Dolphins
Bottle-Nosed Dolphin
Common Dolphins
Stenella
Blood
Cetacea
Morbillivirus Infections
Porpoises
Fungemia
Echolocation
Bacteremia
Mediterranean Sea
Fungi
Sucking Behavior
Drug Packaging
Mycology
Culture Media
Bacteria
Cucurbitaceae
Whales
Atlantic Ocean
Plastics
Sound Spectrography
Animals, Zoo
Diving
Establishment of epidermal cell lines derived from the skin of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). (1/109)
The Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), a marine mammal found off the Atlantic coast, has become the focus of considerable attention because of an increasing number of mortality events witnessed in this species over the last several years along the southeastern United States. Assessment of the impact of environmental stressors on bottlenose dolphins (BND) has been difficult because of the protected status of these marine mammals. The studies presented herein focused on establishing epidermal cell cultures and cell lines as tools for the in vitro evaluation of environmental stressors on BND skin. Epidermal cell cultures were established from skin samples obtained from Atlantic BND and subjected to karyotype analysis. These cultures were further characterized using immunohistochemical methods demonstrating expression of cytokeratins. By two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), we observed that the proteomic profile of BND skin tissue samples shared distinct similarities with that of skin-derived cultures. Epidermal cell cultures were transfected with a plasmid encoding the SV40 small t- and large T-antigens, as well as the neomycin-resistance gene. Five neomycin-resistant clones were isolated and expanded, and all of them proliferated at a faster rate than nontransfected BND epidermal cultures, which exhibited signs of senescence. Cell lysates prepared from two transfected clones were shown to express, by Western blot analysis, both SV40 tumor antigens. These experimental results are consistent with the concept that transfected clones expressing SV40 tumor antigens represent immortalized BND cell lines. Epidermal cell lines derived from Tursiops truncatus will provide a unique tool for studying key features of the interaction occurring between dolphins and the environment in which they live at their most crucial interface: the skin. (+info)Fatal necrotizing fasciitis and myositis in a captive common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) associated with Streptococcus agalactiae. (2/109)
A common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was presented for necropsy after acute onset of gastrointestinal signs and cutaneous lesions that rapidly progressed to death. Gross and microscopic findings were characterized by locally extensive severe necrohemorrhagic fasciitis and cellulitis, and severe necrotizing myositis in the head and dorsocranial thorax, with numerous disseminated gram-positive cocci. Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated from the lesions and from visceral organs (liver and lung), and it was identified by standard microbiology techniques. This communication is the first report of necrotizing fasciitis in a marine mammal associated with S. agalactiae. (+info)Signature whistle shape conveys identity information to bottlenose dolphins. (3/109)
Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) develop individually distinctive signature whistles that they use to maintain group cohesion. Unlike the development of identification signals in most other species, signature whistle development is strongly influenced by vocal learning. This learning ability is maintained throughout life, and dolphins frequently copy each other's whistles in the wild. It has been hypothesized that signature whistles can be used as referential signals among conspecifics, because captive bottlenose dolphins can be trained to use novel, learned signals to label objects. For this labeling to occur, signature whistles would have to convey identity information independent of the caller's voice features. However, experimental proof for this hypothesis has been lacking. This study demonstrates that bottlenose dolphins extract identity information from signature whistles even after all voice features have been removed from the signal. Thus, dolphins are the only animals other than humans that have been shown to transmit identity information independent of the caller's voice or location. (+info)Individual-based model framework to assess population consequences of polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in bottlenose dolphins. (4/109)
Marine mammals are susceptible to the effects of anthropogenic contaminants. Here we examine the effect of different polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) accumulation scenarios on potential population growth rates using, as an example, data obtained for the population of bottlenose dolphins from Sarasota Bay, Florida. To achieve this goal, we developed an individual-based model framework that simulates the accumulation of PCBs in the population and modifies first-year calf survival based on maternal blubber PCB levels. In our example the current estimated annual PCB accumulation rate for the Sarasota Bay dolphin population might be depressing the potential population growth rate. However, our predictions are limited both by model naivety and parameter uncertainty. We emphasize the need for more data collection on the relationship between maternal blubber PCB levels and calf survivorship, the annual accumulation of PCBs in the blubber of females, and the transfer of PCBs to the calf through the placenta and during lactation. Such data require continued efforts directed toward long-term studies of known individuals in wild and semiwild populations. (+info)Functional imaging of dolphin brain metabolism and blood flow. (5/109)
This report documents the first use of magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of living dolphins to register functional brain scans, allowing for the exploration of potential mechanisms of unihemispheric sleep. Diazepam has been shown to induce unihemispheric slow waves (USW), therefore we used functional imaging of dolphins with and without diazepam to observe hemispheric differences in brain metabolism and blood flow. MRIs were used to register functional brain scans with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) in trained dolphins. Scans using SPECT revealed unihemispheric blood flow reduction following diazepam doses greater than 0.55 mg kg(-1) for these 180-200 kg animals. Scans using PET revealed hemispheric differences in brain glucose consumption when scans with and without diazepam were compared. The findings suggest that unihemispheric reduction in blood flow and glucose metabolism in the hemisphere showing USW are important features of unihemispheric sleep. Functional scans may also help to elucidate the degree of hemispheric laterality of sensory and motor systems as well as in neurotransmitter or molecular mechanisms of unihemispheric sleep in delphinoid cetaceans. The findings also demonstrate the potential value of functional scans to explore other aspects of dolphin brain physiology as well as pathology. (+info)Dolphin continuous auditory vigilance for five days. (6/109)
The present report describes the first study of continuous vigilance in dolphins. Two adult bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), WEN (male) and SAY (female), maintained a very high detection rate of randomly presented, infrequent, 1.5-s target tones in a background of frequent 0.5-s equal-amplitude tones over five continuous 120-h sessions. The animals were able to maintain high levels (WEN 97, 87, 99%; SAY 93, 96%) of target detection without signs of sleep deprivation as indicated by behavior, blood indices or marked sleep rebound during 24 h of continuous post-experiment observation. Target response time overall (F = 0.384; P = 0.816) did not change between day 1 and day 5. However, response time was significantly slower (F = 21.566, P = 0.019) during the night (21.00-04.00 h) when the dolphins would have ordinarily been resting or asleep. (+info)Characterization of a Brucella sp. strain as a marine-mammal type despite isolation from a patient with spinal osteomyelitis in New Zealand. (7/109)
Naturally acquired infection of humans with a marine mammal-associated Brucella sp. has only been reported once previously in a study describing infections of two patients from Peru. We report the isolation and characterization of a strain of Brucella from a New Zealand patient that appears most closely related to strains previously identified from marine mammals. The isolate was preliminarily identified as Brucella suis using conventional bacteriological tests in our laboratory. However, the results profile was not an exact match, and the isolate was forwarded to four international reference laboratories for further identification. The reference laboratories identified the isolate as either B. suis or B. melitensis by traditional bacteriological methods in three laboratories and by a molecular test in the fourth laboratory. Molecular characterization by PCR, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and DNA sequencing of the bp26 gene; IS711; the omp genes omp25, omp31, omp2a, and omp2b; IRS-PCR fragments I, III, and IV; and five housekeeping gene fragments was conducted to resolve the discrepant identification of the isolate. The isolate was identified to be closely related to a Brucella sp. originating from a United States bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and common seals (Phoca vitulina). (+info)Isolation and characterization of the first American bottlenose dolphin papillomavirus: Tursiops truncatus papillomavirus type 2. (8/109)
A novel papillomavirus (PV) was isolated from a genital condyloma of a free-ranging bottlenose dolphin inhabiting the coastal waters of Charleston Harbor, SC, USA: Tursiops truncatus papillomavirus type 2 (TtPV2). This novel virus represents the first isolated North American cetacean PV and the first American bottlenose dolphin PV. After the viral genome was cloned, sequenced and characterized genetically, phylogenetic analyses revealed that TtPV2 is most similar to the only published cetacean PV isolated and characterized thus far, Phocoena spinipinnis PV type 1 (PsPV1). A striking feature of the genome of TtPV2, as well as that of PsPV1, is the lack of an E7 open reading frame, which typically encodes one of the oncogenic proteins believed to be responsible for malignant transformation in the high-risk mucosotropic human papillomaviruses (HPVs). TtPV2 E6 contains a PDZ-binding motif that has been shown to be involved in transformation in the case of high-risk genital HPVs. (+info)"Dolphins" is a common name that refers to several species of marine mammals belonging to the family Delphinidae, within the larger group Cetacea. Dolphins are known for their intelligence, social behavior, and acrobatic displays. They are generally characterized by a streamlined body, a prominent dorsal fin, and a distinctive "smiling" expression created by the curvature of their mouths.
Although "dolphins" is sometimes used to refer to all members of the Delphinidae family, it is important to note that there are several other families within the Cetacea order, including porpoises and whales. Therefore, not all small cetaceans are dolphins.
Some examples of dolphin species include:
1. Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) - This is the most well-known and studied dolphin species, often featured in aquariums and marine parks. They have a robust body and a prominent, curved dorsal fin.
2. Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) - These dolphins are characterized by their hourglass-shaped color pattern and distinct, falcate dorsal fins. There are two subspecies: the short-beaked common dolphin and the long-beaked common dolphin.
3. Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris) - Known for their acrobatic behavior, spinner dolphins have a slender body and a long, thin beak. They are named for their spinning jumps out of the water.
4. Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus) - These dolphins have a unique appearance, with a robust body, a prominent dorsal fin, and a distinctive, scarred skin pattern caused by social interactions and encounters with squid, their primary food source.
5. Orca (Orcinus orca) - Also known as the killer whale, orcas are the largest dolphin species and are highly intelligent and social predators. They have a distinctive black-and-white color pattern and a prominent dorsal fin.
In medical terminology, "dolphins" do not have a specific relevance, but they can be used in various contexts such as therapy, research, or education. For instance, dolphin-assisted therapy is an alternative treatment that involves interactions between patients and dolphins to improve psychological and physical well-being. Additionally, marine biologists and researchers study dolphin behavior, communication, and cognition to understand their complex social structures and intelligence better.
The Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is the most common and well-known dolphin species. They are called "bottlenose" due to the distinctive shape of their short, thick beak which resembles a bottle. Adult bottlenose dolphins can grow up to 2-4 meters in length and weigh between 150-650 kilograms.
They have a streamlined body, a prominent dorsal fin, and a flexible, powerful tail fluke that they use for swimming. Bottlenose dolphins are known for their intelligence, social behavior, and complex communication skills, which include a series of clicks, whistles, and body movements. They typically live in groups called pods and are found in warm and temperate seas worldwide.
Bottlenose dolphins are also known for their playful behavior and have been observed engaging in activities such as surfing waves, playing with seaweed or marine debris, and leaping out of the water. They feed on a variety of fish and squid species and use echolocation to help them locate prey.
In addition to being popular in aquariums and dolphin shows, bottlenose dolphins are also trained by the military for tasks such as locating underwater mines and recovering lost equipment. However, they face several threats from human activities, including habitat loss, pollution, and intentional harm from fishing gear entanglement and vessel strikes. Conservation efforts are in place to protect bottlenose dolphins and their populations are monitored to ensure their continued survival.
Bottle feeding is a method of providing nutrition to infants and young children using a bottle and an artificial nipple. The bottle is filled with milk or formula, and the child sucks on the nipple to draw the liquid out. This can be done with expressed breast milk or commercial infant formula. Bottle feeding can be a convenient alternative to breastfeeding, but it is important to follow proper techniques to ensure that the baby is receiving adequate nutrition and to prevent dental problems and ear infections. It's also important to clean the bottles and nipples properly to avoid contamination and growth of bacteria.
Common dolphins refer to several species of dolphins that belong to the genus Delphinus. The two most widely recognized and studied species are the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus capensis). These intelligent and social marine mammals are known for their distinctive hourglass or crisscross patterns on their sides. They prefer warm and temperate offshore waters and are often found in large groups called pods. Adult common dolphins typically measure between 6 to 8 feet long and weigh around 200-650 pounds, depending on the species.
"Stenella" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a genus of dolphins, which includes several species such as the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), the Clymene dolphin (Stenella clymene), and the pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata). These dolphins are known for their acrobatic behaviors, such as leaping and bow riding. If you have any other questions or need information on a medical topic, I'd be happy to help!
Blood is the fluid that circulates in the body of living organisms, carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removing carbon dioxide and other waste products. It is composed of red and white blood cells suspended in a liquid called plasma. The main function of blood is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. It also transports nutrients, hormones, and other substances to the cells and removes waste products from them. Additionally, blood plays a crucial role in the body's immune system by helping to fight infection and disease.
Cetacea is a taxonomic order that includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises. This group of marine mammals is characterized by their fully aquatic lifestyle, torpedo-shaped bodies, modified limbs that serve as flippers, and the absence of external hindlimbs. Cetaceans have streamlined bodies that minimize drag while swimming, and their tail flukes enable powerful propulsion through vertical movement in the water column.
Their respiratory system features a pair of blowholes on the top of their heads, which they use to breathe air at the surface. Cetaceans exhibit complex social behaviors, advanced communication skills, and sophisticated echolocation abilities for navigation and hunting. They primarily feed on fish and invertebrates, with some larger species preying on marine mammals.
Cetaceans have a global distribution, occupying various habitats such as open oceans, coastal areas, and rivers. Unfortunately, many cetacean populations face threats from human activities like pollution, habitat degradation, climate change, and direct hunting or bycatch in fishing gear. Conservation efforts are crucial to protect these remarkable creatures and their vital roles in marine ecosystems.
Morbillivirus infections refer to a group of viral illnesses caused by members of the Morbillivirus genus, which is part of the Paramyxoviridae family. The most well-known morbillivirus infection is measles, a highly contagious disease that primarily affects humans. Other examples of morbillivirus infections include:
1. Canine distemper: A viral illness that affects dogs and other animals such as raccoons, ferrets, and skunks. It can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms.
2. Phocine distemper: A viral disease primarily affecting seals, particularly the harbor seal population in Europe. It can lead to severe respiratory and neurological issues.
3. Rinderpest: A highly contagious and fatal disease that affects cattle, buffalo, and other even-toed ungulates (hoofed mammals). This disease has been eradicated globally through vaccination programs.
4. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR): Also known as sheep and goat plague, this morbillivirus infection affects small ruminants such as sheep and goats. It can cause severe respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive symptoms.
5. Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) infections: These affect various species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises, causing respiratory, neurological, and immunological issues.
Morbillivirus infections are typically spread through direct contact with infected individuals or their bodily fluids. Vaccination programs have been successful in controlling and eradicating some of these diseases, such as rinderpest and measles.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "porpoises" are not a medical term. They refer to a group of marine mammals that are closely related to dolphins. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify those for you!
Fungemia is the presence of fungi (fungal organisms) in the blood. It's a type of bloodstream infection, which can be serious and life-threatening, particularly for people with weakened immune systems. The fungi that cause fungemia often enter the bloodstream through medical devices like catheters or from a fungal infection somewhere else in the body.
Fungemia is often associated with conditions like candidemia (caused by Candida species) and aspergillemia (caused by Aspergillus species). Symptoms can vary widely but often include fever, chills, and other signs of infection. It's important to diagnose and treat fungemia promptly to prevent serious complications like sepsis.
Microbiological techniques refer to the various methods and procedures used in the laboratory for the cultivation, identification, and analysis of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. These techniques are essential in fields like medical microbiology, food microbiology, environmental microbiology, and industrial microbiology.
Some common microbiological techniques include:
1. Microbial culturing: This involves growing microorganisms on nutrient-rich media in Petri dishes or test tubes to allow them to multiply. Different types of media are used to culture different types of microorganisms.
2. Staining and microscopy: Various staining techniques, such as Gram stain, acid-fast stain, and methylene blue stain, are used to visualize and identify microorganisms under a microscope.
3. Biochemical testing: These tests involve the use of specific biochemical reactions to identify microorganisms based on their metabolic characteristics. Examples include the catalase test, oxidase test, and sugar fermentation tests.
4. Molecular techniques: These methods are used to identify microorganisms based on their genetic material. Examples include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and gene probes.
5. Serological testing: This involves the use of antibodies or antigens to detect the presence of specific microorganisms in a sample. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting.
6. Immunofluorescence: This technique uses fluorescent dyes to label antibodies or antigens, allowing for the visualization of microorganisms under a fluorescence microscope.
7. Electron microscopy: This method uses high-powered electron beams to produce detailed images of microorganisms, allowing for the identification and analysis of their structures.
These techniques are critical in diagnosing infectious diseases, monitoring food safety, assessing environmental quality, and developing new drugs and vaccines.
Bacteriological techniques refer to the various methods and procedures used in the laboratory for the cultivation, identification, and study of bacteria. These techniques are essential in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and research. Here are some common bacteriological techniques:
1. **Sterilization**: This is a process that eliminates or kills all forms of life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Common sterilization methods include autoclaving (using steam under pressure), dry heat (in an oven), chemical sterilants, and radiation.
2. **Aseptic Technique**: This refers to practices used to prevent contamination of sterile materials or environments with microorganisms. It includes the use of sterile equipment, gloves, and lab coats, as well as techniques such as flaming, alcohol swabbing, and using aseptic transfer devices.
3. **Media Preparation**: This involves the preparation of nutrient-rich substances that support bacterial growth. There are various types of media, including solid (agar), liquid (broth), and semi-solid (e.g., stab agar). The choice of medium depends on the type of bacteria being cultured and the purpose of the investigation.
4. **Inoculation**: This is the process of introducing a bacterial culture into a medium. It can be done using a loop, swab, or needle. The inoculum should be taken from a pure culture to avoid contamination.
5. **Incubation**: After inoculation, the bacteria are allowed to grow under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, and atmospheric composition. This process is called incubation.
6. **Staining and Microscopy**: Bacteria are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Therefore, they need to be stained and observed under a microscope. Gram staining is a common method used to differentiate between two major groups of bacteria based on their cell wall composition.
7. **Biochemical Tests**: These are tests used to identify specific bacterial species based on their biochemical characteristics, such as their ability to ferment certain sugars, produce particular enzymes, or resist certain antibiotics.
8. **Molecular Techniques**: Advanced techniques like PCR and DNA sequencing can provide more precise identification of bacteria. They can also be used for genetic analysis and epidemiological studies.
Remember, handling microorganisms requires careful attention to biosafety procedures to prevent accidental infection or environmental contamination.
Echolocation is a biological sonar system used by certain animals to navigate and locate objects in their environment. It is most commonly associated with bats and dolphins, although some other species such as shrews and cave-dwelling birds also use this method.
In echolocation, the animal emits a series of sounds, often in the form of clicks or chirps, which travel through the air or water until they hit an object. The sound then reflects off the object and returns to the animal, providing information about the distance, size, shape, and location of the object.
By analyzing the time delay between the emission of the sound and the reception of the echo, as well as the frequency changes in the echo caused by the movement of the object or the animal itself, the animal can create a mental image of its surroundings and navigate through it with great precision.
Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. It is a medical condition that occurs when bacteria from another source, such as an infection in another part of the body, enter the bloodstream. Bacteremia can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, and rapid heart rate, and it can lead to serious complications such as sepsis if not treated promptly with antibiotics.
Bacteremia is often a result of an infection elsewhere in the body that allows bacteria to enter the bloodstream. This can happen through various routes, such as during medical procedures, intravenous (IV) drug use, or from infected wounds or devices that come into contact with the bloodstream. In some cases, bacteremia may also occur without any obvious source of infection.
It is important to note that not all bacteria in the bloodstream cause harm, and some people may have bacteria in their blood without showing any symptoms. However, if bacteria in the bloodstream multiply and cause an immune response, it can lead to bacteremia and potentially serious complications.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Mediterranean Sea" is a geographical term referring to the body of water located between Europe and Africa, and it is not a medical term. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar in the west and to the Red Sea through the Suez Canal in the east. The Mediterranean Sea is known for its unique climate and biodiversity. If you have any questions related to medical or health topics, I would be happy to try to help with those!
Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.
Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.
Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.
Aerobiosis is the process of living, growing, and functioning in the presence of oxygen. It refers to the metabolic processes that require oxygen to break down nutrients and produce energy in cells. This is in contrast to anaerobiosis, which is the ability to live and grow in the absence of oxygen.
In medical terms, aerobiosis is often used to describe the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, that require oxygen to survive and multiply. These organisms are called aerobic organisms, and they play an important role in many biological processes, including decomposition and waste breakdown.
However, some microorganisms are unable to grow in the presence of oxygen and are instead restricted to environments where oxygen is absent or limited. These organisms are called anaerobic organisms, and their growth and metabolism are referred to as anaerobiosis.
"Sucking behavior" is not a term typically used in medical terminology. However, in the context of early childhood development and behavior, "non-nutritive sucking" is a term that may be used to describe an infant or young child's habitual sucking on their thumb, fingers, or pacifiers, beyond what is necessary for feeding. This type of sucking behavior can provide a sense of security, comfort, or help to self-soothe and manage stress or anxiety.
It's important to note that while non-nutritive sucking is generally considered a normal part of early childhood development, persistent sucking habits beyond the age of 2-4 years may lead to dental or orthodontic problems such as an overbite or open bite. Therefore, it's recommended to monitor and address these behaviors if they persist beyond this age range.
Drug packaging refers to the process and materials used to enclose, protect, and provide information about a pharmaceutical product. The package may include the container for the medication, such as a bottle or blister pack, as well as any accompanying leaflets or inserts that contain details about the drug's dosage, side effects, and proper use.
The packaging of drugs serves several important functions:
1. Protection: Proper packaging helps to protect the medication from physical damage, contamination, and degradation due to exposure to light, moisture, or air.
2. Child-resistance: Many drug packages are designed to be child-resistant, meaning they are difficult for young children to open but can still be easily accessed by adults.
3. Tamper-evidence: Packaging may also include features that make it easy to detect if the package has been tampered with or opened without authorization.
4. Labeling: Drug packaging must comply with regulatory requirements for labeling, including providing clear and accurate information about the drug's ingredients, dosage, warnings, and precautions.
5. Unit-dose packaging: Some drugs are packaged in unit-dose form, which means that each dose is individually wrapped or sealed in a separate package. This can help to reduce medication errors and ensure that patients receive the correct dosage.
6. Branding and marketing: Drug packaging may also serve as a tool for branding and marketing the product, with distinctive colors, shapes, and graphics that help to differentiate it from similar products.
Mycology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and classification, their role in diseases and decomposition processes, and their potential uses in industry, agriculture, and medicine. It involves the examination and identification of various types of fungi, such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms, and the investigation of their ecological relationships with other organisms and their environments. Mycologists may also study the medical and veterinary importance of fungi, including the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections, as well as the development of antifungal drugs and vaccines.
Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.
Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.
Cucurbitaceae is the scientific name for the gourd family of plants, which includes a variety of vegetables and fruits such as cucumbers, melons, squashes, and pumpkins. These plants are characterized by their trailing or climbing growth habits and their large, fleshy fruits that have hard seeds enclosed in a protective coat. The fruits of these plants are often used as food sources, while other parts of the plant may also have various uses such as medicinal or ornamental purposes.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. Whales are not a medical term but rather large marine mammals. They belong to the Cetacean family, which includes dolphins and porpoises. If you're asking about a medical condition or something similar that might be associated with the word "whales," I would need more information to provide an accurate response.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Atlantic Ocean" is a geographical term referring to one of the five oceans on Earth. It doesn't have a medical definition. The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean, covering approximately 20% of the Earth's surface. It stretches from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, alternatively, to the Antarctica region) in the south, and is bounded by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east.
"Plastics" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a broader context, plastics can refer to a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that are used in various medical applications due to their durability, flexibility, and ability to be molded into different shapes. Some examples include:
1. Medical devices such as catheters, implants, and surgical instruments.
2. Packaging for medical supplies and pharmaceuticals.
3. Protective barriers like gloves and gowns used in medical settings.
4. Intraocular lenses and other ophthalmic applications.
It's important to note that the term "plastics" is not a medical term per se, but rather a general category of materials with diverse uses across different industries, including healthcare.
Sound spectrography, also known as voice spectrography, is a diagnostic procedure in which a person's speech sounds are analyzed and displayed as a visual pattern called a spectrogram. This test is used to evaluate voice disorders, speech disorders, and hearing problems. It can help identify patterns of sound production and reveal any abnormalities in the vocal tract or hearing mechanism.
During the test, a person is asked to produce specific sounds or sentences, which are then recorded and analyzed by a computer program. The program breaks down the sound waves into their individual frequencies and amplitudes, and displays them as a series of horizontal lines on a graph. The resulting spectrogram shows how the frequencies and amplitudes change over time, providing valuable information about the person's speech patterns and any underlying problems.
Sound spectrography is a useful tool for diagnosing and treating voice and speech disorders, as well as for researching the acoustic properties of human speech. It can also be used to evaluate hearing aids and other assistive listening devices, and to assess the effectiveness of various treatments for hearing loss and other auditory disorders.
"Animals, Zoo" is not a medical term. However, it generally refers to a collection of various species of wild animals kept in enclosures or exhibits for the public to view and learn about. These animals are usually obtained from different parts of the world and live in environments that attempt to simulate their natural habitats. Zoos play an essential role in conservation efforts, education, and research. They provide a unique opportunity for people to connect with wildlife and understand the importance of preserving and protecting endangered species and their ecosystems.
The term "diving" is generally not used in the context of medical definitions. However, when referring to diving in relation to a medical or physiological context, it usually refers to the act of submerging the body underwater, typically for activities such as swimming, snorkeling, or scuba diving.
In a medical or physiological sense, diving can have specific effects on the human body due to changes in pressure, temperature, and exposure to water. Some of these effects include:
* Changes in lung volume and gas exchange due to increased ambient pressure at depth.
* Decompression sickness (DCS) or nitrogen narcosis, which can occur when dissolved gases form bubbles in the body during ascent from a dive.
* Hypothermia, which can occur if the water is cold and the diver is not adequately insulated.
* Barotrauma, which can occur due to pressure differences between the middle ear or sinuses and the surrounding environment.
* Other medical conditions such as seizures or heart problems can also be exacerbated by diving.
It's important for divers to undergo proper training and certification, follow safe diving practices, and monitor their health before and after dives to minimize the risks associated with diving.
Anaerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not require oxygen to grow and survive. Instead, they can grow in environments that have little or no oxygen. Some anaerobic bacteria can even be harmed or killed by exposure to oxygen. These bacteria play important roles in many natural processes, such as decomposition and the breakdown of organic matter in the digestive system. However, some anaerobic bacteria can also cause disease in humans and animals, particularly when they infect areas of the body that are normally oxygen-rich. Examples of anaerobic bacterial infections include tetanus, gas gangrene, and dental abscesses.
Zoosafari Fasanolandia
Tresaith
Akeakamai
Animal language
Vocal learning
Micropogonias furnieri
Religious behavior in animals
William Barnard Clarke (physician)
River Teifi
Shannon Estuary
Georgia Aquarium
Human-animal communication
Pelican Lagoon
Aberporth
Joel Silverman
Bon Secour, Alabama
United States Navy torpedo retrievers
Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica
Trichosporon asteroides
Lacazia
Animal echolocation
Animal cognition
Alloparenting
Malin Head
Islay
Winthrop Kellogg
Gulf of Chiriquí
Hibbs Pyramid
Fauna of Montenegro
Bottlenose dolphin
Grey Bottle Nosed Dolphin
Bottle-nose dolphins swimming underwater | Tony Rath Photography
Images of Belize: Bottle-nosed Dolphin
Bottle Nosed Dolphins
bottle nose dolphin Archives - Animals Network
Zoosafari Fasanolandia - Wikipedia
Dolphin Tours Offer Spectacular Views of the Lowcountry Coast
Dolphin hi-res stock photography and images - Alamy
Spatial segregation of calving and nursing Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) in the Azores, and its conservation implications ...
Browsing Discussion Papers, Concepts and Proposals by Issue Date
Mundo Marino in San Clemente del Tuyú
WILDWATCH ALGARVE (Ferragudo) - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go
Sonar beam dynamics in leaf-nosed bats | Scientific Reports
Lobomycosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Frontiers | The Relevance of Human Whistled Languages for the Analysis and Decoding of Dolphin Communication
Sub-surface hotspots in shallow seas: fine-scale limited locations of top predator foraging habitat indicated by tidal mixing...
Dolphin Safe
Grieving Mother Dolphin Seen Carrying Her Dead Calf | IFLScience
Kangaroo Island Wildlife - Our Incredible Native Animals
LCA-20090416-120651- DSC4928.jpg | Wild Wonders of Europe
Cute Wallpaper Free HD Backgrounds Images Pictures
Cape Town Pelagics - Trip Report - 18 February 2016 by Andrew de Blocq
12 beaches to blow your mind | PerthNow
Dolphins and Whales (Popular Themes) Collection available as Framed Prints, Photos, Wall Art and Photo Gifts
24 questions with answers in MARINE PROTECTED AREAS | Science topic
10 best whale and dolphin watching cruises from NJ
10 Things to Do on a Cruise From Miami to Nassau & Key West | Celebrity Cruises
MARINE MAMMAL BIOLOGY, HSBANDRY, AND MEDICINE
Tursiops5
- RM D45JG1 - Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, leaps from the ocean off Curacao, Netherlands Antilles, Caribbean. (alamy.com)
- Cheal AJ, Gales NJ (1992) Growth, sexual maturity and food-intake of Australian Indian-Ocean Bottle-Nosed Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus , in captivity. (springer.com)
- STA-126 Bottlenose Dolphins - Tail dancing Tursiops truncatus Augusto Leandro Stanzani Please note that prints are for personal display purposes only and may not be reproduced in any way. (mediastorehouse.com)
- TOM-773 Bottlenosed Dolphin - Leaping out of water Tursiops truncatus Tom & Pat Leeson Please note that prints are for personal display purposes only and may not be reproduced in any way. (mediastorehouse.com)
- Most are pelagic animals/caught in tuna seining fishing Lagenorhynchus acutus- Atlantic white sided fishing Tursiops truncatus- Atlantic Bottlenosed Dolphin Length 2.5-3 meters Large melon/short beaksd Tursiops truncatus var gillil- Pacific Bottlenosed Dolphin g. (wustl.edu)
Bottlenose12
- Bottlenose dolphins are one of the most easily recognized marine mammals across the world. (animals.net)
- RF KHY3W2 - Bottlenose Dolphin on White - The Bottlenose dolphin inhabits warm and temperate seas and searches for forage fish to eat. (alamy.com)
- RF BBFXYP - Bottlenose dolphin with diver. (alamy.com)
- RM DNC66C - Bottlenose Dolphin in shallow water. (alamy.com)
- Fearnbach H, Durban J, Parsons K, Claridge D (2012) Seasonality of calving and predation risk in bottlenose dolphins on Little Bahama Bank. (springer.com)
- Gibson QA, Howells EM, Lambert JD, Mazzoil MM, Richmond JP (2013) The ranging patterns of female bottlenose dolphins with respect to reproductive status: testing the concept of nursery areas. (springer.com)
- until they spotted a family of bottlenose dolphins. (tripadvisor.co.uk)
- The wild bottlenose dolphin was seen carrying her deceased calf near Bay of Islands in New Zealand. (iflscience.com)
- The female bottlenose dolphin was first seen carrying her calf, suspected of being stillborn, on January 29. (iflscience.com)
- A common bottlenose dolphin was seen interacting with a dead calf in the Gulf of Ambracia in Greece just two years ago. (iflscience.com)
- Bottlenose Dolphins are spotted in their natural habitat as they play and swim along the coastline between Ballina and Byron Bay on our incredible Dolphin Cruise. (getyourguide.com)
- On Hilton Head Island, bottlenose dolphins are prevalent along the shoreline, especially during the summer, while several oceanfront resorts on the Island-including Hilton Head Plantation, Port Royal Plantation, Palmetto Dunes and Forest Beach-are excellent places to see a bottlenose dolphin. (hiltonheadisland.org)
PORPOISES2
- Harbour porpoises, bottle-nose dolphins and seals are also seen regularly off the coast of Portmuck. (discovernorthernireland.com)
- As the sea warms, so the fish return and the first dolphins and Harbour Porpoises appear to feed upon them, their presence often betrayed by wheeling gulls and Gannets. (isleoftiree.com)
Atlantic8
- RM FA4RDR - Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (Stenella frontalis), mother & calf porpoising, Azores, Atlantic Ocean. (alamy.com)
- Since the original report, lobomycosis has been reported in many South American countries, in North American travelers to endemic regions, closely related disease in 2 species of Atlantic dolphins, and in 1 marine park dolphin trainer. (medscape.com)
- In 2015, a group of four Atlantic spotted dolphins was observed carrying a dead calf at the surface of the water off the coast of Portugal. (iflscience.com)
- Albatrosses were particularly abundant too, including all of Shy, Black-browed, Indian and Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross . (capetownpelagics.com)
- Families can enjoy a thrilling view of beautiful Atlantic bottle-nosed dolphins. (wobm.com)
- Atlantic bottle-nose dolphins are the most common type you'll find in Key West. (celebritycruises.com)
- Before coming to JBU, while completing his Master's degree, Dr. Wakefield trained Atlantic Bottle Nosed Dolphins at World's of Fun in Kansas City Missouri. (jbu.edu)
- Kayak the tidal waters of the coast, go fishing in the Atlantic, or sail through our waterways on a boat tour and get up close and personal with a bottle-nosed dolphin. (hiltonheadisland.org)
Dolphinarium2
- Dolphinarium: Several Bottle-nosed dolphins. (wikipedia.org)
- Amundin M (1986) Breeding the bottle-nosed dolphin: at the Kolmården Dolphinarium. (springer.com)
Stenella3
- RM AW6DYX - Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris, leap into the Pacific air at the same time, Hawaii. (alamy.com)
- RM GWF7ND - A Hawaiian spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) flies by inside of Kailua Bay on the Kona Coast of the Big Island, Hawaii. (alamy.com)
- Family Delphinidae Two or more cervical vertebrae fused Beak (rostrum) distinct/Adult length less than 4 meters Delphinus delphinus- Common Dolphin Stenella sp. (wustl.edu)
Whale6
- If you want delicious dolphin meat, you just have to buy cheap whale meat. (amazingsuperpowers.com)
- Besides hanging out on the beach soaking up the rays and enjoying a cool dip in the ocean, try something different one day with the family that's both fun and educational, like a whale and dolphin watching cruise. (wobm.com)
- Here are the 10 of the best whale and dolphin watching cruises in New Jersey. (wobm.com)
- Whale and Dolphin Watching - This three-hour-long cruise departs at 1 p.m. from Miss Chris Marina. (wobm.com)
- Whale and Dolphin Weekend Cruise - This 2.5-hour-long cruise departs at 10 a.m. from Miss Chris Marina. (wobm.com)
- Included in the cruise: (same as Summer Dolphin Cruises) plus a whale sense certified naturalist, captain and crew on board, and access to local flavors at the snack bar. (wobm.com)
World's1
- Atlantis is also home to the world's biggest open-air marine habitat and the famous Dolphin Cay, where you can interact and play with dolphins, stingrays, and other marine life. (celebritycruises.com)
Whales and dolphins2
- Evans PGH (1987) The natural history of whales and dolphins. (springer.com)
- Indeed, a study published last year in Zoology suggests that whales and dolphins do mourn, care for, attend, and even become aroused by dead or dying members of the same species. (iflscience.com)
Pods3
- We identified 694 pods of Risso's dolphins overall. (springer.com)
- The Ballina & Byron Bay coast plays host to resident pods of bottle nose dolphins all year round. (getyourguide.com)
- Learn about our local pods of dolphins, their habits and behaviours. (getyourguide.com)
Wildlife3
- The Wales Coast Path provides plenty of wildlife watching opportunities from the red billed chough to bottle nose dolphins. (nationaltrust.org.uk)
- Take a tour of Shell Island's natural wildlife or a cruise along the coast to watch the schools of fish or swim with the dolphins. (gogirlfriend.com)
- Explore breathtaking coastline, encounter dolphins, turtles, and other wildlife in Cape Byron Marine Park with a marine Biologist Guide. (getyourguide.com)
Swim4
- Barradell MG, Ritter F (2007) Swim-With-Dolphin Activities in the Azores-Steps towards Sustainability. (springer.com)
- The development and implementation of a dolphin swim code of conduct in Mozambique. (springer.com)
- Hop on a boat for an eco-tour of the area's incredible waters, where dolphins swim and play before your eyes. (celebritycruises.com)
- Many dolphin watching tours from Honolulu allow you to swim with the spectacular marine animals in their natural habitat. (theplanetd.com)
Seals2
- In the year 1977, Mundo Marino already had its first dolphin and, by the 1977/78 summer season, it opened its doors to the public with authorized pools for seals, fish and dolphins. (welcomeargentina.com)
- There are five Black sea bottle-nose dolphins and four Northern fur seals. (cheaptickets.nl)
Species1
- Observing details, such as processes of segmentation and coarticulation, in whistled speech can serve to advance and inform the development of new approaches for the analysis of whistle repertoires of dolphins, and eventually other species. (frontiersin.org)
Underwater1
- I've marked them down to 4 stars because when we found the dolphins, one of the crew filmed them underwater as they passed under the boat, but spent most of his time talking to passengers at the front of the craft, with his camera off. (tripadvisor.co.uk)
Inia1
- Family Platanistidae Inia geoffrensis - Amazon River Dolphin Very poor vision/Appear pink when young f. (wustl.edu)
Shell Island3
- We love catching a look at the dolphins out at Shell Island. (shellislandshuttle.com)
- Many passengers on the Shell Island Shuttle have great pictures and experiences encountering dolphins every day. (shellislandshuttle.com)
- Shell Island is home to one of highest populations of bottle-nosed dolphins. (gogirlfriend.com)
Birds1
- The birds come along later for easy pickings of what the dolphins didn't eat. (discoversouthcarolina.com)
Common3
- Bottle Nosed Dolphins are bigger than Common Dolphins, but that does not make them easier to see or photograph. (nigelspencer.co.uk)
- The reason for this is that they are not attracted to boats in the same way as common Dolphins. (nigelspencer.co.uk)
- Similarly, several wild long-beaked common dolphins in the East Sea were seen supporting a dying comrade , including "attempts to support the stricken individual. (iflscience.com)
Aquarium1
- This report contains detailed information, in writing and visual, for a future dolphin project on Curaçao at the Sea Aquarium. (unep.org)
Calf1
- Just as the world was beginning to heal from the tragedy of the orca mother who carried her deceased calf for nearly three weeks, a mourning dolphin mother has been reported off the coast of New Zealand carrying her dead calf in a similar funeral-style manner. (iflscience.com)
Cruise4
- Summer Dolphin Cruises - The two-hour cruise departs at 6:30 p.m. and goes around Cape Island. (wobm.com)
- Dolphin Watching - This two-hour-long cruise departs at 10 a.m. from Miss Chris Marina. (wobm.com)
- We are so sure you'll spot a dolphin that we offer a free return trip if you don't see one on your first Dolphin Cruise! (getyourguide.com)
- The Vagabond Cruise fleet offers a wide range or water-bound tours and excursions including dolphin cruises, dinner cruises, ferry service to both Savnanah, GA and Daufuskie Island, sailing aboard the America's Cup stars and stripes, shrimp trawling and crabbing aboard the Tammy Jane, and so much more! (hiltonheadisland.org)
Waters1
- Sitting in a small boat navigating the waters off Hilton Head Island , you watch as groups of dolphins glide past. (discoversouthcarolina.com)
Excursion2
- On a dolphin watching and beachcombing excursion with Island Explorer of Hilton Head Island, a three-hour tour becomes a lesson in ecology, a chance to gather shells from a low-tide shoal and a close-up view of dolphins in their natural habitat. (discoversouthcarolina.com)
- There are also many companies offering dolphin tours , while marine life study and dolphin-watching excursion cruises are available through the Coastal Discovery Museum and several of the Island's public marinas. (hiltonheadisland.org)
Fish1
- That's when dolphin push small fish up onto the muddy banks, where the dolphins can easily eat their catch. (discoversouthcarolina.com)
Watching5
- Wildwatch Algarve is dolphin watching and more. (tripadvisor.co.uk)
- After the trip in our dolphin watching center, you get extra information, coffee, tea and cookies and we show you the video of the dolphin trip. (tripadvisor.co.uk)
- The Dolphin Watching Adventure Cruises leave at 1 pm daily from June 1 - Sept. 30 in the summer. (wobm.com)
- In fact, going snorkeling and dolphin watching is one of the best things to do in Honolulu. (theplanetd.com)
- But going dolphin watching is a fabulous way to combine a once-in-a-lifetime activity with some general island sightseeing. (theplanetd.com)
Habitat1
- Here, we test the hypothesis that calving and nursing habitat could be defined for Risso's dolphins ( Grampus griseus ). (springer.com)
Aboard1
- How about enjoying your own personal dolphin show while you and your family relax aboard a pontoon boat? (shellislandshuttle.com)
Waves1
- Marvel at playful dolphins, surfing the waves coming off of the hull. (getyourguide.com)
Zealand1
- Most dolphin mothers in New Zealand will give birth during the summer after a gestation period of about a year. (iflscience.com)
Depart1
- These dolphin and nature cruises depart Tuesday and Thursday evenings at 6:30 p.m. for a two-hour tour. (wobm.com)
Groups3
- If in doubt avoid all dolphin groups in the [area]," said Peters. (iflscience.com)
- A highlight for the trip was the visit of a pod of perhaps 100 Indian Bottle-nosed Dolphins , split into family groups of 10-20, some with young. (capetownpelagics.com)
- The winds that take the geese north bring the very first of the Corncrakes, whilst groups of Black-tailed Godwits in their brick-red breeding plumage stop off to feed at the edges of the machair lochs, en route to their Icelandic breeding grounds. (isleoftiree.com)
Tour1
- Five days a week, there will also be a 9:30 a.m. dolphin tour where people can see dolphins, sharks, and possible whales on this two-hour trip. (wobm.com)
Tuna1
- So long, dolphins, and thanks for all the YOU in my tuna cans. (amazingsuperpowers.com)
Family1
- Dolphin reunites with Family! (shellislandshuttle.com)
Coast1
- The first half of the trip visited the caves and rock formations along the coast from Ferragudo to Benagil Cave, followed by a very fast ride out to sea beyond sight of land to find whales and/or dolphins. (tripadvisor.co.uk)
Animals1
- Dolphins are smart animals. (amazingsuperpowers.com)
Enjoy1
- Here is a very interesting article we thought you guys might enjoy reading about bottled nose dolphins. (shellislandshuttle.com)
Natural1
- Island Explorer follows the Dolphin Smart guidelines for responsible dolphin viewing, which means you watch the dolphins in their natural homes with no interference. (discoversouthcarolina.com)
Beautiful1
- Working with dolphins is one of the most beautiful things that may happen to a person. (welcomeargentina.com)
Year1
- The dolphins, orcas and sea lions, along with the trainers who keep the mysteries and secrets of the sea alive all through the year, turn this oceanarium into a unique place transmitted from generation to generation. (welcomeargentina.com)
Wild1
- Wild dolphins should never be fed by humans. (discoversouthcarolina.com)
Found2
- Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross was found soon after. (capetownpelagics.com)
- It turned out those keen eyes had indeed found a trawler, 'The Realeka' , and our timing could not have been better as it was hauling nets for processing, and had pulled in huge aggregations of tube-noses, White-chinned Petrels in particular. (capetownpelagics.com)
Water1
- The migratory dolphins stay in the Hilton Head area from mid-April into November, then head south looking for warmer water. (discoversouthcarolina.com)
High1
- When we got the video they send you, it had almost no pictures of the dolphins surfacing and we had not taken many photos on the assumption that we would get high quality video. (tripadvisor.co.uk)
Black1
- Newborn dolphins are almost black with rings down their body that eventually disappear. (discoversouthcarolina.com)
Head1
- I'll crack your head open like a ripe dolphin head, and then eat it! (amazingsuperpowers.com)
Stay1
- Some dolphins -- Harkins estimates about 200 -- stay here through the winter. (discoversouthcarolina.com)
Show1
- The dolphins show sweetness and affection in every show, in addition to their beauty and elasticity, which allows them to fly several meters in the air and fall back into the pool in a light splash. (welcomeargentina.com)