Brain diseases. Medical search. Web

Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Brain disorders resulting from inborn metabolic errors, primarily from enzymatic defects which lead to substrate accumulation, product reduction, or increase in toxic metabolites through alternate pathways. The majority of these conditions are familial, however spontaneous mutation may also occur in utero.

Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.

Any of various diseases affecting the white matter of the central nervous system.

Acquired or inborn metabolic diseases that produce brain dysfunction or damage. These include primary (i.e., disorders intrinsic to the brain) and secondary (i.e., extracranial) metabolic conditions that adversely affect cerebral function.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.

Self-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA.

Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.

Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.

A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)

A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.

Human complex sound analysis. (1/3110)

The analysis of complex sound features is important for the perception of environmental sounds, speech and music, and may be abnormal in disorders such as specific language impairment in children, and in common adult lesions including stroke and multiple sclerosis. This work addresses the problem of how the human auditory system detects features in complex sound, and uses those features to perceive the auditory world. The work has been carried out using two independent means of testing the same hypotheses; detailed psychophysical studies of neurological patients with central lesions, and functional imaging using positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging of normal subjects. The psychophysical and imaging studies have both examined which brain areas are concerned with the analysis of auditory space, and which are concerned with the analysis of timing information in the auditory system. This differs from many previous human auditory studies, which have concentrated on the analysis of sound frequency. The combined lesion and functional imaging approach has demonstrated analysis of the spatial property of sound movement within the right parietal lobe. The timing work has confirmed that the primary auditory cortex is active as a function of the time structure of sound, and therefore not only concerned with frequency representation of sounds. (+info)

Computerised tomography and intellectual impairment in the elderly. (2/3110)

Sixty-six elderly subjects (mean age 77 years) whose mental state was assessed clinically and by simple psychometric tests have been studied by computerised tomography. The mean maximum ventricular area in the 17 mentally normal subjects was above the upper limit of normal for younger subjects, and there was a broad relationship between increasing ventricular dilatation and increasing intellectual impairment. No such clear relationship was demonstrable for measures of cortical atrophy. (+info)

Computerised axial tomography in patients with severe migraine: a preliminary report. (3/3110)

Patients suffering from severe migraine, usually for many years, have been examined by the EMI scanner between attacks. Judged by criteria validated originally by comparison with pneumoencephalography, about half of the patients showed evidence of cerebral atrophy. Perhaps of more significance than generalised atrophy was the frequency of areas of focal atrophy and of evidence of infarction. (+info)

Activated human T cells, B cells, and monocytes produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor in vitro and in inflammatory brain lesions: a neuroprotective role of inflammation? (4/3110)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has potent effects on neuronal survival and plasticity during development and after injury. In the nervous system, neurons are considered the major cellular source of BDNF. We demonstrate here that in addition, activated human T cells, B cells, and monocytes secrete bioactive BDNF in vitro. Notably, in T helper (Th)1- and Th2-type CD4(+) T cell lines specific for myelin autoantigens such as myelin basic protein or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, BDNF production is increased upon antigen stimulation. The BDNF secreted by immune cells is bioactive, as it supports neuronal survival in vitro. Using anti-BDNF monoclonal antibody and polyclonal antiserum, BDNF immunoreactivity is demonstrable in inflammatory infiltrates in the brain of patients with acute disseminated encephalitis and multiple sclerosis. The results raise the possibility that in the nervous system, inflammatory infiltrates have a neuroprotective effect, which may limit the success of nonselective immunotherapies. (+info)

Ma1, a novel neuron- and testis-specific protein, is recognized by the serum of patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders. (5/3110)

The identification of antineuronal antibodies has facilitated the diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurological disorders and the early detection of the associated tumours. It has also led to the cloning of possibly important neuron-specific proteins. In this study we wanted to identify novel antineuronal antibodies in the sera of patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders and to clone the corresponding antigens. Serological studies of 1705 sera from patients with suspected paraneoplastic neurological disorders resulted in the identification of four patients with antibodies that reacted with 37 and 40 kDa neuronal proteins (anti-Ma antibodies). Three patients had brainstem and cerebellar dysfunction, and one had dysphagia and motor weakness. Autopsy of two patients showed loss of Purkinje cells, Bergmann gliosis and deep cerebellar white matter inflammatory infiltrates. Extensive neuronal degeneration, gliosis and infiltrates mainly composed of CD8+ T cells were also found in the brainstem of one patient. In normal human and rat tissues, the anti-Ma antibodies reacted exclusively with neurons and with testicular germ cells; the reaction was mainly with subnuclear elements (including the nucleoli) and to a lesser degree the cytoplasm. Anti-Ma antibodies also reacted with the cancers (breast, colon and parotid) available from three anti-Ma patients, but not with 66 other tumours of varying histological types. Preincubation of tissues with any of the anti-Ma sera abrogated the reactivity of the other anti-Ma immunoglobulins. Probing of a human complementary DNA library with anti-Ma serum resulted in the cloning of a gene that encodes a novel 37 kDa protein (Mal). Recombinant Mal was specifically recognized by the four anti-Ma sera but not by 337 control sera, including those from 52 normal individuals, 179 cancer patients without paraneoplastic neurological symptoms, 96 patients with paraneoplastic syndromes and 10 patients with non-cancer-related neurological disorders. The expression of Mal mRNA is highly restricted to the brain and testis. Subsequent analysis suggested that Mal is likely to be a phosphoprotein. Our study demonstrates that some patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders develop antibodies against Mal, a new member of an expanding family of 'brain/testis' proteins. (+info)

Two similar cases of encephalopathy, possibly a reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: serial findings of magnetic resonance imaging, SPECT and angiography. (6/3110)

Two young women who had encephalopathy that resembled reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome are presented. The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of these patients exhibited similar T2-high signal lesions, mostly in the white matter of the posterior hemispheres. Xe-SPECT during the patients' symptomatic period showed hypoperfusion in the corresponding areas, and angiography demonstrated irregular narrowing of the posterior cerebral artery. Clinical manifestations subsided soon after treatment, and the abnormal radiological findings also were almost completely resolved. Thus, we concluded that transient hypoperfusion followed by ischemia and cytotoxic edema might have had a pivotal role in these cases. (+info)

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies: the enigma of genotype versus phenotype. (7/3110)

Over the past decade a large body of evidence has accumulated implicating defects of human mitochondrial DNA in the pathogenesis of a group of disorders known collectively as the mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Although impaired oxidative phosphorylation is likely to represent the final common pathway leading to cellular dysfunction in these diseases, fundamental issues still remain elusive. Perhaps the most challenging of these is to understand the mechanisms which underlie the complex relationship between genotype and phenotype. Here we examine this relationship and discuss some of the factors which are likely to be involved. (+info)

Changes in the diffusion of water and intracellular metabolites after excitotoxic injury and global ischemia in neonatal rat brain. (8/3110)

The reduction of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of brain tissue water in acute cerebral ischemia, as measured by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, is generally associated with the development of cytotoxic edema. However, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Our aim was to elucidate diffusion changes in the intracellular environment in cytotoxic edematous tissue. The ADC of intracellular metabolites was measured by use of diffusion-weighted 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy after (1) unilateral N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) injection and (2) cardiac arrest-induced global ischemia in neonatal rat brain. The distinct water ADC drop early after global ischemia was accompanied by a significant reduction of the ADC of all measured metabolites (P < 0.01, n = 8). In the first hours after excitotoxic injury, the ADC of water and the metabolites taurine and N-acetylaspartate dropped significantly (P < 0.05, n = 8). At 24 and 72 hours after NMDA injection brain metabolite levels were diminished and metabolite ADC approached contralateral values. Administration of the NMDA-antagonist MK-801 1.5 hours after NMDA injection completely normalized the water ADC but not the metabolite ADC after 1 to 2 hours (n = 8). No damage was detected 72 hours later and, water and metabolite ADC had normal values (n = 8). The contribution of brain temperature changes (calculated from the chemical shift between the water and N-acetylaspartate signals) and tissue deoxygenation to ischemia-induced intracellular ADC changes was minor. These data lend support to previous suggestions that the ischemia-induced brain water ADC drop may partly be caused by reduced diffusional displacement of intracellular water, possibly involving early alterations in intracellular tortuosity, cytoplasmic streaming, or intracellular molecular interactions. (+info)

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Metabolic brain diseases are a group of disorders caused by genetic defects that affect the body's metabolism and result in abnormal accumulation of harmful substances in the brain. These conditions are present at birth (inborn) or develop during infancy or early childhood. Examples of metabolic brain diseases that are present at birth include:

1. Phenylketonuria (PKU): A disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which leads to an accumulation of phenylalanine in the brain and can cause intellectual disability, seizures, and behavioral problems if left untreated.
2. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD): A disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase, which leads to an accumulation of branched-chain amino acids in the body and can cause intellectual disability, seizures, and metabolic crisis if left untreated.
3. Urea cycle disorders: A group of disorders caused by defects in enzymes that help remove ammonia from the body. Accumulation of ammonia in the blood can lead to brain damage, coma, or death if not treated promptly.
4. Organic acidemias: A group of disorders caused by defects in enzymes that help break down certain amino acids and other organic compounds. These conditions can cause metabolic acidosis, seizures, and developmental delays if left untreated.

Early diagnosis and treatment of these conditions are crucial to prevent irreversible brain damage and other complications. Treatment typically involves dietary restrictions, supplements, and medications to manage the underlying metabolic imbalance. In some cases, enzyme replacement therapy or liver transplantation may be necessary.

Encephalitis is defined as inflammation of the brain parenchyma, which is often caused by viral infections but can also be due to bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to toxins. The infection or inflammation can cause various symptoms such as headache, fever, confusion, seizures, and altered consciousness, ranging from mild symptoms to severe cases that can lead to brain damage, long-term disabilities, or even death.

The diagnosis of encephalitis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis). Treatment may include antiviral medications, corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) is a rare genetic disorder caused by the deficiency of an enzyme called alpha-L-iduronidase. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down complex sugars called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, in the body.

When the enzyme is deficient, GAGs accumulate in various tissues and organs, leading to a range of symptoms that can affect different parts of the body, including the skeletal system, heart, respiratory system, eyes, and central nervous system. There are three subtypes of MPS I: Hurler syndrome (the most severe form), Hurler-Scheie syndrome (an intermediate form), and Scheie syndrome (the least severe form).

The symptoms and severity of MPS I can vary widely depending on the specific subtype, with Hurler syndrome typically causing more significant health problems and a shorter life expectancy than the other two forms. Treatment options for MPS I include enzyme replacement therapy, bone marrow transplantation, and various supportive therapies to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Leukoencephalopathies are a group of medical conditions that primarily affect the white matter of the brain, which consists mainly of nerve fibers covered by myelin sheaths. These conditions are characterized by abnormalities in the structure and function of the white matter, leading to various neurological symptoms such as cognitive decline, motor impairment, seizures, and behavioral changes.

The term "leukoencephalopathy" is derived from two Greek words: "leukos," meaning white, and "enkephalos," meaning brain. The suffix "-pathy" refers to a disease or suffering. Therefore, leukoencephalopathies refer specifically to diseases that affect the white matter of the brain.

There are various types of leukoencephalopathies, including genetic, metabolic, infectious, toxic, and immune-mediated forms. Some examples include multiple sclerosis, adrenoleukodystrophy, Alexander disease, Canavan disease, and Marchiafava-Bignami disease. The diagnosis of leukoencephalopathies typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies such as MRI, and sometimes genetic or laboratory testing to identify the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific type and severity of the condition and may include medications, dietary modifications, physical therapy, or supportive care.

Metabolic brain diseases refer to a group of conditions that are caused by disruptions in the body's metabolic processes, which affect the brain. These disorders can be inherited or acquired and can result from problems with the way the body produces, breaks down, or uses energy and nutrients.

Examples of metabolic brain diseases include:

1. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies: These are a group of genetic disorders that affect the mitochondria, which are the energy-producing structures in cells. When the mitochondria don't function properly, it can lead to muscle weakness, neurological problems, and developmental delays.
2. Leukodystrophies: These are a group of genetic disorders that affect the white matter of the brain, which is made up of nerve fibers covered in myelin, a fatty substance that insulates the fibers and helps them transmit signals. When the myelin breaks down or is not produced properly, it can lead to cognitive decline, motor problems, and other neurological symptoms.
3. Lysosomal storage disorders: These are genetic disorders that affect the lysosomes, which are structures in cells that break down waste products and recycle cellular materials. When the lysosomes don't function properly, it can lead to the accumulation of waste products in cells, including brain cells, causing damage and neurological symptoms.
4. Maple syrup urine disease: This is a genetic disorder that affects the way the body breaks down certain amino acids, leading to a buildup of toxic levels of these substances in the blood and urine. If left untreated, it can cause brain damage, developmental delays, and other neurological problems.
5. Homocystinuria: This is a genetic disorder that affects the way the body processes an amino acid called methionine, leading to a buildup of homocysteine in the blood. High levels of homocysteine can cause damage to the blood vessels and lead to neurological problems, including seizures, developmental delays, and cognitive decline.

Treatment for metabolic brain diseases may involve dietary changes, supplements, medications, or other therapies aimed at managing symptoms and preventing further damage to the brain. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may be recommended as a treatment option.

Brain chemistry refers to the chemical processes that occur within the brain, particularly those involving neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neuropeptides. These chemicals are responsible for transmitting signals between neurons (nerve cells) in the brain, allowing for various cognitive, emotional, and physical functions.

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse (the tiny gap between two neurons). Examples of neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and glutamate. Each neurotransmitter has a specific role in brain function, such as regulating mood, motivation, attention, memory, and movement.

Neuromodulators are chemicals that modify the effects of neurotransmitters on neurons. They can enhance or inhibit the transmission of signals between neurons, thereby modulating brain activity. Examples of neuromodulators include acetylcholine, histamine, and substance P.

Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. They play a role in various physiological functions, such as pain perception, stress response, and reward processing. Examples of neuropeptides include endorphins, enkephalins, and oxytocin.

Abnormalities in brain chemistry can lead to various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Understanding brain chemistry is crucial for developing effective treatments for these conditions.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. It's the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently.

The early signs of the disease include forgetting recent events or conversations. As the disease progresses, a person with Alzheimer's disease will develop severe memory impairment and lose the ability to carry out everyday tasks.

Currently, there's no cure for Alzheimer's disease. However, treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms and improve quality of life.

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized, selective interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and the circulating blood. It is formed by unique endothelial cells that line the brain's capillaries, along with tight junctions, astrocytic foot processes, and pericytes, which together restrict the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the CNS. This barrier serves to protect the brain from harmful agents and maintain a stable environment for proper neural function. However, it also poses a challenge in delivering therapeutics to the CNS, as most large and hydrophilic molecules cannot cross the BBB.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

A brain injury is defined as damage to the brain that occurs following an external force or trauma, such as a blow to the head, a fall, or a motor vehicle accident. Brain injuries can also result from internal conditions, such as lack of oxygen or a stroke. There are two main types of brain injuries: traumatic and acquired.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force that results in the brain moving within the skull or the skull being fractured. Mild TBIs may result in temporary symptoms such as headaches, confusion, and memory loss, while severe TBIs can cause long-term complications, including physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is any injury to the brain that occurs after birth and is not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. ABIs are often caused by medical conditions such as strokes, tumors, anoxia (lack of oxygen), or infections.

Both TBIs and ABIs can range from mild to severe and may result in a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and function independently. Treatment for brain injuries typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical management, rehabilitation, and supportive care.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are a type of undifferentiated cells found in the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. They have the ability to self-renew and generate the main types of cells found in the nervous system, such as neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. NSCs are capable of dividing symmetrically to increase their own population or asymmetrically to produce one stem cell and one differentiated cell. They play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system, and have the potential to be used in regenerative medicine and therapies for neurological disorders and injuries.

Brain neoplasms, also known as brain tumors, are abnormal growths of cells within the brain. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign brain tumors typically grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause serious problems if they press on sensitive areas of the brain. Malignant brain tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and can grow quickly, invading surrounding brain tissue and spreading to other parts of the brain or spinal cord.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain, including glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), neurons (nerve cells that transmit signals in the brain), and meninges (the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). They can also result from the spread of cancer cells from other parts of the body, known as metastatic brain tumors.

Symptoms of brain neoplasms may vary depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis in the limbs, difficulty with balance and coordination, changes in speech or vision, confusion, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality.

Treatment for brain neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

Astrocytes are a type of star-shaped glial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord. They play crucial roles in supporting and maintaining the health and function of neurons, which are the primary cells responsible for transmitting information in the CNS.

Some of the essential functions of astrocytes include:

1. Supporting neuronal structure and function: Astrocytes provide structural support to neurons by ensheathing them and maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, which helps regulate the entry and exit of substances into the CNS.
2. Regulating neurotransmitter levels: Astrocytes help control the levels of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft (the space between two neurons) by taking up excess neurotransmitters and breaking them down, thus preventing excessive or prolonged activation of neuronal receptors.
3. Providing nutrients to neurons: Astrocytes help supply energy metabolites, such as lactate, to neurons, which are essential for their survival and function.
4. Modulating synaptic activity: Through the release of various signaling molecules, astrocytes can modulate synaptic strength and plasticity, contributing to learning and memory processes.
5. Participating in immune responses: Astrocytes can respond to CNS injuries or infections by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which help recruit immune cells to the site of injury or infection.
6. Promoting neuronal survival and repair: In response to injury or disease, astrocytes can become reactive and undergo morphological changes that aid in forming a glial scar, which helps contain damage and promote tissue repair. Additionally, they release growth factors and other molecules that support the survival and regeneration of injured neurons.

Dysfunction or damage to astrocytes has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It often includes hallucinations (usually hearing voices), delusions, paranoia, and disorganized speech and behavior. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood. Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment and management. It significantly impairs social and occupational functioning, and it's often associated with reduced life expectancy due to comorbid medical conditions. The exact causes of schizophrenia are not fully understood, but research suggests that genetic, environmental, and neurodevelopmental factors play a role in its development.

Brain mapping is a broad term that refers to the techniques used to understand the structure and function of the brain. It involves creating maps of the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in the brain by correlating these processes with physical locations or activities within the nervous system. Brain mapping can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, electroencephalography (EEG), and others. These techniques allow researchers to observe which areas of the brain are active during different tasks or thoughts, helping to shed light on how the brain processes information and contributes to our experiences and behaviors. Brain mapping is an important area of research in neuroscience, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Microglia are a type of specialized immune cell found in the brain and spinal cord. They are part of the glial family, which provide support and protection to the neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia account for about 10-15% of all cells found in the CNS.

The primary role of microglia is to constantly survey their environment and eliminate any potentially harmful agents, such as pathogens, dead cells, or protein aggregates. They do this through a process called phagocytosis, where they engulf and digest foreign particles or cellular debris. In addition to their phagocytic function, microglia also release various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that help regulate the immune response in the CNS, promote neuronal survival, and contribute to synaptic plasticity.

Microglia can exist in different activation states depending on the nature of the stimuli they encounter. In a resting state, microglia have a small cell body with numerous branches that are constantly monitoring their surroundings. When activated by an injury, infection, or neurodegenerative process, microglia change their morphology and phenotype, retracting their processes and adopting an amoeboid shape to migrate towards the site of damage or inflammation. Based on the type of activation, microglia can release both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors that contribute to either neuroprotection or neurotoxicity.

Dysregulation of microglial function has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Therefore, understanding the role of microglia in health and disease is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.

The hippocampus is a complex, curved formation in the brain that resembles a seahorse (hence its name, from the Greek word "hippos" meaning horse and "kampos" meaning sea monster). It's part of the limbic system and plays crucial roles in the formation of memories, particularly long-term ones.

This region is involved in spatial navigation and cognitive maps, allowing us to recognize locations and remember how to get to them. Additionally, it's one of the first areas affected by Alzheimer's disease, which often results in memory loss as an early symptom.

Anatomically, it consists of two main parts: the Ammon's horn (or cornu ammonis) and the dentate gyrus. These structures are made up of distinct types of neurons that contribute to different aspects of learning and memory.

Computer-assisted image processing is a medical term that refers to the use of computer systems and specialized software to improve, analyze, and interpret medical images obtained through various imaging techniques such as X-ray, CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), ultrasound, and others.

The process typically involves several steps, including image acquisition, enhancement, segmentation, restoration, and analysis. Image processing algorithms can be used to enhance the quality of medical images by adjusting contrast, brightness, and sharpness, as well as removing noise and artifacts that may interfere with accurate diagnosis. Segmentation techniques can be used to isolate specific regions or structures of interest within an image, allowing for more detailed analysis.

Computer-assisted image processing has numerous applications in medical imaging, including detection and characterization of lesions, tumors, and other abnormalities; assessment of organ function and morphology; and guidance of interventional procedures such as biopsies and surgeries. By automating and standardizing image analysis tasks, computer-assisted image processing can help to improve diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and consistency, while reducing the potential for human error.

Aging is a complex, progressive and inevitable process of bodily changes over time, characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage and degenerative changes that eventually lead to increased vulnerability to disease and death. It involves various biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the decline in physical and mental functions. The medical field studies aging through the discipline of gerontology, which aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of aging and develop interventions to promote healthy aging and extend the human healthspan.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.

During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.

There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.

Brain edema is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure. This can result from various causes, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, infection, brain tumors, or inflammation. The swelling of the brain can compress vital structures, impair blood flow, and cause neurological symptoms, which may range from mild headaches to severe cognitive impairment, seizures, coma, or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

The brainstem is the lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem controls many vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory and motor information between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the body. Additionally, several cranial nerves originate from the brainstem, including those that control eye movements, facial movements, and hearing.

Brain ischemia is the medical term used to describe a reduction or interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to a lack of oxygen and glucose delivery to brain tissue. This can result in brain damage or death of brain cells, known as infarction. Brain ischemia can be caused by various conditions such as thrombosis (blood clot formation), embolism (obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign material), or hypoperfusion (reduced blood flow). The severity and duration of the ischemia determine the extent of brain damage. Symptoms can range from mild, such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs or "mini-strokes"), to severe, including paralysis, speech difficulties, loss of consciousness, and even death. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent further damage and potential long-term complications.

A brain abscess is a localized collection of pus in the brain that is caused by an infection. It can develop as a result of a bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection that spreads to the brain from another part of the body or from an infection that starts in the brain itself (such as from a head injury or surgery).

The symptoms of a brain abscess may include headache, fever, confusion, seizures, weakness or numbness on one side of the body, and changes in vision, speech, or behavior. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to treat the infection, as well as surgical drainage of the abscess to relieve pressure on the brain.

It is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent potentially life-threatening complications such as brain herniation or permanent neurological damage.

Brain hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by a reduced supply of oxygen to the brain. The brain requires a continuous supply of oxygen to function properly, and even a brief period of hypoxia can cause significant damage to brain cells.

Hypoxia can result from various conditions, such as cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, carbon monoxide poisoning, or high altitude exposure. When the brain is deprived of oxygen, it can lead to a range of symptoms, including confusion, disorientation, seizures, loss of consciousness, and ultimately, brain death.

Brain hypoxia is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment to prevent long-term neurological damage or death. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of hypoxia, such as administering oxygen therapy, resuscitating the heart, or treating respiratory failure. In some cases, more invasive treatments, such as therapeutic hypothermia or mechanical ventilation, may be necessary to prevent further brain damage.

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, characterized by its intricate folded structure and wrinkled appearance. It is a region of great importance as it plays a key role in higher cognitive functions such as perception, consciousness, thought, memory, language, and attention. The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres, each containing four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. These areas are responsible for different functions, with some regions specializing in sensory processing while others are involved in motor control or associative functions. The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies, and is covered by a layer of white matter that consists mainly of myelinated nerve fibers.

Chronic brain damage is a condition characterized by long-term, persistent injury to the brain that results in cognitive, physical, and behavioral impairments. It can be caused by various factors such as trauma, hypoxia (lack of oxygen), infection, toxic exposure, or degenerative diseases. The effects of chronic brain damage may not be immediately apparent and can worsen over time, leading to significant disability and reduced quality of life.

The symptoms of chronic brain damage can vary widely depending on the severity and location of the injury. They may include:

* Cognitive impairments such as memory loss, difficulty concentrating, trouble with problem-solving and decision-making, and decreased learning ability
* Motor impairments such as weakness, tremors, poor coordination, and balance problems
* Sensory impairments such as hearing or vision loss, numbness, tingling, or altered sense of touch
* Speech and language difficulties such as aphasia (problems with understanding or producing speech) or dysarthria (slurred or slow speech)
* Behavioral changes such as irritability, mood swings, depression, anxiety, and personality changes

Chronic brain damage can be diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, neurological evaluation, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms and maximizing function through rehabilitation therapies such as occupational therapy, speech therapy, and physical therapy. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to address specific symptoms or underlying causes of the brain damage.

Types include Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease . (medlineplus.gov)
Despite decades of enormous effort, the cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear and a preventive treatment unavailable. (medscape.com)
The thesis comprises seven studies, involving an examination of patients with Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease (CJD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson's Disease (PD). (mynewsdesk.com)
The protein, called Elk-1, was found in clumps of misshaped proteins that are the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. (scienceblog.com)
By comparing the immunoreactivity for the pElk-1 protein in diseased tissue versus control tissue, they found that pElk-1 strongly associates with the pathological markers present in cases of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease versus disease-free tissue. (scienceblog.com)
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is linked with cellular inclusions in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the brain that are enriched in the misfolded presynaptic protein α -synuclein ( α S) and death of the dopaminergic neurons. (hindawi.com)
Parkinson's disease (PD) is identified as the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the world, and it is an age-related progressive disease [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Brain oscillations have been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) for a long time mainly due to the fundamental oscillatory nature of parkinsonian rest tremor. (cun.es)
Scientists have created a way to isolate neural stem cells - cells that give rise to all the cell types of the brain - from human brain tissue with unprecedented precision, an important step toward developing new treatments for conditions of the nervous system, like Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases and spinal cord injury. (medicaldaily.com)
This blocks the abnormal nerve signals that cause the debilitating neurological symptoms of Parkinson's disease and Essential tremor, such as trembling and slowed movement. (prweb.com)
Some 30,000 people with Parkinson's have undergone DBS according to the Parkinson's Disease Foundation, and Progress in Brain Research states that there are 8,000 to 10,000 new cases each year worldwide. (prweb.com)
Can deep brain stimulation treat Parkinson's disease? (futurity.org)
Biomedical engineers have used deep brain stimulation based on light to treat motor dysfunction in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. (futurity.org)
In the new study, Yu embedded the Chronos optogenetics machinery into the subthalamic nucleus neurons of rats that have been given conditions similar to Parkinson's disease in one-half of their brains. (futurity.org)
Nearly half of those who died at advanced stages of CTE developed neurodegenerative-related causes of death, similar to symptoms related to dementia and Parkinson's disease. (newsone.com)
Its course and effects are often described as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and ALS rolled into one, making Huntington's disease a rich focus of scientific investigation. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Yes, their hearts were full of aggregated a-synuclein, a protein known to aggregate in the brain in patients with Lewy body dementia and Parkinson's disease. (lu.se)
This protein has also been shown to aggregate in the gut, and it is speculated that the majority of Parkinson's cases actually start outside of the brain, even though symptoms are not evident until the aggregates are visible in the brain. (lu.se)

But other research, she said, is exploring possible associations between inflammatory markers in IHD and later development of Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia. (medscape.com)
A link has been announced between the brain protein KIBRA and Alzheimer's disease, a discovery that could lead to promising new treatments for this memory-robbing disorder. (sciencedaily.com)
In the new study, researchers found that carriers of a memory-enhancing flavor of the KIBRA gene had a 25 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. (sciencedaily.com)
This research suggests that KIBRA, and possibly some of the proteins with which it interacts, may play a role in Alzheimer's disease,'' said Dr. Matthew Huentelman, an investigator in TGen's Neurogenomics Division and the paper's senior author. (sciencedaily.com)
Dr. Eric Reiman, clinical director of TGen's Neurogenomics Division and executive director of the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, said, "This study suggests a link between the inherited genes involved in normal human memory and the predisposition to Alzheimer's disease. (sciencedaily.com)
Using TGen's powerful analytic tools to find a genetic association between the KIBRA gene and Alzheimer's disease, comparing more than 1,700 living and deceased people, with and without the disorder. (sciencedaily.com)
Using gene expression tools to find that KIBRA, and genes for other molecules that interact with KIBRA, were significantly altered in the neurons of people who had Alzheimer's disease, but not in individuals without the disorder. (sciencedaily.com)
The brain tissue samples were provided by three Alzheimer's disease centers: Washington University in St. Louis, Mo. (sciencedaily.com)
KIBRA, and a subset of other molecules directly interacting with it, were significantly altered in regions of the brain involved in Alzheimer's disease pathology. (sciencedaily.com)
These include neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, motor neuron disease and psychosis. (kcl.ac.uk)
Your help could improve Alzheimer's Disease research, motor neuron disease, Huntington's Disease. (kcl.ac.uk)
Six years ago the doctor Henry Engler was for the first time able to show an image of what Alzheimer's Disease 'looked like' in the brain. (mynewsdesk.com)
We were also able to follow up patients with Alzheimer's Disease, using the PET camera to 'see' what had happened in their brains two years later. (mynewsdesk.com)
By using PET and combined markers we have gained important new knowledge on diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease, and have also gained an improved understanding of how the diseases develop," says Henry Engler. (mynewsdesk.com)
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disorder that is found in older adults. (bartleby.com)
With women being at a greater risk for contacting Alzheimer's disease, the use of estrogen after menopause has lowered the risk. (bartleby.com)
According to the Center for Disease Control, there are over five million Americans with Alzheimer's disease. (bartleby.com)
There are three brain abnormalities that are the hallmarks of the Alzheimer's disease is initially caused by plaques buildup in the brain's neurons as illustrated in figure 1. (bartleby.com)
Alzheimer's disease is a brain disease with many different stages that slows one's lifestyle and has no real cure. (bartleby.com)
Alzheimer's disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer. (bartleby.com)
Studies have concluded that as many as 5.1 million Americans have Alzheimer's disease. (bartleby.com)
What Is Familial Alzheimer's Disease? (bartleby.com)
Life expectancy varies for each person with Alzheimer's disease. (bartleby.com)
Connections in the brain's default mode network (DMN) begin to falter years before the onset of clinical symptoms in both sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), according to two new papers. (alzforum.org)
To fill this gap, the WashU group looked at data from 207 cognitively normal older adults with an average age of 70 who were participating in aging and memory studies at the Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. (alzforum.org)
This hypometabolism pattern implicates midlife cardiovascular risk factors and carotid atherosclerosis in Alzheimer's disease decades before the typical age of symptom onset, noted Neal Parikh, MD, of Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City, and Rebecca Gottesman, MD, PhD, of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, in an accompanying editorial . (medpagetoday.com)
But FDG-PET also is a limitation, Parikh and Gottesman noted: the tracer has relatively low specificity for Alzheimer's disease. (medpagetoday.com)
Researchers have shown how cholesterol - a molecule normally linked with cardiovascular diseases - may also play an important role in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. (cam.ac.uk)
The question for us now is not how to eliminate cholesterol from the brain, but about how to control cholesterol's role in Alzheimer's disease through the regulation of its interaction with amyloid-beta. (cam.ac.uk)
The international team, led by the University of Cambridge, have found that in the brain, cholesterol acts as a catalyst which triggers the formation of the toxic clusters of the amyloid-beta protein, which is a central player in the development of Alzheimer's disease. (cam.ac.uk)
The results , published in the journal Nature Chemistry , represent another step towards a possible treatment for Alzheimer's disease, which affects millions worldwide. (cam.ac.uk)
Other studies have also found an association between cholesterol and the condition, since some genes which process cholesterol in the brain have been associated with Alzheimer's disease, but the mechanism behind this link is not known. (cam.ac.uk)
While the link between amyloid-beta and Alzheimer's disease is well-established, what has baffled researchers to date is how amyloid-beta starts to aggregate in the brain, as it is typically present at very low levels. (cam.ac.uk)
In the case of Alzheimer's disease, the amyloid-beta molecules stick to the lipid cell membranes that contain cholesterol. (cam.ac.uk)
Since it is insoluble, while travelling towards its destination in lipid membranes, cholesterol is never left around by itself, either in the blood or the brain: it has to be carried around by certain dedicated proteins, such as ApoE, a mutation of which has already been identified as a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. (cam.ac.uk)
Our data suggest new possible targets of lithium, add more information on its pharmacological activity and reinforce the possible use of low doses of lithium for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions such as the Alzheimer's disease. (springer.com)
De Strooper B, Woodgett J (2003) Alzheimer's disease: mental plaque removal. (springer.com)
Phiel CJ, Wilson CA, Lee VM, Klein PS (2003) GSK-3alpha regulates production of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta peptides. (springer.com)
Rockenstein E, Torrance M, Adame A, Mante M et al (2007) Neuroprotective effects of regulators of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta signaling pathway in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease are associated with reduced amyloid precursor protein phosphorylation. (springer.com)
Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is a valuable tool for research and diagnosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). (nature.com)
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease estimated to affect 6 million Americans and 33 million people worldwide. (lifeboat.com)
A new study published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease by a Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine faculty member shows that brain levels of dietary lutein , zeaxanthin, lycopene, and vitamin E in those with Alzheimer's disease are half those in normal brains. (lifeboat.com)
Higher dietary levels of lutein and zeaxanthin have been strongly linked to better cognitive functions and lower risk for dementia or Alzheimer's disease. (lifeboat.com)
These results are consistent with large population studies that found risk for Alzheimer's disease was significantly lower in those who ate diets rich in carotenoids , or had high levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in their blood, or accumulated in their retina as macular pigment," said C. Kathleen Dorey, professor in the Department of Basic Science Education at the medical school. (lifeboat.com)
Accumulation of tau protein is typically associated with progression of Alzheimer's disease, as it leads to neuron death. (prohealth.com)
This potentially means that intervening during the first stages of tau accumulation could stop the development of neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's disease. (prohealth.com)
Intervening during the initial accumulation of tau could potentially halt the progression of Alzheimer's disease. (prohealth.com)
A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the accumulation of tau protein in neurons, which leads to their death. (prohealth.com)
Neurofibrillary tangles, formed of misfolded, hyperphosphorylated tau protein, are a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerations, including Alzheimer's disease. (prohealth.com)
There are many diseases that lead to these kind of problems, including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and other types of dementia," said Hendriks, vice-president of medical, academic and research affairs at the Horizon Health Network. (theglobeandmail.com)
Alzheimer's disease is the 6th leading cause of death in North America 1 . (greenmedinfo.com)
Health practitioners became curious about a critical question -- could Alzheimer's disease simply be Type 3 Diabetes? (greenmedinfo.com)
Alzheimer's disease has long been perceived as mysterious and inevitable. (greenmedinfo.com)
Compelling reports have shown that the nutrition plan offered to individuals seeking Type 2 Diabetes prevention is one of the same plans offered to those looking to decrease their risk of Alzheimer's disease. (greenmedinfo.com)
Most of us know at least one person affected by Alzheimer's Disease , an irreversible and progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memories and thinking skills. (thedoctorwillseeyounow.com)
Alzheimer's Disease is increasingly being referred to as insulin resistance of the brain or Type 3 Diabetes. (thedoctorwillseeyounow.com)
As the study's senior author, Benjamin Bikman, a professor of physiology and developmental biology at Brigham Young, remarks: "Alzheimer's Disease is increasingly being referred to as insulin resistance of the brain or Type 3 Diabetes. (thedoctorwillseeyounow.com)
This isn't the first time that researchers have made the connection between glucose, ketones and Alzheimer's Disease, but it is the first time it's been shown to happen on a cellular level. (thedoctorwillseeyounow.com)
In a recent study posted to the bioRxiv * preprint server, researchers investigated ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) levels among individuals with AD (Alzheimer's disease). (news-medical.net)
Expansion of the calcium hypothesis of brain aging and Alzheimer's disease: minding the store. (alzforum.org)
OSA is common in patients with dementia and the risk of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia may be increased in patients with OSA. (brainfoundation.org.au)
Beta-amyloid deposits (plaques) are found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. (brainfoundation.org.au)
This study will also look at memory performance, brain grey matter volume, and other factors known to increase risk of Alzheimer's disease and see how they interact with OSA and amyloid plaque burden. (brainfoundation.org.au)
With no effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease currently available, identification and treatment of medical and lifestyle factors that contribute to dementia is currently the only option for reducing the prevalence and impact of this disease. (brainfoundation.org.au)
Keivan Javanshiri's Ph.D. project explores cardiac and vascular pathologies in Lewy body dementia and Alzheimer's disease. (lu.se)
Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia are subtypes of dementia that I decided to focus primarily on during my thesis work. (lu.se)
Little is known about risk factors for Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent form of dementia, and whether or not we may prevent it by making wise lifestyle-based choices. (lu.se)

State and Local Public Health Partnerships to Address Dementia: The 2018-2023 Road Map , and the Healthy Brain Initiative Road Map for Indian Country . (cdc.gov)
Given that one out of every three American Indian and Alaskan Native elders develops dementia, the Association for State Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) developed a series of health communication materials to improve quality, availability, and accessibility of public health resources to address the connection between brain health and heart health, Healthy Heart, Healthy Brain external icon . (cdc.gov)
Advanced "brain age" might serve as another useful predictor of dementia risk to discuss with patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), particularly those already familiar with the link between IHD and cognitive impairment but who need further convincing to adopt preventive behaviors, researchers say. (medscape.com)
Patients with IHD, especially those with diabetes or obesity, are more likely than others to show signs on imaging of accelerated brain aging, which in turn elevates future risk for cognitive impairment or dementia, suggests the analysis based on UK Biobank data. (medscape.com)
And adiposity promotes systemic inflammation, which may therefore partly underlie IHD-associated accelerated brain aging and dementia. (medscape.com)
On follow-up of the population, regardless of its cause, every 1-year increment in brain-age delta corresponded to a 13% jump in risk for incident dementia ( P = .002). (medscape.com)
Rauseo said the group didn't set out to show that accelerated brain aging could risk-stratify IHD patients for incident dementia. (medscape.com)
King's Brain Bank is also part of the Brains for Dementia Research initiative, in which brain tissue from regularly assessed individuals provides the best resource for scientists working to understand dementia. (kcl.ac.uk)
This new disease can cause strokes and dementia. (radaronline.com)
The incipient knowledge from this 'depiction of pathological cerebral changes' may pave the way for new classifications of dementia and brain diseases based on what happens in live humans," says Henry Engler. (mynewsdesk.com)
By assessing cerebral hypometabolism, this study "filled important gaps in the emerging paradigm by which midlife cardiovascular risk factors influence brain health and may cause cognitive impairment and dementia," the editorialists added. (medpagetoday.com)
Researchers at The University of Texas have found that compared to Caucasian Americans, African Americans have impaired blood flow regulation in the brain that could contribute to a greater risk of cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, transient ischaemic attack ('mini stroke'), subarachnoid haemorrhage or vascular dementia. (news-medical.net)
Alzhermer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. (nature.com)
The symptoms for the disease include rapidly progressing dementia, muscle spasms, atrophy, memory loss and hallucinations. (theglobeandmail.com)
In the featured article published online on April 5 in Neuron , the researchers also conclude that potential treatments targeting the transport disruptions they identified in Huntington's disease neurons may also work for other neurodegenerative diseases, such as ALS and forms of dementia. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
I have used post-mortem brain tissue from patients with different subtypes of dementia to address three critical challenges that we encounter in the clinic. (lu.se)
These tests help exclude other possible causes for dementia (eg, cerebrovascular disease, cobalamin [vitamin B 12 ] deficiency, syphilis, thyroid disease). (medscape.com)
American Academy of Neurology (AAN) recommendations indicate that structural neuroimaging with either a noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance image (MRI) is appropriate in the initial evaluation of patients with dementia, in order to detect lesions that may result in cognitive impairment (eg, stroke, small vessel disease, tumor). (medscape.com)

[ 9 ] which combines imaging and real data, allowing for a precise yet "blind" targeting of the deep brain structures with minimal trauma to the tissue. (medscape.com)
The Brain Bank was established in 1989 with the aim of providing high quality, clinically and neuropathologically well-characterised human brain and spinal cord tissue to the neuroscience community. (kcl.ac.uk)
Brain and spinal cord tissue is one of the most important resources for neuroscience research. (kcl.ac.uk)
Our extensive range of highly-preserved tissue samples provide invaluable insights for our scientists working to improve the diagnosis and treatment of the most severe diseases and disorders affecting the brain. (kcl.ac.uk)
London Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Bank provides a variety of tissue to further research projects among the neuroscience community worldwide. (kcl.ac.uk)
From surgical tissue, fixed tissue to frozen tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the brain bank is the number one source to many medical and commercial companies around the world. (kcl.ac.uk)
Highly trusted by the research community and beyond, the brain bank assures quality standards of tissue provision. (kcl.ac.uk)
Unlike a microscope, which shows a limited part of the tissue, removed by biopsy or during an autopsy, a PET examination provides an image of the whole brain or the whole body. (mynewsdesk.com)
The markers have been selected with the aim of detecting signs of neuronal death, cell propagation, tissue degeneration or protein accumulations (amyloid), all of which indicate a specific disease and can contribute to the correct diagnosis. (mynewsdesk.com)
This causes the brain tissue to shrinks, which is called atrophies. (bartleby.com)
Next, they screened tissue from a post-mortem human brain bank, specifically samples representative of the three major neurodegenerative diseases, to look for higher levels of the toxic form of Elk-1 protein and compared their findings to levels in brain tissue from age-matched control samples. (scienceblog.com)
They also will be looking for other sites of toxic changes on the Elk-1 protein and will look in other disease tissue for modified Elk-1. (scienceblog.com)
Approaches that don't involve taking tissue out of the human brain are "promising avenues in trying to tackle these conditions. (co.ke)
For example, researchers at ETH Zurich in Switzerland published a study in Nature earlier this month describing how they are growing brain-like tissue from stem cells in the lab and then mapping the cell types in various brain regions and genes regulating their development. (co.ke)
Adam Renslo and colleagues, who include Nobel Laureate Stanley B. Prusiner, explain that prion diseases include conditions like mad cow disease in animals and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in humans, result from deposits of abnormal prion protein in brain tissue. (scienceblog.com)
The oppression and destruction by hematoma to brain tissue cause the primary brain injury. (karger.com)
In the first few hours after ICH onset, primary brain injury by ICH is mainly caused by the oppression and destruction to the near tissue by hematoma formation. (karger.com)
Brain edema is a pathological phenomenon that water and brain tissue volume increase. (karger.com)
This technology is particularly useful for diseases in which the affected tissue is not available for cell purification and in which aspects of cell development are crucial for the pathology. (ca.gov)
Working with mouse, fly and human cells and tissue, Johns Hopkins researchers report new evidence that disruptions in the movement of cellular materials in and out of a cell's control center - the nucleus - appear to be a direct cause of brain cell death in Huntington's disease, an inherited adult neurodegenerative disorder. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Grima also observed this same clumping of Huntingtin protein with RanGAP1 and nuclear pore proteins to the wrong place in the cell in brain tissue and cultured brain cells derived from deceased patients with Huntington's disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
These are just some of the kinds of infection, that if left untreated, can become worse and spread to brain tissue and cause an acquired brain injury. (harcourthealth.com)
In the long run, the swelling can deprive the brain of oxygen, causing the death of brain tissue. (harcourthealth.com)
Encephalitis is characterized by an inflammation in the brain tissue. (clickpress.com)
Gray matter inferior parietal cortex specimens, from BA39 (Brodmann area 39), from individuals with neuropathological disorders (based on Braak scores) were provided by the Harvard brain tissue resource center, the brain endowment bank, and the human brain and spinal fluid resource center in Boston, Miami, and Los Angeles, respectively. (news-medical.net)
Overview of Demyelinating Disorders Most nerve fibers inside and outside the brain are wrapped with many layers of tissue composed of a fat (lipoprotein) called myelin. (msdmanuals.com)
I use their post-mortem brain tissue to confirm that the diagnosis was properly set. (lu.se)
Brain tissue from deceased patients is extremely valuable since it allowed me to learn more about the underlying pathology. (lu.se)
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to assess levels of SIRT1-3 and downstream targets in post mortem brain tissue from HD patients and control cases as well as after selective hypothalamic expression of mutant huntingtin (HTT) using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors in mice. (lu.se)

Donepezil is a cholinesterase inhibitor and it affects the memory neurons in the brain, preventing them from breaking down. (bartleby.com)
A person with Alzheimer's loses connections between neurons in the brain (1). (bartleby.com)
There are drawbacks in addition to cost, however: Like with a bone-marrow transplant, it's necessary to start the therapy early as the good ALD genes, which are introduced into a patient's blood stem cells via a disabled form of HIV, take a year to multiply in bone marrow and reach the brain, where they protect neurons. (newser.com)
Neurons from the organoids formed working connections with circuits in the brain. (co.ke)
Pasca, a psychiatry professor at the Stanford School of Medicine, said this is the first time these organoids have been placed into early rat brains, creating "the most advanced human brain circuitry ever built from human skin cells and a demonstration that implanted human neurons can influence an animal's behavior. (co.ke)
Five to six months later, they saw effects of the disease related to the activity of the neurons. (co.ke)
This suggests that neurons with tau pathology could be rescued with a therapeutic disease modifier and highlights an under-appreciated time window for such therapeutic intervention. (prohealth.com)
Because of such clues from others' research, Grima took on the task of investigating whether problems with nuclear transport and the nuclear pores also happened in neurons with Huntington's disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Several recent studies have also implicated some of the same genes in the two types of conditions, which has led researchers to suggest a common underlying genetic basis for both brain disorders. (the-scientist.com)
PHILADELPHIA - For the first time, researchers from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine have found that three different degenerative brain disorders are linked by a toxic form of the same protein. (scienceblog.com)
Of 946 participants with evidence of asymptomatic atherosclerosis, the researchers evaluated 547 people with full brain 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET to assess cerebral hypometabolism. (medpagetoday.com)
One limitation of the trial is that with so much data, the researchers were not able to do detailed assessments of each patient beyond brain mapping. (sciencedaily.com)
Researchers, whose study was funded partly by the National Institutes of Health, said they could do the same sorts of experiments using organoids made from the cells of people with disorders such as autism or schizophrenia - and potentially learn new things about how these conditions affect the brain, too. (co.ke)
Researchers now have the opportunity to study human disease in living, developing neural cells that carry the disease-specific genetic variants that are present in the patient. (ca.gov)
The disease was identified by a team led by UCSF researchers using new technology to screen for autoimmune disorders. (lifeboat.com)
Researchers discovered glucose metabolism was impaired in the brains of deceased Alzheimer patients. (thedoctorwillseeyounow.com)
The researchers embedded these light-sensitive ion channels into the subthalamic nucleus "meatballs" in rats and flashed pulses of light at the same rate used in deep brain stimulation. (futurity.org)
Researchers developed a faster form of optogenetics called Chronos that could keep up with the speeds traditionally used in deep brain stimulation. (futurity.org)
Overall, the researchers discovered CTE in 87 percent of the 202 brains they examined. (newsone.com)
The researchers also said many who developed the disease exhibited behavioral issues, which became more severe at advanced stages. (newsone.com)
Additionally, he realized that other researchers previously showed that mutations in the nuclear pore protein NUP62 caused Huntington's disease-like pathology. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
This finding was quite tantalizing given the fact that mutations in the NUP62 protein were shown by other researchers to cause an infantile form of Huntington's disease called infantile bilateral striatal necrosis," says Grima. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
In the present study, researchers investigated ACE2 protein levels among post-mortem human brain specimens of the parietal cortex from two patient cohorts, including individuals with AD. (news-medical.net)
This startup competition is here to help young entrepreneurs to develop their innovation in the best environment, with 700 researchers at The Brain and Spine Institute, 25 state-of-the-art platforms, a LivingLab and a FabLab. (businesswire.com)

Brain tumors , which can press on nerves and affect brain function. (medlineplus.gov)
We don't know if her tumors and this new disease has anything to do with this. (radaronline.com)
This could be a major application for Mazor Robotics technology as there are 180,000 new diagnoses of brain tumors each year, according to US News and World Report. (prweb.com)
ABIs can often be the result of things such as traumatic injury, tumors, seizures, deprivation of oxygen, substance abuse, and infectious diseases. (harcourthealth.com)
Any damage caused to the brain through injury or health conditions â€' commonly known as brain disease â€' can come in different forms, such as infections, trauma, tumors, seizures, and strokes. (clickpress.com)

However, since 1997 and due to a relatively low success rate, neuroablation has been replaced by deep brain stimulation (DBS). (medscape.com)
Over the years, this association has been extended to frequencies well above that of tremor, largely owing to the opportunities offered by deep brain stimulation (DBS) to record electrical activity directly from the patients' basal ganglia. (cun.es)
Orlando, Fla. (PRWEB) September 03, 2013 -- On Monday, August 19, Nizam Razack, MD, JD performed the world's first deep brain stimulation (DBS) using Mazor Robotics Renaissance Guidance System at Celebration Health hospital. (prweb.com)
Succeeding where earlier attempts have failed, the method promises to provide new insights into why deep brain stimulation works and ways in which it can be improved on a patient-by-patient basis. (futurity.org)
If you think of the area of the brain being treated in deep brain stimulation as a plate of spaghetti, with the meatballs representing nerve cell bodies and the spaghetti representing nerve cell axons, there's a longstanding debate about whether the treatment is affecting the spaghetti, the meatballs, or some combination of the two," says Warren Grill, a professor of biomedical engineering at Duke University. (futurity.org)
But it's an impossible question to answer using traditional methods because electrical deep brain stimulation affects them both as well as the peppers, onions, and everything else in the dish. (futurity.org)
As Grill suggests, teasing out the role all of these various types of cells plays in mediating the effects of deep brain stimulation is nearly impossible using traditional methods. (futurity.org)
And previous research that we conducted showed that random patterns of deep brain stimulation are not effective at relieving symptoms. (futurity.org)
They then delivered deep brain stimulation using light flashes at the standard 130 flashes per second. (futurity.org)

These results suggest a molecular link between the presence of inclusions and neuronal loss that is shared across a spectrum of neurodegenerative disease," notes senior author, James Eberwine, PhD, co-director of the Penn Genome Frontiers Institute and the Elmer Holmes Bobst Professor of Pharmacology. (scienceblog.com)
The team hopes to next expand these preliminary findings to a larger sample size of tissues from neurodegenerative disease banks, and to screen blood samples from affected individuals to assess the biomarker capacity of this form of Elk-1 and to use animal models of these illnesses to assess the biological role of this modified form of Elk-1 in the disease processes. (scienceblog.com)

Genetic brain disorders , which are caused by changes in genes (also called variants or mutations). (medlineplus.gov)
These disorders can affect the development and function of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
The mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) disorders are a group of lysosomal storage diseases caused by lysosomal enzyme deficits that lead to glycosaminoglycan accumulation, affecting various tissues throughout the body based on the specific enzyme deficiency. (nih.gov)
There are established treatments for some MPS disorders, but these mostly alleviate somatic and non-neurological symptoms and do not cure the disease. (nih.gov)
Both autism and schizophrenia involve disturbances in brain areas linked to social functions, but the two psychiatric disorders often display diametrically opposite traits. (the-scientist.com)
Thus, an imbalance of metal ions has an impact on disease states, among which are neurodegenerative disorders. (hindawi.com)
Finally, this has tremendous conceptual consequences for the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders, as the study of the different cellular environments during brain development may eventually lead to individuating specific therapeutic windows to address aberrant neuronal development with much reduced side effects. (iit.it)
Rescuing Cognitive Deficits in Neurodevelopmental Disorders by Gene Editing in Brain Development: the Case of Down Syndrome (GenEdiDS). (iit.it)
Many disorders such as autism and schizophrenia are likely uniquely human" but "the human brain certainly has not been very accessible," said said Dr. Sergiu Pasca, senior author of a study describing the work, published Wednesday in the journal Nature. (co.ke)
Michael Coulthart, the head of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance System, said many neurological disorders have features that overlap, but he said he has not seen anything like the New Brunswick cluster before. (theglobeandmail.com)
Proponents of the idea that mental disorders are brain diseases argue that even though we may not have discovered the underlying pathology of mental disorders like schizophrenia or depression yet, surely we eventually will? (madinamerica.com)
Mental disorders, on this view, can be thought of as brain diseases 'in waiting. (madinamerica.com)
Recently, scientists at the University of Utah Health and Stanford University have found a way out in the form of a targeted therapy treatment that slows down the progression of or improves a couple of degenerative brain disorders, viz. (clickpress.com)
While some scientists argue that humans need less sleep with the progression of age, such changes in sleep hours could aggravate the disintegration associated with brain disorders such as Alzheimerâ€™s disease. (clickpress.com)
As a result, with a growing number of population aging above 30 years and rising risks of brain disorders, the growth in the global brain disease market could gain a strong impetus. (clickpress.com)
Other factors that could contribute toward the growth of the global brain disease market include the demand for brain monitoring devices and growing occurrence of neurological disorders. (clickpress.com)
This competition is open to biotech startups worldwide in existence for less than two years developing a novel therapeutic and/or diagnostic approach with a main focus on central nervous system diseases (neuro-oncology, psychiatry, neurological disorders or preventive health). (businesswire.com)
Thus, this review composes pertinent information regarding the involvement of autophagy in neural stem cells and glial regulation and the role of this connexion in normal brain functions, neurodevelopmental disorders , and neurodegenerative diseases . (bvsalud.org)

100 years ago Dr Alois Alzheimer described the disease that now bears his name. (mynewsdesk.com)
The substance, which appears to cause the disease, formed accumulations (amyloid), which Alzheimer was able to detect using a microscope and a special colour technique. (mynewsdesk.com)
There is no cure for Alzheimer 's disease. (bartleby.com)
Alzheimer 's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain from which there is no recovery. (bartleby.com)
Mendes CT, Mury FB, de Sa-Moreira E, Alberto FL et al (2009) Lithium reduces Gsk3b mRNA levels: implications for Alzheimer disease. (springer.com)
What was once considered a mysterious accumulation of beta amyloid plaques characteristic in the Alzheimer brain is now associated with the same lack of insulin that negatively affects cognition [iv] . (greenmedinfo.com)
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a clinical diagnosis. (medscape.com)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
One thing is very clear in Idaho - the number seems to be higher than the number reported in previous years," said Dr. Ermias Belay, a CJD expert with the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (search). (foxnews.com)

Cerebrovascular diseases can result from reduced blood flow in affected areas of the brain. (news-medical.net)
A similar dysfunction in brain circulation could explain the increased risk of cerebrovascular diseases. (news-medical.net)
This could indicate a fundamental difference between the groups or an early change in function, which later in life may link to cerebrovascular diseases like stroke. (news-medical.net)

A new study suggests that depression after traumatic brain injury (TBI) could be a clinically distinct disorder rather than traditional major depressive disorder, with implications for patient treatment. (sciencedaily.com)
A new study led by Shan Siddiqi, MD, from Brigham and Women's Hospital, a founding member of the Mass General Brigham healthcare system, suggests that depression after traumatic brain injury (TBI) could be a clinically distinct disorder rather than traditional major depressive disorder, with implications for patient treatment. (sciencedaily.com)
I've always suspected it isn't the same as regular major depressive disorder or other mental health conditions that are not related to traumatic brain injury," said Brody. (sciencedaily.com)
Based on the type of trauma, the brain disease market can be segmented into concussion, traumatic brain injury, and hemorrhage. (clickpress.com)
A traumatic brain injury can lead to permanent brain damage with mental impairment and can also cause changes in the affected individualâ€™s personality. (clickpress.com)

Although the cellular mechanisms and normal functions associated with α S have not yet been completely resolved, the increased levels of α S in the brains of patients with PD suggest a relationship with the neurotransmitter DA [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
The study only measured the responses in one blood vessel and carbon dioxide sensitivity may differ between cerebral vessels, however, these results are the first to identify such impairment and suggest that underlying mechanisms of blood vessel dysfunction occur in relatively young and healthy African Americans, a population with elevated risk, prior to the onset of disease. (news-medical.net)
Given the higher prevalence of cerebrovascular disease including stroke among African Americans, this topic deserves more research to identify mechanisms of impairment and determine effective interventions to improve health outcomes in this population. (news-medical.net)
The study of brain oscillations will also help to dissect the mechanisms of action of DBS. (cun.es)
Modeling human brain diseases using induced pluripotent stem cells or induced neural cells has the remarkable potential to generate insights into understanding disease mechanisms and opening new avenues for clinical intervention. (ca.gov)
Accurate Aβ concentration measurement is critical for better understanding underlying disease mechanisms, developing prognostic techniques and identifying compatible surrogate indicators for treatment monitoring. (nature.com)
This review will provide insight into establishing a concrete strategic approach for investigating pathological mechanisms and developing therapies for brain diseases . (bvsalud.org)
Metabolic dysfunction is involved in modulating the disease process in Huntington disease (HD) but the underlying mechanisms are not known. (lu.se)

Scientists have transplanted human brain cells into the brains of baby rats, where the cells grew and formed connections. (co.ke)
Cannabidiol administration after hypoxia-ischemia to newborn rats reduces long-term brain injury and restores neurobehavioral function. (greenmedinfo.com)

The critical difference found in KIBRA, a protein so named because it is commonly found in the kidneys and brain, was that those individuals with the T-allele gene were less likely to develop Alzheimer's than those with the C-allele. (sciencedaily.com)
Following autopsy of the first patient he was able to show occurrence of a protein in the brain. (mynewsdesk.com)
Moreover, iron interactions with N-terminally acetylated α S, the physiologically relevant form of the human protein, will be addressed to shed light on the current understanding of protein dynamics and the physiological environment in the disease state. (hindawi.com)
As we age, these protein carriers, as well as other proteins that control the balance, or homeostasis, of cholesterol in the brain become less effective. (cam.ac.uk)
Tests on prion-infected mouse brain cells showed that the compounds reduced the amount of the abnormal prion protein. (scienceblog.com)
Protein misfolding underlies many neurodegenerative diseases including tauopathies, where the misfolded tau protein propagates pathology through connected brain circuits in a prion-like manner. (prohealth.com)
Huntington's disease is caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin protein, resulting in too many repeats of the amino acid glutamine in the protein's sequence, making the protein sticky and clumpy. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Grima used two mouse models of Huntington's disease: one with a human version of the mutant Huntingtin protein and another with an aggressive form of the disease that contains only the first portion of the mouse Huntingtin protein. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed to assess ACE2 protein localization in post-mortem tissues of the human brain, followed by protein fractionation from homogenates of the parietal lobe cortex of humans. (news-medical.net)

If you believe that your doctor misdiagnosing you or delaying diagnosis caused your brain injury or caused the brain injury to worsen, you may want to speak to an attorney who is qualified in medical malpractice. (harcourthealth.com)
Treatments which are available for various brain diseases depend on the diagnosis. (clickpress.com)

The findings are consistent with abundant other research supporting IHD as a source of cognitive decline, but with a twist: accelerated brain aging seemed caused by more than just vascular disease. (medscape.com)
Invasive infection is very rare in humans, and most were observed in immunocompromised patients, manifesting as osteomyelitis ( 3 , 4 ) or diffuse vascular brain invasion ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)

This review mainly discusses the pathology and mechanism of brain edema, the effects of brain edema on ICH, and the methods of treating brain edema after ICH. (karger.com)
A network perspective, on the contrary, has the potential to reveal the underlying dynamic communication between interconnected brain regions, and as a consequence, provide new intermediate phenotypes of pathology. (nature.com)
It has been speculated whether they die from an unexplained sudden cardiac death or if the typical pathology seen in the brain in these individuals also appear in other organs, including the heart. (lu.se)

Despite limited data available on voriconazole penetration into brain abscess cavities ( 9 ), this drug was clinically and radiologically effective in our patient. (cdc.gov)
The study used data from the PESA (Progression of Early Sub-clinical Atherosclerosis) study of white employees, ages 40 to 54, of a Madrid bank with no clinically apparent cardiovascular disease. (medpagetoday.com)
Clinically, these diseases progress over the course of years. (prohealth.com)

The Road Map series provides actionable steps to promote brain health, address cognitive impairment, and address the needs of caregivers. (cdc.gov)

ataxia and Lou Gehrigâ€™s disease, which is another name for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). (clickpress.com)

By comparing changes in the brain with progression of memory impairment we support the development of more effective treatments. (kcl.ac.uk)
Prion diseases are invariably fatal and no treatments are yet available. (scienceblog.com)
The compounds appear to be among the most promising potential treatments for prion diseases yet discovered, the report suggests. (scienceblog.com)
While the need for brain disease treatment is urgent, highly targeted and noninvasive treatments such as focused ultrasound approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) could attract attention. (clickpress.com)
With the advent of rare brain disease called â€˜rat lungworm diseaseâ€™ in the Hawaii state of the U.S., the need for accurate and responsive treatments is expected to increase significantly. (clickpress.com)
In the next few years, Asia Pacific is likely to show a remarkable growth in the brain disease market through fast-paced developments in healthcare infrastructure and a growing demand for advanced treatments. (clickpress.com)

The nervous system sends signals between your brain and the rest of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Treatment of these neurological manifestations remains challenging due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that limits delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). (nih.gov)
Of the nine suspected cases reported so far in 2005, three tested positive for an infectious disease of the nervous system, though more tests are pending to determine if the fatal illness was in fact sporadic CJD. (foxnews.com)
According to the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, around 350,000 brain and nervous system tumor cases have been registered in the U.S. European countries are also expected to show a steady growth rate in the global brain disease market. (clickpress.com)
In the field of diseases of the nervous system, the probability that drug candidates reach the market is only 7%, compared with an average of 15%," stated Julien Elric, iPEPS incubator manager. (businesswire.com)

Accelerated brain aging in these patients with IHD was also correlated with diabetes, body-mass index (BMI), and especially waist-to-hip ratio, a surrogate for central adiposity. (medscape.com)
90% of brain abscesses in immunocompromised transplant patients with an associated mortality rate of 97% ( 10 ), despite aggressive surgery and antifungal therapy ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
However, a direct correlation between iron deposition and iron transportation within the brain has not been established in PD patients [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
The two started a small clinical trial that used personalized brain mapping to target brain stimulation as a treatment for TBI patients with depression. (sciencedaily.com)
In the process, they noticed a specific pattern of abnormalities in these patients' brain maps. (sciencedaily.com)
Indeed, the only sign of ALD in the patients of the clinical trial was deterioration evident in brain scans. (newser.com)
There is a short-of-effective medical treatment for secondary inflammation and reducing brain edema in ICH patients. (karger.com)
showed that there are significant disruptions of whole-brain connectivity in amyloid-positive patients with MCI in typical cortical areas that highly connected with multiple other brain regions, such as precuneus, strongly overlapping with regional hypometabolism 12 . (nature.com)
A more recent fMRI and PET-based study showed that impaired visual working memory correlated with brain activity within the posterior parietal association cortex, prefrontal cortex, and thalamus in AD patients 13 . (nature.com)
Shephard said the federal Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Surveillance System spotted a pattern of symptoms among patients last year and then ruled out the possibility that the syndrome was a human prion disease like CJD. (theglobeandmail.com)
Jonathan Grima, currently a fourth-year neuroscience graduate student in Rothstein's laboratory, learned that this same mutation is also the most common cause of another disorder in which patients have Huntington's -like symptoms without having the causative Huntington's disease mutation. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Here, he shares the most important findings and why sudden cardiac arrest is a common cause of death in patients with Lewy body disease. (lu.se)
[ 2 ] In patients with AD, brain MRIs or CT scans can show diffuse cortical and/or cerebral atrophy, but these findings are not diagnostic of AD. (medscape.com)

To examine a practical use of this approach, scientists transplanted organoids into both sides of a rat's brain: one generated from a healthy person's cells and another from the cells of a person with Timothy syndrome, a rare genetic condition associated with heart problems and autism spectrum disorder. (co.ke)
All of these diseases start pretty much the same way," he added, "with a little bit of cognitive disorder, some strange muscle movements. (theglobeandmail.com)
Saoirse and her two-year-old brother Liam suffer from Batten Disease, a regressive disorder of the brain that normally develops in childhood. (irishcentral.com)

Some scientists are studying human brain organoids outside of animals. (co.ke)
The research builds upon the team's previous work creating brain "organoids," tiny structures resembling human organs that have also been made to represent others such as livers, kidneys, prostates, or key parts of them. (co.ke)
To make the brain organoids, Stanford University scientists transformed human skin cells into stem cells and then coaxed them to become several types of brain cells. (co.ke)
Scientists transplanted those organoids into rat pups 2 to 3 days old, a stage when brain connections are still forming. (co.ke)
The organoids grew so that they eventually occupied a third of the hemisphere of the rat's brain where they were implanted. (co.ke)
Ethicists also wonder about the possibility of brain organoids in the future attaining something like human consciousness, which experts say is extremely unlikely now. (co.ke)
The Stanford University professor helped develop a technique to grow brain organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells. (the-scientist.com)
He and a student in the lab also started to grow brain organoids-a side project spearheaded by Pasca's wife, Anca, who was doing research while completing a pediatrics residency at Stanford. (the-scientist.com)

New Brunswick is redoubling its efforts to find the cause of a baffling neurological disease that has killed six and infected 48 others, announcing Thursday that an expert committee will lead the ongoing investigation. (theglobeandmail.com)

In particular, the extracellular milieu of a specific developing brain cell is characterized by the presence of other cells that are developing themselves (cellular environment) and possibly influence each others through the action of different extracellular factors. (iit.it)
This implies that what may be relevant for a specific developmental process at a given time in a particular brain area may not be significant at another time or place due to different cellular environments. (iit.it)
Cellular programming and reprogramming technology has provided a new way to investigate traits of human development and disease. (ca.gov)
Cellular programming and reprogramming technology (CPART) presents a novel approach for understanding disease progression and mechanism. (ca.gov)
The scientists examined 240 brains post-mortem for RNA cellular sequences impacted by Alzheimer's. (thedoctorwillseeyounow.com)
Easing cellular traffic jams may save brain cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Autophagy is a multifaceted cellular process that not only maintains the homeostatic and adaptive responses of the brain but is also dynamically involved in the regulation of neural cell generation, maturation, and survival . (bvsalud.org)
Glial cells have attained relatively less consideration despite their unquestioned influence on various aspects of neural development, synaptic function, brain metabolism , cellular debris clearing, and restoration of damaged or injured tissues . (bvsalud.org)

This study, for the first time, demonstrates deficits in important dietary antioxidants in Alzheimer's brains. (lifeboat.com)

Encephalitis (inflammation in the brain), which can lead to problems such as vision loss , weakness, and paralysis . (medlineplus.gov)
Another kind of brain condition that can produce similar damage to a brain infection is encephalitis. (harcourthealth.com)
Based on the type of infections, the brain disease market can be into meningitis and encephalitis. (clickpress.com)

Metabolic Brain Disease is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the study of metabolic brain diseases. (wikipedia.org)
When brain cells have undergone metabolic deterioration associated with insulin resistance, they can no longer accept glucose, the brain's main fuel source. (greenmedinfo.com)
Plaques in the brain, a signature of Alzheimer's, appear related to metabolic problems involving glucose. (thedoctorwillseeyounow.com)
Type 2 diabetes is an example of a disease caused by metabolic dysfunction . (thedoctorwillseeyounow.com)
The same may be true for the connection between metabolic dysfunction of the brain and Alzheimer's. (thedoctorwillseeyounow.com)
We show that mRNA levels of the metabolic regulator SIRT1 are increased in the striatum and the cerebral cortex but not in the less affected cerebellum in post mortem HD brains. (lu.se)
We show that SIRT1 expression is increased in HD-affected brain regions and that metabolic pathways are altered in the HD hypothalamus. (lu.se)

Alvin Kingsford, 72, died recently of suspected sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (search), the fatal brain-wasting illness. (foxnews.com)
Scientists who examined more than 10,000 chemical compounds during the last year in search of potential new drugs for a group of untreatable brain diseases, are reporting that one substance shows unusual promise. (scienceblog.com)

This disease is characterized by the destruction of nerve cells and neural connections in the cerebral cortex of the brain and by a large loss of brain mass. (bartleby.com)
Without a risky bone-marrow transplant before symptoms appear, children with brain disease ALD can expect to live no longer than five years as nerve cells in the brain die off and erase one's ability to walk, talk, and think. (newser.com)
Huntington's disease is a relatively rare fatal inherited condition that gradually kills off healthy nerve cells in the brain, leading to loss of language, thinking and reasoning abilities, memory, coordination and movement. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

When brain metabolism declines, the brain's ability to handle adverse events can be compromised. (medpagetoday.com)
We found that a higher cardiovascular risk in apparently healthy middle-aged individuals was associated with lower brain metabolism in parietotemporal regions involved in spatial and semantic memory and various types of learning," she added. (medpagetoday.com)
The next step will be to determine whether individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries and low brain metabolism at the age of 50 go on to experience cognitive decline 10 years later. (medpagetoday.com)
Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCTs) are the primary fat found in coconut oil, and they are powerful in rapidly helping to boost brain metabolism and thereby increasing cognitive functioning. (greenmedinfo.com)

They then reconvene at the office and turn their focus to their all-consuming mission: to cure, treat, or prevent genetic prion disease. (npr.org)

Using a brain imaging technique called positron emission tomography (PET) to find that cognitively-normal, late-middle-aged people lacking the protective T-allele gene had reduced activity in parts of the brain usually affected by Alzheimer's. (sciencedaily.com)
These plaques can be detected with positron emission tomography (PET) brain scans. (brainfoundation.org.au)

Most people know that a diet high in carbohydrates indicates a relationship to serious diseases like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. (greenmedinfo.com)

In recent years, many studies focus on the mechanism of secondary inflammation that can cause brain edema and this may provide new therapy targets for ICH [ 7 ]. (karger.com)
Lenox RH, Hahn CG (2000) Overview of the mechanism of action of lithium in the brain: fifty-year update. (springer.com)
Extensive evidence has indicated that the pathological hallmarks of AD may be amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, however, the underlying disease mechanism remains unknown. (nature.com)

Based on autopsy studies, the posterior cingulate becomes clogged with amyloid early in disease, while the medial temporal lobe, which includes the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, initially has little amyloid but many tau tangles. (alzforum.org)
The hippocampus is an intricate region located in the medial temporal lobe of brain, which has been suggested playing an important role in cognitive learning and memory processes. (nature.com)

The symptoms of brain diseases vary widely, depending on the specific problem. (medlineplus.gov)

The location of the brain circuit involved in depression was the same among people with TBI as people without TBI, but the nature of the abnormalities was different. (sciencedaily.com)

The findings were indicative of probable ACE2 release from membranes related to pericyte-associated dysfunction at the BBB (blood-brain barrier). (news-medical.net)

It is unclear if the results have any implications for dietary cholesterol, as cholesterol does not cross the blood-brain barrier. (cam.ac.uk)

The key drivers for the two regions include a consistently increasing prevalence of neurological diseases and a rising demand for technologically advanced medical equipments for treatment. (clickpress.com)

Alleles are those genetic markers - A, C, G or T - that determine such inherited traits as eye and hair color, or susceptibility to disease. (sciencedaily.com)
For a decade, Sonia Vallabh has been living with the knowledge that she has a genetic mutation that will likely cause in her the same disease that claimed her mother's life in 2010. (npr.org)

Autophagy in neural stem cells and glia for brain health and diseases. (bvsalud.org)
Autophagy also plays an indispensable role in the maintenance of stemness and homeostasis in neural stem cells during essential brain physiology and also in the instigation and progression of diseases . (bvsalud.org)

It starves your brain, tangles and twists vital cells, and for decades it has been misrepresented as an untreatable, genetically determined disease. (greenmedinfo.com)
5.3 million individuals suffer every year from the disease that appears to be untreatable [ii] . (greenmedinfo.com)

The study's identification of a new pathway in the brain where amyloid-beta sticks together, or aggregates, could represent a new target for potential therapeutics. (cam.ac.uk)
The aggregation of amyloid-beta eventually leads to the formation of amyloid plaques, in a toxic chain reaction that leads to the death of brain cells. (cam.ac.uk)
The levels of amyloid-beta normally found in the brain are about a thousand times lower than we require to observe it aggregating in the laboratory - so what happens in the brain to make it aggregate? (cam.ac.uk)
Since amyloid-beta is normally present in such small quantities in the brain, the molecules don't normally find each other and stick together. (cam.ac.uk)
In turn, the homeostasis of amyloid-beta and hundreds of other proteins in the brain is broken. (cam.ac.uk)
By targeting the newly-identified link between amyloid-beta and cholesterol, it could be possible to design therapeutics which maintain cholesterol homeostasis, and consequently amyloid-beta homeostasis, in the brain. (cam.ac.uk)

We believe this variation causes a potential lifelong difference in the total levels of KIBRA in the brain, and that this may influence one's risk for Alzheimer's," said Huentelman, who led a team that worked with several Arizona institutions, as well as other national and international universities and research institutions. (sciencedaily.com)
The Brain Bank is partially funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) and is part of the Basic and Clinical Neuroscience department at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN) and the Department of Clinical Neuropathology at King's College Hospital. (kcl.ac.uk)
said Professor Michele Vendruscolo of Cambridge's Centre for Misfolding Diseases, who led the research. (cam.ac.uk)
To address the above issues, we have developed two main lines of research in the laboratory: a first line focuses on basic and translational animal research in brain development, and a second one focuses on promoting new technological approaches in developmental neuroscience. (iit.it)
The early positive signs for so-called prion diseases come from research in laboratory mice and cell cultures, they say in a report in ACS' Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. (scienceblog.com)
This chapter reviews the results of research on brain oscillations in PD focusing on theta (4-7Hz), beta (13-35Hz), gamma (70-80Hz) and high-frequency oscillations (200-400Hz). (cun.es)
It took him more than a year, but Pasca eventually secured a fellowship from the International Brain Research Organization, and moved to Stanford in 2009. (the-scientist.com)
Sergiu is incredibly driven and creative," says Columbia University autism researcher Jeremy Veenstra-Vanderweele , who first met the brain organoid pioneer at a course at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory where Pasca was presenting his research on iPSCs. (the-scientist.com)
Research that surfaced around problems with insulin and brain cell death offered health practitioners a way to identify useful prevention tactics that help restore the brain's cell function [v] . (greenmedinfo.com)
A research team from Boston University and the VA Boston Healthcare System conducted the largest study into the link between football related brain trauma and the degenerative brain disease chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE. (newsone.com)
The team diagnosed CTE in 110 out of 111 former NFL players whose brains were donated for research, publishing its findings on Tuesday, USA Today reports. (newsone.com)
The Brain Foundation is the largest, independent funder of brain and spinal injury research in Australia. (brainfoundation.org.au)
SAN DIEGO & PARIS--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Scientist.com, the life science industry's leading online marketplace for outsourced research, and The Brain and Spine Institute incubator, iPEPS-ICM , the first innovation accelerator dedicated to brain diseases in France, are partnering to launch a call for biotech startups developing novel approaches to fighting CNS diseases as part of a pitch competition. (businesswire.com)
Located in the heart of the Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital Center, the first neurology hospital in France, The Brain and Spine Institute (ICM) is a strong link between basic research and the clinical world. (businesswire.com)

Prions are self-replicating proteins that can cause fatal brain disease. (npr.org)

Back in 2015 she revealed she had been diagnosed with a meningioma brain tumor . (radaronline.com)
Based on the type of tumor, the brain disease market can be segmented into brain tumor, hydrocephalus, and glioblastoma. (clickpress.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms2

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes3

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Human complex sound analysis. (1/3110)

Computerised tomography and intellectual impairment in the elderly. (2/3110)

Computerised axial tomography in patients with severe migraine: a preliminary report. (3/3110)

Activated human T cells, B cells, and monocytes produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor in vitro and in inflammatory brain lesions: a neuroprotective role of inflammation? (4/3110)

Ma1, a novel neuron- and testis-specific protein, is recognized by the serum of patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders. (5/3110)

Two similar cases of encephalopathy, possibly a reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: serial findings of magnetic resonance imaging, SPECT and angiography. (6/3110)

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies: the enigma of genotype versus phenotype. (7/3110)

Changes in the diffusion of water and intracellular metabolites after excitotoxic injury and global ischemia in neonatal rat brain. (8/3110)

Brain Diseases

Brain

Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn

Encephalitis

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Mucopolysaccharidosis I

Leukoencephalopathies

Brain Diseases, Metabolic

Brain Chemistry

Alzheimer Disease

Blood-Brain Barrier

Neurons

Brain Injuries

Neural Stem Cells

Brain Neoplasms

Astrocytes

Schizophrenia

Brain Mapping

Disease Models, Animal

Microglia

Hippocampus

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted

Aging

Mental Disorders

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Brain Edema

Cells, Cultured

Immunohistochemistry

Biological Markers

Brain Stem

Brain Ischemia

Brain Abscess

Hypoxia, Brain

Cerebral Cortex

Brain Damage, Chronic

Human complex sound analysis. (1/3110)

Computerised tomography and intellectual impairment in the elderly. (2/3110)

Computerised axial tomography in patients with severe migraine: a preliminary report. (3/3110)

Activated human T cells, B cells, and monocytes produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor in vitro and in inflammatory brain lesions: a neuroprotective role of inflammation? (4/3110)

Ma1, a novel neuron- and testis-specific protein, is recognized by the serum of patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders. (5/3110)

Two similar cases of encephalopathy, possibly a reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: serial findings of magnetic resonance imaging, SPECT and angiography. (6/3110)

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies: the enigma of genotype versus phenotype. (7/3110)

Changes in the diffusion of water and intracellular metabolites after excitotoxic injury and global ischemia in neonatal rat brain. (8/3110)

Parkinson's18

Alzheimer's Disease67

Dementia18

Tissue29

Neurons8

Researchers16

Tumors5

Deep brain stimu9

Neurodegenerative disease2

Disorders18

Alzheimer7

Centers3

Cerebrovascular diseases3

Traumatic brain5

Mechanisms8

Rats2

Protein9

Diagnosis2

Vascular2

Pathology3

Clinically3

Cognitive impairment1

Amyotrophic lateral s1

Treatments6

Nervous system5

Patients13

Disorder3

Organoids8

Neurological disease1

Cellular8

Deficits1

Encephalitis3

Metabolic7

Search2

Nerve3