The distance from the sole to the crown of the head with body standing on a flat surface and fully extended.
Broken bones in the vertebral column.
The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
Crumbling or smashing of cancellous BONE by forces acting parallel to the long axis of bone. It is applied particularly to vertebral body fractures (SPINAL FRACTURES). (Blauvelt and Nelson, A Manual of Orthopedic Terminology, 1994, p4)
Particular categories of body build, determined on the basis of certain physical characteristics. The three basic body types are ectomorph (thin physique), endomorph (rounded physique), and mesomorph (athletic physique).
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Procedures to repair or stabilize vertebral fractures, especially compression fractures accomplished by injecting BONE CEMENTS into the fractured VERTEBRAE.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by an exaggerated convexity of the vertebral column. The forward bending of the thoracic region usually is more than 40 degrees. This deformity sometimes is called round back or hunchback.
Fractures occurring as a result of disease of a bone or from some undiscoverable cause, and not due to trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Procedures to restore vertebrae to their original shape following vertebral compression fractures by inflating a balloon inserted into the vertebrae, followed by removal of the balloon and injection of BONE CEMENTS to fill the cavity.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
The spinal or vertebral column.
Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
The state of society as it exists or in flux. While it usually refers to society as a whole in a specified geographical or political region, it is applicable also to restricted strata of a society.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses.
Any of the 23 plates of fibrocartilage found between the bodies of adjacent VERTEBRAE.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Norway" is a country name and doesn't have a medical definition. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I'd be happy to help!
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poland" is not a medical term or concept; it is a country located in Central Europe. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help answer those!
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finland" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in Northern Europe, known officially as the Republic of Finland. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.
The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
## I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Japan" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Asia, known as Nihon-koku or Nippon-koku in Japanese, and is renowned for its unique culture, advanced technology, and rich history. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!
The physical measurements of a body.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sweden" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in Northern Europe. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to try to help answer them!
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Gradual increase in the number, the size, and the complexity of cells of an individual. Growth generally results in increase in ORGAN WEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; and BODY HEIGHT.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
A period in the human life in which the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system takes place and reaches full maturity. The onset of synchronized endocrine events in puberty lead to the capacity for reproduction (FERTILITY), development of secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS, and other changes seen in ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT.
Establishment of the age of an individual by examination of their skeletal structure.
Measurements of the height, weight, length, area, etc., of the human and animal body or its parts.

Effect of growth hormone treatment on adult height of children with idiopathic short stature. Genentech Collaborative Group. (1/4132)

BACKGROUND: Short-term administration of growth hormone to children with idiopathic short stature results in increases in growth rate and standard-deviation scores for height. However, the effect of long-term growth hormone therapy on adult height in these children is unknown. METHODS: We studied 121 children with idiopathic short stature, all of whom had an initial height below the third percentile, low growth rates, and maximal stimulated serum concentrations of growth hormone of at least 10 microg per liter. The children were treated with growth hormone (0.3 mg per kilogram of body weight per week) for 2 to 10 years. Eighty of these children have reached adult height, with a bone age of at least 16 years in the boys and at least 14 years in the girls, and pubertal stage 4 or 5. The difference between the predicted adult height before treatment and achieved adult height was compared with the corresponding difference in three untreated normal or short-statured control groups. RESULTS: In the 80 children who have reached adult height, growth hormone treatment increased the mean standard-deviation score for height (number of standard deviations from the mean height for chronologic age) from -2.7 to -1.4. The mean (+/-SD) difference between predicted adult height before treatment and achieved adult height was +5.0+/-5.1 cm for boys and +5.9+/-5.2 cm for girls. The difference between predicted and achieved adult height among treated boys was 9.2 cm greater than the corresponding difference among untreated boys with initial standard-deviation scores of less than -2, and the difference among treated girls was 5.7 cm greater than the difference among untreated girls. CONCLUSION: Long-term administration of growth hormone to children with idiopathic short stature can increase adult height to a level above the predicted adult height and above the adult height of untreated historical control children.  (+info)

Short stature and cardiovascular disease among men and women from two southeastern New England communities. (2/4132)

BACKGROUND: Short stature has been associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), although the reason for the association remains unclear. Data on the relation between stature and stroke is more limited. We examined the association between stature and CHD as well as between stature and stroke in men and women from two communities in southeastern New England. METHODS: Coronary heart disease and stroke events were abstracted from medical records between January 1980 and December 1991. An epidemiological diagnostic algorithm developed to measure CHD was used in the present analysis. Unadjusted relative risks (RR) and RR adjusted for age, smoking status, obesity, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol <0.91 mmol/l, total cholesterol >6.21 mmol/l, hypertension, diabetes, education, and being foreign born were computed by gender-specific height categories separately for men (n = 2826) and women (n = 3741). RESULTS: A graded inverse association between stature and risk of CHD was observed among men which persisted after adjustment for confounders. Men >69.75 inches had an 83% lower risk of CHD compared with men < or = 65 inches. In addition, the tallest men had a 67% decreased risk of stroke compared with the shortest men. No significant relation between stature and CHD or stroke was observed among women. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the hypothesis that stature is inversely related to both risk of CHD and stroke at least among men. Factors which might explain this association remain to be determined.  (+info)

Long-term results of GH therapy in GH-deficient children treated before 1 year of age. (3/4132)

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term effects of GH therapy in early diagnosed GH-deficient patients treated before 1 year of age. STUDY DESIGN: We studied all 59 patients (33 males) recorded by Association France-Hypophyse and treated with GH (0.50+/-0.15 IU/kg (S.D.) per week) before 1 year of age. Clinical presentation and growth parameters under GH treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: Neonatal manifestations of hypopituitarism were frequent: hypoglycemia (n=50), jaundice (n=25) and micropenis (n=17/33). Although birth length was moderately reduced (-0.9+/-1.4), growth retardation at diagnosis (5.8+/-3.8 months) was severe (-3.5+/-1.9 standard deviation scores (SDS)). Fifty patients (85%) had thyrotropin and/or corticotropin deficiency. After a mean duration of GH therapy of 8.0+/-3.6 years, change in height SDS was +3.11+/-2.06 S.D., exceeding 4 SDS in 19 patients. Only 9 patients (15%) did not reach a height of -2 S.D. for chronological age and 20 patients (34%) exceeded their target height. Pretreatment height SDS was independently associated with total catch-up growth. CONCLUSION: Conventional doses of GH allow normalization of height in patients with early GH deficiency and treatment.  (+info)

Changes in body composition and leptin levels during growth hormone (GH) treatment in short children with various GH secretory capacities. (4/4132)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to follow changes in body composition, estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in relation to changes in leptin during the first year of GH therapy in order to test the hypothesis that leptin is a metabolic signal involved in the regulation of GH secretion in children. DESIGN AND METHODS: In total, 33 prepubertal children were investigated. Their mean (S.D.) chronological age at the start of GH treatment was 11.5 (1.6) years, and their mean height was -2.33 (0.38) S.D. scores (SDS). GH was administered subcutaneously at a daily dose of 0.1 (n=26) or 0.2 (n=7) IU/kg body weight. Ten children were in the Swedish National Registry for children with GH deficiency, and twenty-three children were involved in trials of GH treatment for idiopathic short stature. Spontaneous 24-h GH secretion was studied in 32 of the children. In the 24-h GH profiles, the maximum level of GH was determined and the secretion rate estimated by deconvolution analysis (GHt). Serum leptin levels were measured at the start of GH treatment and after 10 and 30 days and 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment. Body composition measurements, by DXA, were performed at baseline and 12 months after the onset of GH treatment. RESULTS: After 12 months of GH treatment, mean height increased from -2.33 to -1.73 SDS and total body fat decreased significantly by 3.0 (3.3)%. Serum leptin levels were decreased significantly at all time points studied compared with baseline. There was a significant correlation between the change in total body fat and the change in serum leptin levels during the 12 months of GH treatment, whereas the leptin concentration per unit fat mass did not change. In a multiple stepwise linear regression analysis with 12 month change in leptin levels as the dependent variable, the percentage change in fat over 12 months, the baseline fat mass (%) of body mass and GHt accounted for 24.0%, 11.5% and 12.2% of the variability respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant correlations between changes in leptin and fat and endogenous GH secretion in short children with various GH secretory capacities. Leptin may be the messenger by which the adipose tissue affects hypothalamic regulation of GH secretion.  (+info)

Gender-specific differences in dialysis quality (Kt/V): 'big men' are at risk of inadequate haemodialysis treatment. (5/4132)

BACKGROUND: Inadequate dialysis dose is closely related to mortality and morbidity of maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients. According to the DOQI guidelines a minimum prescribed dialysis dose of single-pool Kt/V (Kt/Vsp)=1.3, equivalent to equilibrated double pool Kt/V (e-Kt/Vdp)=1.1, is recommended. Knowledge of patient-related risk factors for inadequate delivery of hacmodialysis would be helpful to select patient subgroups for intensive control ofdialysis adequacy. METHODS: A retrospective survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of inadequate dialysis dose according to DOQI criteria during a 7-month period. A total of 320 e-Kt/Vdp measurements in 62 MHD patients were evaluated (mean effective dialysis time 222+/-32 min). Residual renal function (RRF) was expressed as renal weekly Kt/V (r-Kt/Vweek) and included into assessment of total weekly renal and dialytic Kt/V (t-Kt/Vweek). RESULTS: Inadequacy (e-Kt/Vdp<1.10) was prevalent in 37.2% of all measurements and in 22/62 patients (35.5%). In 54% of underdialysed patients r-Kt/Vweek compensated for insufficient dialytic urea removal. Mean weekly Kt/V was inadequate (t-Kt/Vweek<3.30) in 12/62 patients (19.4%) of whom 91.7% (11/12) were male. Body-weight, urea distribution volume (UDV). and body-surface area (BSA) were significantly higher in inadequately is adequately dialysed males. UDV>42.0 litres or BSA>2.0 m2 and a lack of RRF (r-Kt/Vweek<0.3) put 'big men' at increased risk to receive an inadequate dose of dialysis. CONCLUSION: Our data identify patients at risk for inadequate haemodialysis treatment. Special attention should be focused on 'big men' with UDV>42.0 litres or BSA>2.0 m2. In this subset of patients frequent measurements of t-Kt/Vweek and assessment of RRF should be mandatory.  (+info)

Variation in subglottic size in children. (6/4132)

The incidence of variation in the subglottic size was investigated in 3304 infants and children. A mild degree of congenital subglottic stenosis was found in 0.91% and a moderate degree of stenosis in 0.06% of the patients. A mild degree of congenital subglottic enlargement was noted in 0.7% and moderate enlargement in 0.06% of the patients.  (+info)

Burden of infection on growth failure. (7/4132)

The high prevalence of infections among children living in poor areas of developing countries impairs linear growth in these populations. Acute, invasive infections, which provoke a systemic response (e.g., dysentery and pneumonia), and chronic infections, which affect the host over a sustained period (e.g., gut helminth infections), have a substantial effect on linear growth. Such infections can diminish linear growth by affecting nutritional status. This occurs because infections may decrease food intake, impair nutrient absorption, cause direct nutrient losses, increase metabolic requirements or catabolic losses of nutrients and, possibly, impair transport of nutrients to target tissues. In addition, induction of the acute phase response and production of proinflammatory cytokines may directly affect the process of bone remodeling that is required for long bone growth. Infection of cells directly involved in bone remodeling (osteoclasts or osteoblasts) by specific viruses may also directly affect linear growth. Many interventions are possible to diminish the effect of infection on growth. Prevention of disease through sanitation, vector control, promotion of breast-feeding and vaccination is crucial. Appropriate treatment of infections (e.g., antibiotics for pneumonia) as well as supportive nutritional therapy (again including breast-feeding) during and after recovery, is also important. Targeted therapeutic interventions to decrease the prevalence of gut helminth infections may also be appropriate in areas in which such infections are widespread. Such interventions are of public health benefit not only because they reduce the incidence or severity of infections, but also because they decrease the long-term detrimental effect of malnutrition on populations.  (+info)

Predicting longitudinal growth curves of height and weight using ecological factors for children with and without early growth deficiency. (8/4132)

Growth curve models were used to examine the effect of genetic and ecological factors on changes in height and weight of 225 children from low income, urban families who were assessed up to eight times in the first 6 y of life. Children with early growth deficiency [failure to thrive (FTT)] (n = 127) and a community sample of children without growth deficiency (n = 98) were examined to evaluate how genetic, child and family characteristics influenced growth. Children of taller and heavier parents, who were recruited at younger ages and did not have a history of growth deficiency, had accelerated growth from recruitment through age 6 y. In addition, increases in height were associated with better health, less difficult temperament, nurturant mothers and female gender; increases in weight were associated with better health. Children with a history of growth deficiency demonstrated slower rates of growth than children in the community group without a history of growth deficiency. In the community group, changes in children's height and weight were related to maternal perceptions of health and temperament and maternal nurturance during feeding, whereas in the FTT group, maternal perceptions and behavior were not in synchrony with children's growth. These findings suggest that, in addition to genetic factors, growth is dependent on a nurturant and sensitive caregiving system. Interventions to promote growth should consider child and family characteristics, including maternal perceptions of children's health and temperament and maternal mealtime behavior.  (+info)

"Body height" is a measure of the vertical length of a person's body from the top of their head to the bottom of their feet. It is typically measured in units such as centimeters (cm) or inches (in). In medical settings, body height is often used as a basic anthropometric measurement to assess overall health status, growth and development, nutritional status, and aging-related changes.

There are different methods for measuring body height, but the most common one involves having the person stand upright against a vertical surface (such as a wall or a stadiometer) with their heels, buttocks, shoulders, and head touching the surface. The measurement is taken at the point where the top of the person's head meets the surface.

Body height can be influenced by various factors, including genetics, nutrition, health status, and environmental conditions. Changes in body height over time can provide important insights into a person's health trajectory and potential health risks. For example, a significant decrease in body height may indicate bone loss or spinal compression, while a rapid increase in height during childhood or adolescence may suggest optimal growth and development.

A spinal fracture, also known as a vertebral compression fracture, is a break in one or more bones (vertebrae) of the spine. This type of fracture often occurs due to weakened bones caused by osteoporosis, but it can also result from trauma such as a car accident or a fall.

In a spinal fracture, the front part of the vertebra collapses, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease, while the back part of the vertebra remains intact. This results in a wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebra. Multiple fractures can lead to a hunched forward posture known as kyphosis or dowager's hump.

Spinal fractures can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms, depending on the location and severity of the fracture. In some cases, spinal cord compression may occur, leading to more severe symptoms such as paralysis or loss of bladder and bowel control.

Anthropometry is the scientific study of measurements and proportions of the human body. It involves the systematic measurement and analysis of various physical characteristics, such as height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, and other body measurements. These measurements are used in a variety of fields, including medicine, ergonomics, forensics, and fashion design, to assess health status, fitness level, or to design products and environments that fit the human body. In a medical context, anthropometry is often used to assess growth and development, health status, and disease risk factors in individuals and populations.

The thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region of the spine, which is the portion between the cervical and lumbar regions. These vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12, with T1 being closest to the skull and T12 connecting to the lumbar region.

The main function of the thoracic vertebrae is to provide stability and support for the chest region, including protection for the vital organs within, such as the heart and lungs. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets on its sides, which articulate with the heads of the ribs, forming the costovertebral joints. This connection between the spine and the ribcage allows for a range of movements while maintaining stability.

The thoracic vertebrae have a unique structure compared to other regions of the spine. They are characterized by having long, narrow bodies, small bony processes, and prominent spinous processes that point downwards. This particular shape and orientation of the thoracic vertebrae contribute to their role in limiting excessive spinal movement and providing overall trunk stability.

The lumbar vertebrae are the five largest and strongest vertebrae in the human spine, located in the lower back region. They are responsible for bearing most of the body's weight and providing stability during movement. The lumbar vertebrae have a characteristic shape, with a large body in the front, which serves as the main weight-bearing structure, and a bony ring in the back, formed by the pedicles, laminae, and processes. This ring encloses and protects the spinal cord and nerves. The lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5, starting from the uppermost one. They allow for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation movements of the trunk.

A compression fracture is a type of bone fracture that occurs when there is a collapse of a vertebra in the spine. This type of fracture is most commonly seen in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine. Compression fractures are often caused by weakened bones due to osteoporosis, but they can also result from trauma or tumors that weaken the bone.

In a compression fracture, the front part (anterior) of the vertebra collapses, while the back part (posterior) remains intact, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease. This can lead to pain, deformity, and decreased mobility. In severe cases, multiple compression fractures can result in a condition called kyphosis, which is an abnormal curvature of the spine that leads to a hunchback appearance.

Compression fractures are typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment may include pain medication, bracing, physical therapy, or in some cases, surgery. Preventive measures such as maintaining a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and taking medications to prevent or treat osteoporosis can help reduce the risk of compression fractures.

Somatotype is a term used in the field of human biology and medicine, particularly in anthropometry, which refers to the scientific study of measurements of the human body. It was introduced by American psychologist William H. Sheldon in the 1940s as part of his concept of "constitutional psychology."

Somatotype is a classification system that categorizes human body types based on their skeletal frame, muscle development, and body fat distribution. The system uses a three-number rating scale to describe an individual's somatotype, with each number ranging from 1 to 7:

1. Endomorphy (softness, roundness): Refers to the degree of relative body fatness or adiposity, which is determined by measuring skinfold thicknesses at various sites on the body. Higher values indicate a greater amount of body fat.
2. Mesomorphy (muscularity, hardness): Represents the degree of muscular development and bone structure, assessed through measurements of muscle circumferences and skeletal breadths. Higher values suggest a more muscular and robust build.
3. Ectomorphy (linearity, slenderness): Describes the relative leanness and linearity of the body, evaluated using height-to-weight ratios and other anthropometric measures. Higher values indicate a leaner and more delicate physique.

An individual's somatotype is typically expressed as a set of three numbers, such as 4-6-2 or 2-5-3, representing their endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy ratings, respectively. It is important to note that somatotypes are not fixed and can change over time due to factors like aging, lifestyle choices, and exercise habits.

While Sheldon's constitutional psychology theory has been largely discredited, the concept of somatotyping remains a valuable tool in various fields such as sports science, health, and fitness for assessing and comparing body composition and structure.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

Vertebroplasty is a medical procedure used to treat spinal fractures, particularly those resulting from osteoporosis or cancer. The procedure involves injecting a type of bone cement called polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) into the damaged vertebra. This helps to stabilize the bone, reduce pain, and improve function.

During the procedure, a small incision is made in the skin, and a hollow needle is guided using fluoroscopy (a type of X-ray guidance) into the fractured vertebra. Once in place, the PMMA cement is injected into the bone, where it hardens quickly, providing stability to the fractured vertebra.

It's important to note that while vertebroplasty can be an effective treatment for some patients with spinal fractures, it's not always necessary or appropriate. The decision to undergo this procedure should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider and based on a thorough evaluation of the patient's individual needs and circumstances.

Kyphosis is a medical term used to describe an excessive curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane, leading to a rounded or humped back appearance. This condition often affects the thoracic region of the spine and can result from various factors such as age-related degenerative changes, congenital disorders, Scheuermann's disease, osteoporosis, or traumatic injuries. Mild kyphosis may not cause any significant symptoms; however, severe cases can lead to pain, respiratory difficulties, and decreased quality of life. Treatment options typically include physical therapy, bracing, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.

Spontaneous fractures are bone breaks that occur without any identifiable trauma or injury. They are typically caused by underlying medical conditions that weaken the bones, making them more susceptible to breaking under normal stress or weight. The most common cause of spontaneous fractures is osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Other potential causes include various bone diseases, certain cancers, long-term use of corticosteroids, and genetic disorders affecting bone strength.

It's important to note that while the term "spontaneous" implies that the fracture occurred without any apparent cause, it is usually the result of an underlying medical condition. Therefore, if you experience a spontaneous fracture, seeking medical attention is crucial to diagnose and manage the underlying cause to prevent future fractures and related complications.

Kyphoplasty is a surgical procedure used to treat vertebral compression fractures, which are commonly caused by osteoporosis or cancer. The goal of kyphoplasty is to stabilize the fracture, reduce pain, and restore some or all of the lost vertebral body height.

During the procedure, a small incision is made in the back, and a narrow tube is inserted into the damaged vertebra under the guidance of fluoroscopy (a type of continuous X-ray imaging). A special balloon is then inflated inside the vertebral body to create a cavity or space. This process helps to restore the height of the vertebra and correct any abnormal kyphosis (hunchback) deformity that may have developed due to the fracture.

Once the desired cavity has been created, bone cement is injected into the space to stabilize the vertebra. The cement hardens quickly, providing immediate support and pain relief. After the procedure, patients are usually advised to limit their physical activity for a short period of time to allow the cement to fully set.

It's important to note that kyphoplasty is not suitable for all types of spinal fractures or conditions, and its effectiveness may vary depending on the individual case. Therefore, a thorough evaluation by a spine specialist is necessary before deciding whether this procedure is appropriate.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. It's calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Here is the medical definition:

Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / [height(m)]^2

According to the World Health Organization, BMI categories are defined as follows:

* Less than 18.5: Underweight
* 18.5-24.9: Normal or healthy weight
* 25.0-29.9: Overweight
* 30.0 and above: Obese

It is important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying weight issues in populations, it does have limitations when applied to individuals. For example, it may not accurately reflect body fat distribution or muscle mass, which can affect health risks associated with excess weight. Therefore, BMI should be used as one of several factors when evaluating an individual's health status and risk for chronic diseases.

The spine, also known as the vertebral column, is a complex structure in the human body that is part of the axial skeleton. It is composed of 33 individual vertebrae (except in some people where there are fewer due to fusion of certain vertebrae), intervertebral discs, facet joints, ligaments, muscles, and nerves.

The spine has several important functions:

1. Protection: The spine protects the spinal cord, which is a major component of the nervous system, by enclosing it within a bony canal.
2. Support: The spine supports the head and upper body, allowing us to maintain an upright posture and facilitating movement of the trunk and head.
3. Movement: The spine enables various movements such as flexion (bending forward), extension (bending backward), lateral flexion (bending sideways), and rotation (twisting).
4. Weight-bearing: The spine helps distribute weight and pressure evenly across the body, reducing stress on individual vertebrae and other structures.
5. Blood vessel and nerve protection: The spine protects vital blood vessels and nerves that pass through it, including the aorta, vena cava, and spinal nerves.

The spine is divided into five regions: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), and coccyx (4 fused vertebrae, also known as the tailbone). Each region has unique characteristics that allow for specific functions and adaptations to the body's needs.

"Sex characteristics" refer to the anatomical, chromosomal, and genetic features that define males and females. These include both primary sex characteristics (such as reproductive organs like ovaries or testes) and secondary sex characteristics (such as breasts or facial hair) that typically develop during puberty. Sex characteristics are primarily determined by the presence of either X or Y chromosomes, with XX individuals usually developing as females and XY individuals usually developing as males, although variations and exceptions to this rule do occur.

Regression analysis is a statistical technique used in medicine, as well as in other fields, to examine the relationship between one or more independent variables (predictors) and a dependent variable (outcome). It allows for the estimation of the average change in the outcome variable associated with a one-unit change in an independent variable, while controlling for the effects of other independent variables. This technique is often used to identify risk factors for diseases or to evaluate the effectiveness of medical interventions. In medical research, regression analysis can be used to adjust for potential confounding variables and to quantify the relationship between exposures and health outcomes. It can also be used in predictive modeling to estimate the probability of a particular outcome based on multiple predictors.

Medical professionals may use the term "social conditions" to refer to various environmental and sociological factors that can impact an individual's health and well-being. These conditions can include things like:

* Socioeconomic status (SES): This refers to a person's position in society, which is often determined by their income, education level, and occupation. People with lower SES are more likely to experience poor health outcomes due to factors such as limited access to healthcare, nutritious food, and safe housing.
* Social determinants of health (SDOH): These are the conditions in which people live, learn, work, and play that affect a wide range of health risks and outcomes. Examples include poverty, discrimination, housing instability, education level, and access to healthy foods and physical activity opportunities.
* Social support: This refers to the emotional, informational, and instrumental assistance that individuals receive from their social networks, including family, friends, neighbors, and community members. Strong social support is associated with better health outcomes, while lack of social support can contribute to poor health.
* Social isolation: This occurs when people are disconnected from others and have limited social contacts or interactions. Social isolation can lead to negative health outcomes such as depression, cognitive decline, and increased risk for chronic diseases.
* Community context: The physical and social characteristics of the communities in which people live can also impact their health. Factors such as access to green spaces, transportation options, and safe housing can all contribute to better health outcomes.

Overall, social conditions can have a significant impact on an individual's health and well-being, and addressing these factors is essential for promoting health equity and improving overall public health.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a type of synthetic resin that is widely used in the medical field due to its biocompatibility and versatility. It is a transparent, rigid, and lightweight material that can be easily molded into different shapes and forms. Here are some of the medical definitions of PMMA:

1. A biocompatible acrylic resin used in various medical applications such as bone cement, intraocular lenses, dental restorations, and drug delivery systems.
2. A type of synthetic material that is used as a bone cement to fix prosthetic joint replacements and vertebroplasty for the treatment of spinal fractures.
3. A transparent and shatter-resistant material used in the manufacture of medical devices such as intravenous (IV) fluid bags, dialyzer housings, and oxygenators.
4. A drug delivery system that can be used to administer drugs locally or systemically, such as intraocular sustained-release drug implants for the treatment of chronic eye diseases.
5. A component of dental restorations such as fillings, crowns, and bridges due to its excellent mechanical properties and esthetic qualities.

Overall, PMMA is a versatile and valuable material in the medical field, with numerous applications that take advantage of its unique properties.

An intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure found between the vertebrae of the spinal column in humans and other animals. It functions as a shock absorber, distributes mechanical stress during weight-bearing activities, and allows for varying degrees of mobility between adjacent vertebrae.

The disc is composed of two parts: the annulus fibrosus, which forms the tough, outer layer; and the nucleus pulposus, which is a gel-like substance in the center that contains proteoglycans and water. The combination of these components provides the disc with its unique ability to distribute forces and allow for movement.

The intervertebral discs are essential for the normal functioning of the spine, providing stability, flexibility, and protection to the spinal cord and nerves. However, they can also be subject to degeneration and injury, which may result in conditions such as herniated discs or degenerative disc disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Norway" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in Northern Europe, known officially as the Kingdom of Norway. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help!

Reference values, also known as reference ranges or reference intervals, are the set of values that are considered normal or typical for a particular population or group of people. These values are often used in laboratory tests to help interpret test results and determine whether a patient's value falls within the expected range.

The process of establishing reference values typically involves measuring a particular biomarker or parameter in a large, healthy population and then calculating the mean and standard deviation of the measurements. Based on these statistics, a range is established that includes a certain percentage of the population (often 95%) and excludes extreme outliers.

It's important to note that reference values can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, race, and other demographic characteristics. Therefore, it's essential to use reference values that are specific to the relevant population when interpreting laboratory test results. Additionally, reference values may change over time due to advances in measurement technology or changes in the population being studied.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poland" is not a medical term. It is a country in Central Europe. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help answer those!

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finland" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Northern Europe, known officially as the Republic of Finland. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Obesity is a complex disease characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat to the extent that it negatively impacts health. It's typically defined using Body Mass Index (BMI), a measure calculated from a person's weight and height. A BMI of 30 or higher is indicative of obesity. However, it's important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying obesity in populations, it does not directly measure body fat and may not accurately reflect health status in individuals. Other factors such as waist circumference, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels should also be considered when assessing health risks associated with weight.

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a medical condition that includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT is a blood clot that forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs, while PE occurs when a clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, blocking a pulmonary artery or one of its branches. This condition can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

The medical definition of Venous Thromboembolism is:

"The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs, which can then dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing a potentially life-threatening blockage of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches (pulmonary embolism). VTE is a complex disorder resulting from an interplay of genetic and environmental factors that affect the balance between thrombosis and fibrinolysis."

Some common risk factors for VTE include immobility, surgery, trauma, cancer, hormonal therapy, pregnancy, advanced age, and inherited or acquired thrombophilia. Symptoms of DVT may include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected limb, while symptoms of PE can range from shortness of breath and chest pain to coughing up blood or even sudden death. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical assessment, imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI), and laboratory tests (such as D-dimer). Treatment usually includes anticoagulation therapy to prevent further clot formation and reduce the risk of recurrence.

Body composition refers to the relative proportions of different components that make up a person's body, including fat mass, lean muscle mass, bone mass, and total body water. It is an important measure of health and fitness, as changes in body composition can indicate shifts in overall health status. For example, an increase in fat mass and decrease in lean muscle mass can be indicative of poor nutrition, sedentary behavior, or certain medical conditions.

There are several methods for measuring body composition, including:

1. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This method uses low-level electrical currents to estimate body fat percentage based on the conductivity of different tissues.
2. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This method uses low-dose X-rays to measure bone density and body composition, including lean muscle mass and fat distribution.
3. Hydrostatic weighing: This method involves submerging a person in water and measuring their weight underwater to estimate body density and fat mass.
4. Air displacement plethysmography (ADP): This method uses air displacement to measure body volume and density, which can be used to estimate body composition.

Understanding body composition can help individuals make informed decisions about their health and fitness goals, as well as provide valuable information for healthcare providers in the management of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone architecture, leading to increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, wrist, and hip. It mainly affects older people, especially postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes that reduce bone density. Osteoporosis can also be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and a lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. The diagnosis is often made using bone mineral density testing, and treatment may include medication to slow bone loss, promote bone formation, and prevent fractures.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Japan" is not a medical term. Japan is the name of a country, officially known as Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku in Japanese, and is located in East Asia. It is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean with a population of about 126 million people.

If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like me to define, please let me know!

"Body size" is a general term that refers to the overall physical dimensions and proportions of an individual's body. It can encompass various measurements, including height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure, and other anthropometric measures.

In medical and public health contexts, body size is often used to assess health status, risk factors for chronic diseases, and overall well-being. For example, a high body mass index (BMI) may indicate excess body fat and increase the risk of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Similarly, a large waist circumference or high blood pressure may also be indicators of increased health risks.

It's important to note that body size is just one aspect of health and should not be used as the sole indicator of an individual's overall well-being. A holistic approach to health that considers multiple factors, including diet, physical activity, mental health, and social determinants of health, is essential for promoting optimal health outcomes.

Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.

Photon Absorptiometry is a medical technique used to measure the absorption of photons (light particles) by tissues or materials. In clinical practice, it is often used as a non-invasive method for measuring bone mineral density (BMD). This technique uses a low-energy X-ray beam or gamma ray to penetrate the tissue and then measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the bone. The amount of absorption is related to the density and thickness of the bone, allowing for an assessment of BMD. It can be used to diagnose osteoporosis and monitor treatment response in patients with bone diseases. There are two types of photon absorptiometry: single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) and dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA). SPA uses one energy level, while DPA uses two different energy levels to measure BMD, providing more precise measurements.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sweden" is not a medical term. It is a country located in northern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those!

Growth disorders are medical conditions that affect a person's growth and development, leading to shorter or taller stature than expected for their age, sex, and ethnic group. These disorders can be caused by various factors, including genetic abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, chronic illnesses, malnutrition, and psychosocial issues.

There are two main types of growth disorders:

1. Short stature: This refers to a height that is significantly below average for a person's age, sex, and ethnic group. Short stature can be caused by various factors, including genetic conditions such as Turner syndrome or dwarfism, hormonal deficiencies, chronic illnesses, malnutrition, and psychosocial issues.
2. Tall stature: This refers to a height that is significantly above average for a person's age, sex, and ethnic group. Tall stature can be caused by various factors, including genetic conditions such as Marfan syndrome or Klinefelter syndrome, hormonal imbalances, and certain medical conditions like acromegaly.

Growth disorders can have significant impacts on a person's physical, emotional, and social well-being. Therefore, it is essential to diagnose and manage these conditions early to optimize growth and development and improve overall quality of life. Treatment options for growth disorders may include medication, nutrition therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Aging is a complex, progressive and inevitable process of bodily changes over time, characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage and degenerative changes that eventually lead to increased vulnerability to disease and death. It involves various biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the decline in physical and mental functions. The medical field studies aging through the discipline of gerontology, which aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of aging and develop interventions to promote healthy aging and extend the human healthspan.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

In the context of medicine, growth generally refers to the increase in size or mass of an organism or a specific part of the body over time. This can be quantified through various methods such as measuring height, weight, or the dimensions of particular organs or tissues. In children, normal growth is typically assessed using growth charts that plot measurements like height and weight against age to determine whether a child's growth is following a typical pattern.

Growth can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, nutrition, hormonal regulation, and overall health status. Abnormalities in growth patterns may indicate underlying medical conditions or developmental disorders that require further evaluation and treatment.

Multivariate analysis is a statistical method used to examine the relationship between multiple independent variables and a dependent variable. It allows for the simultaneous examination of the effects of two or more independent variables on an outcome, while controlling for the effects of other variables in the model. This technique can be used to identify patterns, associations, and interactions among multiple variables, and is commonly used in medical research to understand complex health outcomes and disease processes. Examples of multivariate analysis methods include multiple regression, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

Socioeconomic factors are a range of interconnected conditions and influences that affect the opportunities and resources a person or group has to maintain and improve their health and well-being. These factors include:

1. Economic stability: This includes employment status, job security, income level, and poverty status. Lower income and lack of employment are associated with poorer health outcomes.
2. Education: Higher levels of education are generally associated with better health outcomes. Education can affect a person's ability to access and understand health information, as well as their ability to navigate the healthcare system.
3. Social and community context: This includes factors such as social support networks, discrimination, and community safety. Strong social supports and positive community connections are associated with better health outcomes, while discrimination and lack of safety can negatively impact health.
4. Healthcare access and quality: Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is an important socioeconomic factor that can significantly impact a person's health. Factors such as insurance status, availability of providers, and cultural competency of healthcare systems can all affect healthcare access and quality.
5. Neighborhood and built environment: The physical conditions in which people live, work, and play can also impact their health. Factors such as housing quality, transportation options, availability of healthy foods, and exposure to environmental hazards can all influence health outcomes.

Socioeconomic factors are often interrelated and can have a cumulative effect on health outcomes. For example, someone who lives in a low-income neighborhood with limited access to healthy foods and safe parks may also face challenges related to employment, education, and healthcare access that further impact their health. Addressing socioeconomic factors is an important part of promoting health equity and reducing health disparities.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Puberty is the period of sexual maturation, generally occurring between the ages of 10 and 16 in females and between 12 and 18 in males. It is characterized by a series of events including rapid growth, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and the acquisition of reproductive capabilities. Puberty is initiated by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to the secretion of hormones such as estrogen and testosterone that drive the physical changes associated with this stage of development.

In females, puberty typically begins with the onset of breast development (thelarche) and the appearance of pubic hair (pubarche), followed by the start of menstruation (menarche). In males, puberty usually starts with an increase in testicular size and the growth of pubic hair, followed by the deepening of the voice, growth of facial hair, and the development of muscle mass.

It's important to note that the onset and progression of puberty can vary widely among individuals, and may be influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

Age determination by skeleton, also known as skeletal aging or skeletal maturation, is the process of estimating a person's age based on the analysis of their skeletal remains. This technique is commonly used in forensic anthropology to help identify unknown individuals or determine the time since death.

The method involves examining various features of the skeleton, such as the degree of fusion of epiphyseal growth plates, the shape and size of certain bones, and the presence or absence of degenerative changes. These features change in a predictable way as a person grows and develops, allowing for an estimation of their age at death.

It is important to note that while skeletal aging can provide useful information, it is not always possible to determine an exact age. Instead, forensic anthropologists typically provide a range of ages that the individual may have fallen into based on the skeletal evidence. Additionally, factors such as genetics, nutrition, and health can affect the rate at which skeletal features develop, making it difficult to provide a precise estimate in some cases.

"Body weights and measures" is a general term that refers to the various methods used to quantify an individual's physical characteristics, particularly those related to health and fitness. This can include:

1. Body weight: The total amount of weight that a person's body possesses, typically measured in pounds or kilograms.
2. Height: The vertical distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head, usually measured in inches or centimeters.
3. Blood pressure: The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries as it circulates through the body, typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
4. Body mass index (BMI): A measure of body fat based on an individual's weight and height, calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared.
5. Waist circumference: The distance around the narrowest part of the waist, typically measured at the level of the belly button.
6. Hip circumference: The distance around the widest part of the hips, usually measured at the level of the greatest protrusion of the buttocks.
7. Blood glucose levels: The concentration of glucose in the blood, typically measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L).
8. Cholesterol levels: The amount of cholesterol present in the blood, usually measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L).

These and other body weights and measures are commonly used by healthcare professionals to assess an individual's health status, identify potential health risks, and guide treatment decisions.

In typography, the body height or point size refers to the height of the space in which a glyph is defined. Originally, in ... the body height or the font (or point) size was defined by the height of the lead cuboid (metal sort) on which the actual font ... whose height still equals the point size as it did in metal type. Point (typography) Body (typography) En Em X-height Small ... The body height of a metal sort defined the point size, and was usually slightly larger than the distance between the ascender ...
Governing Body Information, Borough of Haddon Heights. Accessed August 4, 2022. "Since it became a Borough, Haddon Heights has ... "Haddon Heights High School serves over eight hundred students from three local towns: Haddon Heights, Barrington, and Lawnside ... Haddon Heights High School, Haddon Heights School District. Accessed July 9, 2022. School Performance Reports for the Haddon ... Haddon Heights Public Schools Bylaw 0110 - Identification, Haddon Heights School District. Accessed May 15, 2020. "Purpose: The ...
March 2000). "Distribution of body weight, height and body mass index in a national sample of Malaysian adults" (PDF). The ... Generally speaking, self-reported height tends to be taller than measured height, although the overestimation of height depends ... height, weight and body mass index values from birth to adulthood". Anales de Pediatría. 2008. Archived from the original on 12 ... 2013). "Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Serbian Adults" (PDF). Int. J. Morphol. 31 (1): 271- ...
Body Height,,1.80,m^Meter^ISO+,,,,,F OBX,2,NM,^Body Weight,,79,kg^Kilogram^ISO+,,,,,F AL1,1,,^ASPIRIN DG1,1,,786.50^CHEST PAIN ... and are adopted by other standards issuing bodies such as American National Standards Institute and International Organization ...
This group was the parent body of the Gordon Heights Fire Department. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has ... Gordon Heights is located within the boundaries of the Longwood Library District. Gordon Heights is served by the S60 bus, ... Gordon Heights Archive Gordon Heights History (Longwood Public Library) (Use mdy dates from May 2023, Articles with short ... "Gordon Heights CDP, New York". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 23, 2021. "The History of Gordon Heights". ...
March 2016). "Height, body mass index, and socioeconomic status: mendelian randomisation study in UK Biobank". BMJ. 352: i582. ... Harris MA, Brett CE, Deary IJ, Starr JM (September 2016). "Associations among height, body mass index and intelligence from age ... Jäncke L, Liem F, Merillat S (November 2019). "Weak correlations between body height and several brain metrics in healthy ... The study of height and intelligence examines correlations between human height and human intelligence. Some epidemiological ...
Approximate atmospheric scale heights for selected Solar System bodies follow. Venus: 15.9 km Earth: 8.5 km Mars: 11.1 km ... If at a height of z the atmosphere has density ρ and pressure P, then moving upwards an infinitesimally small height dz will ... Integrating the above and assuming P0 is the pressure at height z = 0 (pressure at sea level) the pressure at height z can be ... 3 At heights over 100 km, an atmosphere may no longer be well mixed. Then each chemical species has its own scale height. Here ...
... not continuous across the body. Height of decollate shell 29; of last whorl 25; of aperture 17; of maximum diameter 19 mm. U. S ...
The main governmental body of the Village of Cayuga Heights is the board of trustees. Meetings are convened by the mayor or by ... In 1924, Cayuga Heights Elementary School was built. After World War II, Cayuga Heights continued to expand. Community Corners ... "Village of Cayuga Heights History". Village of Cayuga Heights History. Sale, Kirkpatrick. The Importance of Growing Up Village ... "Privilege of the Floor at Meetings of the Board of Trustees of the Village of Cayuga Heights" (PDF). Village of Cayuga Heights ...
... body weight, height, body mass index. Thus, they suggested the use of lean body weight as a convenient physiological ... As the study reported that age, lean body weight, fat mass, and alkaline phosphatase influence exposure to a limited extent, ... Moreover, researchers reported that lean body weight and fat mass have addressed the pharmacokinetics of daridorexant better ... than other body size descriptors for example; ...
CHJCC also serves as a legal body representing the needs of the Crown Heights Jewish community. The organization's mission ... Crown Heights Jewish Community Council (CHJCC) is a nonprofit organization run by Jewish residents of Crown Heights, Brooklyn. ... The Crown Heights Jewish community is mostly composed of Chabad Hasidim. CHJCC has created a multi-racial, faith, and community ... "Crown Heights Jewish Community Council". NYC Women's Resource Network: Organization Search. The City of New York. Nyc.gov. "NYC ...
Larramendi, Asier (2015). "Proboscideans: Shoulder Height, Body Mass and Shape". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202 ... Males reached shoulder heights between 2.67 and 3.49 m (8.8 and 11.5 ft) and weighed between 3.9 and 8.2 metric tons (4.3 and ... The coat consisted of an outer layer of long, coarse "guard hair", which was 30 cm (12 in) on the upper part of the body, up to ... At the time of discovery, its eyes and trunk were intact and some fur remained on its body. Its organs and skin are very well ...
Their body is longer than their height. Alopekis are classified as primitive dogs: they have regular dentition and a ... Their bodies are robust and their limbs are not markedly shortened (and acquired clubfoot is an undesirable feature). Breed ... mesomorphic, symmetrical build and body type, with an arched or semicircular tail. Typical individuals do not show dwarfism. ...
Larramendi, Asier (2015). "Proboscideans: Shoulder Height, Body Mass and Shape". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202 ... The crowns of the teeth became taller in height and the skulls became taller to accommodate this. At the same time, the skulls ... Owen-Smith, R.N. (1992). Megaherbivores: The influence of very large body size on ecology. Cambridge studies in ecology. ... The average male has been estimated to have had a shoulder height of 3.75 m (12.3 ft) and a weight of 9.5 tonnes (10.5 short ...
Larramendi, Asier (2015). "Proboscideans: Shoulder Height, Body Mass and Shape". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app ... Paul, Gregory S.; Larramendi, Asier (June 9, 2023). "Body mass estimate of Bruhathkayosaurus and other fragmentary sauropod ... suggesting a shoulder height of 4.35 metres (14.3 ft) and a weight of 13 tonnes (14.3 short tons) for this individual. A ... in body mass, which if correct would make P. namadicus possibly the largest land mammal ever, exceeding even paraceratheres in ...
The body height of 48 cm, 15.85 kg. Gilt Bronze Human-Shaped Lamp was designed skillfully. on the on hand, the maid hand the ... height:48 cm, Odalisque:44.5 cm, weight:15.85 kg. The body was golden and it looks splendid and gorgeous. Gilding bronze has ... There are nine engraved inscriptions on some parts of the lamp body, a total of 65 words. Around the upper bottom of the lamp ... The original owner should be first carved, and the handwriting is neatly, so the six parts of the lamp body which was carved ...
A man of slender body and modest height. Killed by a hornfowl - a large bird of prey - which caused Stirron to become the new ...
Sometimes the wig's length rivals her body's height. As she is a representation of the Virgin Mary, blue is frequently seen in ... The statue of La Conquistadora is slightly less than three feet, at approximately 30 inches of height. She typically is adorned ... The statuette is carved out of wood, and measures approximately three feet in height. A Catholic confraternity called, La ...
Stanford News Service Stanford News Service Retrieved April 3, 2016 Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and ... Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (3): ... Larramendi, A. (2015). "Proboscideans: Shoulder Height, Body Mass and Shape" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/ ... Male weight range, from Table 1. Owen-Smith, R. Norman, Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology. ...
Larramendi, A. (2015). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app. ... This may allow the animal to deal with the pressure differences when its body is underwater and its trunk is breaking the ... Elephants are homeotherms and maintain their average body temperature at ~ 36 °C (97 °F), with a minimum of 35.2 °C (95.4 °F) ... After bathing, the elephant will usually use its trunk to blow dust onto its body, which dries into a protective crust. ...
Larramendi, A. (2015). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 60. doi:10.4202/ ... Romano, Marco; Manucci, Fabio; Palombo, Maria Rita (2021-03-04). "The smallest of the largest: new volumetric body mass ... Scarborough, Matthew Edward (2022-03-11). "Extreme Body Size Variation in Pleistocene Dwarf Elephants from the Siculo-Maltese ... in height, making them the smallest elephants known. The genus has a long and complex taxonomic history, and at various times, ...
Larramendi A (2016). "Withers height, body mass and shape of proboscideans". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202/app ... At the other extreme, an early member of the order, the prehistoric horse Eohippus, had a withers height of only 30 to 60 cm ( ... The surface shape and height of the molars is heavily dependent on whether soft leaves or hard grass make up the main component ... Megacerops, known from North America, reached a withers height of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) and could have weighed just over 3 metric ...
Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (3): 537-574 ... Length of body and head including trunk is 5.5-6.5 m (18-21 ft) with the tail being 1.2-1.5 m (3.9-4.9 ft) long. The largest ... The difference in body movements give cues to gauge if the male is interested in breeding with the female that produced the ... Sexual dimorphism in body size is relatively less pronounced in Asian elephants than in African bush elephants; with bulls ...
Stride length averaged 89% ±11% of body height. Stride position varied between subjects, with a mean value of −3 ±14 cm; this ... The stride leg must land along the "power line", which means that the pitcher's body is in line with the plate, with the ... This can be performed because the pitcher's lower body is pivoting in a straight line. The release is one of the most important ... Throughout the entire pitch, the upper body should remain upright, rather than bent over. The pitcher's throwing arm begins at ...
... height of box body 3 ft 9 in; width of box body 3 ft 4 in. The book "Electrical Instruments and telephones of the US Signal ... The K-2 Lance wagon is a light wagon approximately 14 ft long, equipped with a high box body running its entire length, the ... body surmounted in front by a driver's seat; tool and supply containers are attached to either side of the box; proper re- ...
Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi: ... "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014. Carpenter, K ... This species reached a height of 1.2-1.8 m (4-6 ft) and weighed 200-2,000 kg (440-4,410 lb). A population of small woolly ... The large ear flaps assist in maintaining a constant body temperature as well as in communication. The pillar-like legs carry ...
"Karishma Randhawa Height Weight Age Affairs Body Stats". Bollywood Fox. Retrieved 25 May 2020. Karishma Randhawa on Instagram " ...
Height is also used to compute indicators like body surface area or body mass index. There is a large body of research in ... Body Weights and Heights by Countries (given in percentiles) The Height Gap, Article discussing differences in height around ... Generally speaking, self-reported height tends to be taller than its measured height, although the overestimation of height ... "Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960-2002" (PDF). Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics ( ...
Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi: ... Romano, Marco; Bellucci, Luca; Antonelli, Matteo; Manucci, Fabio; Palombo, Maria Rita (2023-06-13). "Body mass estimate of ...
DK ADULT (2001), ISBN 978-0-7894-7764-4 Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). ... Their head-to-body-length is 240 to 300 cm (94 to 118 in) with a tail 60 to 100 cm (24 to 39 in) long, and a shoulder height of ... at shoulder height and 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) in body length and may have weighed up to 700 kg (1,500 lb) in the largest species. ... having a body length of 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in) and a body weight of 3.5 to 9 kg (8 to 20 lb). The extinct Chapalmalania of ...
In typography, the body height or point size refers to the height of the space in which a glyph is defined. Originally, in ... the body height or the font (or point) size was defined by the height of the lead cuboid (metal sort) on which the actual font ... whose height still equals the point size as it did in metal type. Point (typography) Body (typography) En Em X-height Small ... The body height of a metal sort defined the point size, and was usually slightly larger than the distance between the ascender ...
j(function() { alert($j("body").height()); }) html, body { height:100%; } ,div style="height:200px",header,/div, ,div style=" ... html { height: 100%; } body { min-height: 100%; } instead of height: 100%. .. The result jQuery returns is correct, because ... I believe that the body height being returned is the visible height. If you need the total page height, you could wrap your div ... You may either use: body { height:100%; margin:0 } or you substract the offset using $(document).height()-$(body).offset(). ...
Ive been searching for so long about getting my height increased because im 17 years old and 54 . I do stretches-exercises- ... He measures and records the height of all of his plants on Days 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15. His observations are shown in the table ... Height: (day 0, 4 centimeters), (day 3, 9), (day 6, 14), (day 9, 19), (day 12, 21), (day 15, 25). Plant C: 20 milliliters of ... Height: (day 0, 4 centimeters), (day 3, 12), (day 6, 20), (day 9, 27), (day 12, 34), (day 15, 42). Plant D: 30 milliliters of ...
Body Cart PLUS adjusts 3 ways to become a customized mobile work station for your project vehicles body or chassis Height ... width and height so your vehicle body or chassis, or large body section, fits properly and securely. ... Body Cart PLUS adjusts 3 ways to become a customized mobile work station for your project vehicles body or chassis ... Adjusts in length, width and height. so workpiece fits properly, securely Adjusts in length, width and height. so workpiece ...
... Teamsaxo introduce a body height adjuster set for the use with many 1/10th scale on- ... Machined from aluminium the set makes use of a common design that allows the bodys position on the mounts to be altered in a ...
Online calculator helps to calculate the frame size of a body using wrist and height measurement. ... Body Frame Size Calculator. Online calculator helps to calculate the frame size of a body using wrist and height measurement. ... Body Frame Size calculation is made easier here using the wrist and height measurement. ... Online calculator helps to calculate the frame size of a body using wrist and height measurement. ...
Factory Height, Black made by UMI Performance, for as low as $1,025.09. ... UMI ABF801-0-B 68-72 A-Body Stage 1 Kit, Factory Height, Black. ... Front Suspension Height. Factory Height. Rear Suspension Height ... The sway bars reduce body roll and provide a nice balance when handling at the limit. UMIs 530 lb/in front springs and 130 lb/ ... Choose UMIs Stage 1 as an excellent step to transforming your A-Body into a capable daily driver or corner carver. Every ...
Amber Heard is an outstanding American actress who was born on 22 April 1986 in Austin, Texas. She worked in many movies such as Never Back Down, Drive angry,
Percent of public elementary schools that calculated the students body mass index and measured students height and weight ... NOTE: Data in this table are based on the number of schools that calculated the students body mass index and measured the ... students height or weight (table 21).. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Fast ...
Monica Bellucci Age, Height, Body Measurements and Bio - 2023. Monica Bellucci, a timeless beauty and iconic talent, has ... Thandiwe Newton Age, Height, Body Measurements and Bio - 2023. Thandiwe Newton, an empowering actress known for her strength, ... Faith Hill Age, Height, Body Measurements and Bio - 2023. Faith Hill, the iconic country superstar, has captivated audiences ... Rebecca Romijn Age, Height, Body Measurements. Rebecca Romijn is a multifaceted talent who seamlessly transitioned from a ...
... height, body measurements and more. Learn about this iconic supermodels physical characteristics in depth. ... Bebe Rexha Age, Height, and Body Measurements. Curious about Bebe Rexhas age, height, and body measurements? Weve got you ... Olivia Munn Age, Height and Body Measurements. Curious about Olivia Munns age, height, and body measurements? Look no further ... Tom Cruise Age, Height, and Body Measurements. Tom Cruise, whose real name is Thomas Cruise Mapother IV, was born on July 3, ...
... height, body mass index (weight/height2) and head circumference from 17 distinct surveys representative of England, Scotland ... To update the British growth reference, anthropometric data for weight, height, body mass index (weight/height2) and head ... British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized ... A two-stage fitting procedure was developed to model the age trends in median weight and height, and simulation was used to ...
Learn about our Fitness Boot Camp location in Yorktown Heights, NY and how our group training burns more fat than other classes ... New to Fit Body The Workout Why FIt Body Locations FAQs Contact Us ... Fit Body Boot Camp is a fitness franchise dedicated to transformation. 30 minutes per session is all it takes to help you reach ... At Fit Body Boot Camp, our fitness classes are not "classes" in the traditional sense, but results-driven, high-energy sessions ...
... and height. Binary traits were analyzed by use of a mixed-effects probit model. Some traits also were analyzed by use of a ... and adult height. Litter effects and risk factors affected cheiloschisis-palatoschisis, heart murmur, coat color, broadly ... Heritability estimations for diseases, coat color, body weight, and height in a birth cohort of Boxers ... and height. Binary traits were analyzed by use of a mixed-effects probit model. Some traits also were analyzed by use of a ...
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... when based on self-reported body weight and height. We... ... experiment to explore the extent of measurement error in body ... 14695: The Implications of Self-Reported Body Weight and Height for Measurement Error in BMI Apostolos Davillas, Andrew M. ... Overall, the presence of non-classical error in BMI highlights the importance of collecting measured body weight and height ... The Implications of Self-Reported Body Weight and Height for Measurement Error i... ...
CONCLUSION: Increasing chair height under added and body weight conditions leads to decreased activation of the RF and BF ... The chair heights were set at 80%, 100% and 120% of their knee height (lateral condyle of tibia to the floor) while the added ... BW at all seat heights (p,.05). BF activation was significantly higher at the 80% AW seat height (19.80 + 11.56%) when compared ... The RF, under the AW condition, was most effected by seat height changes. The findings indicate that increasing seat height ...
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Height and Body Mass Index as Modifiers of Breast Cancer Risk in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers: A Mendelian Randomization Study. ... Height and Body Mass Index as Modifiers of Breast Cancer Risk in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers: A Mendelian Randomization Study. / ... Height and Body Mass Index as Modifiers of Breast Cancer Risk in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers : A Mendelian Randomization Study. ... Height and Body Mass Index as Modifiers of Breast Cancer Risk in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers: A Mendelian Randomization Study. ...
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Elucidating the effect of body mass index, height, and parity on uncomplicated cystitis : a nationwide population-based cohort ... Elucidating the effect of body mass index, height, and parity on uncomplicated cystitis : a nationwide population-based cohort ... In this nationwide cohort of one million fertile women, BMI, height, and parity only had minor but statistically significant ... height, and parity only had minor but statistically significant effects on the risk of uncomplicated cystitis. The results ...
Changes in vertebral body height depend on various factors which were analyzed in isolation and not as a whole. The aim of this ... In each vertebral body, anterior, middle (most collapsed zone and least collapsed zone) and posterior edge heights were ... Increase in vertebral body height depends on different factors. Dynamic mobility, conditioned by the patients position, is the ... The aim of this study is to specify the factors influencing restoration of vertebral body height after PVP, from the vertebral ...
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  • Let's delve into her age, height, and body measurements that have contributed to her success and made her a role model for aspiring models. (funnyreign.com)
  • Her body measurements are equally impressive, measuring 36-26-35 inches or 91.5-66-89 cm. (funnyreign.com)
  • One of the defining features of Cindy Crawford's iconic figure is her body measurements. (funnyreign.com)
  • Her body measurements are 36-26-35 inches or 91.5-66-89 cm, with a chest size of 36 inches or 91.5 cm, a waist size of 26 inches or 66 cm, and hip size of 35 inches or 89 cm. (funnyreign.com)
  • However, increase in vertebral body height is frequently calculated comparing pre and postsurgical measurements, which means that changes because of the patient's position (standing to prone position) are not taken into account, and could bias the vertebral augmentation effect 4,7,9−11 . (researchsquare.com)
  • In this post we have shared KSI height, weight, Zodiac sign, and full bodies size measurements! (jobsmarketupdate.com)
  • Online magazine about celebrities' height, weight and body measurements. (bodyheightweight.com)
  • Continue below to see how tall Nikki Reed really is, plus her weight, body measurements and stats. (celebsdetails.com)
  • Neymar Jr.'s Body Measurements are 39-29-12 Inches. (celebritytall.com)
  • Steve Carell's body measurements were speculated to be 41-36-14 inches, including his chest 41 inches, waist 36 inches, and arms or biceps 14 inches. (celebritytall.com)
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  • All body measurements you might be interested in can be found in the table below. (hollywoodmeasurement.com)
  • Listed below are the rapper Anderson Paak's height, weight, shoe size, and other body measurements complete statistics. (celebsfitnes.com)
  • Iqra Aziz has been performed in top movies and drama serials due to her stunning body measurements. (ubergossip.com)
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  • Iqra Aziz body measurements are 34-28-35 inches. (ubergossip.com)
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  • These latest NHANES data add to the knowledge about trends in child growth and development and trends in the distribution of body measurements, such as weight and height, in the U.S. population. (cdc.gov)
  • NOTE: Data in this table are based on the number of schools that calculated the students' body mass index and measured the students' height or weight (table 21). (ed.gov)
  • To update the British growth reference, anthropometric data for weight, height, body mass index (weight/height2) and head circumference from 17 distinct surveys representative of England, Scotland and Wales (37,700 children, age range 23 weeks gestation to 23 years) were analysed by maximum penalized likelihood using the LMS method. (nih.gov)
  • We designed an experiment to explore the extent of measurement error in body mass index (BMI), when based on self-reported body weight and height. (iza.org)
  • Whether height or body mass index (BMI) modifies breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers remains unclear. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Height and body mass index distribution in children and adolescents with and without spina bifida. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, height and Body Mass Index (BMI) z-score distribution in children and adolescents with SB are unclear. (bvsalud.org)
  • A backwards elimination model building technique applied to the model building data set (110 adult male subjects and 457 creatinine values) yielded a final model that included variables for body mass index (BMI), height, diabetes, allergies, medical conditions that affect kidney function, use of creatine supplements, and anti-inflammatory medications. (cdc.gov)
  • This study aimed to determine the association between dental caries, body mass index (BMI) and dietary habits of 12-year-old boys from four geographically distinct schools in Medina. (who.int)
  • Neither height and weight, nor body mass index differed by H. pylori infection status. (cdc.gov)
  • This indicator reflects the percentage of school-age children and adolescents aged 5-19 years who are classified as overweight, based on age- and sex-specific values for body mass index (BMI). (who.int)
  • Online calculator helps to calculate the frame size of a body using wrist and height measurement. (easycalculation.com)
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  • His body measurement is 40-32-12 inches. (celebsfitnes.com)
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  • Future intervention programs aiming at preventing overweight and obesity should monitor sociodemographic, health and environmental conditions that affect attained height potential. (uminho.pt)
  • Anderson Paak's height is 5 feet 9 inches around 175 centimeters. (celebsfitnes.com)
  • Neymar Jr. Height is 5 Feet 8½ Inches or 174 cm and his Weight is 64 Kg or 141 Pounds. (celebritytall.com)
  • Steve Carell's Height is 5 feet 9 inches or 175 cm and His Weight is 78 Kg or 172 Pounds. (celebritytall.com)
  • At the age of 35, Nikki Reed's height is 5 feet 5 inches (165 cm cm) or approximately 1.65 m meters or 65 inches inches. (celebsdetails.com)
  • Keemstar's height is 5 feet 1 inch and his body weight is 75 kilograms. (bollysuperstar.com)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Body height. (who.int)
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  • Additionally, RF recruitment was significantly higher in AW vs. BW at all seat heights (p (wku.edu)
  • BF activation was significantly higher at the 80% AW seat height (19.80 + 11.56%) when compared to the 120% AW height (18.05 + 9.90%, p=.004). (wku.edu)
  • Adults with normal weight had a significantly higher height (females +7 cm and males +5 cm) when compared to obese class III. (uminho.pt)
  • In typography, the body height or point size refers to the height of the space in which a glyph is defined. (wikipedia.org)
  • Originally, in metal typesetting, the body height or the font (or point) size was defined by the height of the lead cuboid (metal sort) on which the actual font face is moulded. (wikipedia.org)
  • The body height of a metal sort defined the point size, and was usually slightly larger than the distance between the ascender and descender to allow additional space between the lines of text. (wikipedia.org)
  • In digital fonts, the body is now a virtual, imaginary area, whose height still equals the point size as it did in metal type. (wikipedia.org)
  • Body Cart Plus is an easy way to do frame-off restorations, and its size is adjustable in length, width and height so your vehicle body or chassis, or large body section, fits properly and securely. (eastwood.com)
  • She stands tall at a height of 5 ft 9 in or 175 cm (1.75 m), creating an elegant presence on the runway and in front of the camera. (funnyreign.com)
  • Conclusion: Our results suggest a significant difference in attained height between BMI categories. (uminho.pt)
  • Conclusion: Height is associated with overall breast cancer and BMI is associated with premenopausal breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. (uni-koeln.de)
  • The type of vertebral fracture (wedge, biconcave or burst) determines which area of ​​the vertebral body (anterior, middle, or posterior) experiences greater mobility 7 , 9 , 15 . (researchsquare.com)
  • There is retropulsion/buckling of the posterior cortex of the body of C4 and mild kyphosis compromising the central canal. (medscape.com)
  • Materials and Methods: We measured height and weight for children aged 7-11 years in western Alaska using village-based measuring devices. (cdc.gov)
  • 2019 ( https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/UNICEF-WHOlowbirthweight-estimates-2019/en/ ). (who.int)
  • A two-stage fitting procedure was developed to model the age trends in median weight and height, and simulation was used to estimate confidence intervals for the fitted centiles. (nih.gov)
  • Overall, the presence of non-classical error in BMI highlights the importance of collecting measured body weight and height data in large social science datasets. (iza.org)
  • In this nationwide cohort of one million fertile women, BMI, height, and parity only had minor but statistically significant effects on the risk of uncomplicated cystitis. (lu.se)
  • 0.55) for coat color, birth weight, and adult height. (avma.org)
  • Nina Dobrev, aged 29 years old, the Canadian actress weighs 55 kg (122 lbs) and has a height of 5'7" (170 cm). (foodsforbetterhealth.com)
  • According to CDC , the average American height for men is 5′ 9″ inches (175 cm or 69 inches) and 5′ 4″ inches (162 cm or 64 inches) for women. (celebsdetails.com)
  • People lose a total of 1-3 inches (2.5 to 7.5 cm) in height as they age, and women generally losing more than men. (celebsdetails.com)
  • Objective: To analyze the associations between height and BMI categories in a Portuguese representative sample. (uminho.pt)
  • The aim of this study is to analyze what factors might influence restoration of vertebral body height after vertebral augmentation. (researchsquare.com)
  • Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics were obtained along with self-reported height and weight. (uminho.pt)
  • Desire for the body normal: body image and discrepancies between self reported and measured height and weight in a British population. (bmj.com)
  • Does sleeping on side with flat body help height growth? (answerbag.com)
  • Methods: We used Mendelian randomization approaches to evaluate the association of height and BMI on breast cancer risk, using data from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 with 14 676 BRCA1 and 7912 BRCA2 mutation carriers, including 11 451 cases of breast cancer. (uni-koeln.de)
  • We examined both observed and genetically determined height and BMI with breast cancer risk using weighted Cox models. (uni-koeln.de)
  • I'm a nice and naughty island girl from Richmond Heights, almshouse I receive in private apartment according to your wishes and desires I can be your friend full of love, but also a passionate lover every encounter is unique. (enrocate.com)
  • Overweight indicates excess body weight for a given height from fat, muscle, bone, water or a combination of these factors, whereas obesity is defined as having excess body fat. (who.int)
  • Average vertebral height was measured and differences from preoperative values calculated at each timepoint. (researchsquare.com)
  • The World Health Organization ( WHO ) AnthroPlus software was used to calculate height and BMI z-scores. (bvsalud.org)
  • Young Escort Boy 21 years old in Columbia Heights, offers you to enrich your evenings with pleasant moments in his company. (enrocate.com)
  • The aim of this study was to examine height and BMI z-score distribution in Brazilian children and adolescents with and without SB. (bvsalud.org)
  • These findings suggest that Brazilian children and adolescents with SB may be at risk for reduced height and increased BMI. (bvsalud.org)
  • katia beautiful blond trannies available on Richmond Heights city for a nice meeting without head prizer call me for it see more of me very salopa and did not sleep tabauuu and. (enrocate.com)
  • Because of Iqra Aziz height, she has been awarded a significant place as one of the most beautiful Pakistani actresses . (ubergossip.com)
  • The Stage 1 is perfect for the A-Body owner who wants a simple and effective suspension upgrade with real handling improvement all while maintaining the factory muscle car look. (speedwaymotors.com)
  • This study examined the impact of simulated weight gain on muscle activation and balance at varying chair heights in a young, healthy population. (wku.edu)
  • Which factors affect vertebral body height? (researchsquare.com)
  • Changes in vertebral body height depend on various factors which were analyzed in isolation and not as a whole. (researchsquare.com)
  • The factors that most influenced vertebral height restoration were: grade III collapse, intervertebral-vacuum-cleft (IVVC), and use of a flexible trocar before cement augmentation. (researchsquare.com)
  • Increase in vertebral body height depends on different factors. (researchsquare.com)
  • Dynamic mobility, conditioned by the patient's position, is the change in the vertebral body height when the patient goes from standing to supine or prone position, and constitutes one of the most important factors 8,12−16 . (researchsquare.com)
  • The aim of this study is to specify the factors influencing restoration of vertebral body height after PVP, from the vertebral body fracture until the patient is definitively discharged. (researchsquare.com)
  • Although vertebral height restoration is not an objective of PVP, numerous studies showed that there is an increase in vertebral body height after PVP of 1.2-2.3mm 4 - 9 . (researchsquare.com)
  • We specialize in 30-minute weight loss boot camps that challenge the body and deliver results in a positive, supportive atmosphere. (fitbodybootcamp.com)
  • At Fit Body Boot Camp, our fitness classes are not "classes" in the traditional sense, but results-driven, high-energy sessions focused on weight loss & body toning. (fitbodybootcamp.com)
  • Keep following this article to learn more about these amazing and powerful felines.Stay in the know about lion weight, height, length, body coverage and more! (goodandgreenguides.com)
  • Their mean (±SD) length/height was 77.3 ± 29.6 cm, mean (±SD) weight was 8.3 ± 3.4 kg and mean (±SD) mid upper arm circumference was 12.4 ± 4.5 cm. (who.int)