The force applied by the masticatory muscles in dental occlusion.
"Bites and stings refer to tissue damage or toxic reactions caused by the teeth, mouthparts, or venomous secretions of animals such as insects, spiders, snakes, and mammals during predatory or defensive attacks."
The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth.
A registration of any positional relationship of the mandible in reference to the maxillae. These records may be any of the many vertical, horizontal, or orientation relations. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)
Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Bites by snakes. Bite by a venomous snake is characterized by stinging pain at the wound puncture. The venom injected at the site of the bite is capable of producing a deleterious effect on the blood or on the nervous system. (Webster's 3d ed; from Dorland, 27th ed, at snake, venomous)
Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA.
Bites inflicted by humans.
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.
A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws; its posterior portion retracts the mandible.
A malocclusion in which maxillary incisor and canine teeth project over the mandiblar teeth excessively. The overlap is measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane and is also called vertical overlap. When the overlap is measured parallel to the occlusal plane it is referred to as overjet.
In some animals, the jaws together with their horny covering. The beak usually refers to the bill of birds in which the whole varies greatly in form according of the food and habits of the bird. While the beak refers most commonly to birds, the anatomical counterpart is found also in the turtle, squid, and octopus. (From Webster, 3d ed & Storer, et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p491, 755)
A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws.
The effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bites of SPIDERS.
The mouth, teeth, jaws, pharynx, and related structures as they relate to mastication, deglutition, and speech.
The relationship of all the components of the masticatory system in normal function. It has special reference to the position and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth for the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p556, p472)
A condition in which certain opposing teeth fail to establish occlusal contact when the jaws are closed.
The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.
The complement of teeth in the jaws after the eruption of some of the permanent teeth but before all the deciduous teeth are absent. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)
Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
Transducers that are activated by pressure changes, e.g., blood pressure.
Contact between opposing teeth during a person's habitual bite.
The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.
A symptom complex consisting of pain, muscle tenderness, clicking in the joint, and limitation or alteration of mandibular movement. The symptoms are subjective and manifested primarily in the masticatory muscles rather than the temporomandibular joint itself. Etiologic factors are uncertain but include occlusal dysharmony and psychophysiologic factors.
A type of scanning probe microscopy in which a probe systematically rides across the surface of a sample being scanned in a raster pattern. The vertical position is recorded as a spring attached to the probe rises and falls in response to peaks and valleys on the surface. These deflections produce a topographic map of the sample.
The measurement of the dimensions of the HEAD.
Motion picture study of successive images appearing on a fluoroscopic screen.
The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)
The cat family in the order CARNIVORA comprised of muscular, deep-chested terrestrial carnivores with a highly predatory lifestyle.
Loose, usually removable intra-oral devices which alter the muscle forces against the teeth and craniofacial skeleton. These are dynamic appliances which depend on altered neuromuscular action to effect bony growth and occlusal development. They are usually used in mixed dentition to treat pediatric malocclusions. (ADA, 1992)
Sucking of the finger. This is one of the most common manipulations of the body found in young children.
Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.
One of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing.
Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.
The consumption of animal flesh.
The teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth.
The curve formed by the row of TEETH in their normal position in the JAW. The inferior dental arch is formed by the mandibular teeth, and the superior dental arch by the maxillary teeth.
Measurements of the height, weight, length, area, etc., of the human and animal body or its parts.
The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.
Antisera used to counteract poisoning by animal VENOMS, especially SNAKE VENOMS.
Malocclusion in which the mandible is posterior to the maxilla as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (distoclusion).
A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.
A physical misalignment of the upper (maxilla) and lower (mandibular) jaw bones in which either or both recede relative to the frontal plane of the forehead.
Mechanical devices that simulate the temporomandibular joints and jaws to which maxillary and mandibular casts are attached. The entire assembly attempts to reproduce the movements of the mandible and the various tooth-to-tooth relationships that accompany those movements.
The length of the face determined by the distance of separation of jaws. Occlusal vertical dimension (OVD or VDO) or contact vertical dimension is the lower face height with the teeth in centric occlusion. Rest vertical dimension (VDR) is the lower face height measured from a chin point to a point just below the nose, with the mandible in rest position. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p250)
Any suction exerted by the mouth; response of the mammalian infant to draw milk from the breast. Includes sucking on inanimate objects. Not to be used for thumb sucking, which is indexed under fingersucking.
A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components.
Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.
A denture replacing all natural teeth and associated structures in both the maxilla and mandible.
Devices that babies can suck on when they are not feeding. The extra sucking can be comforting to the babies and pacify them. Pacifiers usually are used as a substitute for the thumb in babies who suck on their thumb or fingers almost constantly.
Any of several large carnivorous mammals of the family CANIDAE that usually hunt in packs.
Common name for small PASSERIFORMES in the family Fringillidae. They have a short stout bill (BEAK) adapted for crushing SEEDS. Some species of Old World finches are called CANARIES.
Order of mammals whose members are adapted for flight. It includes bats, flying foxes, and fruit bats.
The anterior portion of the head that includes the skin, muscles, and structures of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and jaw.
The description and measurement of the various factors that produce physical stress upon dental restorations, prostheses, or appliances, materials associated with them, or the natural oral structures.
One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.
General name for two extinct orders of reptiles from the Mesozoic era: Saurischia and Ornithischia.
Substances used to create an impression, or negative reproduction, of the teeth and dental arches. These materials include dental plasters and cements, metallic oxide pastes, silicone base materials, or elastomeric materials.
The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.
The phase of orthodontics concerned with the correction of malocclusion with proper appliances and prevention of its sequelae (Jablonski's Illus. Dictionary of Dentistry).
Malocclusion in which the mandible and maxilla are anteroposteriorly normal as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (i.e., in neutroclusion), but in which individual teeth are abnormally related to each other.
A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the PITUITARY GLAND.
Any of the eight frontal teeth (four maxillary and four mandibular) having a sharp incisal edge for cutting food and a single root, which occurs in man both as a deciduous and a permanent tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p820)
*Medical Definition:* 'Lizards' are not typically defined in the field of medicine, as they are a type of reptile and not a medical condition or healthcare-related concept; however, certain lizard species such as the Gila monster and beaded lizards possess venomous bites, which can lead to medical emergencies like envenomation requiring medical attention.
The muscles of the PHARYNX are voluntary muscles arranged in two layers. The external circular layer consists of three constrictors (superior, middle, and inferior). The internal longitudinal layer consists of the palatopharyngeus, the salpingopharyngeus, and the stylopharyngeus. During swallowing, the outer layer constricts the pharyngeal wall and the inner layer elevates pharynx and LARYNX.
Either one of the two small elongated rectangular bones that together form the bridge of the nose.
The physical measurements of a body.
The facial skeleton, consisting of bones situated between the cranial base and the mandibular region. While some consider the facial bones to comprise the hyoid (HYOID BONE), palatine (HARD PALATE), and zygomatic (ZYGOMA) bones, MANDIBLE, and MAXILLA, others include also the lacrimal and nasal bones, inferior nasal concha, and vomer but exclude the hyoid bone. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p113)
The effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bites of TICKS.
Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Morphological changes in periodontal mechanoreceptors of mouse maxillary incisors after the experimental induction of anterior crossbite: a light and electron microscopic observation using immunohistochemistry for PGP 9.5. (1/243)

Ruffini nerve endings (mechanoreceptors) in the periodontal ligament (PDL) of mouse incisors were examined to elucidate whether experimentally-induced crossbites cause any changes or abnormalities in their morphology and distribution. Anterior guiding planes were attached to the mandibular incisors of 3-week-old C3H/HeSlc mice. At 3 days and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post-attachment of the appliance, the mice were sacrificed by perfusion fixation. Frozen sagittal cryostat sections of the decalcified maxillary incisors were processed for immunohistochemistry of protein gene product 9.5, followed by histochemical determination of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity to reveal sites of alveolar bone resorption. Despite the absence of bone resorption within the lingual PDL of control mice, distinct resorption sites were seen in the respective regions of the experimental animals. Unlike the controls, many Ruffini endings showing vague and swollen contours, with unusually long and pedunculated micro-projections were observed in the affected lingual PDL of the incisors in the experimental animals with short-term anterior crossbite induction. Club-shaped nerve terminations with few, if any, micro-projections were observed in the lingual PDL of experimental animals with long-term induction, as well as in aged control mouse incisors. Differences in the distribution of Ruffini endings were also observed. These results indicate that changing the direction of the force applied to the PDL results in rapid and prolonged changes in the morphology of Ruffini-like mechanoreceptors.  (+info)

Jaw reflexes evoked by mechanical stimulation of teeth in humans. (2/243)

Jaw reflexes evoked by mechanical stimulation of teeth in humans. The reflex response of jaw muscles to mechanical stimulation of an upper incisor tooth was investigated using the surface electromyogram (SEMG) of the masseter muscle and the bite force. With a slowly rising stimulus, the reflex response obtained on the masseter SEMG showed three different patterns of reflex responses; sole excitation, sole inhibition, and inhibition followed by excitation. Simultaneously recorded bite force, however, exhibited mainly one reflex response pattern, a decrease followed by an increase in the net closing force. A rapidly rising stimulus also induced several different patterns of reflex responses in the masseter SEMG. When the simultaneously recorded bite force was analyzed, however, there was only one reflex response pattern, a decrease in the net closing force. Therefore, the reflex change in the masseter muscle is not a good representative of the net reflex response of all jaw muscles to mechanical tooth stimulation. The net response is best expressed by the averaged bite force. The averaged bite force records showed that when the stimulus force was developing rapidly, the periodontal reflex could reduce the bite force and hence protect the teeth and supporting tissues from damaging forces. It also can increase the bite force; this might help keep food between the teeth if the change in force rate is slow, especially when the initial bite force is low.  (+info)

Cheek and tongue pressures in the molar areas and the atmospheric pressure in the palatal vault in young adults. (3/243)

The pressures acting on the maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth from the tongue and cheeks were measured in 24 adults aged 22-29 years. In addition, the pressure in the palatal vault was recorded. The pressure at two maxillary (buccal and lingual) and two mandibular (buccal and lingual) measuring points, and in the palatal vault was recorded simultaneously. Repeated recordings of the pressures at rest, and during chewing and swallowing were made. The pressures at rest were of similar magnitude (about 2 g/cm2) at the buccal and lingual sides of the mandibular posterior teeth. The median resting pressure at the maxillary posterior teeth was 2.7 g/cm2 on the buccal side and 1.0 g/cm2 on the lingual side. The difference in the maxilla was significant, but not in the mandible. It was concluded that the equilibrium of tooth position is maintained by the pressure from the cheeks and the tongue. During chewing and swallowing the pressures on the lingual side of the teeth were greater than those on the buccal side. At rest about half of the subjects had a negative pressure at the palatal vault, but no correlations between the resting pressure at the palatal vault and the resting pressures on the teeth were found.  (+info)

Adaptation of the muscles of mastication to the flat skull feature in the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). (4/243)

The muscles of mastication of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and those of the brown bear (U. arctos) were examined by anatomical approach. In addition, the examination of the skull was carried out in the polar bear, brown bear and giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). In the polar bear, the rostro-ventral part of the superficial layer of the M. masseter possessed the abundant fleshy portion folded in the rostral and lateral directions like an accordion. Moreover, the rostro-medial area of the superficial layer became hollow in the nuchal direction when the mouth was closed. The M. temporalis of the polar bear covered up the anterior border of the coronoid process of the mandible and occupied the almost entire area of the cranial surface. The M. pterygoideus medialis of the polar bear was inserted on the ventral border of the mandible and on the ventral part of the temporal bone more widely than that of the brown bear. As results of our measurements of the mandible, an effect of the leverage in the polar bear was the smallest in three species. In the polar bear, the skull was flat, and the space between zygomatic arch and ventral border of the mandible, occupied by the M. masseter was the narrowest. It is suggested that the muscles of mastication of the polar bear is adapted to the flat skull feature for supplementing the functions.  (+info)

EMG activities of two heads of the human lateral pterygoid muscle in relation to mandibular condyle movement and biting force. (5/243)

Electromyographic (EMG) activities of the superior (SUP) and inferior heads (INF) of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPT) were recorded in humans during voluntary stepwise changes in biting force and jaw position that were adopted to exclude the effects of acceleration and velocity of jaw movements on the muscle activity. The SUP behaved like a jaw-closing muscle and showed characteristic activity in relation to the biting force. It showed a considerable amount of background activity (5-32% of the maximum) even in the intercuspal position without teeth clenching and reached a nearly maximum activity at relatively lower biting-force levels than the jaw-closing muscles during increment of the biting force. Stretch reflexes were found in the SUP, the function of which could be to stabilize the condyle against the biting force that pulls the condyle posteriorly. This notion was verified by examining the biomechanics on the temporomandibular joint. The complex movements of the mandibular condyle in a sagittal plane were decomposed into displacement in the anteroposterior direction (Ac) and angle of rotation (RAc) around a kinesiological specific point on the condyle. In relation to Ac, each head of the LPT showed quite a similar behavior to each other in all types of jaw movements across all subjects. Working ranges of the muscle activities were almost constant (Ac <3 mm for the SUP and Ac >3 mm for the INF). The amount of EMG activity of the SUP changed in inverse proportion to Ac showing a hyperbola-like relation, whereas that of the INF changed rather linearly. The EMG amplitude of the SUP showed a quasilinear inverse relation with RAc in the hinge movement during which the condyle rotated with no movement in the anteroposterior direction. This finding suggests that the SUP controls the angular relationship between the articular disk and the condyle. On the other hand, the position of the disk in relation to the maxilla, not to the condyle, is controlled indirectly by the INF because the disk is attached to the condyle by tendinous ligaments.  (+info)

Change in the width of the mandibular body from 6 to 23 years of age: an implant study. (6/243)

After the ossification of the mandibular symphysis, shortly after birth, changes in mandibular width would be expected to occur only by surface apposition or resorption on the buccal surfaces of the left and right mandibular halves. However, evidence for an opening hinge movement of the two mandibular halves around a vertical axis located in the region of the mandibular symphysis was recently found in longitudinal studies of 29 subjects with unilateral implant markers in the mandible. These subjects were followed from 8.5 to 15.5 years of age (Korn and Baumrind, 1990; Baumrind and Korn, 1992). The aim of the present investigation was to examine whether the presence of such an age-related increase in mandibular body width could be confirmed in a sample with bilateral implant markers in the mandible. The sample comprised 10 subjects (3F, 7M) from the files of another longitudinal study with implant markers (Bjork, 1968). A total of 122 pairs of annual lateral and postero-anterior (p-a) cephalometric records were available, covering longitudinal observation periods ranging from 8 to 16 years within an age interval of between 6 and 23 years. The width between a right and left side mandibular implant marker was measured with digital callipers on all p-a radiographs. Each measurement was corrected mathematically for various sources of radiographic enlargement. A small, but statistically significant increase in the distance between the right and left implant markers, i.e. in the bilateral width of the mandibular body, was observed in all subjects. The total increase in width in each subject ranged from 0.7 to 1.7 mm for the various periods of observation (P < or = 0.01). For the 12-year period from 6 to 18 years, the average total increase was 1.6 mm (P < or = 0.001, SD = 0.42), i.e. 0.13 mm/year. After this age there was no systematic trend. The mechanism for this increase in width is unknown. It is suggested that during postnatal growth, an increasing load from the masticatory occlusal forces might influence endosteal bone remodelling in the mandibular body, thus producing or allowing a gradual permanent outward bending of the right and left mandibular halves.  (+info)

Reflex responses induced by tooth unloading. (7/243)

The reflex response of the masseter muscle to the rapid unloading of a single maxillary incisor tooth was studied. Unloading of a static force of 2 N in the horizontal direction resulted in a short-latency excitation, inhibition, and long-latency excitation of masseter muscle activity occurring at latencies of approximately 13, 20, and 40 ms, respectively, with a corresponding change in bite force occurring slightly later in each case. Following the blocking of periodontal input by the injection of local anesthetic around the stimulated tooth, inhibitory responses were abolished. Therefore, it is concluded that the observed masseteric inhibition was caused by the unloading of periodontal mechanoreceptors and thus that these receptors may contribute to the jaw unloading reflex.  (+info)

Influence on myoelectric discharges of anteroposterior displacement of the mandibular position near the tapping point. (8/243)

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence that the anteroposterior mandibular displacement near the tapping point exerts on the myoelectric activity of masseter and temporal muscles at a specific occluding force and to clarify the possibility of judging the mandibular position by measuring the amount of myoelectric discharge. Eight dentulous subjects were selected for the study. Surface electrodes were placed over the anterior, middle and posterior regions of the masseter muscle and over the anterior, middle and posterior bundles of the temporal muscle. Independently of the measurement region, the changes in the masseter and temporal muscle myoelectric activity which accompanied the anteroposterior mandibular displacement, were low. Moreover, when the mandible was displaced anteroposteriorly, the total amount of the myoelectrical discharge from all the recorded places, as well as the amounts of myoelectrical discharge over the middle part of the masseter muscle and the anterior bundle of the temporal muscle reached their lowest values in those mandibular positions which included the tapping point in less than half of the subjects. Therefore, this study indicates that the possibility of judging anteroposterior mandibular displacement by masseter and temporal muscle electromyography is quite low.  (+info)

Bite force refers to the amount of force or pressure that can be exerted by the teeth and jaw when biting down or clenching together. It is a measure of an individual's maximum biting strength, typically expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or newtons (N). Bite force is an important factor in various biological and medical contexts, including oral health, nutrition, and the study of animal behavior and evolution.

In humans, bite force can vary widely depending on factors such as age, sex, muscle strength, and dental health. On average, a healthy adult human male may have a maximum bite force of around 150-200 pounds (670-890 newtons), while an adult female may have a bite force of around 100-130 pounds (445-578 newtons). However, these values can vary significantly from person to person.

Abnormalities in bite force can be indicative of various medical conditions or injuries, such as temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), muscle weakness, or neurological disorders affecting the facial muscles. Assessing and measuring bite force may also be useful in evaluating the effectiveness of dental treatments or appliances, such as dentures or orthodontic devices.

"Bites and stings" is a general term used to describe injuries resulting from the teeth or venomous secretions of animals. These can include:

1. Insect bites: The bite marks are usually small, punctate, and may be accompanied by symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and pain. Examples include mosquito, flea, bedbug, and tick bites.

2. Spider bites: Some spiders possess venomous fangs that can cause localized pain, redness, and swelling. In severe cases, systemic symptoms like muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing may occur. The black widow and brown recluse spiders are notorious for their venomous bites.

3. Snake bites: Venomous snakes deliver toxic saliva through their fangs, which can lead to local tissue damage, swelling, pain, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects such as paralysis, bleeding disorders, and respiratory failure.

4. Mammal bites: Animal bites from mammals like dogs, cats, and wild animals can cause puncture wounds, lacerations, and crush injuries. They may also transmit infectious diseases, such as rabies.

5. Marine animal stings: Stings from jellyfish, sea urchins, stingrays, and other marine creatures can result in localized pain, redness, swelling, and systemic symptoms like difficulty breathing, muscle cramps, and altered heart rhythms. Some marine animals' venoms can cause severe allergic reactions or even death.

Treatment for bites and stings varies depending on the type and severity of the injury. It may include wound care, pain management, antibiotics to prevent infection, and in some cases, antivenom therapy to counteract the effects of venom. Seeking immediate medical attention is crucial in severe cases or when systemic symptoms are present.

Mastication is the medical term for the process of chewing food. It's the first step in digestion, where food is broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth, making it easier to swallow and further digest. The act of mastication involves not only the physical grinding and tearing of food by the teeth but also the mixing of the food with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin to break down carbohydrates. This process helps to enhance the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption in the subsequent stages of the digestive process.

A Jaw Relation Record (also known as a "mounted cast" or "articulated record") is a dental term used to describe the process of recording and replicating the precise spatial relationship between the upper and lower jaws. This information is crucial in various dental treatments, such as designing and creating dental restorations, dentures, or orthodontic appliances.

The Jaw Relation Record typically involves these steps:

1. Determining the optimal jaw position (occlusion) during a clinical procedure called "bite registration." This is done by using various materials like waxes, silicones, or impression compounds to record the relationship between the upper and lower teeth in a static position or at specific movements.
2. Transferring this bite registration to an articulator, which is a mechanical device that simulates jaw movement. The articulator holds dental casts (replicas of the patient's teeth) and allows for adjustments based on the recorded jaw relationship.
3. Mounting the dental casts onto the articulator according to the bite registration. This creates an accurate representation of the patient's oral structures, allowing dentists or technicians to evaluate, plan, and fabricate dental restorations that will fit harmoniously in the mouth and provide optimal function and aesthetics.

In summary, a Jaw Relation Record is a critical component in dental treatment planning and restoration design, as it captures and replicates the precise spatial relationship between the upper and lower jaws.

Masticatory muscles are a group of skeletal muscles responsible for the mastication (chewing) process in humans and other animals. They include:

1. Masseter muscle: This is the primary muscle for chewing and is located on the sides of the face, running from the lower jawbone (mandible) to the cheekbone (zygomatic arch). It helps close the mouth and elevate the mandible during chewing.

2. Temporalis muscle: This muscle is situated in the temporal region of the skull, covering the temple area. It assists in closing the jaw, retracting the mandible, and moving it sideways during chewing.

3. Medial pterygoid muscle: Located deep within the cheek, near the angle of the lower jaw, this muscle helps move the mandible forward and grind food during chewing. It also contributes to closing the mouth.

4. Lateral pterygoid muscle: Found inside the ramus (the vertical part) of the mandible, this muscle has two heads - superior and inferior. The superior head helps open the mouth by pulling the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) downwards, while the inferior head assists in moving the mandible sideways during chewing.

These muscles work together to enable efficient chewing and food breakdown, preparing it for swallowing and digestion.

A snake bite is a traumatic injury resulting from the puncture or laceration of skin by the fangs of a snake, often accompanied by envenomation. Envenomation occurs when the snake injects venom into the victim's body through its fangs. The severity and type of symptoms depend on various factors such as the species of snake, the amount of venom injected, the location of the bite, and the individual's sensitivity to the venom. Symptoms can range from localized pain, swelling, and redness to systemic effects like coagulopathy, neurotoxicity, or cardiotoxicity, which may lead to severe complications or even death if not treated promptly and appropriately.

In medical terms, the jaw is referred to as the mandible (in humans and some other animals), which is the lower part of the face that holds the lower teeth in place. It's a large, horseshoe-shaped bone that forms the lower jaw and serves as a attachment point for several muscles that are involved in chewing and moving the lower jaw.

In addition to the mandible, the upper jaw is composed of two bones known as the maxillae, which fuse together at the midline of the face to form the upper jaw. The upper jaw holds the upper teeth in place and forms the roof of the mouth, as well as a portion of the eye sockets and nasal cavity.

Together, the mandible and maxillae allow for various functions such as speaking, eating, and breathing.

'Human bites' refer to wounds or injuries resulting from the human mouth coming into contact with another person's body tissue. These bites can occur during fights, accidents, or intentional acts and can cause damage ranging from minor abrasions to serious tissue injury or infection. Human bite wounds may also pose a risk of transmission for various pathogens, including bacteria like Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species, hepatitis B and C viruses, and herpes simplex virus. Proper evaluation, wound care, and potential antibiotic treatment are crucial to prevent complications associated with human bites.

Insect bites and stings refer to the penetration of the skin by insects, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, or bees, often resulting in localized symptoms including redness, swelling, itching, and pain. The reaction can vary depending on the individual's sensitivity and the type of insect. In some cases, systemic reactions like anaphylaxis may occur, which requires immediate medical attention. Treatment typically involves relieving symptoms with topical creams, antihistamines, or in severe cases, epinephrine. Prevention measures include using insect repellent and protective clothing.

The temporalis muscle is a fan-shaped muscle located in the lateral aspect of the head, in the temporal fossa region. It belongs to the group of muscles known as muscles of mastication, responsible for chewing movements. The temporalis muscle has its origin at the temporal fossa and inserts into the coronoid process and ramus of the mandible. Its main function is to retract the mandible and assist in closing the jaw.

An overbite, also known as "malocclusion of class II division 1" in dental terminology, is an orthodontic condition where the upper front teeth excessively overlap the lower front teeth when biting down. This means that the upper incisors are positioned too far forward or the lower incisors are too far back. A slight overbite is considered normal and healthy, as it allows the front teeth to perform their functions properly, such as biting and tearing food. However, a significant overbite can lead to various problems like difficulty in chewing, speaking, and maintaining good oral hygiene. It may also cause wear and tear on the teeth, jaw pain, or even contribute to temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). Orthodontic treatment, such as braces or aligners, is often recommended to correct a severe overbite and restore proper bite alignment.

In medical terms, "beak" is not a term that is used as a general definition or diagnosis. However, there are some specific medical contexts where the term "beak" is used:

1. In forensic medicine, "beak" refers to the pointed end of a broken bone, which can occur when a bone is fractured in a certain way.
2. In respiratory medicine, "beaked nose" is a colloquial term used to describe a nose with a sharply pointed tip.
3. In maxillofacial surgery, "beak deformity" is a rare condition where the upper jaw protrudes excessively, giving the appearance of a bird's beak.
4. In veterinary medicine, "beak trimming" refers to the practice of trimming the beaks of birds to prevent them from injuring themselves or others.

It's important to note that these are very specific medical contexts and may not be relevant to your search for a general medical definition of "beak."

The masseter muscle is a strong chewing muscle in the jaw. It is a broad, thick, quadrilateral muscle that extends from the zygomatic arch (cheekbone) to the lower jaw (mandible). The masseter muscle has two distinct parts: the superficial part and the deep part.

The superficial part of the masseter muscle originates from the lower border of the zygomatic process of the maxilla and the anterior two-thirds of the inferior border of the zygomatic arch. The fibers of this part run almost vertically downward to insert on the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible and the coronoid process.

The deep part of the masseter muscle originates from the deep surface of the zygomatic arch and inserts on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible, blending with the temporalis tendon.

The primary function of the masseter muscle is to elevate the mandible, helping to close the mouth and clench the teeth together during mastication (chewing). It also plays a role in stabilizing the jaw during biting and speaking. The masseter muscle is one of the most powerful muscles in the human body relative to its size.

A spider bite is not a medical condition in and of itself, but rather an injury caused by the puncture of the skin by the fangs of a spider. Not all spiders are capable of penetrating human skin, and only a small number of species found in certain parts of the world have venom that can cause harmful reactions in humans.

The symptoms of a spider bite can vary widely depending on the species of spider, the amount of venom injected, the sensitivity of the person bitten, and the location of the bite. Some common symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, itching, and formation of a blister at the site of the bite. In more severe cases, symptoms such as muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing can occur.

It is important to note that many skin reactions that are attributed to spider bites may actually be caused by other factors such as bacterial infections or allergic reactions. Accurate identification of the spider responsible for a bite is often difficult, and in most cases, treatment is directed at relieving symptoms and preventing complications.

The stomatognathic system is a term used in medicine and dentistry to refer to the coordinated functions of the mouth, jaw, and related structures. It includes the teeth, gums, tongue, palate, lips, cheeks, salivary glands, as well as the muscles of mastication (chewing), swallowing, and speech. The stomatognathic system also involves the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures that allow for movement of the jaw. This complex system works together to enable functions such as eating, speaking, and breathing. Dysfunction in the stomatognathic system can lead to various oral health issues, including temporomandibular disorders, occlusal problems, and orofacial pain.

Dental occlusion refers to the alignment and contact between the upper and lower teeth when the jaws are closed. It is the relationship between the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) teeth when they approach each other, as occurs during chewing or biting.

A proper dental occlusion, also known as a balanced occlusion, ensures that the teeth and jaw joints function harmoniously, reducing the risk of tooth wear, damage, and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Malocclusion, on the other hand, refers to improper alignment or contact between the upper and lower teeth, which may require orthodontic treatment or dental restorations to correct.

An open bite, in dental terminology, refers to a type of malocclusion (or misalignment) where the upper and lower teeth do not make contact with each other when the jaw is closed. More specifically, the front teeth of both the upper and lower jaws fail to meet or overlap normally, creating an opening in the bite. This condition can lead to various problems such as difficulty in biting, chewing, speaking clearly, and even cause temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). Open bite can be caused by several factors including thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, genetic factors, or abnormal jaw development. Treatment usually involves orthodontic intervention, possibly with the use of appliances or even surgery in severe cases.

The skull is the bony structure that encloses and protects the brain, the eyes, and the ears. It is composed of two main parts: the cranium, which contains the brain, and the facial bones. The cranium is made up of several fused flat bones, while the facial bones include the upper jaw (maxilla), lower jaw (mandible), cheekbones, nose bones, and eye sockets (orbits).

The skull also provides attachment points for various muscles that control chewing, moving the head, and facial expressions. Additionally, it contains openings for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord to pass through. The skull's primary function is to protect the delicate and vital structures within it from injury and trauma.

Mixed dentition is a stage of dental development in which both primary (deciduous) teeth and permanent teeth are present in the mouth. This phase typically begins when the first permanent molars erupt, around the age of 6, and continues until all of the primary teeth have been replaced by permanent teeth, usually around the age of 12-13.

During this stage, a person will have a mix of smaller, temporary teeth and larger, more durable permanent teeth. Proper care and management of mixed dentition is essential for maintaining good oral health, as it can help to prevent issues such as crowding, misalignment, and decay. Regular dental check-ups and proper brushing and flossing techniques are crucial during this stage to ensure the best possible outcomes for long-term oral health.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

In the context of dentistry, a molar is a type of tooth found in the back of the mouth. They are larger and wider than other types of teeth, such as incisors or canines, and have a flat biting surface with multiple cusps. Molars are primarily used for grinding and chewing food into smaller pieces that are easier to swallow. Humans typically have twelve molars in total, including the four wisdom teeth.

In medical terminology outside of dentistry, "molar" can also refer to a unit of mass in the apothecaries' system of measurement, which is equivalent to 4.08 grams. However, this usage is less common and not related to dental or medical anatomy.

Malocclusion is a term used in dentistry and orthodontics to describe a misalignment or misrelation between the upper and lower teeth when they come together, also known as the bite. It is derived from the Latin words "mal" meaning bad or wrong, and "occludere" meaning to close.

There are different types of malocclusions, including:

1. Class I malocclusion: The most common type, where the upper teeth slightly overlap the lower teeth, but the bite is otherwise aligned.
2. Class II malocclusion (overbite): The upper teeth significantly overlap the lower teeth, causing a horizontal or vertical discrepancy between the dental arches.
3. Class III malocclusion (underbite): The lower teeth protrude beyond the upper teeth, resulting in a crossbite or underbite.

Malocclusions can be caused by various factors such as genetics, thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, premature loss of primary or permanent teeth, and jaw injuries or disorders. They may lead to several oral health issues, including tooth decay, gum disease, difficulty chewing or speaking, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. Treatment for malocclusions typically involves orthodontic appliances like braces, aligners, or retainers to realign the teeth and correct the bite. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.

A pressure transducer is a device that converts a mechanical force or pressure exerted upon it into an electrical signal which can be measured and standardized. In medical terms, pressure transducers are often used to measure various bodily pressures such as blood pressure, intracranial pressure, or intraocular pressure. These transducers typically consist of a diaphragm that is deflected by the pressure being measured, which then generates an electrical signal proportional to the amount of deflection. This signal can be processed and displayed in various ways, such as on a monitor or within an electronic medical record system.

Dental occlusion, centric refers to the alignment and contact of the opposing teeth when the jaw is closed in a neutral position, specifically with the mandible (lower jaw) positioned in maximum intercuspation. This means that all teeth are in full contact with their corresponding teeth in the opposite jaw, and the condyles of the mandible are seated in the most posterior portion of the glenoid fossae (the sockets in the skull where the mandible articulates). Centric occlusion is an important concept in dentistry as it serves as a reference point for establishing proper bite relationships during restorative dental treatment.

The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone in the human face. It forms the lower portion of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in various functions such as mastication (chewing), speaking, and swallowing. The mandible is a U-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal part called the body and two vertical parts called rami.

The mandible articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) located in front of each ear, allowing for movements like opening and closing the mouth, protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The mandible contains the lower teeth sockets called alveolar processes, which hold the lower teeth in place.

In medical terminology, the term "mandible" refers specifically to this bone and its associated structures.

Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome, often abbreviated as TMJD or TMD, is a group of conditions that cause pain and dysfunction in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) - the joint that connects the jawbone to the skull. Here's a more detailed medical definition:

Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome is a complex disorder characterized by pain, clicking, popping, or grating sounds in the TMJ; limited movement or locking of the jaw; and/or painful chewing movements. The condition may be caused by a variety of factors, including muscle tension, joint inflammation, structural problems with the joint itself, or injury to the head, neck, or jaw.

Symptoms of TMJD can include:
- Pain or tenderness in the face, jaw joint area, neck, and/or shoulders
- Limited ability to open the mouth wide
- Jaw locking, making it difficult to close or open the mouth
- Clicking, popping, or grating sounds in the TMJ when opening or closing the mouth
- A significant change in the way the upper and lower teeth fit together
- Headaches, earaches, dizziness, and hearing problems

Treatment for TMJD can vary depending on the severity of the condition and its underlying cause. It may include self-care practices such as eating soft foods, avoiding extreme jaw movements, and practicing relaxation techniques; physical therapy; medication to reduce pain and inflammation; dental treatments such as mouthguards or bite adjustments; and, in rare cases, surgery.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a type of microscopy that allows visualization and measurement of surfaces at the atomic level. It works by using a sharp probe, called a tip, that is mounted on a flexible cantilever. The tip is brought very close to the surface of the sample and as the sample is scanned, the forces between the tip and the sample cause the cantilever to deflect. This deflection is measured and used to generate a topographic map of the surface with extremely high resolution, often on the order of fractions of a nanometer. AFM can be used to study both conductive and non-conductive samples, and can operate in various environments, including air and liquid. It has applications in fields such as materials science, biology, and chemistry.

Cephalometry is a medical term that refers to the measurement and analysis of the skull, particularly the head face relations. It is commonly used in orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery to assess and plan treatment for abnormalities related to the teeth, jaws, and facial structures. The process typically involves taking X-ray images called cephalograms, which provide a lateral view of the head, and then using various landmarks and reference lines to make measurements and evaluate skeletal and dental relationships. This information can help clinicians diagnose problems, plan treatment, and assess treatment outcomes.

Cineradiography is a medical imaging technique that combines fluoroscopy and cinematography to record moving images of the internal structures of a patient's body. It uses a special X-ray machine with a high-speed image intensifier and a movie camera or video recorder to capture real-time, dynamic visualizations of bodily functions such as swallowing, digestion, or muscle movements.

During cineradiography, a continuous X-ray beam is passed through the patient's body while the image intensifier converts the X-rays into visible light, which is then captured by the camera or video recorder. The resulting film or digital recordings can be played back in slow motion or frame by frame to analyze the movement and function of internal organs and structures.

Cineradiography has largely been replaced by newer imaging technologies such as CT and MRI, which offer higher resolution and more detailed images without the use of radiation. However, it is still used in some specialized applications where real-time, dynamic visualization is essential for diagnosis or treatment planning.

Dentition refers to the development, arrangement, and appearance of teeth in the dental arch. It includes the number, type, size, and shape of teeth, as well as their alignment and relationship with each other and the surrounding structures in the oral cavity. Dentition can be classified into two main types: deciduous (primary) dentition and permanent (secondary) dentition. Deciduous dentition consists of 20 temporary teeth that erupt during infancy and childhood, while permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth that replace the deciduous teeth and last for a lifetime, excluding the wisdom teeth which may or may not erupt. Abnormalities in dentition can indicate various dental and systemic conditions, making it an essential aspect of oral health assessment and diagnosis.

Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD) refer to a group of conditions that cause pain and dysfunction in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the muscles that control jaw movement. The TMJ is the hinge joint that connects the lower jaw (mandible) to the skull (temporal bone) in front of the ear. It allows for movements required for activities such as eating, speaking, and yawning.

TMD can result from various causes, including:

1. Muscle tension or spasm due to clenching or grinding teeth (bruxism), stress, or jaw misalignment
2. Dislocation or injury of the TMJ disc, which is a small piece of cartilage that acts as a cushion between the bones in the joint
3. Arthritis or other degenerative conditions affecting the TMJ
4. Bite problems (malocclusion) leading to abnormal stress on the TMJ and its surrounding muscles
5. Stress, which can exacerbate existing TMD symptoms by causing muscle tension

Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders may include:
- Pain or tenderness in the jaw, face, neck, or shoulders
- Limited jaw movement or locking of the jaw
- Clicking, popping, or grating sounds when moving the jaw
- Headaches, earaches, or dizziness
- Difficulty chewing or biting
- Swelling on the side of the face

Treatment for TMD varies depending on the severity and cause of the condition. It may include self-care measures (like eating soft foods, avoiding extreme jaw movements, and applying heat or cold packs), physical therapy, medications (such as muscle relaxants, pain relievers, or anti-inflammatory drugs), dental work (including bite adjustments or orthodontic treatment), or even surgery in severe cases.

Felidae is the biological family that includes all extant (living) members of the cat group, also known as felids. This family consists of big cats such as lions, tigers, and leopards, as well as small cats like domestic cats, cheetahs, and pumas. Felidae is part of the order Carnivora and is characterized by specialized adaptations for hunting and stalking prey, including retractile claws, sharp teeth, and flexible bodies. The family has a worldwide distribution, with species found in various habitats across all continents except Antarctica.

Functional Orthodontic Appliances are removable or fixed devices used in orthodontics to correct the alignment and/or positioning of jaw bones and/or teeth. They work by harnessing the power of muscle function and growth to achieve desired changes in the dental arches and jaws. These appliances are typically used in growing children and adolescents, but can also be used in adults in certain cases. Examples of functional orthodontic appliances include activators, bionators, twin blocks, and Herbst appliances. The specific type of appliance used will depend on the individual patient's needs and treatment goals.

I could not find a specific medical definition for "fingersucking" as it is more of a behavior rather than a medical condition. However, fingersucking can sometimes be associated with certain medical or developmental issues in children. For example, persistent fingering sucking beyond the age of 5 years may indicate a developmental issue such as a sensory processing disorder or a behavioral problem like attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Prolonged fingersucking can also lead to dental problems such as malocclusion and dental caries.

In the context of mental health and psychology, "predatory behavior" is not a term that is commonly used as a medical diagnosis or condition. However, it generally refers to aggressive or exploitative behavior towards others with the intention of taking advantage of them for personal gain or pleasure. This could include various types of harmful behaviors such as sexual harassment, assault, stalking, bullying, or financial exploitation.

In some cases, predatory behavior may be associated with certain mental health conditions, such as antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy, which are characterized by a disregard for the rights and feelings of others. However, it's important to note that not all individuals who engage in predatory behavior have a mental health condition, and many people who do may not necessarily exhibit these behaviors.

If you or someone else is experiencing harm or exploitation, it's important to seek help from a trusted authority figure, such as a healthcare provider, law enforcement officer, or social worker.

A tooth is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (upper and lower) of many vertebrates and used for biting and chewing food. In humans, a typical tooth has a crown, one or more roots, and three layers: the enamel (the outermost layer, hardest substance in the body), the dentin (the layer beneath the enamel), and the pulp (the innermost layer, containing nerves and blood vessels). Teeth are essential for proper nutrition, speech, and aesthetics. There are different types of teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, each designed for specific functions in the mouth.

Feeding behavior refers to the various actions and mechanisms involved in the intake of food and nutrition for the purpose of sustaining life, growth, and health. This complex process encompasses a coordinated series of activities, including:

1. Food selection: The identification, pursuit, and acquisition of appropriate food sources based on sensory cues (smell, taste, appearance) and individual preferences.
2. Preparation: The manipulation and processing of food to make it suitable for consumption, such as chewing, grinding, or chopping.
3. Ingestion: The act of transferring food from the oral cavity into the digestive system through swallowing.
4. Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food within the gastrointestinal tract to facilitate nutrient absorption and eliminate waste products.
5. Assimilation: The uptake and utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells and tissues for energy production, growth, repair, and maintenance.
6. Elimination: The removal of undigested material and waste products from the body through defecation.

Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interplay between neural, hormonal, and psychological factors that help maintain energy balance and ensure adequate nutrient intake. Disruptions in feeding behavior can lead to various medical conditions, such as malnutrition, obesity, eating disorders, and gastrointestinal motility disorders.

Carnivory refers to a diet that consists primarily or exclusively of animal tissue, including meat, fish, and poultry. In the context of human health, carnivory is not typically used as a medical term, but rather a dietary one. However, in zoology, the term "obligate carnivore" is used to describe animals that require meat to meet their nutritional needs and cannot survive on a vegetarian or herbivorous diet.

It's worth noting that while a carnivorous diet can provide certain nutrients, such as protein, iron, and vitamin B12, it may also be associated with health risks if not properly balanced. For example, diets high in red and processed meats have been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and certain types of cancer. Therefore, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian before making any significant changes to your diet.

A deciduous tooth, also known as a baby tooth or primary tooth, is a type of temporary tooth that humans and some other mammals develop during childhood. They are called "deciduous" because they are eventually shed and replaced by permanent teeth, much like how leaves on a deciduous tree fall off and are replaced by new growth.

Deciduous teeth begin to form in the womb and start to erupt through the gums when a child is around six months old. By the time a child reaches age three, they typically have a full set of 20 deciduous teeth, including incisors, canines, and molars. These teeth are smaller and less durable than permanent teeth, but they serve important functions such as helping children chew food properly, speak clearly, and maintain space in the jaw for the permanent teeth to grow into.

Deciduous teeth usually begin to fall out around age six or seven, starting with the lower central incisors. This process continues until all of the deciduous teeth have been shed, typically by age 12 or 13. At this point, the permanent teeth will have grown in and taken their place, with the exception of the wisdom teeth, which may not erupt until later in adolescence or early adulthood.

The dental arch refers to the curved shape formed by the upper or lower teeth when they come together. The dental arch follows the curve of the jaw and is important for proper bite alignment and overall oral health. The dental arches are typically described as having a U-shaped appearance, with the front teeth forming a narrower section and the back teeth forming a wider section. The shape and size of the dental arch can vary from person to person, and any significant deviations from the typical shape or size may indicate an underlying orthodontic issue that requires treatment.

"Body weights and measures" is a general term that refers to the various methods used to quantify an individual's physical characteristics, particularly those related to health and fitness. This can include:

1. Body weight: The total amount of weight that a person's body possesses, typically measured in pounds or kilograms.
2. Height: The vertical distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head, usually measured in inches or centimeters.
3. Blood pressure: The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries as it circulates through the body, typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
4. Body mass index (BMI): A measure of body fat based on an individual's weight and height, calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared.
5. Waist circumference: The distance around the narrowest part of the waist, typically measured at the level of the belly button.
6. Hip circumference: The distance around the widest part of the hips, usually measured at the level of the greatest protrusion of the buttocks.
7. Blood glucose levels: The concentration of glucose in the blood, typically measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L).
8. Cholesterol levels: The amount of cholesterol present in the blood, usually measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L).

These and other body weights and measures are commonly used by healthcare professionals to assess an individual's health status, identify potential health risks, and guide treatment decisions.

In medical terms, the "head" is the uppermost part of the human body that contains the brain, skull, face, eyes, nose, mouth, and ears. It is connected to the rest of the body by the neck and is responsible for many vital functions such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and thought processing. The head also plays a crucial role in maintaining balance, speech, and eating.

Antivenins, also known as antivenoms, are medications created specifically to counteract venomous bites or stings from various creatures such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, and marine animals. They contain antibodies that bind to and neutralize the toxic proteins present in venom. Antivenins are usually made by immunizing large animals (like horses) with small amounts of venom over time, which prompts the animal's immune system to produce antibodies against the venom. The antibody-rich serum is then collected from the immunized animal and purified for use as an antivenin.

When administered to a victim who has been envenomated, antivenins work by binding to the venom molecules, preventing them from causing further damage to the body's tissues and organs. This helps minimize the severity of symptoms and can save lives in life-threatening situations. It is essential to seek immediate medical attention if bitten or stung by a venomous creature, as antivenins should be administered as soon as possible for optimal effectiveness.

Malocclusion, Angle Class II is a type of dental malocclusion where the relationship between the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw) is such that the lower molar teeth are positioned posteriorly relative to the upper molar teeth. This results in an overbite, which means that the upper front teeth overlap the lower front teeth excessively. The classification was proposed by Edward Angle, an American orthodontist who is considered the father of modern orthodontics. In this classification system, Class II malocclusion is further divided into three subclasses (I, II, and III) based on the position of the lower incisors relative to the upper incisors.

Bruxism is the medical term for grinding or clenching your teeth. It's often an unconscious habit that can occur during the day or at night (nocturnal bruxism). Mild bruxism may not require treatment, but chronic, severe grinding can lead to jaw disorders, headaches, and damaged teeth.

There are several potential causes of bruxism, including stress, anxiety, certain medications, alcohol and drug use, and sleep disorders. Dentists often diagnose bruxism based on the visible signs of wear on your teeth, or they may ask you about symptoms you're experiencing. Treatment for bruxism can include stress management techniques, dental guards to protect your teeth during sleep, and in some cases, medication.

Retrognathia is a dental and maxillofacial term that refers to a condition where the mandible (lower jaw) is positioned further back than normal, relative to the maxilla (upper jaw). This results in the chin appearing recessed or set back, and can lead to various functional and aesthetic problems. In severe cases, retrognathia can interfere with speaking, chewing, and breathing, and may require orthodontic or surgical intervention for correction.

A dental articulator is a mechanical device that is used in dentistry to simulate the movement and relationship of the upper and lower jaws (maxilla and mandible). It is essentially a hinge-like instrument that helps dental professionals replicate the patient's unique jaw movements and create dental restorations, such as crowns, bridges, or dentures, which fit accurately and comfortably.

Dental articulators come in various designs and complexities, but they generally consist of an upper and lower portion that represent the maxilla and mandible, respectively. These portions are connected by an adjustable arm, called a condylar element, which mimics the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) movement. This allows for the simulation of different jaw movements, such as opening, closing, protrusion, and lateral excursions.

By using a dental articulator, dentists can precisely design, adjust, and verify the fit, form, and function of dental restorations before placing them in the patient's mouth. This helps ensure optimal occlusal (bite) relationships, improved aesthetics, and increased patient comfort and satisfaction.

The term "vertical dimension" is used in dentistry, specifically in the field of prosthodontics, to refer to the measurement of the distance between two specific points in the vertical direction when the jaw is closed. The most common measurement is the "vertical dimension of occlusion," which is the distance between the upper and lower teeth when the jaw is in a balanced and comfortable position during resting closure.

The vertical dimension is an important consideration in the design and fabrication of dental restorations, such as dentures or dental crowns, to ensure proper function, comfort, and aesthetics. Changes in the vertical dimension can occur due to various factors, including tooth loss, jaw joint disorders, or muscle imbalances, which may require correction through dental treatment.

"Sucking behavior" is not a term typically used in medical terminology. However, in the context of early childhood development and behavior, "non-nutritive sucking" is a term that may be used to describe an infant or young child's habitual sucking on their thumb, fingers, or pacifiers, beyond what is necessary for feeding. This type of sucking behavior can provide a sense of security, comfort, or help to self-soothe and manage stress or anxiety.

It's important to note that while non-nutritive sucking is generally considered a normal part of early childhood development, persistent sucking habits beyond the age of 2-4 years may lead to dental or orthodontic problems such as an overbite or open bite. Therefore, it's recommended to monitor and address these behaviors if they persist beyond this age range.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finite Element Analysis" (FEA) is not a medical term. It is a computational technique used in engineering and physical sciences. FEA is a computerized method for predicting how a product reacts to real-world forces, vibration, heat, fluid flow, and other physical effects. It's a way that engineers can simulate the performance of a product or system before it is built, which can help reduce costs, improve quality, and shorten the development time.

However, in a medical context, FEA might be used in the field of biomechanical engineering to analyze the mechanical behavior of biological systems, such as bones, joints, or soft tissues, under various loads and conditions. This can help researchers and clinicians better understand the mechanisms of injury, disease, or the effects of treatment, and develop more effective prevention, diagnostic, or therapeutic strategies.

"Edentulous mouth" is a medical term used to describe a condition where an individual has no remaining natural teeth in either their upper or lower jaw, or both. This situation can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay, gum disease, trauma, or aging. Dentists often recommend dental prosthetics like dentures to restore oral function and aesthetics for individuals with edentulous mouths.

A complete denture is a removable dental appliance that replaces all of the teeth in an upper or lower arch. It is also commonly referred to as a "full denture." A complete denture is created specifically to fit a patient's mouth and can be made of either acrylic resin (plastic) or metal and acrylic resin.

The upper complete denture covers the palate (roof of the mouth), while the lower complete denture is shaped like a horseshoe to leave room for the tongue. Dentures are held in place by forming a seal with the gums and remaining jawbone structure, and can be secured further with the use of dental adhesives.

Complete dentures not only restore the ability to eat and speak properly but also help support the facial structures, improving the patient's appearance and overall confidence. It is important to maintain regular dental check-ups even if all teeth are missing, as the dentist will monitor the fit and health of the oral tissues and make any necessary adjustments to the denture.

A pacifier, also known as a soother or dummy, is a rubber, plastic, or silicone teething device that is designed to be sucked upon. It has a nipple-like part that the baby or infant sucks on to derive a sense of security, comfort, and relaxation. Pacifiers are often used to help soothe a crying or fussy baby, to help them fall asleep, or to calm them during stressful situations. They come in various shapes, sizes, and colors, and can be orthodontic or non-orthodontic. It is recommended that pacifier use should be stopped by the age of 2-3 years to prevent dental and speech development issues.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Wolves" are not a medical term, but rather they refer to a large canine species. If you're asking about a medical condition that might be referred to as "wolf," the closest possible term I could find is "wolfian development." This term refers to the development of structures in the human body that originate from the wolfian ducts during embryonic development, such as the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles in males. However, I want to emphasize that this is not a common medical term and might not be what you're looking for.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "finches" generally refers to a group of small-sized songbirds that belong to the family Fringillidae. They are not a medical term and do not have a medical definition. Finches are commonly kept as pets and are known for their melodious songs and vibrant colors. If you have any medical questions or terms, I'd be happy to help clarify those for you!

Chiroptera is the scientific order that includes all bat species. Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight, and they are distributed worldwide with the exception of extremely cold environments. They vary greatly in size, from the bumblebee bat, which weighs less than a penny, to the giant golden-crowned flying fox, which has a wingspan of up to 6 feet.

Bats play a crucial role in many ecosystems as pollinators and seed dispersers for plants, and they also help control insect populations. Some bat species are nocturnal and use echolocation to navigate and find food, while others are diurnal and rely on their vision. Their diet mainly consists of insects, fruits, nectar, and pollen, although a few species feed on blood or small vertebrates.

Unfortunately, many bat populations face significant threats due to habitat loss, disease, and wind turbine collisions, leading to declining numbers and increased conservation efforts.

In medical terms, the face refers to the front part of the head that is distinguished by the presence of the eyes, nose, and mouth. It includes the bones of the skull (frontal bone, maxilla, zygoma, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae, and mandible), muscles, nerves, blood vessels, skin, and other soft tissues. The face plays a crucial role in various functions such as breathing, eating, drinking, speaking, seeing, smelling, and expressing emotions. It also serves as an important identifier for individuals, allowing them to be recognized by others.

Dental stress analysis is a method used in dentistry to evaluate the amount and distribution of forces that act upon teeth and surrounding structures during biting, chewing, or other functional movements. This analysis helps dental professionals identify areas of excessive stress or strain that may lead to dental problems such as tooth fracture, mobility, or periodontal (gum) disease. By identifying these areas, dentists can develop treatment plans to reduce the risk of dental issues and improve overall oral health.

Dental stress analysis typically involves the use of specialized equipment, such as strain gauges, T-scan occlusal analysis systems, or finite element analysis software, to measure and analyze the forces that act upon teeth during various functional movements. The results of the analysis can help dentists determine the best course of treatment, which may include adjusting the bite, restoring damaged teeth with crowns or fillings, or fabricating custom-made oral appliances to redistribute the forces evenly across the dental arch.

Overall, dental stress analysis is an important tool in modern dentistry that helps dental professionals diagnose and treat dental problems related to occlusal (bite) forces, ensuring optimal oral health and function for their patients.

The maxilla is a paired bone that forms the upper jaw in vertebrates. In humans, it is a major bone in the face and plays several important roles in the craniofacial complex. Each maxilla consists of a body and four processes: frontal process, zygomatic process, alveolar process, and palatine process.

The maxillae contribute to the formation of the eye sockets (orbits), nasal cavity, and the hard palate of the mouth. They also contain the upper teeth sockets (alveoli) and help form the lower part of the orbit and the cheekbones (zygomatic arches).

Here's a quick rundown of its key functions:

1. Supports the upper teeth and forms the upper jaw.
2. Contributes to the formation of the eye sockets, nasal cavity, and hard palate.
3. Helps shape the lower part of the orbit and cheekbones.
4. Partakes in the creation of important sinuses, such as the maxillary sinus, which is located within the body of the maxilla.

Dinosaurs are a group of reptiles that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period until the end of the Cretaceous period. They first appeared approximately 230 million years ago and went extinct around 65 million years ago.

Dinosaurs are characterized by their upright stance, with legs positioned directly under their bodies, and a wide range of body sizes and shapes. Some dinosaurs were enormous, such as the long-necked sauropods that could reach lengths of over 100 feet, while others were small and agile.

Dinosaurs are classified into two main groups: the saurischians (lizard-hipped) and the ornithischians (bird-hipped). The saurischians include both the large carnivorous theropods, such as Tyrannosaurus rex, and the long-necked sauropods. The ornithischians were primarily herbivores and included a diverse array of species, such as the armored ankylosaurs and the horned ceratopsians.

Despite their extinction, dinosaurs have left a lasting impact on our planet and continue to be a source of fascination for people of all ages. The study of dinosaurs, known as paleontology, has shed light on many aspects of Earth's history and the evolution of life on our planet.

Dental impression materials are substances used to create a replica or negative reproduction of the oral structures, including teeth, gums, and surrounding tissues. These materials are often used in dentistry to fabricate dental restorations, orthodontic appliances, mouthguards, and various other dental devices.

There are several types of dental impression materials available, each with its unique properties and applications:

1. Alginate: This is a common and affordable material derived from algae. It is easy to mix and handle, sets quickly, and provides a detailed impression of the oral structures. However, alginate impressions are not as durable as other materials and must be poured immediately after taking the impression.
2. Irreversible Hydrocolloid: This material is similar to alginate but offers better accuracy and durability. It requires more time to mix and set, but it can be stored for a longer period before pouring the cast.
3. Polyvinyl Siloxane (PVS): Also known as silicone impression material, PVS provides excellent detail, accuracy, and dimensional stability. It is available in two types: addition-cured and condensation-cured. Addition-cured PVS offers better accuracy but requires more time to mix and set. Condensation-cured PVS sets faster but may shrink slightly over time.
4. Polyether: This material provides high accuracy, excellent detail, and good tear resistance. It is also sensitive to moisture, making it suitable for impressions where a dry field is required. However, polyether has a strong odor and taste, which some patients find unpleasant.
5. Vinyl Polysiloxane (VPS): This material is similar to PVS but offers better tear strength and flexibility. It is also less sensitive to moisture than polyether, making it suitable for various applications.
6. Zinc Oxide Eugenol: This is a traditional impression material used primarily for temporary impressions or bite registrations. It has a low cost and is easy to mix and handle but does not provide the same level of detail as other materials.

The choice of dental impression material depends on various factors, including the type of restoration, the patient's oral condition, and the clinician's preference.

The skull base is the lower part of the skull that forms the floor of the cranial cavity and the roof of the facial skeleton. It is a complex anatomical region composed of several bones, including the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, and ethmoid bones. The skull base supports the brain and contains openings for blood vessels and nerves that travel between the brain and the face or neck. The skull base can be divided into three regions: the anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and posterior cranial fossa, which house different parts of the brain.

Orthodontics is a specialized branch of dentistry that focuses on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. The term "corrective" in this context refers to the use of appliances (such as braces, aligners, or other devices) to move teeth into their proper position and correct malocclusion (bad bite). This not only improves the appearance of the teeth but also helps to ensure better function, improved oral health, and overall dental well-being.

The goal of corrective orthodontics is to create a balanced and harmonious relationship between the teeth, jaws, and facial structures. Treatment may be recommended for children, adolescents, or adults and can help address various issues such as crowding, spacing, overbites, underbites, crossbites, open bites, and jaw growth discrepancies. A combination of techniques, including fixed or removable appliances, may be used to achieve the desired outcome. Regular follow-up appointments are necessary throughout treatment to monitor progress and make any necessary adjustments.

Malocclusion, Angle Class I is a type of dental malocclusion where the misalignment of teeth is not severe enough to affect the overall function or appearance of the bite significantly. Named after Edward Angle, the founder of modern orthodontics, this classification indicates that the mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar is aligned with the buccal groove of the lower first molar. Although the bite appears normal, there might be crowding, spacing, or rotations present in the teeth, which can lead to aesthetic concerns and potential periodontal issues if left untreated.

The Sella Turcica, also known as the Turkish saddle, is a depression or fossa in the sphenoid bone located at the base of the skull. It forms a housing for the pituitary gland, which is a small endocrine gland often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls other glands and makes several essential hormones. The Sella Turcica has a saddle-like shape, with its anterior and posterior clinoids forming the front and back of the saddle, respectively. This region is of significant interest in neuroimaging and clinical settings, as various conditions such as pituitary tumors or other abnormalities may affect the size, shape, and integrity of the Sella Turcica.

An incisor is a type of tooth that is primarily designed for biting off food pieces rather than chewing or grinding. They are typically chisel-shaped, flat, and have a sharp cutting edge. In humans, there are eight incisors - four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw, located at the front of the mouth. Other animals such as dogs, cats, and rodents also have incisors that they use for different purposes like tearing or gnawing.

I apologize for any confusion, but "lizards" is not a term used in medical definition. Lizards are a group of scaled reptiles constituting the order Squamata, characterized by having skin covered with overlapping scales, external ears, and movable eyelids. They are found worldwide in a variety of habitats, ranging from desert to tropical environments. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I'd be happy to help!

The pharyngeal muscles, also known as the musculature of the pharynx, are a group of skeletal muscles that make up the walls of the pharynx, which is the part of the throat located just above the esophagus and behind the nasal and oral cavities. These muscles play a crucial role in several vital functions, including:

1. Swallowing (deglutition): The pharyngeal muscles contract in a coordinated sequence to propel food or liquids from the mouth through the pharynx and into the esophagus during swallowing.
2. Speech: The contraction and relaxation of these muscles help shape the sounds produced by the vocal cords, contributing to the production of speech.
3. Respiration: The pharyngeal muscles assist in maintaining an open airway during breathing, especially during sleep and when the upper airways are obstructed.

The pharyngeal muscles consist of three layers: the outer circular muscle layer, the middle longitudinal muscle layer, and the inner inferior constrictor muscle layer. The specific muscles that make up these layers include:

1. Superior constrictor muscle (outer circular layer)
2. Middle constrictor muscle (middle longitudinal layer)
3. Inferior constrictor muscle (inner inferior constrictor layer)
4. Stylopharyngeus muscle
5. Salpingopharyngeus muscle
6. Palatopharyngeus muscle
7. Buccinator muscle (partially contributes to the middle longitudinal layer)

These muscles work together to perform their various functions, and any dysfunction in these muscles can lead to problems like swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), speech impairments, or respiratory issues.

The nasal bones are a pair of small, thin bones located in the upper part of the face, specifically in the middle of the nose. They articulate with each other at the nasal bridge and with the frontal bone above, the maxillae (upper jaw bones) on either side, and the septal cartilage inside the nose. The main function of the nasal bones is to form the bridge of the nose and protect the nasal cavity. Any damage to these bones can result in a fracture or broken nose.

"Body size" is a general term that refers to the overall physical dimensions and proportions of an individual's body. It can encompass various measurements, including height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure, and other anthropometric measures.

In medical and public health contexts, body size is often used to assess health status, risk factors for chronic diseases, and overall well-being. For example, a high body mass index (BMI) may indicate excess body fat and increase the risk of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Similarly, a large waist circumference or high blood pressure may also be indicators of increased health risks.

It's important to note that body size is just one aspect of health and should not be used as the sole indicator of an individual's overall well-being. A holistic approach to health that considers multiple factors, including diet, physical activity, mental health, and social determinants of health, is essential for promoting optimal health outcomes.

The facial bones, also known as the facial skeleton, are a series of bones that make up the framework of the face. They include:

1. Frontal bone: This bone forms the forehead and the upper part of the eye sockets.
2. Nasal bones: These two thin bones form the bridge of the nose.
3. Maxilla bones: These are the largest bones in the facial skeleton, forming the upper jaw, the bottom of the eye sockets, and the sides of the nose. They also contain the upper teeth.
4. Zygomatic bones (cheekbones): These bones form the cheekbones and the outer part of the eye sockets.
5. Palatine bones: These bones form the back part of the roof of the mouth, the side walls of the nasal cavity, and contribute to the formation of the eye socket.
6. Inferior nasal conchae: These are thin, curved bones that form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and help to filter and humidify air as it passes through the nose.
7. Lacrimal bones: These are the smallest bones in the skull, located at the inner corner of the eye socket, and help to form the tear duct.
8. Mandible (lower jaw): This is the only bone in the facial skeleton that can move. It holds the lower teeth and forms the chin.

These bones work together to protect vital structures such as the eyes, brain, and nasal passages, while also providing attachment points for muscles that control chewing, expression, and other facial movements.

A "tick bite" refers to the penetration of the skin by a tick, a small arachnid, for the purpose of feeding on the host's blood. This process often involves the tick's mouthparts piercing the skin and attaching themselves securely to the host. Tick bites can potentially transmit diseases, such as Lyme disease or Rocky Mountain spotted fever, depending on the type of tick and the length of time it remains attached. It is important to check for and promptly remove ticks from the body to reduce the risk of infection.

In medical terms, "fossils" do not have a specific or direct relevance to the field. However, in a broader scientific context, fossils are the remains or impressions of prehistoric organisms preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. They offer valuable evidence about the Earth's history and the life forms that existed on it millions of years ago.

Paleopathology is a subfield of paleontology that deals with the study of diseases in fossils, which can provide insights into the evolution of diseases and human health over time.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

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Even on the MS this is poor". Sega Master Force felt that the game was released too late after the film. The Sega versions were ... "Terminator 2: Judgment Day". Sega Master Force. No. 6. United Kingdom. December 1993. pp. 24-25. "Hasta La Vista, Baby". Video ... Terminator 2: Judgment Day is an action game released for several 8-bit consoles, including the Nintendo Entertainment System ( ... "The characters are a bit small, and there isn't that much variety throughout it. The music will also get on your nerves after a ...
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Franson Pruter, Robin (May 14, 2012). "The Vampire Diaries, S1E03: Friday Night Bites". Forced Viewing. Archived from the ... "Friday Night Bites". Heard on TV. Retrieved January 30, 2014. Kafka, Josie. "Vampire Diaries: Friday Night Bites". Doux Reviews ... "Friday Night Bites" is the third episode of the first season of The CW television series, The Vampire Diaries and the third ... "Friday Night Bites" uses the following songs: "Slow Poison" by The Bravery "Blue Day" by Darker My Love "Starstrukk" by 3OH!3 " ...
Newton, Frank; United States Armed Forces (2010). "Monkey bite exposure treatment protocol". Journal of Special Operations ... A monkey bite is the bite of a monkey and is the second most common animal bite after dogs in India. Monkey bites account for 2 ... of animal bite injuries. Monkey bites are an important risk among travelers and after dog bites is the most common animal bite ... Management involves: wound cleansing and care prophylactic antibiotics post-bite rabies treatment post-bite tetanus treatment ...
Chewing Bite force quotient Animal bite Ferrara, T.L.; Clausen, P.; Huber, D.R.; McHenry, C.R.; Peddemors, V.; Wroe, S. (2011 ... Biting may also occur in physical fights or in self-defense. Criminally, Forensic Dentistry is involved in bite-mark analysis. ... Because bite-marks change significantly over time, investigators must call for an expert as soon as possible. Bites are then ... Biting may be prevented by methods including redirection, change in the environment and responding to biting by talking about ...
Both patterns will force a B8ZS code in circuits optioned for B8ZS. A bit error rate tester (BERT), also known as a "bit error ... The bit error rate (BER) is the number of bit errors per unit time. The bit error ratio (also BER) is the number of bit errors ... The bit error probability pe is the expected value of the bit error ratio. The bit error ratio can be considered as an ... Since most such codes correct only bit-flips, but not bit-insertions or bit-deletions, the Hamming distance metric is the ...
An RAF technician with the force dismantled a Würzburg radar array and removed several key pieces, after which the force ... but the German force guarding it was soon eliminated with the help of the main force. The raiding troops were picked up by ... and a full moon which would provide illumination for the evacuation of the raiding force. The naval force under Commander Cook ... Accompanying the strike force was a 10 man section of Royal Engineers of the 1st Air Troop led by Lt. Dennis Vernon. Six of the ...
Bite force quotient Wilderness first aid Dog bite Dog bite prevention Minghui, Ren; Stone, Matthew; Semedo, Maria Helena; Nel, ... Human bites are the third most frequent type of bite after dog and cat bites. Dog bites are commonplace, with children the most ... Spider bite Insect bites and stings Flea bites are responsible for the transmission of plague. Mosquito bites are responsible ... The US estimated annual count of animal bites is 250,000 human bites, 1 to 2 million dog bites, 400,000 cat bites, and 45,000 ...
Is Nonconforming, and Forces Optimization Choice vector. : More Problems, Better Solutions (Articles with short description, ... A bit array (also known as bitmask, bit map, bit set, bit string, or bit vector) is an array data structure that compactly ... PL/pgSQL and PostgreSQL's SQL support bit strings as native type. There are two SQL bit types: bit(n) and bit varying(n), where ... "CLHS: Accessor BIT, SBIT". www.lispworks.com. "CLHS: Function BIT-AND, BIT-ANDC1, BIT-ANDC2..." www.lispworks.com. mathematical ...
Yūya Nomoto (野本 裕也, Nomoto Yūya) Voiced by: Wataru Hatano A second year university student who was forced into a plot by ... Killing Bites is written by Shinya Murata and illustrated by Kazuasa Sumita. It has been serialized in Hero's Inc. seinen manga ... The "Killing Bites" battles have been the decisive turning points in the Japanese economy since ancient times. Hitomi is ... Killing Bites (Japanese: キリングバイツ, Hepburn: Kiringu Baitsu) is a Japanese manga series written by Shinya Murata and illustrated ...
... can happen due to several reasons. The teeth and the alveolar bones are subject to opposing forces and ... Both type of bite blocks exerted intrusive force on both upper and lower posterior teeth. They saw 3mm improvement in overbite ... This is more likely to occur in segments where there may be unilateral open bite or open bite related to one or more teeth. ... However, this is not accompanied by the skeletal tendency of having an open bite. Thus this type of open bite may happen in ...
The players have to build farms to provide upkeep for their forces. The game is situated in a generic fantasy scenario ... 8-Bit Hordes is the sequel to the game 8-Bit Armies. It uses the same engine and interface. After the release of 8-Bit Armies, ... "8-Bit Hordes FAQ". 8bithordes.com. Retrieved September 11, 2016. Leif Johnson (August 17, 2016). "PC Gamer 8-Bit Hordes review ... 8-Bit Hordes is a real-time strategy game designed to mirror the look and gameplay of classic RTS games of the 90s. It features ...
Characteristics of the human and pet populations in animal bite incidents recorded at two Air Force bases. Public Health Rep. ... A dog bite is a bite upon a person or other animal by a dog, including from a rabid dog. More than one successive bite is often ... Another type of dog bite is the "soft bite" displayed by well-trained dogs, by puppies, and in non-aggressive play. Dog bites ... Approximately twenty percent of dog bites become infected. In a survey of dog bites in Pennsylvania, the rate of dog bites was ...
The foshan dish cooking method is made by forcing a venomous snake to bite a chicken. The chicken is bitten and poisoned ... The dish consist of a venomous snake being forced to bite a chicken. After the chicken is envenomated and dies, it is then ... Snake bite chicken is a controversial dish served in Guangdong and Chongqing China, though its exact origin is unknown. ... A strong chicken may require several bites.[permanent dead link] After the chicken dies, it can be served in a pan for 98 ...
Sherred, Kristine (July 1, 2020). "Another blow to summer as COVID-19 forces cancellation of Tacoma's favorite food festival". ... This was mainly due to his success in coordinating and creating many popular festivals, including the Bite of Seattle. The Bite ... "Fountain Lawn Stage". Albert Lee Appliance Bite of Seattle. Retrieved 2020-02-09. "Mural Stage". Albert Lee Appliance Bite of ... The 2020 Bite of Seattle and Taste of Tacoma were both canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, CHEQ, a mobile payments ...
As the tool bit puts a lateral deflecting force on the workpiece, the follower rest opposes it, providing rigidity. A different ... deflection of the tool bit away from the material when excessive load is applied variable overhang - the tool bit may be ... The ground tool bit is held rigidly by a tool holder while it is cutting. Back rake is to help control the direction of the ... A tool bit (or several tool bits) and a compact follower rest (usually V-shaped or with two rollers) are mounted opposite each ...
A bitten young woman would be forced to dance wildly in the central plaza-the tarantella. Cultural interpretations report ... Reports of recluse bites far outnumber the number of spiders found in much of the U.S. For example, many brown recluse bites ... Bites usually become painful and itchy within 2 to 8 hours, pain and other local effects worsen 12 to 36 hours after the bite ... Most recluse spider bites are minor with a small area of redness. However, a small number of bites produce severe dermonecrotic ...
His humor peeks through a little early on, but it only busts out in force after a few hundred strips". Writing for Io9, Lauren ... "8-BIT THEATER 20TH ANNIVERSARY BOOK wait 20 years?! SON OF A". "8-Bit Theater Avoids Final Fantasy Copyrights with 20th ... The comic sometimes used 16-bit or 32-bit sprites to depict more powerful creatures. While most speech bubbles are white with ... The barn door flew open". However, no other sprite comic reached the popularity of 8-Bit Theater. 8-Bit Theater was Brian ...
However, this type of vying for dominance has only been observed in forced groupings of captive wolves. In the wild, this trend ... Bite inhibition, then, naturally occurs as the pups learn not to bite their siblings and parents too hard. Austrian scientist ... Schenkel suggests that the bite inhibition in this instance is shown by the inferior to show that he does not dare to bite the ... Even a dog that would never bite out of anger can snap when met with a painful or threatening stimulus, so training in bite ...
So Kubi and Bernd are forced to work together to save Kubi's friends and the game itself. Bit Boy!! Arcade was produced by ... "Bit Boy!! Arcade for 3DS Reviews". Metacritic. Fandom. Retrieved 2021-01-11. Carlson, Alex (2014-05-09). "Review: Bit Boy!! ... It's a sequel to the 2009 released Bit Boy!! for Nintendo's WiiWare service and the second installment of the Bit Boy!! series ... Reed, Philip J. (2014-04-19). "Bit Boy!! ARCADE Review". Nintendo Life. Gamer Network. Retrieved 2014-04-19. "Bit Boy!! Arcade ...
The Stooges happily reminisce about the meeting of their respective fiancees whilst in armed forces in Europe. They are an ... ISBN 0-9711868-0-4. Love at First Bite at IMDb Love at First Bite at AllMovie v t e (Articles with short description, Short ... Love at First Bite is a 1950 short subject directed by Jules White starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges ( ... as Male Cafe customer Al Thompson as Sleeping Man in Restaurant Slim Gaut as second Male Cafe customer Love at First Bite was ...
This screws into the wood as the bit is turned, and pulls the bit into the wood. There is no need for any force to push the bit ... Gimlet bit for wood, made sometime before 1950. Gimlet bit tip detail The hinge sinker bit is an example of a custom drill bit ... 20 mm (0.79 in) auger bit for wood Auger bit tip detail The gimlet bit is a very old design. The bit is the same style as that ... The brad point drill bit (also known as lip and spur drill bit, and dowel drill bit) is a variation of the twist drill bit ...
While stronger than 40-bit encryption, this still represents a relatively low level of security in the context of a brute force ... In February 1997, RSA Data Security ran a brute force competition with a $10,000 prize to demonstrate the weakness of 56-bit ... In July 1998, a successful brute-force attack was demonstrated against 56-bit encryption with Deep Crack in just 56 hours. In ... 56-bit DES encryption is now obsolete, having been replaced as a standard in 2002 by the 128-bit (and stronger) Advanced ...
... depending on the specific bit design. A pelham is a leverage bit, meaning that it increases the force but reduces the extent of ... A pelham bit is a type of bit used when riding a horse. It has elements of both a curb bit and a snaffle bit. In this respect a ... But like a snaffle bit, a pelham bit also has a bit ring on either side of the mouthpiece. Like some curb bits, a pelham bit ... where either a snaffle bit or a curb bit is used. Variations of the pelham bit are often seen in driving in situations where a ...
... (WOB), as expressed in the oil industry, is the amount of downward force exerted on the drill bit and is normally ... To accurately control the amount of force applied to the bit, the driller carefully monitors the surface weight measured while ... then there should be 20,000 pounds force on the bit (in a vertical hole). Some downhole Measurement While Drilling (MWD) ... Weight on bit is provided by drill collars, which are thick-walled tubular pieces machined from solid bars of steel, usually ...
Carpenter, Claire (9 August 2007). "87SQN's first bite". Air Force: The Official Newspaper of the Royal Australian Air Force. ... "Simply the best" (PDF). Air Force: The Official Newspaper of the Royal Australian Air Force. Vol. 53, no. 6. 14 April 2011. ... "Battle Honours Great Battles". Air Force: The Official Newspaper of the Royal Australian Air Force. Vol. 52, no. 5. 1 April ... Stackpole, Andrew (13 July 2006). "Back to the Future". Air Force: The Official Newspaper of the Royal Australian Air Force. ...
Suddenly we were forced to put out this single because so many stations in New York were playing it. It changed that album from ... "Another One Bites the Dust" (section) The claimed backmasked section of "Another One Bites the Dust". "Another One Bites the ... "Another One Bites the Dust" (A Skillz Remix) "Another One Bites the Dust" (Soul Avengerz Remix) "Another One Bites the Dust" ( ... "Another One Bites the Dust" (A Skillz Remix) "Another One Bites the Dust" (Soul Avengerz Remix) "Another One Bites the Dust" ( ...
The hospital believes Walt is at risk for another fugue state and forces him to undergo a psychiatric evaluation. Walt admits ... "Bit by a Dead Bee" at the official Breaking Bad site "Bit by a Dead Bee" at IMDb (Articles with short description, Short ... "Bit by a Dead Bee" is the third episode of the second season of the American television crime drama series Breaking Bad and the ... In 2019 The Ringer ranked "Bit by a Dead Bee" 40th out of the 62 total Breaking Bad episodes. As depicted in "Seven Thirty- ...
Bite force quotient (BFQ) is a numerical value commonly used to represent the bite force of an animal, while also taking ... "Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa". Proc. Biol. ... Consequently, small species would be expected to bite harder for their size than large species if a simple ratio of bite force ... not an indicator of absolute bite force. In short, if an animal or species has a high BFQ this indicates that it bites hard for ...
comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the. Bite force and encephalization in canids E. M. Damasceno, E. Hingst-Zaher ... Diagrams showing the areas and distances used to calculate bite forces and brain volume. Variables for bite force estimates: M ... Table 1 Taxa analyzed with bite force quotient (BFQ) values, corrected bite force, brain volume quotient (BVQ), corrected brain ... Selection for increased bite force, bite speed or skull strength may all affect cranial morphology. We investigated the ...
... Nick Cassidy says his crash with Sam Bird in the Rome ... "And so even in this situation where the driver gets a penalty, it doesnt help my championship and so I needed to be a bit ... "So, you know, were put a bit more and more into a corner. ...
Medical students forced to cut back on food, clothes and heating as cost of living crisis bites. The British Medical ... The British Medical Association has found that 60% of medical students are being forced to cut down on the basics, with a ...
... and will instead be forced use its own internally developed (and significantly slower) Exynos chip instead. ... A new report claims that Samsung has decided against using Qualcomms 64-bit Snapdragon 810 Application Processor in its next ... Bugs in Qualcomms 64-bit Snapdragon 810 may force Samsung to use its own Exynos chips in Galaxy S6 ... Samsung and Qualcomm chasing Apples 64-bit lead. Android phone makers have been chomping at the bit for an opportunity to ...
German-Project: CaseCon Force Cube. Discussion in Project Logs started by Capture, 7 Nov 2003. ... then turning it on for a bit more, then allowing the coolant to cool off, etc. I doubt it will work. The heat from the ...
Get the details of the current Voyage of BIT FORCE including Position, Port Calls, Destination, ETA and Distance travelled - ... Vessel BIT FORCE is a Asphalt/Bitumen Tanker, Registered in Netherlands. Discover the vessels particulars, including capacity ...
... surprising bite... The bite force in domestic dogs, PSI: 556, surprising Reptiles What is the bite force (. A bite force of 328 ... Bite Force - 556 PSI Mastiffs Bite Force. PSI: 406 18. 4 Rottweiler [Bite Force - 328 PSI] Rottweiler or Rottie has a large ... Reptiles What is the bite force of 556 pounds guard dogs and have a bite force - PSI... Or guard dogs and have a bite force is ... 1 Carnivore bite Forces 2 Herbivore bite Forces 2 Herbivore bite Forces Herbivore. Are usually police or guard dogs and have a ...
drm/i915/ringbuffer: set force wake bit before reading ring register. Message ID. 1289294252-1321-1-git-send-email-nanhai.zou@ ... set force wake bit before reading ring register X-BeenThere: [email protected] X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.11 ... before reading ring registers forcewake bit + must be set to prevent GT core from power down +*/ + +static inline u32 i915_safe ...
... and statements in the literature that the force of the dogs bite has been measured at a certain level must be treated with ... Dog bite force is difficult to calibrate scientifically, ... Dog bite force is difficult to calibrate. The force of a dogs ... Bite force measurements ranged from 3 pounds of force to 313 pounds of force. Three Rottweiler dogs were tested and bite forces ... Dog bite force or pressure (force per unit area) of a dogs bite when full closure of the mouth is made may be useful ...
One in five businesses forced to de-prioritise net-zero delivery as energy price crisis bites, edie survey finds. A survey of ... Share One in five businesses forced to de-prioritise net-zero delivery as energy price crisis bites, edie survey finds from ... Share One in five businesses forced to de-prioritise net-zero delivery as energy price crisis bites, edie survey finds from ... Share One in five businesses forced to de-prioritise net-zero delivery as energy price crisis bites, edie survey finds from ...
For Optimizing Server Cost-per-bit, Ethernet Task Force has a 25Gb/s Plan in Hand, InCompliance Magazine. By Ethernet Alliance ...
"Change makes sense when its not forced". Morten Grubak, the Global ECD of Innovation at Virtue on the future of digital ... "Change makes sense when its not forced," explains Grubak, pointing to the digitalisation of the last couple of years. "It is a ...
Independence or a bit more income: British Columbians with disabilities are forced to choose ... The choice provided is clear: people with disabilities must choose between having a bus pass or having a bit more money to pay ... The choice provided is clear: people with disabilities must choose between having a bus pass or having a bit more money to pay ...
The Storming The Field Police Are In Full Force Right Now After Colorado Students Had A Little Bit Of Fun After Tonights Win. ...
... Dec 25, 2014, 12:20amUpdated on Dec 25, 2014 ... A Bronx family says it is forced to spend the holidays in temporary housing this year after a rodent bit a child. ... Jamille Andrews says she was inside her apartment when she realized her 1-year-old daughter was bit by a rat. Andrews says the ... In addition to the rat biting her child, Andrews says her NYCHA apartment now has holes that were caused by the rodents. She ...
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... that should offer both immediate speed gains and some futureproofing through its 64-bit code support. The chip also ... You wont have to fork over a lot of cash to get a 64-bit smartphone this year -- at least, not if MediaTek can help it. The ... SpaceX has won a $70 million contract with the US Space Force to provide satellite communications for the US Space Force via ... You wont have to fork over a lot of cash to get a 64-bit smartphone this year -- at least, not if MediaTek can help it. The ...
Pittsfield native Air Force member killed in Osprey … 12 hours ago. .cls-3{fill:#fff;fill-rule:evenodd}. ... Federal regulators take a bite out of meat monopolies by: Saul Elbein, The Hill ...
A Chickasha woman was arrested after she allegedly tried to bite off her husband ... Last minute glitches force delay in tax credit program Local / 1 day ago. ... "I observed a bite mark on Jesses right arm, and there was another bite mark on Jesses left thigh, about [two] inches from his ... Oklahoma woman admits to trying to bite off husbands private parts, police say Posted: Sep 9, 2015 / 10:34 AM CDT. ...
COVID conspiracies return in force, just in time … Politics from The Hill / 21 mins ago. ... Stange told News 4 he was bitten by bed bugs many times during his recent four-day stay inside the Oklahoma County Jail. His ... Recent Oklahoma County Jail inmate covered head-to-toe in bed bug bites Posted: Jul 14, 2021 / 06:12 PM CDT. ... body is now covered in bites.. Oklahoma County Jail loses certification to house juvenile offenders following unannounced visit ...
Israeli Forces Kill 2 Palestinians In West Bank Raid: Ministry. * Soldier Travis King In US Custody After N.Korea Expulsion. ... A view of a single atom of Holmium, a rare earth element used as a magnet to store one bit of data. IBM scientists used its ... "The ability to read and write one bit on one atom creates new possibilities for developing significantly smaller and denser ... researchers at IBM announced Wednesday that they had managed to store a single bit of data - a 1 or a 0 - on one atom. Compare ...
Figure 4. An increase in applied bite force causes a decrease in electronic resistance, which is correlated with bite force in ... Figure 4. An increase in applied bite force causes a decrease in electronic resistance, which is correlated with bite force in ... We describe a cost-effective device that uses an off-the-shelf force transducer to measure patient bite force as a diagnostic ... and number as well as the measured jaw force. Consequently, if a patient were able to generate a large magnitude bite force, ...
Labour: Force banks to pass on interest rate hikes to savings accounts Savings rates ... Two in five people have no idea about the rate paid on their savings and are in danger of being bitten by ultra-low interest ... On the eve of Halloween, almost half of UK savers are at risk of being bitten by zombies warns peer-to-peer lender, RateSetter. ...
Ohio football coach says he was forced to resign … .cls-3{fill:#fff;fill-rule:evenodd}. ... No spider bite or fainting spell at the US Open for Tommy Paul and his family. Just another win by: HOWARD FENDRICH, Associated ... his sister was bitten by a poisonous spider; his mother passed out and hit her head after seeing a player get badly injured. ...
Remove cancer with centrifugal forces?. Nov 24, 2023. Some interesting info on Vaccinations -- WHO guidelines on the influenza ... The dinosaur also bears no bite marks, which mammals often leave on scavenged bodies. While it is rare for mammals to prey on ... Mammal bites dinosaur in once-in-a-lifetime fossil find. by Daniel Lawler ... Citation: Mammal bites dinosaur in once-in-a-lifetime fossil find (2023, July 22) retrieved 30 November 2023 from https:// ...
This dog has a highest biting force when it comes to the force of biting. It had one of the strongest bites, with a bite force ... Megalodons bite force was 40,000 pounds of bite force. Here are the top 22 most powerful bites in carnivore land mammals. Most ... One of these extinct creatures could pack a crushing force of biting force measures at. The strongest bite force of this ... South West News Service bite force of biting powerful terrestrial predator on the when. Look at this crocodilian bite force ...
Want to know how much a Basenji bite force is? Read on as we discover more about this amazing dog breed and learn a few tricks ... How is the bite force of Basenjis compared to other animals?*Do Basenji dogs bite?*How to deal with Basenjis biting?*Can ... How is the bite force of Basenjis compared to other animals?. To get a better understanding of the bite force of the Basenji ... big dogs dominate the biting force contest, with the Kangal holding the title of the most powerful dog bite force. ...
Chihuahua Bite Force. St Bernard Bite Force. Cocker Spaniel Bite Force. Belgian Malinois Bite Force. Pug Bite Force. Belgian ... Poodle Bite Force. Shiba Inu Bite Force. Yorkshire Terrier Bite Force. Boxers Bite Force. American Akita Bite Force. Standard ... Great Dane Bite Force. Dachshund Bite Force. Pyrenees Bite Force. Great Pyrenees Bite Force. Pomeranian Bite Force. Samoyed ... Akita Bite Force. Irish Wolfhound Bite Force. Schnauzer Bite Force. Rhodesian Ridgeback Bite Force. Newfoundland Dog Bite Force ...

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