Short report: prevalence of antibodies against spotted fever, murine typhus, and Q fever rickettsiae in humans living in Zambia. (1/103)
The causative agents of rickettsial diseases (Rickettsia conorii, R. typhi, and Coxiella burnetii) have been reported throughout the African continent. However, there have been no reports on epidemiologic surveys of these infections in Zambia. This study was designed to clarify the prevalence of three rickettsioses in 377 humans in Zambia. The seroprevalence of antibodies against R. conorii, R. typhi, and C. burnetii was 16.7%, 5.0%, and 8.2%, respectively. The rates of antibody positivity against R. conorii and C. burnetii were higher in the eastern (23.1% and 11.8%) and western (16.8% and 7.4%) areas of Zambia than in the northern (3.0% and 3.0%) area of this country. There was little difference among the three areas in the distribution of antibodies against R. typhi. Since cattle breeding is more extensive in the western and eastern areas than in the northern area, it is thought that cattle-breeding areas are foci of R. conorii and C. burnetii infections in Zambia. (+info)Differential up-regulation of circulating soluble selectins and endothelial adhesion molecules in Sicilian patients with Boutonneuse fever. (2/103)
In 150 patients with Boutonneuse fever (BF), caused by Rickettsia conorii, we studied the plasma levels of soluble L-selectin (sL-selectin), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and E-selectin (sE-selectin) in various phases of disease to clarify their role in disease evolution. Results indicate that during the acute phase of BF there is a significant increase in the serum levels of sL-selectin, sE-selectin, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1. sL-selectin and sVCAM-1 returned to normal levels in the third week of disease, whereas sE-selectin and sICAM-1 persisted at significantly high levels even after the third week. The secretion of these soluble CAMs in BF is mainly the result of leucocyte expression and endothelial cell activation, but secretion also appears to mediate anti-inflammatory activities, moderating leucocyte adhesion and reducing in particular lymphocyte and monocyte infiltration. Only sL-selectin serum levels were found to correlate with the acute phase of infection characterized by fever. (+info)Epidemiological characteristics of spotted fever in Israel over 26 years. (3/103)
During the summer of 1997, 2 confirmed and several suspected fatal cases of spotted fever (SF) occurred in previously healthy young adults in Israel. This unusual cluster of events stimulated the current study. The incidence of SF in Israel from 1971-98 was analyzed. Incidence increased until 1980, declined until 1994, and increased slightly from 1994-97. Incidence was higher during the summer, among children aged 0-9 years, and in rural settlements in central Israel. From 1971-1997, 31 deaths were reported, mostly in the elderly. The deaths that occurred in 1997 are a reminder that, despite the fact that morbidity due to SF is described mainly in children, SF can have a rapidly fatal outcome in healthy young adults. Thus, even during periods of low incidence, careful monitoring and high awareness for prompt diagnosis and treatment are needed. (+info)New Rickettsiae in ticks collected in territories of the former soviet union. (4/103)
Dermacentor nuttallii from Siberia, Rhipicephalus sanguineus from Crimea, and Rh. pumilio from the Astrakhan region were infected with Rickettsia sibirica (12%), R. conorii (8%), and the Astrakhan fever agent (3%), respectively. Three new Rickettsiae of the R. massiliae genogroup were identified in ticks by 16S rDNA, gltA, and ompA sequencing. (+info)Short report: isolation and identification of two spotted fever group rickettsial strains from patients in Catalonia, Spain. (5/103)
Two rickettsial strains, 16B (previously isolated) and FB1, were isolated from blood from patients with Mediterranean spotted fever in Catalonia, Spain. These are the only 2 human rickettsial isolates of the spotted fever group obtained so far in Spain. These strains were identified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of a fragment of the outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene. The partial ompA sequence was found to be 100% identical with that of Rickettsia conorii (Malish 7 strain) for both strains. These results confirm the presence of R. conorii in Catalonia, despite the fact that in a previous study, no R. conorii were isolated, but a new rickettsial strain of the spotted fever group (Bar29) was isolated from dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) in Catalonia. Further studies are necessary to get a better knowledge of the epidemiology of rickettsiae in Catalonia. (+info)The rickettsial outer-membrane protein A and B genes of Rickettsia australis, the most divergent rickettsia of the spotted fever group. (6/103)
The genes for rickettsial outer-membrane protein A (rOmpA), a distinguishing feature of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae, and rOmpB, a genus-specific protein, were identified and sequenced in Rickettsia australis. The amino acid sequences of domains I, III and IV of the R. australis rOmpA share close homology with those of rOmpA of other SFG rickettsiae, but the repeat region (domain II) is dramatically different from that of other known SFG rOmpA. R. australis rOmpB is more similar to rOmpB of other SFG rickettsiae than to that of typhus group rickettsiae. (+info)Critical role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in immune clearance of rickettsial infection. (7/103)
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity developed against the major infected target cells of rickettsial infections, endothelial cells and macrophages. Spleen cells from mice immune to Rickettsia conorii exerted specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-matched CTL activity against R. conorii-infected SVEC-10 endothelial cells, with peak activity on day 10. Similarly, spleen cells from Rickettsia australis-immune mice exerted specific CTL activity against an R. australis-infected macrophage-like cell line. Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) gene knockout mice were more than 100-fold more susceptible to R. australis infection than wild-type C57BL/6 mice. MHC class I gene knockout mice were the most susceptible, more than 50,000-fold more susceptible to a lethal outcome of R. australis infection than wild-type C57BL/6 mice. These results indicate that CTL activity was more critical to recovery from rickettsial infection than were the effects of IFN-gamma. The observation that perforin gene knockout mice were more than 100-fold more susceptible than wild-type C57BL/6 mice indicates that perforin-mediated activity accounts for a large component, but not all, of the CTL-mediated antirickettsial effect. CTL activity was expressed by immune CD8 T lymphocytes. Adoptive transfer of immune CD8 T lymphocytes from IFN-gamma gene knockout mice into R. australis-infected IFN-gamma gene knockout mice dramatically reduced the infectious rickettsial content in the organs, confirming that CD8 T lymphocytes provide immunity against rickettsiae besides that provided by the secretion of IFN-gamma. CTLs appear to be crucial to recovery from rickettsial infection. (+info)Rickettsia felis: molecular characterization of a new member of the spotted fever group. (8/103)
In this report, placement of Rickettsia felis in the spotted fever group (SFG) rather than the typhus group (TG) of Rickettsia is proposed. The organism, which was first observed in cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) by electron microscopy, has not yet been reported to have been cultivated reproducibly, thereby limiting the standard rickettsial typing by serological means. To overcome this challenge, several genes were selected as targets to be utilized for the classification of R. felis. DNA from cat fleas naturally infected with R. felis was amplified by PCR utilizing primer sets specific for the 190 kDa surface antigen (rOmpA) and 17 kDa antigen genes. The entire 5,513 bp rompA gene was sequenced, characterized and found to have several unique features when compared to the rompA genes of other Rickettsia. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial sequence of the 17 kDa antigen gene indicated that R. felis is less divergent from the SFG rickettsiae than from the TG rickettsiae. The data corroborate results from previous reports that analysed the citrate synthase, 16S rRNA, rompB (135 kDa surface antigen), metK, ftsY, polA and dnaE genes that placed R. felis as a member of the SFG. The organism is passed trans-stadially and transovarially, and infection in the cat flea has been observed in the midgut, tracheal matrix, muscle, hypodermis, ovaries and testes. (+info)Boutonneuse fever, also known as Mediterranean spotted fever, is a tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia conorii. The name "boutonneuse" comes from the French word for "button-like," which refers to the characteristic eschar (a black scab) that often develops at the site of the tick bite.
The symptoms of boutonneuse fever typically appear within 1-2 weeks after a tick bite and include fever, headache, muscle pain, and fatigue. A rash may also develop, starting on the limbs and spreading to the trunk, which can help distinguish this disease from other tick-borne illnesses.
If left untreated, boutonneuse fever can be serious or even fatal, so it is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you have been bitten by a tick and are experiencing symptoms of the disease. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as doxycycline, which can help reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent complications.
Boutonneuse fever - Wikipedia
Mediterranean Spotted Fever (Boutonneuse Fever): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Imported Spotted Fevers | Other Spotted Fevers | CDC
Historical Review: Rickettsial Diseases and Their Impact on U.S. Military Forces | Health.mil
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Gonorrhea
Conorii5
- Boutonneuse fever (also called, Mediterranean spotted fever, fièvre boutonneuse, Kenya tick typhus, Indian tick typhus, Marseilles fever, or Astrakhan fever) is a fever as a result of a rickettsial infection caused by the bacterium Rickettsia conorii and transmitted by the dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. (wikipedia.org)
- Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF), also known as boutonneuse fever (BF), is caused by Rickettsia conorii subspecies conorii ( R conorii ). (medscape.com)
- Another frequently identified spotted fever group rickettsiosis is Mediterranean spotted fever, caused by Rickettsia conorii . (cdc.gov)
- R. conorii, the causative agent of Mediterranean spotted fever, is a tick-borne pathogen that primarily infects microvascular endothelium in humans. (utmb.edu)
- Rhipicephalus pulchellus has been linked to Rickettsia conorii, the agent of boutonneuse fever in humans, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus, and Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus. (bvsalud.org)
Rickettsia3
- The most commonly reported spotted fever reported among United States patients following international travel is African tick bite fever, caused by Rickettsia africae . (cdc.gov)
- However, most commercial tests are unable to distinguish among the different species of spotted fever group Rickettsia . (cdc.gov)
- A group of arthropod-borne diseases caused by spotted fever bio-group members of RICKETTSIA. (nih.gov)
Typhus2
Rickettsiosis1
- For example, SFR in the U.S. are caused by R. rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever [RMSF]), R. parkeri (R. parkeri rickettsiosis), and R. species 364D (Pacific Coast tick fever). (health.mil)
Conor and Bruch1
- This disease was first described in Tunisia in 1910 by Conor and Bruch and was named boutonneuse (French for "spotty") due to its papular skin-rash characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
Chills4
- After an incubation period around seven days, the disease manifests abruptly with chills, high fevers, muscular and articular pains, severe headache, and photophobia. (wikipedia.org)
- Signs and Symptoms of Gonorrhea No symptoms at all Burning during urination Abnormal menstrual bleeding Discharge from the penis or vagina Discharge from the throat or rectum Females may have pain in the lower belly with fever, chills and vomiting. (symptoma.com)
- Very rarely, the infection can settle in the heart and cause inflammation of the heart valves (endocarditis), manifesting with symptoms of malaise , fever, chills, and a heart murmur. (symptoma.com)
- VALUE RFVF 10050 ='Chills' 10100 ='Fever' 10120 ='Other symptoms of body temperature' 10121 ='Feeling cold' 10122 ='Feeling hot' 10123 ='Feeling hot and cold' 10150 ='Tiredness, exhaustion' 10200 ='General weakness' 10250 ='General ill feeling' 10300 ='Fainting (syncope)' 10350 ='Symptoms of fluid abnormalities' 10351 ='Edema' 10352 ='Excessive sweating, perspiration' 10353 ='Excessive thirst' 10400 ='Weight gain' 10450 ='Weight loss' 10451 ='Recent weight loss' 10452 ='Underweight' 10460 ='Symptoms of face, not elsewhere class. (cdc.gov)
Rickettsioses4
- Spotted fever group rickettsioses (spotted fevers) occur worldwide and result in a broad range of illnesses, from relatively mild to life-threatening. (cdc.gov)
- Spotted fever rickettsioses (SFR) are emerging in the Atlantic and Central regions of the U.S., though cases have been reported across the contiguous U.S. Military populations may be at increased risk for SFR because of residence in these regions and frequent field training in tick habitats. (health.mil)
- Spotted fever rickettsioses (SFR) can cause human infections ranging from asymptomatic or mild cases to severe, life-threatening disease. (health.mil)
- Rickettsioses and Q fever in travelers (2004-2013). (nih.gov)
Infection4
- Commercial antibody tests for RMSF can be used to confirm any spotted fever infection. (cdc.gov)
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a potentially fatal rickettsial infection that is transmitted by dog ticks and wood ticks. (msdmanuals.com)
- Spotted fevers develop when a tick carrying the infection bites a person. (msdmanuals.com)
- The infection causes a fever, fatigue, muscle aches, and headaches, usually followed a few days later by a rash. (msdmanuals.com)
Mediterranean Spott11
- Distribution and incidence of Mediterranean spotted fever (boutonneuse fever). (medscape.com)
- Courtesy of Professor Didier Raoult, Unité des Rickettsies, Marseille, France [Rovery C, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Questions on Mediterranean spotted fever a century after its discovery. (medscape.com)
- Black spot or "tache noire" in Mediterranean spotted fever. (medscape.com)
- Courtesy of Elsevier [Garcia-Fernandez-Bravo I, Demelo-Rodriguez P, Alejandre de Ona A, Del Toro Cervera J. Black spot or "tache noire" in Mediterranean spotted fever. (medscape.com)
- Maculopapular purpuric rash in Mediterranean spotted fever involving extremities. (medscape.com)
- Maculopapular rash in Mediterranean spotted fever involving palms. (medscape.com)
- Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) was fi rst described bacteria, including R. sibirica mongolitimonae, R. slovaca, in 1910. (cdc.gov)
- Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) is a tick-borne spotted fever (RMSF). (cdc.gov)
- The spotted fever group (SFG) comprises more than 30 species and includes the etiologic agents for Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), African tick-bite fever (ATBF), and Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF). (health.mil)
- Mediterranean spotted fever can occur year-round in the Mediterranean region because it is transmitted by the brown dog tick and thus may be acquired indoors. (msdmanuals.com)
- Based on epidemiological and clinical grounds African tick fever can be distinguished from Mediterranean spotted fever (fièvre boutonneuse). (ox.ac.uk)
Ticks1
- Doctors immediately prescribe an antibiotic, usually doxycycline , if they suspect a spotted fever based on symptoms and the potential for exposure to infected ticks-even if laboratory test results are not yet available. (msdmanuals.com)
Spotty1
- The illness derives its name from the French word boutonneux which translates as spotty or pimpled. (medscape.com)
Spotted fever group3
Eschar1
- A 26-year-old woman, who had visited the Krugerpark in South Africa 5 days before, presented with fever, a skin lesion with a black crust (eschar), lymphadenopathy and a vesiculo papular rash. (ox.ac.uk)
Nausea2
- A 65 year old farmer presents with fever, fatigue and nausea for 2 weeks. (pathologyoutlines.com)
- [2] [3] It may be accompanied by abdominal cramps, nausea, fever, headache and bloating. (wikipedia.org)
Israeli1
- Regnery R, Filipe A. Israeli spotted fever boutonneuse fever in Italy. (cdc.gov)
Rash3
- It causes a rash, headache, and high fever. (msdmanuals.com)
- About 4 days after the fever starts, a red rash appears on the forearms and spreads to most of the body, including the palms and soles. (msdmanuals.com)
- They are characterized by fever, headache, and petechial (spotted) rash. (nih.gov)
Dengue fever2
- This is partly due to the non-specific nature of the early symptoms of rickettsial diseases, which frequently present as undifferentiated febrile illness that is often indistinguishable from other infectious diseases, especially those common in tropical and subtropical regions (e.g., malaria, dengue fever, leptospirosis). (health.mil)
- Dengue fever cases, for example, have multiplied 30 times over five decades as urbanisation has spread in developing countries. (rentokil.com)
Travelers1
- Almost 90 percent of imported spotted fevers occur among travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. (cdc.gov)
Infections4
- The Weil-Felix test demonstrated low sensitivity (33%) in diagnosing acute rickettsial infections and low specificity, with a positive titre of 1:320 seen in 54% of healthy volunteers and 62% of non-rickettsial fever patients. (wikipedia.org)
- Spotted fever infections can range from mild to life-threatening. (cdc.gov)
- Doxycycline is the treatment of choice for all spotted fever infections. (cdc.gov)
- Diagnosis Rickettsial infections and related infections (such as anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and Q fever) are caused by an unusual type of bacteria that can live only inside the cells of another organism. (msdmanuals.com)
Clinical1
- In view of liver enzyme elevation and positive serology for Coxiella burnetii , the overall features are compatible with the clinical suspicion of Q fever associated hepatitis. (pathologyoutlines.com)
Symptoms2
- People may become exposed to these tick borne bacteria when traveling outside of the United States, and health care providers should be aware of these illnesses in patients who have signs and symptoms common to other spotted fevers and history of travel within 2 weeks of illness onset. (cdc.gov)
- Symptoms of these spotted fevers are similar and usually milder than those of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. (msdmanuals.com)
Severe1
- Onset is often acute, usually with fever , severe joint pain, and limitation of movement. (symptoma.com)
Occur1
- Below are the details for some of the spotted fevers that occur outside the United States. (cdc.gov)
Cholera1
- Blood or mucus in the diarrhea, significant abdominal pain, or high fever suggests a more serious cause, such as cholera , characterized by a rapid onset of weakness and torrents of watery diarrhea with flecks of mucus (described as "rice water" stools). (wikipedia.org)
Diseases1
- The Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus , for example, is a prolific breeder in man-made environments and a vector for several diseases including dengue, West Nile fever and Japanese encephalitis. (rentokil.com)
Disease2
- Al- scribed a century ago as a disease that caused high fever though the mortality rate was evaluated to be from 1% to and spots ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- The aim of this review is to fever group (SFG) antibodies were considered to have MSF show the evolution in our knowledge of MSF in the past 10 in countries where this disease was endemic. (cdc.gov)
Typically1
- Fever typically lasts over a week. (msdmanuals.com)
Antibiotic1
- Spotted fevers are treated with an antibiotic. (msdmanuals.com)
Headaches1
- These include fever , headaches , and vomiting. (infogalactic.com)
19981
- Surveillance for Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the Army began in 1998 and was expanded to include all SFR in 2017. (health.mil)