Fc fusion protein that binds to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and inhibits its proinflammatory activity, making it a valuable therapeutic option for treating autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriasis.
3. Abatacept (Orencia): A fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to the Fc region of an immunoglobulin, which downregulates T-cell activation and proliferation in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Belimumab (Benlysta): A monoclonal antibody that targets B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) protein, preventing its interaction with the B-cell surface receptor and inhibiting B-cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
5. Romiplostim (Nplate): A fusion protein consisting of a thrombopoietin receptor agonist peptide linked to an immunoglobulin Fc region, which stimulates platelet production in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).
6. Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp): A hyperglycosylated erythropoiesis-stimulating protein that functions as a longer-acting form of recombinant human erythropoietin, used to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease or cancer.
7. Palivizumab (Synagis): A monoclonal antibody directed against the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which prevents RSV infection and is administered prophylactically to high-risk infants during the RSV season.
8. Ranibizumab (Lucentis): A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody fragment that binds and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), used in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and other ocular disorders.
9. Cetuximab (Erbitux): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), used in the treatment of colorectal cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
10. Adalimumab (Humira): A fully humanized monoclonal antibody that targets tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease.
11. Bevacizumab (Avastin): A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to VEGF-A, used in the treatment of various cancers, including colorectal, lung, breast, and kidney cancer.
12. Trastuzumab (Herceptin): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets HER2/neu receptor, used in the treatment of breast cancer.
13. Rituximab (Rituxan): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to CD20 antigen on B cells, used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis.
14. Palivizumab (Synagis): A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus, used in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants.
15. Infliximab (Remicade): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
16. Natalizumab (Tysabri): A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to α4β1 integrin, used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease.
17. Adalimumab (Humira): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.
18. Golimumab (Simponi): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and ulcerative colitis.
19. Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia): A PEGylated Fab' fragment of a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Crohn's disease.
20. Ustekinumab (Stelara): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-12 and IL-23, used in the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and Crohn's disease.
21. Secukinumab (Cosentyx): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17A, used in the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
22. Ixekizumab (Taltz): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17A, used in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
23. Brodalumab (Siliq): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17 receptor A, used in the treatment of psoriasis.
24. Sarilumab (Kevzara): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-6 receptor, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
25. Tocilizumab (Actemra): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-6 receptor, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, giant cell arteritis, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell-induced cytokine release syndrome.
26. Siltuximab (Sylvant): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6, used in the treatment of multicentric Castleman disease.
27. Satralizumab (Enspryng): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6 receptor alpha, used in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
28. Sirukumab (Plivensia): A human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6, used in the treatment
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."
1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.
2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.
3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.
4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).
Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Complementary DNA (cDNA) is a type of DNA that is synthesized from a single-stranded RNA molecule through the process of reverse transcription. In this process, the enzyme reverse transcriptase uses an RNA molecule as a template to synthesize a complementary DNA strand. The resulting cDNA is therefore complementary to the original RNA molecule and is a copy of its coding sequence, but it does not contain non-coding regions such as introns that are present in genomic DNA.
Complementary DNA is often used in molecular biology research to study gene expression, protein function, and other genetic phenomena. For example, cDNA can be used to create cDNA libraries, which are collections of cloned cDNA fragments that represent the expressed genes in a particular cell type or tissue. These libraries can then be screened for specific genes or gene products of interest. Additionally, cDNA can be used to produce recombinant proteins in heterologous expression systems, allowing researchers to study the structure and function of proteins that may be difficult to express or purify from their native sources.
A radioligand assay is a type of in vitro binding assay used in molecular biology and pharmacology to measure the affinity and quantity of a ligand (such as a drug or hormone) to its specific receptor. In this technique, a small amount of a radioactively labeled ligand, also known as a radioligand, is introduced to a sample containing the receptor of interest. The radioligand binds competitively with other unlabeled ligands present in the sample for the same binding site on the receptor. After allowing sufficient time for binding, the reaction is stopped, and the amount of bound radioligand is measured using a technique such as scintillation counting. The data obtained from this assay can be used to determine the dissociation constant (Kd) and maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of the receptor-ligand interaction, which are important parameters in understanding the pharmacological properties of drugs and other ligands.
Endocytosis is the process by which cells absorb substances from their external environment by engulfing them in membrane-bound structures, resulting in the formation of intracellular vesicles. This mechanism allows cells to take up large molecules, such as proteins and lipids, as well as small particles, like bacteria and viruses. There are two main types of endocytosis: phagocytosis (cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking). Phagocytosis involves the engulfment of solid particles, while pinocytosis deals with the uptake of fluids and dissolved substances. Other specialized forms of endocytosis include receptor-mediated endocytosis and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, which allow for the specific internalization of molecules through the interaction with cell surface receptors.
Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of purines, specifically adenine, in the body. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of adenine to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) by transferring a phosphoribosyl group from 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) to adenine.
Deficiency in APRT can lead to a rare genetic disorder known as Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency or APRT Deficiency. This condition results in the accumulation of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA) crystals in the renal tubules, which can cause kidney stones and chronic kidney disease. Proper diagnosis and management, including dietary modifications and medication, are essential to prevent complications associated with APRT Deficiency.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a key secondary messenger in many biological processes, including the regulation of metabolism, gene expression, and cellular excitability. It is synthesized from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase and is degraded by the enzyme phosphodiesterase.
In the body, cAMP plays a crucial role in mediating the effects of hormones and neurotransmitters on target cells. For example, when a hormone binds to its receptor on the surface of a cell, it can activate a G protein, which in turn activates adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP. The increased levels of cAMP then activate various effector proteins, such as protein kinases, which go on to regulate various cellular processes.
Overall, the regulation of cAMP levels is critical for maintaining proper cellular function and homeostasis, and abnormalities in cAMP signaling have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
"Competitive binding" is a term used in pharmacology and biochemistry to describe the behavior of two or more molecules (ligands) competing for the same binding site on a target protein or receptor. In this context, "binding" refers to the physical interaction between a ligand and its target.
When a ligand binds to a receptor, it can alter the receptor's function, either activating or inhibiting it. If multiple ligands compete for the same binding site, they will compete to bind to the receptor. The ability of each ligand to bind to the receptor is influenced by its affinity for the receptor, which is a measure of how strongly and specifically the ligand binds to the receptor.
In competitive binding, if one ligand is present in high concentrations, it can prevent other ligands with lower affinity from binding to the receptor. This is because the higher-affinity ligand will have a greater probability of occupying the binding site and blocking access to the other ligands. The competition between ligands can be described mathematically using equations such as the Langmuir isotherm, which describes the relationship between the concentration of ligand and the fraction of receptors that are occupied by the ligand.
Competitive binding is an important concept in drug development, as it can be used to predict how different drugs will interact with their targets and how they may affect each other's activity. By understanding the competitive binding properties of a drug, researchers can optimize its dosage and delivery to maximize its therapeutic effect while minimizing unwanted side effects.
Virus receptors are specific molecules (commonly proteins) on the surface of host cells that viruses bind to in order to enter and infect those cells. This interaction between the virus and its receptor is a critical step in the infection process. Different types of viruses have different receptor requirements, and identifying these receptors can provide important insights into the biology of the virus and potential targets for antiviral therapies.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein or RNA molecule. This process involves several steps: transcription, RNA processing, and translation. During transcription, the genetic information in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then undergoes RNA processing, which includes adding a cap and tail to the mRNA and splicing out non-coding regions called introns. The resulting mature mRNA is then translated into a protein on ribosomes in the cytoplasm through the process of translation.
The regulation of gene expression is a complex and highly controlled process that allows cells to respond to changes in their environment, such as growth factors, hormones, and stress signals. This regulation can occur at various stages of gene expression, including transcriptional activation or repression, RNA processing, mRNA stability, and translation. Dysregulation of gene expression has been implicated in many diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and neurological conditions.
Protein binding, in the context of medical and biological sciences, refers to the interaction between a protein and another molecule (known as the ligand) that results in a stable complex. This process is often reversible and can be influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration of the involved molecules.
In clinical chemistry, protein binding is particularly important when it comes to drugs, as many of them bind to proteins (especially albumin) in the bloodstream. The degree of protein binding can affect a drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which in turn influence its therapeutic effectiveness and potential side effects.
Protein-bound drugs may be less available for interaction with their target tissues, as only the unbound or "free" fraction of the drug is active. Therefore, understanding protein binding can help optimize dosing regimens and minimize adverse reactions.
Biological transport refers to the movement of molecules, ions, or solutes across biological membranes or through cells in living organisms. This process is essential for maintaining homeostasis, regulating cellular functions, and enabling communication between cells. There are two main types of biological transport: passive transport and active transport.
Passive transport does not require the input of energy and includes:
1. Diffusion: The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
2. Osmosis: The diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
3. Facilitated diffusion: The assisted passage of polar or charged substances through protein channels or carriers in the cell membrane, which increases the rate of diffusion without consuming energy.
Active transport requires the input of energy (in the form of ATP) and includes:
1. Primary active transport: The direct use of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient, often driven by specific transport proteins called pumps.
2. Secondary active transport: The coupling of the movement of one substance down its electrochemical gradient with the uphill transport of another substance, mediated by a shared transport protein. This process is also known as co-transport or counter-transport.
Choline is an essential nutrient that is vital for the normal functioning of all cells, particularly those in the brain and liver. It is a water-soluble compound that is neither a vitamin nor a mineral, but is often grouped with vitamins because it has many similar functions. Choline is a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which plays an important role in memory, mood, and other cognitive processes. It also helps to maintain the structural integrity of cell membranes and is involved in the transport and metabolism of fats.
Choline can be synthesized by the body in small amounts, but it is also found in a variety of foods such as eggs, meat, fish, nuts, and cruciferous vegetables. Some people may require additional choline through supplementation, particularly if they follow a vegetarian or vegan diet, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or have certain medical conditions that affect choline metabolism.
Deficiency in choline can lead to a variety of health problems, including liver disease, muscle damage, and neurological disorders. On the other hand, excessive intake of choline can cause fishy body odor, sweating, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting. It is important to maintain adequate levels of choline through a balanced diet and, if necessary, supplementation under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Diprenorphine is a potent opioid antagonist, which is used primarily in veterinary medicine as an antidote for overdoses of opioid drugs or accidents involving exposure to opioids in wildlife. It works by blocking the effects of opioids on the brain and reversing their potentially harmful or deadly symptoms, such as respiratory depression, sedation, and decreased heart rate.
Diprenorphine is a non-selective antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors, which means it can reverse the effects of all three types of opioid receptors in the body. It has a high affinity for these receptors, making it a very effective antidote for opioid overdoses.
In human medicine, diprenorphine is not commonly used due to its short duration of action and the availability of other longer-acting opioid antagonists such as naloxone. However, it may be used in some specialized medical settings, such as in the management of opioid toxicity during anesthesia or in cases where a longer-acting antagonist is not available.
It's important to note that diprenorphine should only be administered under the supervision of a trained medical professional, as improper use can lead to serious adverse effects or even death.
Cell adhesion refers to the binding of cells to extracellular matrices or to other cells, a process that is fundamental to the development, function, and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Cell adhesion is mediated by various cell surface receptors, such as integrins, cadherins, and immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules (Ig-CAMs), which interact with specific ligands in the extracellular environment. These interactions lead to the formation of specialized junctions, such as tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes, that help to maintain tissue architecture and regulate various cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. Disruptions in cell adhesion can contribute to a variety of diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and degenerative disorders.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material present in the cells of organisms where it is responsible for the storage and transmission of hereditary information. DNA is a long molecule that consists of two strands coiled together to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a series of four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - that are linked together by phosphate and sugar groups. The sequence of these bases along the length of the molecule encodes genetic information, with A always pairing with T and C always pairing with G. This base-pairing allows for the replication and transcription of DNA, which are essential processes in the functioning and reproduction of all living organisms.
Tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.20) is an enzyme involved in folate metabolism. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of tetrahydrofolate (THF) to dihydrofolate (DHF), while simultaneously reducing NADP+ to NADPH.
The reaction can be summarized as follows:
THF + NADP+ -> DHF + NADPH + H+
This enzyme plays a crucial role in the synthesis of purines and thymidylate, which are essential components of DNA and RNA. Therefore, any defects or deficiencies in tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase can lead to various medical conditions, including megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects during fetal development.
Creatine is a organic acid that is produced naturally in the liver, kidneys and pancreas. It is also found in small amounts in certain foods such as meat and fish. The chemical formula for creatine is C4H9N3O2. In the body, creatine is converted into creatine phosphate, which is used to help produce energy during high-intensity exercise, such as weightlifting or sprinting.
Creatine can also be taken as a dietary supplement, in the form of creatine monohydrate, with the goal of increasing muscle creatine and phosphocreatine levels, which may improve athletic performance and help with muscle growth. However, it is important to note that while some studies have found that creatine supplementation can improve exercise performance and muscle mass in certain populations, others have not found significant benefits.
Creatine supplements are generally considered safe when used as directed, but they can cause side effects such as weight gain, stomach discomfort, and muscle cramps in some people. It is always recommended to consult a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.
Post-translational protein processing refers to the modifications and changes that proteins undergo after their synthesis on ribosomes, which are complex molecular machines responsible for protein synthesis. These modifications occur through various biochemical processes and play a crucial role in determining the final structure, function, and stability of the protein.
The process begins with the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into a linear polypeptide chain, which is then subjected to several post-translational modifications. These modifications can include:
1. Proteolytic cleavage: The removal of specific segments or domains from the polypeptide chain by proteases, resulting in the formation of mature, functional protein subunits.
2. Chemical modifications: Addition or modification of chemical groups to the side chains of amino acids, such as phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate group), glycosylation (addition of sugar moieties), methylation (addition of a methyl group), acetylation (addition of an acetyl group), and ubiquitination (addition of a ubiquitin protein).
3. Disulfide bond formation: The oxidation of specific cysteine residues within the polypeptide chain, leading to the formation of disulfide bonds between them. This process helps stabilize the three-dimensional structure of proteins, particularly in extracellular environments.
4. Folding and assembly: The acquisition of a specific three-dimensional conformation by the polypeptide chain, which is essential for its function. Chaperone proteins assist in this process to ensure proper folding and prevent aggregation.
5. Protein targeting: The directed transport of proteins to their appropriate cellular locations, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or plasma membrane. This is often facilitated by specific signal sequences within the protein that are recognized and bound by transport machinery.
Collectively, these post-translational modifications contribute to the functional diversity of proteins in living organisms, allowing them to perform a wide range of cellular processes, including signaling, catalysis, regulation, and structural support.
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units (simple sugars) bonded together by glycosidic linkages. They can be classified based on the type of monosaccharides and the nature of the bonds that connect them.
Polysaccharides have various functions in living organisms. For example, starch and glycogen serve as energy storage molecules in plants and animals, respectively. Cellulose provides structural support in plants, while chitin is a key component of fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons.
Some polysaccharides also have important roles in the human body, such as being part of the extracellular matrix (e.g., hyaluronic acid) or acting as blood group antigens (e.g., ABO blood group substances).
Membrane glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to their polypeptide backbone. They are integral components of biological membranes, spanning the lipid bilayer and playing crucial roles in various cellular processes.
The glycosylation of these proteins occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus during protein folding and trafficking. The attached glycans can vary in structure, length, and composition, which contributes to the diversity of membrane glycoproteins.
Membrane glycoproteins can be classified into two main types based on their orientation within the lipid bilayer:
1. Type I (N-linked): These glycoproteins have a single transmembrane domain and an extracellular N-terminus, where the oligosaccharides are predominantly attached via asparagine residues (Asn-X-Ser/Thr sequon).
2. Type II (C-linked): These glycoproteins possess two transmembrane domains and an intracellular C-terminus, with the oligosaccharides linked to tryptophan residues via a mannose moiety.
Membrane glycoproteins are involved in various cellular functions, such as:
* Cell adhesion and recognition
* Receptor-mediated signal transduction
* Enzymatic catalysis
* Transport of molecules across membranes
* Cell-cell communication
* Immunological responses
Some examples of membrane glycoproteins include cell surface receptors (e.g., growth factor receptors, cytokine receptors), adhesion molecules (e.g., integrins, cadherins), and transporters (e.g., ion channels, ABC transporters).
Membrane proteins are a type of protein that are embedded in the lipid bilayer of biological membranes, such as the plasma membrane of cells or the inner membrane of mitochondria. These proteins play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including:
1. Cell-cell recognition and signaling
2. Transport of molecules across the membrane (selective permeability)
3. Enzymatic reactions at the membrane surface
4. Energy transduction and conversion
5. Mechanosensation and signal transduction
Membrane proteins can be classified into two main categories: integral membrane proteins, which are permanently associated with the lipid bilayer, and peripheral membrane proteins, which are temporarily or loosely attached to the membrane surface. Integral membrane proteins can further be divided into three subcategories based on their topology:
1. Transmembrane proteins, which span the entire width of the lipid bilayer with one or more alpha-helices or beta-barrels.
2. Lipid-anchored proteins, which are covalently attached to lipids in the membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor or other lipid modifications.
3. Monotopic proteins, which are partially embedded in the membrane and have one or more domains exposed to either side of the bilayer.
Membrane proteins are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and are targets for various therapeutic interventions, including drug development and gene therapy. However, their structural complexity and hydrophobicity make them challenging to study using traditional biochemical methods, requiring specialized techniques such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).
Protein tag
UB-612
Eftilagimod alpha
Etrolizumab
Pertuzumab
Seung-Hui Cho
Pembrolizumab
COVID-19 vaccine clinical research
Enzyme replacement therapy
Zeocin
Motilin receptor
ERCC1
XPA
Leukotriene B4 receptor 1
ERCC4
Signal peptide
Nivalenol
Deacetylasperulosidic acid
Gene expression
Transient expression
Mir-345 microRNA precursor family
Blood vessel epicardial substance
Otenzepad
Muscarinic antagonist
Mir-489 microRNA precursor family
2A self-cleaving peptides
Glycogen storage disease type II
KiSS1-derived peptide receptor
PTPRK
ZP3
Cricetulus griseus strain:CHO K1 cell line (ID 69991) - BioProject - NCBI
Optimization of Transient Protein Expression in CHO Cells
127f) Analyzing ER Stress and UPR Activation in Highly Producing Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cell Lines | AIChE
GeneBLAzer™ ADRA1A-NFAT-<i>bla</i>...
Growth and Production Liquid Medium for transfected CHO DG44 cells
CHO Cells Serum Free Media - Technical Guide
A Newly Identified Small RNA Regulates NGNA Sialylation in CHO Cells
PathHunter® CHO-K1 CCR8 β-Arrestin Cell Line Starter Pack - DiscoverX
PathHunter® CHO-K1 EDG4 β-Arrestin Cell Line Starter Pack - DiscoverX
Membrane Target Systems: Relaxin RXFP3 (human) membrane preparation, in CHO-K1 cells. 400 Units. | PerkinElmer
CHO-K1 FFPE Cell Pellet Scroll (20 ?m) (25-pack), 3500-0330-25pk | AMSBIO
PDF | Discriminating Significant From Insignificant Model Parameters: The Case of a Dynamic CHO Cell ...
Rapid cGMP Manufacturing of COVID-19 monoclonal antibody using stable CHO cell pools - Authorea
Bournemouth University Research Online [BURO] - Evaluation of site-specific methylation of the CMV promoter and its role in...
Metabolic profiling of recombinant CHO cells to identify potential targets for cell line engineering. - Research Explorer...
Stable CHO cell lines
CHO KVLQT1/minK Cell Line - B'SYS
Human VEGF 165AA Recombinant (CHO Cell) | Reprokine
Metabolic Control of Recombinant Protein N-glycan Processing in NS0 and CHO Cells - Kent Academic Repository
CHO-GFP stable cells Puromycin
CHO Host Cell DNA Detection Kit in tubes
Horizon Discovery enters crowded CHO cell line market
Lectin-resistant CHO cells: Selection of seven new mutants resistant to ricin<...
Cellosaurus cell line CHO-K1-AC-free (CVCL AR65)
Purification of recombinant human growth hormone from CHO cell culture supernatant by Gradiflow preparative electrophoresis...
MegaCD® CHO Growth Medium, CHO Cell Culture Media - Creative Bioarray
Human protein produced in CHO-cells can save donor blood - GoHealthyGo
What cell density do you recommend before transfection in CHO cells?
The long non-coding RNA transcriptome landscape in CHO cells - lncRNA Blog
Proteins17
- As a result, accumulation of improperly folded proteins is a particularly challenging bottleneck in cell line engineering. (aiche.org)
- It is expected research in this area will lead to improved engineering strategies for developing cell lines for higher titers of desired recombinant proteins, including relevant therapeutic protein products. (aiche.org)
- IRIS medium is dedicated to maximal production of recombinant proteins with CHO DG44 cells. (thomassci.com)
- BIOGRO-CHO SFM Supplement contains proteins and other components that require storage at -20ºC. (bioind.com)
- We are a global provider of human and animal biospecimens: including frozen & FFPE tissue, DNA, RNA, total proteins, blood products and primary cells. (amsbio.com)
- Therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, are typically manufactured using clonally-derived, stable host cell lines, since consistent and predictable cell culture performance is highly desirable. (authorea.com)
- Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are the leading mammalian cell platform for manufacturing therapeutic proteins due to their ability for producing human-like products. (manchester.ac.uk)
- Stable cell lines expressing recombinant proteins are generated by experienced scientists working on protein engineering, expression, and purification, and cell line development services for decades. (welgen.com)
- Stable cell lines developed with our proprietary protein expression system with multiple selectable markers is very productive in expressing target proteins. (welgen.com)
- MegaCD® CHO Growth Medium is a chemically-defined, hydrolysate-free, serum-free and non-animal origin basal medium designed to increase process yields of antibodies and recombinant proteins in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. (creative-bioarray.com)
- The researchers have successfully produced Alpha-1-antitrypsin in CHO cells-one of the most deployed cell lines for production of human therapeutic proteins. (gohealthygo.com)
- Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been used in biomanufacturing for decades because of their robust capacity to express a range of proteins, such as therapeutic enzymes and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) at titers measured in multiple grams per liter of culture. (bioprocessintl.com)
- Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are one of the most useful host cell lines for the production of biopharmaceutical proteins. (elsevierpure.com)
- The absence of any large macromolecules allows for isolation and purification of secreted proteins from the cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Translation factors are essential for cells to synthesize proteins, and their aberrant expression may result in pathological conditions including cancer. (cdc.gov)
- Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) recognize specific proteins on the surface of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
- In contrast to TCR T cells, CAR T cells recognize only relatively large proteins on the surface of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Recombinant human5
- Purification of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture supernatant by Gradiflow large-scale electrophoresis is described. (edu.au)
- Enzyme replacement using IV doses of recombinant human α-gal produced in CHO cells or in human fibroblasts is currently being evaluated in clinical trials as a potential therapy for this disease. (elsevierpure.com)
- PeproTech's CHO cell-derived Recombinant Human sCD8α is a monomeric glycoprotein of 161 amino acid residues, which corresponds to the extracellular domain of CD8α. (peprotech.com)
- When Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD Fc Chimera (Catalog # 10499-CV ) is immobilized at 0.2 µg/mL (100 µL/well), Biotinylated Recombinant Human ACE-2 Fc Chimera Avi-tag (CHO Expressed) (Catalog # AVI10544) binds with an ED 50 of 0.6-4.8. (rndsystems.com)
- Biotinylated Recombinant Human ACE‑2 Fc Chimera Avi-tag (CHO Expressed) (Catalog # AVI10544) is measured by its ability to cleave a fluorogenic peptide substrate, Mca-YVADAPK(Dnp)-OH ( ES007 ). (rndsystems.com)
Genome5
- Transfection into mammalian cells is followed by screening for cell lines permanently expressing specific genes through their incorporation into the cellular genome. (welgen.com)
- Due to the poor annotation of lncRNAs in CHO, the identification of potential targets with a described biological role required the comparison of human and mouse literature and databases, followed by alignment against the Chinese hamster genome, leading to predicted lncRNAs transcripts and previously un-annotated genomic regions (Table 1). (lncrnablog.com)
- By employing our mouse RECON to the CHO-K1 genome in a comparative genomic approach, we could reconstruct the protein secretory pathway of CHO cells counting 764 CHO components. (biomedcentral.com)
- We previously developed an accumulative site-specific gene integration system (AGIS) using Cre recombinase and mutated loxP sites for transgene integration and amplification in the CHO cell genome. (elsevierpure.com)
- Here, we attempted to enhance transgene expression in recombinant CHO cells generated by AGIS using a production enhancer DNA element (PE) derived from the CHO genome. (elsevierpure.com)
Line35
- Current work is focused on measuring the UPR, product titer, and product quality in a CHO cell line engineered for high productivity of IgG. (aiche.org)
- The GeneBLAzer™ ADRA1A-NFAT-bla CHO-K1 cells contain the human Adrenergic Alpha-1A Receptor (ADRA1A), (Accession # NM_000680) stably integrated into the CellSensor™ NFAT-bla CHO-K1 cell line. (thermofisher.com)
- He explained how his team interrogated the differences of cell line phenotypes by exploring changes in the genomic and transcriptomic levels using various sequencing methods. (genedata.com)
- This talk was given as part of our regular Open Forums focused on biosafety and cell line development and is based on this publication . (genedata.com)
- Biopharma and biotech professionals looking to advance rational cell line development by embracing digitalization and innovative enterprise data analysis systems. (genedata.com)
- The Starter Pack is a bundle of Assay Complete reagents needed for culturing the specified cell line. (discoverx.com)
- Starter Packs are a convenient, pre-packaged collection of Assay Complete reagents, including the relevant cell culture kit, cell plating reagent, freezing reagent, thawing reagent, and cell detachment reagent for the culture of the 93-0255C2 cell line. (discoverx.com)
- In both cell line families, increased methylation was observed upon amplification. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
- In the other cell line family, lower methylation frequency at the NFκB consensus binding site was accompanied by more NFκB recruitment to the promoter region. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
- Metabolic profiling of recombinant CHO cells to identify potential targets for cell line engineering. (manchester.ac.uk)
- Metabolomics data obtained through gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GS-MS) of a tetracycline (tet) inducible CHO T-RExTM cell line capable of expressing 0.09 pg/ul/cell EPO, revealed that 0.1% v/v tet addition does not affect consumption of carbon sources such as glucose, and pyruvate, but concentration of waste products, such as glycerol, threitol, alanine and phenyllactic acid increases towards the end of each batch culture. (manchester.ac.uk)
- Our faster and more predictive screening techniques may significantly increase speed of stable cell line development while improving quality and uniformity. (welgen.com)
- Stable cell line development study report. (welgen.com)
- Stable cell line expressing human KVLQT1/minK. (mayflowerbio.com)
- Cell line-specific, CHO DNA calibrators are included in the kit. (cygnustechnologies.com)
- Group: Serum/protein free medium cell line. (cellosaurus.org)
- With a recombinant alternative, you can both formulate the product, concentrate the protein, purify it, and avoid dependency of blood donors-so we would be able to ensure security of supply," says Bjørn Voldborg, director of CHO cell line development at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability. (gohealthygo.com)
- This effort resulted in a cell line capable of producing over 1.2 grams pr. (gohealthygo.com)
- Hence, this Alpha1-antitrypsin producing cell line is still only producing around 10 % of this known maximum. (gohealthygo.com)
- They report on those lncRNAs present in a model host CHO cell line under batch and fed-batch conditions on two different days and relate the expression of different lncRNAs to each other. (lncrnablog.com)
- Growth and culture viability of a CHO-S cell line in Batch and Fed-batch cultures were measured for 10 days and samples for RNA extraction taken at Day 4 and at Day 7. (lncrnablog.com)
- Nowadays, you need to target productivities above 3 grams per litre for the production of monoclonal antibodies and a cell line selection shorter than 6 months for your CHO platform to be competitive. (gtp-bioways.com)
- Using classic transfection techniques followed by genetic selection for the generation of your recombinant cell line is a time-consuming process often leading to an unpredictable outcome as transgene integration is a rare, random event. (gtp-bioways.com)
- Catalent's patents protect, amongst other things, the culture of host cells comprising a retroviral vector for the expression of a protein of interest and the purification of the protein from such a cell line. (gtp-bioways.com)
- In a recent poster, " Development of DoE based fed-batch strategies for high-producing CHO cell cultures ", presented by GE Healthcare and the Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, the authors developed and tested the benefit of a dynamic feed strategy that was responsive to the nutrient needs of a mAb-producing recombinant CHO cell line. (cellculturedish.com)
- This in vitro study demonstrated that an encapsulated α-gal-secreting cell line can be used to treat Fabry mice by transplantation in vivo. (elsevierpure.com)
- Subsequently a stable CHO cell line expressing the receptor fused at its C-terminal part with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was established, allowing to verify its cell surface distribution and to determine the affinity of various apelin and angiotensin fragments on the cloned receptor. (nih.gov)
- As shown for the human APJ receptor, the rat apelin receptor expressed in the cell line was negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase. (nih.gov)
- This superior transfection performance allows you to reduce the reagent dose, thus helping lower toxicity risk when transfecting your cell line. (thermofisher.com)
- We were very happy and surprised to see Lipofectamine® 3000 reagent provide a more than 10-fold difference in transfection efficiency in our difficult-to-transfect cell line. (thermofisher.com)
- In this webinar, Dr. Jenna Capyk provides a comparison of limiting dilution cloning and semi-solid cloning with respect to their application to cell line development and the probability of monoclonality for the cultures that are isolated using these methods. (stemcell.com)
- Growing orders are recommended due to difficulties that can be experienced during the initial start-up of this cell line. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing for the creation of an MGAT1-deficient CHO cell line to control HIV-1 vaccine glycosylation. (bvsalud.org)
- Epithelial cell line originally derived from porcine kidneys. (bvsalud.org)
- This process theoretically provides a line of T cells with greater tumor specificity than those obtained from the blood. (msdmanuals.com)
Transcriptome2
- Researchers at the University of Kent have undertaken the first landscape analysis of the lncRNA transcriptome in CHO using a mouse based microarray that also provided for the surveillance of the coding transcriptome. (lncrnablog.com)
- Vito D, Smales CM. (2018) The Long Non-Coding RNA Transcriptome Landscape in CHO Cells Under Batch and Fed-Batch Conditions . (lncrnablog.com)
Glycosylation4
- In attempts to isolate new CHO glycosylation mutants, selection protocols using plant lectins that bind galactose residues of cell surface carbohydrates were applied to mutagenized CHO populations. (elsevierpure.com)
- Five of the mutants had properties typical of new CHO glycosylation mutants. (elsevierpure.com)
- Normally, the CHO glycosylation profile of Alpha-1-antitrypsin is quite different from the human counterpart. (gohealthygo.com)
- Furthermore, they removed a number of the CHO cells natural glycosylation genes using CRISPR-Cas9. (gohealthygo.com)
Stably1
- We used CHO fibroblasts stably expressing the beta1 subunit of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase (CHO beta1), and studied the effect of ouabain on cell adhesion. (umassmed.edu)
Glutamine synthetase1
- Within the available suite of CHO cell lines, the glutamine synthetase knockout (GS-KO) selection system provides industry-leading speed to the identification of high-producing clones for use in biomanufacturing. (bioprocessintl.com)
Monoclonal antibody2
- Evaluation of site-specific methylation of the CMV promoter and its role in CHO cell productivity of a recombinant monoclonal antibody. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
- We previously demonstrated that increased monoclonal antibody productivity in dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-amplified CHO cells correlates with phosphorylated transcription factor-cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter interactions. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
Suspension7
- The medium is developed for maximal recombinant protein production in suspension cells. (thomassci.com)
- CHO transfected suspension cells have been carried for more than 2 years in IRIS medium with no loss of viability. (thomassci.com)
- CHO suspension clonal stable cell lines are generated by electroporation using proprietary mammalian expression vector system with multiple selectable markers to express single gene of interest. (welgen.com)
- This formulation has been specifically developed to support for high-density growth of CHO-K1, CHO-DG44, CHO-S and CHOZN cells in suspension. (creative-bioarray.com)
- Take a sample of the cell suspension, e.g. 100μl, to count cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Centrifuge the cell suspension at low speed i.e. 100 - 150 x g for a maximum of 5 minutes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- VM), showed that the recovery of motor functions induced implanted either (1) as a solid piece in the lateral ven- by the grafted fetal dopamine neurons was well cor- tricle6 or a cortical cavity8 adjacent to the denervated related with the extent of graft-derived reinnervation caudate-putamen, or (2) as a crude cell suspension of the host caudate-putamen. (lu.se)
DHFR3
- These media are intended for the growth of CHO cells of various kinds: CHO-KI, and transfected cells containing recombinant DNA related to the DHFR gene. (bioind.com)
- In this article, we extend the characterization to include CMV promoter methylation and its influence on NFκB and CREB1 transcription factor binding to the CMV promoter in two families of DHFR-amplified CHO cell lines. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
- Additionally, two DG44 cell lines containing inducible (pcDNA4/TO) or constitutive (pCDNA3.1) vectors (DG44-I and DG44-C cells respectively) with EPO and DHFR genes were generated. (manchester.ac.uk)
Ovary10
- Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines are preferred host cells for therapeutic protein production. (nih.gov)
- We applied this methodology to a dynamic model of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell metabolism (Nolan, 2011). (tufts.edu)
- The role of non-coding RNAs in determining growth, productivity, and recombinant product quality attributes in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has received much attention in recent years, exemplified by studies into microRNAs in particular. (lncrnablog.com)
- Successful optimization of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture for biomanufacturing has a significant impact on productivity, protein quality, manufacturing efficiency and economic feasibility. (cellculturedish.com)
- To this end, ASIC1a current amplitudes and charge transport in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, and ASIC-mediated action potential signaling in cultured cortical neurons were measured in response to defined pH ramps of 1-40 s duration from pH 7.4 to pH 6.6 or 6.0. (frontiersin.org)
- As a novel approach for treatment of Fabry disease we used polymer encapsulated Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells genetically modified to express α-gal. (elsevierpure.com)
- Our group has shown that non-adherent chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with the canine beta1 subunit become adhesive, and those homotypic interactions amongst beta1 subunits of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase occur between neighboring epithelial cells. (umassmed.edu)
- The RECON of the secretory pathway represents a strong tool for interpretation of data related to protein secretion as illustrated with transcriptomic data of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, the main platform for mammalian protein production. (biomedcentral.com)
- EX-CELL ® CD CHO FUSION is a chemically defined, animal-component free medium developed for the long-term growth of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) is one of the most widely used non-human mammalian cell lines. (thermofisher.com)
Receptor3
- Just weeks later, the firm saw regulatory success with Yescarta (axicabtagene ciloleucel), which became the second chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy to be commercialized in the US. (bioprocessintl.com)
- We report the use of multiplexed super-resolution imaging (Exchange-PAINT) followed by mean-shift clustering and random forest analysis to measure the precise distributions of five receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) from the ErbB, IGF-1R and Met families in breast cancer cells. (nature.com)
- Here we exploit the multiplexing capabilities of Exchange-PAINT, a multiplexed variant of DNA-PAINT 14 , to image simultaneously five RTKs (EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, IGF-1R and Met) at endogenous levels of expression in BT20 cancer cells and to examine how receptor distribution changes following ligand stimulation. (nature.com)
Clonal4
- These processes include transient transfection, and the creation of stable pools and clonal cell lines. (lonza.com)
- Transient and stable pool processes are generally used for discovery through early-stage development to enable rapid production and screening of large numbers of protein candidates, while stable clonal cell lines are used for GMP clinical and commercial manufacturing. (lonza.com)
- We performed the safety testing of our non-clonal cell bank, then used it to produce material at a 200L-scale for pre-clinical safety studies and formulation development work, and thereafter at 2000L scale for supply of material for a Phase 1 clinical trial. (authorea.com)
- Distinct promoter methylation patterns arise upon clonal selection in different families of cell lines. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
Liter1
- liter of cultured CHO cells, thereby making it possible to produce Alpha-1-antitrypsin from CHO cells at a scale that can eliminate the need for human donors in the future. (gohealthygo.com)
Transfection9
- 2. Pilot small-scale transient transfection into HEK293 cells (Tuna293™ Process) or CHO cells (TunaCHO™ process) is performed, followed by the listed purification method to assess expression levels and protein yield. (curiaglobal.com)
- Lipofectamine 3000 Transfection Reagent delivers a high efficiency for hard-to-transfect cell lines. (thermofisher.com)
- It delivers exceptional transfection efficiency with improved cell viability for the widest range of hard-to-transfect and common cell types including HEK 293, HeLa, LNCaP, HepG2, and A549 cell lines (Figure 1) . (thermofisher.com)
- Each reagent was used to transfect HEK 293, HeLa, LNCaP, HepG2, and A549 cell lines in a 96-well format, and GFP expression was analyzed 48 hours post-transfection. (thermofisher.com)
- Lipofectamine 3000 reagent provided higher GFP transfection efficiency than Lipofectamine 2000 and FuGENE HD reagents for all five cell lines. (thermofisher.com)
- The Lipofectamine 3000 transfection protocol was developed to be easy to use, while still ensuring optimum performance and reliability in a wide panel of cell lines. (thermofisher.com)
- Lipofectamine 3000 reagent is a specially formulated gentle transfection reagent that is optimized for plasmid delivery into CHO cells with high efficiency and low cell toxicity. (thermofisher.com)
- The easy protocol, exceptional plasmid DNA delivery, and the ability to effectively generate stable cell lines makes Lipofectamine 3000 reagent, the perfect reagent for CHO cell transfection experiments. (thermofisher.com)
- Spectacular increase in transfection efficiency and dramatic decrease in cell toxicity. (thermofisher.com)
Metabolism1
- This thesis focused on characterizing the central carbon metabolism of different recombinant CHO cells to identify novel molecular mechanisms by increasing the metabolic load overexpressing human erythropoietin (EPO). (manchester.ac.uk)
Expression12
- ALiCE® is a radically different approach to cell-free expression and a kit unlike any others. (amsbio.com)
- Glycerol, citrate and isotritate significantly increased in all the cell lines assessed upon EPO expression. (manchester.ac.uk)
- The 3 shRNA plasmids will then be co-transfected into 293 cells with an cDNA expression plasmid. (welgen.com)
- They then further analyzed the data to identify those lncRNAs whose expression changed the most between growth and stationary phases of culture or between batch and fed-batch culture to identify potential lncRNA targets for further functional studies with regard to their role in controlling growth of CHO cells. (lncrnablog.com)
- At nanomolar non-inhibiting concentrations, ouabain affects the adhesive properties of epithelial cells by inducing the expression of cell adhesion molecules through the activation of signaling pathways associated with the alpha subunit. (umassmed.edu)
- Immunofluorescence and biotinylation assays showed that ouabain (50 nM) increases the expression of the beta1 subunit of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase at the cell membrane. (umassmed.edu)
- The elucidation of the cell biology of the secretory machinery is of great importance, as it drives protein expression for biopharmaceutical industry, a 140 billion USD global market. (biomedcentral.com)
- Recombinase-mediated site-specific gene integration into a predetermined chromosomal locus may enable predictable protein expression, reducing the laborious process of cell screening. (elsevierpure.com)
- These results indicate that AGIS using the PE-flanked expression unit is a promising approach for establishing producer cell lines for biopharmaceutical protein production. (elsevierpure.com)
- Presently, we have investigated the expression profile of TEF1A2 using a panel of human cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. (cdc.gov)
- Collectively, these results indicated that: 1) TEFA12 is significantly overexpressed in human tumor cell lines and tumor tissue samples, 2) the cellular expression level of TEF1A2 may be used as a tumor marker, and 3) the anti-apoptotic role of TEF1A2 may potentially be responsible for its oncogenic function. (cdc.gov)
- Concomitant use of interferon enhances the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and TAAs on tumor cells, thereby augmenting the killing of tumor cells by the infused effector cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Antibody1
- In order to measure ER stress in cell lines engineered for high-levels of recombinant protein production, this research aims to demonstrate the presence of ER stress associated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody production, elucidate the progression of UPR in response to highly producing recombinant protein, and determine the effect of UPR on product quality. (aiche.org)
DG441
- In order to trigger gene amplification of both genes, DG44-I and DG44-C cells were incubated and sub cultured in the presence of 250 nM MTX for 35 days, leading to EPO titers of 0.123 and 0.15 pg/ul/cell respectively without affecting maximum viable cell density (VCD). (manchester.ac.uk)
Lines6
- however , secretion levels needed for industrial cell lines likely leads to an imbalance in ER homeostasis, resulting in increased cellular stress. (aiche.org)
- Affordable & consistent controls from 50 tumor cell lines, ideal for IHC, in situ hybridization & NGS applications. (amsbio.com)
- Given the attractiveness of these data and our close relationship with the company Vectalys who offers a lentiviral techno l ogy based on patents owned by Institut Pasteur, we wanted to evaluate the possibility of developing efficient CHO biomanufacturing cell lines based on this technology for our clients. (gtp-bioways.com)
- When performing transfections in hard-to-transfect cell lines, Lipofectamine 3000 reagent can be an ideal choice. (thermofisher.com)
- Up to a 2000-fold overexpression of TEF1A2 was detected in 90% (nine out of 10) of the cancer cell lines derived from various human tissues compared to their corresponding controls. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure of CHO cells to 2.5 and 10 um cadmium chloride for 24-hours resulted in significant apoptosis in all cell lines at 24- and 48-hours following the exposure. (cdc.gov)
Receptors4
- A broad spectrum of radiolabeled peptides with high affinity for receptors expressed on tumor cells is currently under preclinical and clinical investigation for scintigraphic imaging and radionuclide therapy. (nih.gov)
- ErbB receptors comprise a family of four RTKs (EGFR/ErbB1, Her2/ErbB2, Her3/ErbB3 and Her4/ErbB4) with important roles in normal cell physiology and in cancer 1 . (nature.com)
- THP-1 cells have Fc and C3b receptors and lack surface and cytoplasmic immunoglobulins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8), a type I transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin family of receptors, plays an integral role in signal transduction, and T cell differentiation and activation. (peprotech.com)
Fibroblasts1
- Using coculture system with Fabry fibroblasts, the secreted enzyme was taken up in cells, resulting in reduced accumulation of CTH in Fabry fibroblasts. (elsevierpure.com)
Pathways1
- We also examined the effect of ouabain on the activation of signaling pathways in CHO beta1 cells, and their subsequent effect on cell adhesion. (umassmed.edu)
Amplification1
- In addition, by controlling the number of lentiviral particles accessing the cell, you can achieve multiple gene insertions without any of the traditional amplification steps. (gtp-bioways.com)
Reagent1
- Each reagent was used to transfect HeLa cells in a 96-well format at the indicated doses with an emerald green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing vector. (thermofisher.com)
Culture9
- This study demonstrates the ability of Gradiflow preparative electrophoresis technology to purify rhGH from mammalian cell culture supernatant in a one-step process with high purity and yield. (edu.au)
- To achieve the highest performing cell culture, a fed-batch culture strategy is frequently used. (cellculturedish.com)
- In this evaluation authors only selected the Cell Boost supplements that were beneficial for the overall culture performance. (cellculturedish.com)
- Cho Cell Petri Dish2 Clip Art - Cell Culture Petri Dish is one of the clipart about red blood cell clipart,animal cell clip art,jail cell clipart. (clipartmax.com)
- You can download (600x280) Cho Cell Petri Dish2 Clip Art - Cell Culture Petri Dish png clip art for free. (clipartmax.com)
- Add thawed cells to a conical based centrifuge tube, e.g. 15ml tube, slowly add 4 ml of culture medium to the tube. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. (rndsystems.com)
- Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells are produced from the patient's T cells which are extracted from the tumor and grown in a cell culture system with the lymphokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). (msdmanuals.com)
- These cells are grown in culture in a manner similar to LAK cells. (msdmanuals.com)
GPCR1
- We cloned the Tribolium inotocin preprohormone and the inotocin GPCR and expressed the GPCR in CHO cells. (lu.se)
Human4
- The ED(50) was determined by the dose-dependentproliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using a concentration range of.0-10.0 ng/ml. (reprokine.com)
- The human version of Alpha-1-antitrypsin has a very specific sugar-structure, whereas if produced in CHO cells exhibits a variety of sugars, which renders the protein ineffective in the human body. (gohealthygo.com)
- Transgenic CHO cells permanently overexpressing TEF1A2 were developed and used to investigate the role of TEF1A2 in apoptosis induced by cadmium - a well-known human chemical carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
- CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
Molecular2
- Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics , 16 (3), 211-223. (elsevierpure.com)
- At these sites, which are a compound of stromal cells, extracellular matrix and soluble factors, complex molecular interactions that maintain the essential properties of stem cells occur, such as self-renewal and differentiation into multiple lineages, according to the organism's needs. (bvsalud.org)
Formulation1
- BIOCHO-1 SFM Base is the basic formulation for CHO cells. (bioind.com)
Tumor cells5
- Tumor cells are often found distant from the imaged mass. (medscape.com)
- Once activated, CTLs play a crucial role in the clearance of pathogens and tumor cells. (peprotech.com)
- A number of immunologic interventions, both passive and active, can be directed against tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
- Антигени пухлин Many tumor cells produce antigens, which may be released in the bloodstream or remain on the cell surface. (msdmanuals.com)
- TAAs) with high specificity to tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Coli2
- Production of rhGH in CHO cells is an alternative to production in Escherichia coli, with the advantage that rhGH is secreted into protein-free production media, facilitating a more simple purification and avoiding resolubilization of inclusion bodies and protein refolding. (edu.au)
- CHO and E.coli cells). (wikipedia.org)
Serum-free6
- Serum-Free Cell Freezing Medium (Cat. (bioind.com)
- This solution is used for the cryopreservation of cells, which are to be grown in serum-free growth medium. (bioind.com)
- In most cases it is possible to seed CHO cells that have been removed from freezing medium directly in the serum-free medium, when the cell concentration is at least 5x10 5 cells per 25cm 2 . (bioind.com)
- The cells should be seeded with serum-free medium containing 5% serum and the serum concentration is then gradually reduced with each passage. (bioind.com)
- After successful adaptation, it is recommended to cryopreserve the cells in Serum-Free Freezing Medium, in order to avoid the necessity of any further adaptation in the future. (bioind.com)
- Then centrifuge, suspend the cells in serum-free medium and transfer them in the desired concentration. (bioind.com)
Squamous cell carc2
- Histologically, NSCLC is divided into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (see the image below), and large cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
- A cavitating right lower lobe squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
Vitro1
- Understanding how stem cells behave in the niche is extremely important in order to extract these cells from their natural habitat, expand them in vitro and transplant the stem cells back to the patient, to repair and/or regenerate tissues and organs, with no risks to the individual's integrity. (bvsalud.org)
Epithelial3
- Adhesion is a crucial characteristic of epithelial cells to form barriers to pathogens and toxic substances from the environment. (umassmed.edu)
- Epithelial cells attach to each other using intercellular junctions on the lateral membrane, including tight and adherent junctions, as well as the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. (umassmed.edu)
- Ouabain, a cardiotonic steroid, binds to the alpha subunit of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, inhibits the pump activity and induces the detachment of epithelial cells when used at concentrations above 300 nM. (umassmed.edu)
Assay2
- In addition, ADRA1A-NFAT-bla CHO-K1 cells have been tested for assay performance under variable conditions. (thermofisher.com)
- Additional fee will be charged for Western blot or cell-based assay of your interest. (welgen.com)
Gene1
- CellSensor™ NFAT-bla CHO-K1 cells (Cat # K1078) contain a beta-lactamase (bla) reporter gene under control of the NFAT response element. (thermofisher.com)
Concentrations2
- Both ADRA1A-NFAT-bla CHO-K1 cells are functionally validated for Z'-factor and EC50 concentrations of Phenylephrine. (thermofisher.com)
- Daily feed additions to replenish consumed nutrients substantially improved mAb and peak cell concentrations as well as viable cumulative cell days (VCCD) compared with batch cultivation. (cellculturedish.com)
Tumors4
- CHO-CCK1 cell-derived tumors present in one flank of athymic mice accumulated 2.0% of injected (99m)Tc-sCCK8 per gram tissue at 1 h postinjection. (nih.gov)
- Accumulation of (99m)Tc-sCCK8 and -nsCCK8 by CHO-CCK2 cell-derived tumors (present in the other flank) amounted to 4.2% and 0.6%, respectively. (nih.gov)
- Chronic exposure of rats resulted in increased thyroid follicular cell tumors from sustained perturbation of thyroid hormone homeostasis. (cdc.gov)
- Increasingly, renal cell cancers are diagnosed at an earlier stage, and nephron-sparing surgery and thermal ablation are gaining acceptance as a treatment of choice for smaller tumors. (medscape.com)
Renal cell c1
- Prospective evaluation of analgesic use and risk of renal cell cancer. (medscape.com)
Progenitor cells2
- Likewise, these cells give rise to progenitor cells committed to a particular cell lineage, and play a crucial role in tissue repair and homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
- However, the progenitor cells consist of T cells isolated from resected tumor tissue. (msdmanuals.com)
Production6
- Developed to maximize recombinant protein production of CHO transfected cells. (thomassci.com)
- Simon's team explored the various applications of NGS for understanding cell phenotypes and their impact on the production of biologics. (genedata.com)
- We have demonstrated the use of these methods to identify potential new and known targets for engineering improved growth and IgG production, as well as the general observation that CHO cells seem to have less strict transcriptional regulation of protein secretion than healthy mouse cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Although a series of production processes have been refined to improve protein productivity and cost performance, establishing producer cells is still time-consuming and labor-intensive. (elsevierpure.com)
- THP-1 cells can also restore the response of purified T lymphocytes to Concanavlin A, show increased CO 2 production on phagocytosis and can be differentiated into macrophage-like cells using for example DMSO. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Ligation of MHC-I/peptide complexes presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), triggers the recruitment of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck), which leads to lymphokine production, motility and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation. (peprotech.com)
Suitable1
- The researchers demonstrate that the mouse microarray is suitable for the detection and analysis of thousands of CHO lncRNAs and validated a number of these by qRT-PCR. (lncrnablog.com)
Stem Cells6
- The idea to use transplants of dopa- ment of protocols that allow generation of fully functional mine-producing cells to substitute for the lost midbrain and safe midbrain dopamine neurons from stem cells. (lu.se)
- Niches are special microenvironments in tissue where stem cells are located. (bvsalud.org)
- Dental pulp stem cells have been isolated from deciduous and permanent teeth and have the potential to self-renew and differentiate. (bvsalud.org)
- However, little is known about the exact anatomic location of these cells, and the relationship between stem cells and surrounding cells in dental pulp. (bvsalud.org)
- Therapies based on the application of stem cells have great potential in the prevention and treatment of several diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, spinal cord injuries, neurological diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, and in the regeneration of various tissues and organs. (bvsalud.org)
- that is, they have the ability to generate other stem cells and perpetuate themselves. (bvsalud.org)
Host1
- Used to measure residual CHO host cell DNA, this kit uses a 2 ml microfuge tube format and includes our proprietary extraction procedure, which does not use iodine or glycogen. (cygnustechnologies.com)
Kidney2
- Renal cell carcinoma (see the image below) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. (medscape.com)
- Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 3% of adult malignancies and 90-95% of neoplasms arising from the kidney. (medscape.com)
Phenotypes1
- One of the new phenotypes was dominant in somatic cell hybrids, and the others were recessive. (elsevierpure.com)