Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continents of the Americas.
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Africa.
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the islands of the central and South Pacific, including Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and traditionally Australasia.
Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent.
The largest of the continents. It was known to the Romans more specifically as what we know today as Asia Minor. The name comes from at least two possible sources: from the Assyrian asu (to rise) or from the Sanskrit usa (dawn), both with reference to its being the land of the rising sun, i.e., eastern as opposed to Europe, to the west. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p82 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p34)
Genealogy is the study of family history and descent, while heraldry refers to the practice of designing, displaying, and studying coats of arms, which often provide historical information about families or individuals.
A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.
The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.
A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships.
An analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole GENOME representative set of) polymorphic markers in unrelated patients with a specific symptom or disease condition, and those of healthy controls to identify markers associated with a specific disease or condition.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
The geographical area of Asia comprising BORNEO; BRUNEI; CAMBODIA; INDONESIA; LAOS; MALAYSIA; the MEKONG VALLEY; MYANMAR (formerly Burma), the PHILIPPINES; SINGAPORE; THAILAND; and VIETNAM.
The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.
The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.
Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the black groups of Africa.
A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
Individual members of South American ethnic groups with historic ancestral origins in Asia.
The total genetic information possessed by the reproductive members of a POPULATION of sexually reproducing organisms.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
A geographic area of east and southeast Asia encompassing CHINA; HONG KONG; JAPAN; KOREA; MACAO; MONGOLIA; and TAIWAN.
Specific regions that are mapped within a GENOME. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of CHROMOSOME 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or HEREDITARY DISEASE.
An independent state in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies, north of Venezuela, comprising the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. Its capital is Port of Spain. Both islands were discovered by Columbus in 1498. The Spanish, English, Dutch, and French figure in their history over four centuries. Trinidad and Tobago united in 1898 and were made part of the British colony of Trinidad and Tobago in 1899. The colony became an independent state in 1962. Trinidad was so named by Columbus either because he arrived on Trinity Sunday or because three mountain peaks suggested the Holy Trinity. Tobago was given the name by Columbus from the Haitian tambaku, pipe, from the natives' habit of smoking tobacco leaves. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1228, 1216 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p555, 547)
Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.
Persons living in the United States of Mexican (MEXICAN AMERICANS), Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin. The concept does not include Brazilian Americans or Portuguese Americans.
Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone.

Genetic polymorphism and interethnic variability of plasma paroxonase activity. (1/8027)

A method for determining plasma paroxonase activity using an auto-analyser is described. Frequency distributions for British and Indian subjects show bimodality. A study of 40 British families confirms the presence of a genetic polymorphism with regard to plasma paroxonase activity. Two phenotypes can be defined, controlled by two alleles at one autosomal locus. The frequency of the low activity phenotype is less in the Indian population than in the British population. Malay, Chinese, and African subjects fail to show obvious bimodality.  (+info)

Cephalometric abnormalities in non-obese and obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. (2/8027)

The aim of this work was to comprehensively evaluate the cephalometric features in Japanese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and to elucidate the relationship between cephalometric variables and severity of apnoea. Forty-eight cephalometric variables were measured in 37 healthy males and 114 male OSA patients, who were classed into 54 non-obese (body mass index (BMI) <27 kg x m(-2), apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI)=25.3+/-16.1 events x h(-1)) and 60 obese (BMI > or = 27 kg x m(-2), AHI=45.6+/-28.0 events h(-1)) groups. Diagnostic polysomnography was carried out in all of the OSA patients and in 19 of the normal controls. The non-obese OSA patients showed several cephalometric defects compared with their BMI-matched normal controls: 1) decreased facial A-P distance at cranial base, maxilla and mandible levels and decreased bony pharynx width; 2) enlarged tongue and inferior shift of the tongue volume; 3) enlarged soft palate; 4) inferiorly positioned hyoid bone; and 5) decreased upper airway width at four different levels. More extensive and severe soft tissue abnormalities with a few defects in craniofacial bony structures were found in the obese OSA group. For the non-obese OSA group, the stepwise regression model on AHI was significant with two bony structure variables as determinants: anterior cranial base length (S-N) and mandibular length (Me-Go). Although the regression model retained only linear distance between anterior vertebra and hyoid bone (H-VL) as an explainable determinant for AHI in the obese OSA group, H-VL was significantly correlated with soft tissue measurements such as overall tongue area (Ton), inferior tongue area (Ton2) and pharyngeal airway length (PNS-V). In conclusion, Japanese obstructive sleep apnoea patients have a series of cephalometric abnormalities similar to those described in Caucasian patients, and that the aetiology of obstructive sleep apnoea in obese patients may be different from that in non-obese patients. In obese patients, upper airway soft tissue enlargement may play a more important role in the development of obstructive sleep apnoea, whereas in non-obese patients, bony structure discrepancies may be the dominant contributing factors for obstructive sleep apnoea.  (+info)

Laboratory assay reproducibility of serum estrogens in umbilical cord blood samples. (3/8027)

We evaluated the reproducibility of laboratory assays for umbilical cord blood estrogen levels and its implications on sample size estimation. Specifically, we examined correlation between duplicate measurements of the same blood samples and estimated the relative contribution of variability due to study subject and assay batch to the overall variation in measured hormone levels. Cord blood was collected from a total of 25 female babies (15 Caucasian and 10 Chinese-American) from full-term deliveries at two study sites between March and December 1997. Two serum aliquots per blood sample were assayed, either at the same time or 4 months apart, for estrone, total estradiol, weakly bound estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Correlation coefficients (Pearson's r) between duplicate measurements were calculated. We also estimated the components of variance for each hormone or protein associated with variation among subjects and variation between assay batches. Pearson's correlation coefficients were >0.90 for all of the compounds except for total estradiol when all of the subjects were included. The intraclass correlation coefficient, defined as a proportion of the total variance due to between-subject variation, for estrone, total estradiol, weakly bound estradiol, and SHBG were 92, 80, 85, and 97%, respectively. The magnitude of measurement error found in this study would increase the sample size required for detecting a difference between two populations for total estradiol and SHBG by 25 and 3%, respectively.  (+info)

A case-control study of risk factors for Haemophilus influenzae type B disease in Navajo children. (4/8027)

To understand the potential risk factors and protective factors for invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, we conducted a case-control study among Navajo children less than two years of age resident on the Navajo Nation. We analyzed household interview data for 60 cases that occurred between August 1988 and February 1991, and for 116 controls matched by age, gender, and geographic location. The Hib vaccine recipients were excluded from the analyses. Conditional logistic regression models were fit to examine many variables relating to social and environmental conditions. Risk factors determined to be important were never breast fed (odds ratio [OR] = 3.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.52, 8.26), shared care with more than one child less than two years of age (OR = 2.32, 95% CI = 0.91, 5.96); wood heating (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 0.91, 5.05); rodents in the home (OR = 8.18, 95% CI = 0.83, 80.7); and any livestock near the home (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 0.94, 5.04).  (+info)

Relationship of plasmin generation to cardiovascular disease risk factors in elderly men and women. (5/8027)

Plasmin-alpha2-antiplasmin complex (PAP) marks plasmin generation and fibrinolytic balance. We recently observed that elevated levels of PAP predict acute myocardial infarction in the elderly, yet little is known about the correlates of PAP. We measured PAP in 800 elderly subjects who were free of clinical cardiovascular disease in 2 cohort studies: the Cardiovascular Health Study and the Honolulu Heart Program. Median PAP levels did not differ between the Cardiovascular Health Study (6.05+/-1.46 nmol/L) and the Honolulu Heart Program (6.11+/-1.44 nmol/L), and correlates of PAP were similar in both cohorts. In CHS, PAP levels increased with age (r=0. 30), procoagulant factors (eg, factor VIIc, r=0.15), thrombin activity (prothrombin fragment F1+2, r=0.29), and inflammation-sensitive proteins (eg, fibrinogen, r=0.44; factor VIIIc, r=0.37). PAP was associated with increased atherosclerosis as measured by the ankle-arm index (AAI) (P for trend, +info)

Relative contribution of insulin and its precursors to fibrinogen and PAI-1 in a large population with different states of glucose tolerance. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). (6/8027)

Hyperinsulinemia is associated with the development of coronary heart disease. However, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Hypercoagulability and impaired fibrinolysis are possible candidates linking hyperinsulinism with atherosclerotic disease, and it has been suggested that proinsulin rather than insulin is the crucial pathophysiological agent. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of insulin and its precursors to markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in a large triethnic population. A strong and independent relationship between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen and insulin and its precursors (proinsulin, 32-33 split proinsulin) was found consistently across varying states of glucose tolerance (PAI-1 versus fasting insulin [proinsulin], r=0.38 [r=0.34] in normal glucose tolerance; r=0.42 [r=0.43] in impaired glucose tolerance; and r=0.38 [r=0.26] in type 2 diabetes; all P<0.001). The relationship remained highly significant even after accounting for insulin sensitivity as measured by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. In a stepwise multiple regression model after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and clinic, both insulin and its precursors were significantly associated with PAI-1 levels. The relationship between fibrinogen and insulin and its precursors was significant in the overall population (r=0.20 for insulin and proinsulin; each P<0.001) but showed a more inconsistent pattern in subgroup analysis and after adjustments for demographic and metabolic variables. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that proinsulin (split products) but not fasting insulin significantly contributed to fibrinogen levels after adjustment for age, sex, clinic, and ethnicity. Decreased insulin sensitivity was independently associated with higher PAI-1 and fibrinogen levels. In summary, we were able to demonstrate an independent relationship of 2 crucial factors of hemostasis, fibrinogen and PAI-1, to insulin and its precursors. These findings may have important clinical implications in the risk assessment and prevention of macrovascular disease, not only in patients with overt diabetes but also in nondiabetic subjects who are hyperinsulinemic.  (+info)

Low-density lipoprotein particle size is inversely related to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. (7/8027)

High levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and preponderance of small dense low-density lipoproteins (LDL) have both been associated with atherosclerotic disease and with the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). In vitro studies have shown a stimulatory effect of various lipoproteins on PAI-1 release from different cells, including endothelial cells and adipocytes. The authors sought to investigate the relation of PAI-1 to LDL particle size in a large tri-ethnic population (n=1549) across different states of glucose tolerance. LDL size was determined by gradient gel electrophoresis, and PAI-1 was measured by a 2-site immunoassay, sensitive to free PAI-1. PAI-1 was inversely related to LDL size in the overall population (r=-0.21, P<0.0001), independent of gender and ethnicity. However, the authors found a significant interaction with glucose tolerance status (P=0.035). In univariate analysis, the association between PAI-1 and LDL size was most pronounced in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT, r=-0.22, P<0.0001) and weaker in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, r=-0.12, P=0.03) and type-2 diabetes (r=-0.10, P=0.02). After adjustment for demographic variables and metabolic variables known to influence PAI-1 levels (triglyceride and insulin sensitivity), a significant inverse relation of LDL size to PAI-1 levels was only present in NGT (P=0. 023). In subjects with IGT or overt diabetes, who usually have elevated PAI-1 levels, additional factors other than LDL size seem to contribute more importantly to PAI-1 levels. The demonstrated inverse relation of LDL size and PAI-1 levels provides one possible explanation for the atherogeneity of small dense LDL particles.  (+info)

Influence of ethnic background on clinical and serologic features in patients with systemic sclerosis and anti-DNA topoisomerase I antibody. (8/8027)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of ethnicity on clinical and serologic expression in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and anti-DNA topoisomerase I (anti-topo I) antibody. METHODS: Clinical and serologic features, as well as HLA class II allele frequencies, were compared among 47 North American white, 15 North American black, 43 Japanese, and 12 Choctaw Native American SSc patients with anti-topo I antibody. RESULTS: The frequency of progressive pulmonary interstitial fibrosis was lower, and cumulative survival rates were better in white compared with black and Japanese patients. Sera of white and black patients frequently recognized the portion adjacent to the carboxyl terminus of topo I, sera of Japanese patients preferentially recognized the portion adjacent to the amino terminus of topo I, and sera of Choctaw patients recognized both portions of topo I. Anti-RNA polymerase II and anti-SSA/Ro antibodies were present together with anti-topo I antibody more frequently in sera of Japanese patients than in sera of white patients. The HLA-DRB1 alleles associated with anti-topo I antibody differed; i.e., DRB1*1101-*1104 in whites and blacks, DRB1*1502 in Japanese, and DRB1*1602 in Choctaws. Multivariate analysis showed that ethnic background was an independent determinant affecting development of severe lung disease as well as survival. CONCLUSION: Clinical and serologic features in SSc patients were strongly influenced by ethnic background. The variability of disease expression in the 4 ethnic groups suggests that multiple factors linked to ethnicity, including genetic and environmental factors, modulate clinical manifestations, disease course, and autoantibody status in SSc.  (+info)

The term "American Native Continental Ancestry Group" is not a standard medical term, but it generally refers to individuals who have ancestral origins in the indigenous populations of North, Central, or South America. This group includes people who identify as American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander.

It's important to note that this term is often used in genetic research to categorize participants based on their self-reported ancestry or genetic markers associated with certain populations. However, the use of such categories can be controversial because they oversimplify the complex and diverse histories of indigenous peoples and may perpetuate harmful stereotypes or misunderstandings.

Therefore, it is generally recommended to use more specific and culturally sensitive terms when referring to individuals' ancestry or cultural backgrounds.

The term "Asian Continental Ancestry Group" is a medical/ethnic classification used to describe a person's genetic background and ancestry. According to this categorization, individuals with origins in the Asian continent are grouped together. This includes populations from regions such as East Asia (e.g., China, Japan, Korea), South Asia (e.g., India, Pakistan, Bangladesh), Southeast Asia (e.g., Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand), and Central Asia (e.g., Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan). It is important to note that this broad categorization may not fully capture the genetic diversity within these regions or accurately reflect an individual's specific ancestral origins.

The term "African Continental Ancestry Group" is a racial category used in the field of genetics and population health to describe individuals who have ancestral origins in the African continent. This group includes people from diverse ethnic backgrounds, cultures, and languages across the African continent. It's important to note that this term is used for genetic and epidemiological research purposes and should not be used to make assumptions about an individual's personal identity, culture, or experiences.

It's also worth noting that there is significant genetic diversity within Africa, and using a single category to describe all individuals with African ancestry can oversimplify this diversity. Therefore, it's more accurate and informative to specify the particular population or region of African ancestry when discussing genetic research or health outcomes.

The term "European Continental Ancestry Group" is a medical/ethnic classification that refers to individuals who trace their genetic ancestry to the continent of Europe. This group includes people from various ethnic backgrounds and nationalities, such as Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western European descent. It is often used in research and medical settings for population studies or to identify genetic patterns and predispositions to certain diseases that may be more common in specific ancestral groups. However, it's important to note that this classification can oversimplify the complex genetic diversity within and between populations, and should be used with caution.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oceanic Ancestry Group" is not a standard medical term or classification. It seems to be a general term that refers to people who have ancestral origins in the Oceanic region, which includes countries like Australia, New Zealand, and various islands in the Pacific Ocean.

In genetic or genealogical contexts, it might refer to a group of populations sharing certain genetic characteristics due to their geographical and historical connections. However, it's important to note that such classifications can be oversimplified and may not accurately reflect the complex genetic histories and cultural identities of individuals.

If you're looking for a medical term related to ancestry or genetics, you might be thinking of "racial" or "ethnic" categories, which are sometimes used in medical research or clinical settings to describe patterns of disease risk or treatment response. However, these categories are also flawed and can oversimplify the genetic and cultural diversity within and between populations. It's generally more useful and accurate to consider each individual's unique genetic and environmental factors when considering their health and medical needs.

According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, Asian Americans are defined as "a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam."

It's important to note that this definition is used primarily in a US context and may not be applicable or relevant in other parts of the world. Additionally, it's worth noting that the term "Asian American" encompasses a vast array of diverse cultures, languages, histories, and experiences, and should not be essentialized or oversimplified.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Asia" is not a medical term. It is the largest continent in the world, comprising about 30% of the Earth's total land area and containing around 60% of the world's current human population. It is divided into several regions, including Northern Asia (Siberia), Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Taiwan), Southern Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives), Southeastern Asia (Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei), and Western Asia (Middle East).

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but it seems there might be a misunderstanding in your question. Genealogy and heraldry are two distinct subjects, each with its own definition. I will provide you with their separate definitions:

1. Genealogy - This is the study of family history, lineages, and descent. It involves researching ancestral origins, relationships, and historical records to construct a family tree or pedigree. Genealogists use various resources like birth, marriage, and death certificates; census records; church records; and DNA testing to trace the connections between individuals and families over generations.

2. Heraldry - This is the study of armorial bearings, also known as coats of arms. Heraldry involves the design, description, and use of these symbols, which were historically used by nobility, knights, and other privileged classes to identify themselves in battle, on seals, and in civic life. The heraldic elements often include shields, helmets, crests, mottoes, and other insignia that convey information about the bearer's ancestry, rank, occupation, or achievements.

While genealogy and heraldry can sometimes intersect (e.g., when studying the historical records of noble families with coats of arms), they are not inherently related as subjects within the medical field.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is a type of genetic variation that occurs when a single nucleotide (A, T, C, or G) in the DNA sequence is altered. This alteration must occur in at least 1% of the population to be considered a SNP. These variations can help explain why some people are more susceptible to certain diseases than others and can also influence how an individual responds to certain medications. SNPs can serve as biological markers, helping scientists locate genes that are associated with disease. They can also provide information about an individual's ancestry and ethnic background.

Population Genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with the genetic composition of populations and how this composition changes over time. It involves the study of the frequency and distribution of genes and genetic variations in populations, as well as the evolutionary forces that contribute to these patterns, such as mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.

Population genetics can provide insights into a wide range of topics, including the history and relationships between populations, the genetic basis of diseases and other traits, and the potential impacts of environmental changes on genetic diversity. This field is important for understanding evolutionary processes at the population level and has applications in areas such as conservation biology, medical genetics, and forensic science.

An ethnic group is a category of people who identify with each other based on shared ancestry, language, culture, history, and/or physical characteristics. The concept of an ethnic group is often used in the social sciences to describe a population that shares a common identity and a sense of belonging to a larger community.

Ethnic groups can be distinguished from racial groups, which are categories of people who are defined by their physical characteristics, such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features. While race is a social construct based on physical differences, ethnicity is a cultural construct based on shared traditions, beliefs, and practices.

It's important to note that the concept of ethnic groups can be complex and fluid, as individuals may identify with multiple ethnic groups or switch their identification over time. Additionally, the boundaries between different ethnic groups can be blurred and contested, and the ways in which people define and categorize themselves and others can vary across cultures and historical periods.

A Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) is an analytical approach used in genetic research to identify associations between genetic variants, typically Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), and specific traits or diseases across the entire genome. This method involves scanning the genomes of many individuals, usually thousands, to find genetic markers that occur more frequently in people with a particular disease or trait than in those without it.

The goal of a GWAS is to identify genetic loci (positions on chromosomes) associated with a trait or disease, which can help researchers understand the underlying genetic architecture and biological mechanisms contributing to the condition. It's important to note that while GWAS can identify associations between genetic variants and traits/diseases, these studies do not necessarily prove causation. Further functional validation studies are often required to confirm the role of identified genetic variants in the development or progression of a trait or disease.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

Southeast Asia is a geographical region that consists of the countries that are located at the southeastern part of the Asian continent. The definition of which countries comprise Southeast Asia may vary, but it generally includes the following 11 countries:

* Brunei
* Cambodia
* East Timor (Timor-Leste)
* Indonesia
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Myanmar (Burma)
* Philippines
* Singapore
* Thailand
* Vietnam

Southeast Asia is known for its rich cultural diversity, with influences from Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. The region is also home to a diverse range of ecosystems, including rainforests, coral reefs, and mountain ranges. In recent years, Southeast Asia has experienced significant economic growth and development, but the region still faces challenges related to poverty, political instability, and environmental degradation.

A haplotype is a group of genes or DNA sequences that are inherited together from a single parent. It refers to a combination of alleles (variant forms of a gene) that are located on the same chromosome and are usually transmitted as a unit. Haplotypes can be useful in tracing genetic ancestry, understanding the genetic basis of diseases, and developing personalized medical treatments.

In population genetics, haplotypes are often used to study patterns of genetic variation within and between populations. By comparing haplotype frequencies across populations, researchers can infer historical events such as migrations, population expansions, and bottlenecks. Additionally, haplotypes can provide information about the evolutionary history of genes and genomic regions.

In clinical genetics, haplotypes can be used to identify genetic risk factors for diseases or to predict an individual's response to certain medications. For example, specific haplotypes in the HLA gene region have been associated with increased susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases, while other haplotypes in the CYP450 gene family can affect how individuals metabolize drugs.

Overall, haplotypes provide a powerful tool for understanding the genetic basis of complex traits and diseases, as well as for developing personalized medical treatments based on an individual's genetic makeup.

Gene frequency, also known as allele frequency, is a measure in population genetics that reflects the proportion of a particular gene or allele (variant of a gene) in a given population. It is calculated as the number of copies of a specific allele divided by the total number of all alleles at that genetic locus in the population.

For example, if we consider a gene with two possible alleles, A and a, the gene frequency of allele A (denoted as p) can be calculated as follows:

p = (number of copies of allele A) / (total number of all alleles at that locus)

Similarly, the gene frequency of allele a (denoted as q) would be:

q = (number of copies of allele a) / (total number of all alleles at that locus)

Since there are only two possible alleles for this gene in this example, p + q = 1. These frequencies can help researchers understand genetic diversity and evolutionary processes within populations.

African Americans are defined as individuals who have ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa. This term is often used to describe people living in the United States who have total or partial descent from enslaved African peoples. The term does not refer to a single ethnicity but is a broad term that includes various ethnic groups with diverse cultures, languages, and traditions. It's important to note that some individuals may prefer to identify as Black or of African descent rather than African American, depending on their personal identity and background.

Genetic predisposition to disease refers to an increased susceptibility or vulnerability to develop a particular illness or condition due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations from one's parents. These genetic factors can make it more likely for an individual to develop a certain disease, but it does not guarantee that the person will definitely get the disease. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and interactions between genes also play crucial roles in determining if a genetically predisposed person will actually develop the disease. It is essential to understand that having a genetic predisposition only implies a higher risk, not an inevitable outcome.

Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA sequences among individuals and populations. These variations can result from mutations, genetic recombination, or gene flow between populations. Genetic variation is essential for evolution by providing the raw material upon which natural selection acts. It can occur within a single gene, between different genes, or at larger scales, such as differences in the number of chromosomes or entire sets of chromosomes. The study of genetic variation is crucial in understanding the genetic basis of diseases and traits, as well as the evolutionary history and relationships among species.

I believe you are asking for a description or explanation of the indigenous peoples of South America, rather than a "medical definition." A medical definition would typically apply to a condition or disease. Here is some information about the indigenous peoples of South America:

The indigenous peoples of South America are the original inhabitants of the continent and its islands, who lived there before the European colonization. They include a wide variety of ethnic groups, languages, and cultures, with distinct histories and traditions. Many indigenous communities in South America have faced significant challenges, including displacement from their lands, marginalization, and discrimination.

According to estimates by the United Nations, there are approximately 45 million indigenous people in Latin America, of which about 30 million live in South America. They represent around 7% of the total population of South America. Indigenous peoples in South America can be found in all countries, with the largest populations in Bolivia (62%), Guatemala (41%), and Peru (25%).

Indigenous peoples in South America have a rich cultural heritage, including unique languages, arts, and spiritual practices. Many of these cultures are under threat due to globalization, urbanization, and the loss of traditional lands and resources. In recent years, there has been increased recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples in international law, including the right to self-determination, cultural heritage, and free, prior, and informed consent for projects that affect their territories. However, significant challenges remain, and many indigenous communities continue to face violence, discrimination, and poverty.

A gene pool refers to the total sum of genes contained within a population of interbreeding individuals of a species. It includes all the variations of genes, or alleles, that exist in that population. The concept of a gene pool is important in understanding genetic diversity and how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.

The size and diversity of a gene pool can have significant implications for the long-term survival and adaptability of a species. A larger and more diverse gene pool can provide a species with greater resistance to diseases, environmental changes, and other threats, as there is a wider variety of traits and genetic combinations available. On the other hand, a smaller or less diverse gene pool may make a species more susceptible to genetic disorders, reduced fitness, and extinction.

Geneticists and population biologists often study gene pools to understand the evolutionary history and dynamics of populations, as well as to inform conservation efforts for endangered species.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

The term "Far East" is a geographical term that has been used historically to describe the easternmost part of Asia, including countries such as China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asian nations. However, it's important to note that the use of this term can be seen as outdated and culturally insensitive, as it originated during a time when Western powers viewed these regions as distant and exotic.

In medical contexts, "Far East" may be used to describe medical conditions or treatments specific to populations in this region. However, it is generally more appropriate to use the specific names of countries or regions when discussing medical issues related to these areas.

A genetic locus (plural: loci) is a specific location on a chromosome where a particular gene or DNA sequence is found. It is the precise position where a specific genetic element, such as a gene or marker, is located on a chromsomere. This location is defined in terms of its relationship to other genetic markers and features on the same chromosome. Genetic loci can be used in linkage and association studies to identify the inheritance patterns and potential relationships between genes and various traits or diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Trinidad and Tobago" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in the southern Caribbean Sea, off the northeastern coast of Venezuela. The country is an archipelago, consisting of two main islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous smaller islands.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help!

An allele is a variant form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes.

Each person typically inherits two copies of each gene, one from each parent. If the two alleles are identical, a person is said to be homozygous for that trait. If the alleles are different, the person is heterozygous.

For example, the ABO blood group system has three alleles, A, B, and O, which determine a person's blood type. If a person inherits two A alleles, they will have type A blood; if they inherit one A and one B allele, they will have type AB blood; if they inherit two B alleles, they will have type B blood; and if they inherit two O alleles, they will have type O blood.

Alleles can also influence traits such as eye color, hair color, height, and other physical characteristics. Some alleles are dominant, meaning that only one copy of the allele is needed to express the trait, while others are recessive, meaning that two copies of the allele are needed to express the trait.

Hispanic Americans, also known as Latino Americans, are individuals in the United States who are of Spanish-speaking origin or whose ancestors came from Spain, Mexico, Cuba, the Caribbean, Central and South America. This group includes various cultures, races, and nationalities. It is important to note that "Hispanic" refers to a cultural and linguistic affiliation rather than a racial category. Therefore, Hispanic Americans can be of any race, including White, Black, Asian, Native American, or mixed races.

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is a term used in genetics that refers to the non-random association of alleles at different loci (genetic locations) on a chromosome. This means that certain combinations of genetic variants, or alleles, at different loci occur more frequently together in a population than would be expected by chance.

Linkage disequilibrium can arise due to various factors such as genetic drift, selection, mutation, and population structure. It is often used in the context of genetic mapping studies to identify regions of the genome that are associated with particular traits or diseases. High levels of LD in a region of the genome suggest that the loci within that region are in linkage, meaning they tend to be inherited together.

The degree of LD between two loci can be measured using various statistical methods, such as D' and r-squared. These measures provide information about the strength and direction of the association between alleles at different loci, which can help researchers identify causal genetic variants underlying complex traits or diseases.

European Continental Ancestry Group (=012) Asian Continental Ancestry Group (=013) African Continental Ancestry Group (=014) ... Oceanic Ancestry Group (=017) American Native Continental Ancestry Group (=1/=8) Linguistic-cultural groups, ethnic groups, ... Table 1e (=...) Common auxiliaries of human ancestry, ethnic grouping and nationality. Table 1f "..." Common auxiliaries of ... time and ethnic grouping facets are expressed through combination with common auxiliaries of place (Table 1d), ethnic grouping ...
... asian americans MeSH M01.686.508.400 - european continental ancestry group MeSH M01.686.508.600 - oceanic ancestry group MeSH ... continental population groups MeSH M01.686.508.100 - african continental ancestry group MeSH M01.686.508.100.100 - african ... asian continental ancestry group MeSH M01.686.508.200.100 - ... american native continental ancestry group MeSH M01.686.508.150 ... M01.686.754 - ethnic groups MeSH M01.686.754.100 - african americans MeSH M01.686.754.167 - arabs MeSH M01.686.754.225 - asian ...
For example, when clustering a population of East Asians and Europeans, each group will likely form its own respective cluster ... where ancestry information is more likely to be meaningful when considering genetic ancestry. Novembre, John; Ramachandran, ... and clustering methods have been notably applied to describe admixed continental populations. Genetic clustering and HGDP ... Early studies of within and between-group genetic variation used physical phenotypes and blood groups, with modern genetic ...
... or groups like the Cape Malays who have some degree of Southeast Asian ancestry, and were classified as a subgroup of Coloured ... "/"Asian" identity was codified by law under Apartheid as a race group. This term excluded other peoples from Continental Asia ... Asian South African, Asian diaspora in Africa, Ethnic groups in South Africa, South African people of Asian descent). ... In South Africa, Asian usually refers to people of South Asian ancestry, more commonly called Indians. They are largely ...
Asian Americans are now the largest racial/ethnic group at 30.9% (excluding Asian Hispanics). White Non-Hispanic Americans are ... Hispanics are the third largest minority group in Alameda County. The largest ancestry group of Hispanics in Alameda County ( ... The 2020 census shows Alameda as having one of the highest Asian percentages and being the only county in the continental US, ... Asian (9.7% Chinese, 5.5% Filipino, 4.8% Indian, 2.0% Vietnamese, 1.2% Korean, 0.8% Japanese, 2.2% Other Asian), 12,802 (0.8%) ...
... long before the expansion of Austroasiatic and Austronesian groups. Distinctive Basal-East Asian (East-Eurasian) ancestry was ... The non-continental Australian external territories of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are sometimes considered ... ancestry, and was positioned in between modern East Asians and Papuans of Oceania. The authors concluded that East Asian- ... Geneflow of East Asian-related ancestry into Maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania could be estimated to ~25,000BC (possibly also ...
Asian British, Black British, Chinese or other ethnic group, and Not stated, with ethnic origin sub-group choices for most of ... Nazi Germany enumerated its citizens of Jewish descent in 1939 based on the percent of Jewish ancestry that they had. Hungary ... Before 1970, Alaska and Hawaii had different choices for race on their censuses in contrast to the continental United States. ... and White in 1970 before being marked as Asian (Indian) since 1980. The U.S. census counted certain Asian ethnic groups ...
East Asian-related ancestry and ~14% deeply European-related ancestry. Another full genome analysis of a 3,800 year old Jōmon ... On the contrary, evidence for geneflow from an Basal East Asian-related group into the Hoabhinians and the Andamanese Onge was ... hunter-gatherers and Ainu people than do the Yamato Japanese and have smaller genetic contributions from Asian continental ... the main ancestry component of the Jōmon period population of Japan shares ancestry with contemporary East Asians but split ...
Jamestown has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). Winters are cold and snowy, while summers are warm and humid. As of the ... 19.7% were of Italian, 18.1% Swedish, 12.8% German, 9.0% Irish, 8.7% English and 5.5% American ancestry. Hispanic or Latino of ... Regarding ethnicity the largest ethnic group reported in the 2000 Census was Italian and the second largest was Swedish. ... Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.8% from other races, and 2.16% from two or more races. ...
... criterion seems most appropriate to group data by taking the ancestry into account and produce subdatabases with respect to ... Continental Metapopulations in the YHRD comprises all individuals sampled in a particular continent regardless of their ... East Asian, Eskimo-Aleut, and Eurasian. Some of these metapopulations are further subdivided, e.g. Eurasian into six ... Thus, the population groups are more similar within the metapopulation than to groups outside the metapopulation. The concept ...
... many individuals affiliate with two or more continental groups. Thus, the genetically based "biogeographical ancestry" assigned ... Western Asians, Central Asians, Southern Asians and Northern Africans; Eastern Asians, Southeast Asians, Polynesians and Native ... that some human groups are parental to other groups and that these groups represent paraphyletic groups to their descent groups ... of the variation in human head shapes occurs within continental groups, and ~10% separates groups, with a greater variability ...
... census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro. Asian Americans had ... eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States. After immigration laws were reformed ... In 2015, Asian American earnings were found to exceed all other racial groups when all Asian ethnic groups are grouped as a ... Asian-American society, Asian-American issues, Asian-American culture, Ethnic groups in the United States). ...
As data were collected by self-declaration, ethnic groups may not necessarily correspond to the true ancestry of respondents. ... 512 Nominally small East Asian, South Asian, West Asian, and West African descended communities also existed during this time ... 512 Following the French and British Isles origin groups, Continental European communities were the largest in Canada, and grew ... The major panethnic origin groups in Canada are: European (52.5%), North American (22.9%), Asian (19.3%), North American ...
... as well as East Asian or East Asian-American subjects of Vietnamese, Korean, Filipino and Chinese ancestry. A clear ... for all Asian-American groups. The 2021 U.S. Census also reports that 60.6% of Chinese American men attained a bachelor's ... The continental populations are from the Human Genome Diversity Panel (Cambodian, Yi, Daur, Mongolian, Lahu, Dai, Hezhen, ... Chinese Americans are Americans of Chinese ancestry. Chinese Americans constitute a subgroup of East Asian Americans which also ...
European ancestry, African-Americans, who were sampled in 2010, were found to be 72.5% African; the Asian ancestry serving as a ... Other groups of Afro-Asians are those who are of Caribbean American descent and are considered Dougla, or of Indian or Indo- ... Despite a long history of miscegenation within the U.S. political territory and American continental landscape, advocacy for a ... Le, C. N. "Multiracial/Hapa Asian Americans". Asian-Nation: The Landscape of Asian America. Retrieved July 21, 2008. According ...
WHGs also contributed ancestry to other ancient groups such as Early European Farmers (EEF), who were, however, mostly of ... probably a population expansion into continental Europe, from Southeastern European or West Asian refugia. It is thought that ... 25% WHG ancestry, which is significantly higher than Middle Neolithic groups of Central Europe. A seminal 2014 study first ... The WHG are estimated to have contributed between 20-30% ancestry to Neolithic EEF groups throughout Europe. Specific adaptions ...
The majority of residents on these islands have Asian ancestry; there is also a proportion of Australians and New Zealanders on ... and three in the Leeward Antilles group (on the South American continental shelf). Since the dissolution of the Dutch Antilles ... Oceania is further grouped into three regions, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. There a few other Pacific island groups ... 2. South of the equator-The Ellice group, the Phoenix and Union groups. the Fiji islands, the Friendly islands, the Navigator's ...
Garrigan, D.; Mobasher, Z.; Severson, T.; Wilder, J. A.; Hammer, M.F. (February 2005). "Evidence for archaic Asian ancestry on ... A second group finds the same ancient origin for PDHA1, but finds no evidence of a recent expansion, consistent with other ... Theory proponents also explain this with the fact that genetic changes occur on a regional basis rather than a continental ... the ancestry from these archaic alleles at the HLA-A site was more than 50% for modern Europeans, 70% for Asians, and 95% for ...
Other large Asian groups are those of Vietnamese (1.0%), Indian (0.4%), Chinese (0.3%), and Laotian (0.2%) ancestry. In the ... The boots worn by Continental Army soldiers during the Revolutionary War were made in Lynn, and the shoe-making industry drove ... Cambodians form the largest Asian origin group in Lynn, with 3.9% of Lynn's total population of Cambodian ancestry. ... In 1990 Lynn had 2,993 persons of Asian origin. In 2000 Lynn had 5,730 Asians, an increase of over 91%, making it one of ten ...
The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4777-7304-8. "Henry Hudson and His Crew Sailed into the River that Would Bear His ... Meanwhile, New York's Asian population increased by a notable 36% from 2000 to 2010, to 1,420,244; in 2019, its population grew ... Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two continental air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest and a cold, dry ... Americans of English ancestry are present throughout all of upstate New York, reflecting early colonial and later immigrants. ...
Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian, and 2.4% were two or more races. 2.7% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of ... 1] Most of Lower Pottsgrove has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) except near the river where the climate is humid ... In 1899, the General Assembly passed a law grouping townships into two classes. At this time, Lower Pottsgrove Township became ... Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 1.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were ...
Denisovan ancestry is shared by Melanesians, Aboriginal Australians, and smaller scattered groups of people in Southeast Asia, ... and Southeast Asian lineage' (ESEA); which is ancestral to modern East Asians, Southeast Asians, Polynesians, and Siberians, ... Migration continued Southeast on the coastal route to the straits between Sunda and Sahul, the continental land mass of present ... Studies show a higher Neanderthal admixture in East Asians than in Europeans. North African groups share a similar excess of ...
A group of families formed a clan, led by a chief; a group of clans formed a tribe, led by a khan. A typical Cuman clan was ... Nevertheless, the Asian mitochondrial haplotype in sample Cu26 may still reflect the Asian origins of the Cumanians of Csengele ... It is interesting that the only skeleton for which anthropological examination indicated a partly European ancestry was that of ... although haplogroup F is almost absent in continental Europe; therefore the presence of this haplogroup in the modern Hungarian ...
Greeks possess none of the lineages denoting North African ancestry within the last 5000 years and have only 2% (3/148) of the ... In a sample of 125 Greeks from Thessaloniki and Sarakatsani, 2 Asian-specific mtDNA sequences (M and D) were detected (1.6%). ... Antonio Arnaiz-Villena is a Spanish immunologist noted for his controversial research into the genetic history of ethnic groups ... Additionally, in a sample of 366 Greeks from thirteen locations in continental Greece, Crete, Lesvos and Chios, a single ...
... and those entirely of European ancestry are by far the largest mono-racial group (based on actual ancestry, rather than self- ... with Asian and other non-White Bermudians defined by separate racial groups (although it also, in the 1960s, ceased to be the ... Roughly 10,000 Bermudians are estimated to have emigrated, primarily to the North American continental colonies (particularly: ... This ancestry is shared, today, by both white and black Bermudians (the latter demographic group, as noted above, being made up ...
... they have declined in number to constitute the sixth largest Asian American group at around 1,469,637, including those of ... Prior to the Gentlemen's Agreement, about seven out of eight ethnic Japanese in the continental United States were men. By 1924 ... The internment was based on the race or ancestry, rather than the activities of the interned. Families, including children, ... It operates Asian American Christian Fellowships (AACF) programs on university campuses, especially in California. The Japanese ...
... and in people with some ancestry from those groups. The frequency of the Dia antigen in various groups of Indigenous peoples of ... Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, ... Neves, W.A.; Powell, J.F.; Ozolins, E.G. (1999). "Extra-continental morphological affinities of Palli Aike, southern Chile". ... Athabaskan ethnic groups: Chipewyan, Tłı̨chǫ, Tanana, Apache and Navajo. Q-M3=32.; Q3(xM3)=17.7. Chibchan ethnic groups: Ngöbe ...
... continental groups added a much smaller degree of variation (3-8%; 6-11%, respectively). CEU - Utah residents with ancestry ... Russians and Finns were found to have significantly higher East Asian admixture, around 13%. East Asian ancestry was acquired ... Thus the genetic data suggests that, at least from the perspective of patrilineal ancestry, separate groups of modern humans ... This Siberian component is itself a composition of Ancient North Eurasian and East Asian-related ancestry from Eastern Siberia ...
Discussion and projects Yahoo group Y-DNA Haplogroup R Family Tree DNA R2-M124-WTY (Walk Through the Y) Project[permanent dead ... "This pattern leads us to hypothesize a southeastern Asian origin for P-P295 and a later expansion of the ancestor of ... Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans, Nature, 505, 87-91. van Driem, George L. (25 May ... August 2001). "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National ...
Southeast Asian (1.4%), Chinese (1.1%), West Asian (1.1%), and Arab (1%) ancestry. In 2021, the most reported religion among ... In the 2021 Canadian census, people of South Asian origin were the largest ethnocultural group in Brampton - accounting for ... Brampton features a continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) which is typical of the rest of the Greater Toronto ... In 1996, the city was 13% South Asian and 8.2% black. By 2016, the South Asian community grew exponentially to represent 44.3% ...
Asian Continental Ancestry Group. *DNA Damage. *Odds Ratio. *siRNA. *Lung Cancer. *Esophageal Cancer ... RESULTS Compared to the control group, the frequency of smokers was much higher in the case group ([i]P[/i]. ... The study group included 610 women with endometrial cancer and was compared with a quantitatively matched control group of 610 ... CONCLUSION: The evaluated SNPs may be approached as a group of new risk factors for the development of this cancer type. ...
Categories: Asian Continental Ancestry Group Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Asian Continental Ancestry Group; Blood Pressure; Humans; Oligopeptides. Date of registration in PROSPERO ... Heterogeneity and Sub-Group Meta-Analyses. Adjusted meta-analyses, meta-regressions and sub-group meta-analyses were used to ... japan OR japanese OR asian). The key words "japan OR japanese OR asian" were not used for the search on the Japanese databases ... The primary outcome for the meta-analysis was the mean difference between groups consuming VPP/IPP and groups consuming placebo ...
Data were technically validated using published algorithms to evaluate donor relatedness, ancestry, imputed HLA, and T1D ... The ancestry proportions of 1000 Genomes32 continental populations were almost entirely represented by a single ancestry group ... South Asian (SAS): violet]. Four genetic ancestry classes were assigned to 1000 Genomes continental populations based on their ... bar plots of the proportion of the ancestry group assigned to each 1000 Genomes donor are shown grouped by major continental ...
European Continental Ancestry Group (=012) Asian Continental Ancestry Group (=013) African Continental Ancestry Group (=014) ... Oceanic Ancestry Group (=017) American Native Continental Ancestry Group (=1/=8) Linguistic-cultural groups, ethnic groups, ... Table 1e (=...) Common auxiliaries of human ancestry, ethnic grouping and nationality. Table 1f "..." Common auxiliaries of ... time and ethnic grouping facets are expressed through combination with common auxiliaries of place (Table 1d), ethnic grouping ...
... when controlling for genetic ancestry. Finally, we capture four expression quantitative trait loci that interact with the ... of different environment exposures on the transcriptome and clinical endophenotypes when controlling for genetic ancestry by ... overpowering that of genetic ancestry. Air pollution impacts gene expression and pathways affecting cardio-metabolic and ... The continental ancestry (African/European/Asian/Canadian/American/Middle-Eastern) of each individual was determined based on ...
Asian Continental Ancestry Group /genetics; Depressive Disorder /drug therapy; Drug Resistance /genetics; European Continental ... The results for Asian patients were inconsistent: weighted mean decreases in depression scores were 39.24% for s/s, 39.3% for s ... STin2 gene (2 studies both in Asian patients).. There were only a small number of patients with the 10/10 genotype in both ... The frequency of the genotypes varied between Caucasian and Asian studies. The mean decrease in HAM-D scores and MADRS scores ...
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Body Composition, European Continental Ancestry Group, Exercise Test ... African Continental Ancestry Group/psychology, European Continental Ancestry Group/psychology, Exercise/psychology, Focus ... METHODS: Focus groups with African Americans, non-Hispanic whites, and Hispanics. Risk ratings of light, regular, and menthol ... Groups, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Hispanic Americans/psychology, Humans, Marijuana Smoking/epidemiology, Marijuana ...
Among people of South Asian ancestry, in particular Gujarati and Telugu Indian people, the D/D genotype was nearly absent and ... Employing pair-wise comparisons of the FST statistic between the ethnic populations grouped according to the four continental ... The I/I genotype was the genotype with highest frequency in African and South Asian populations. In European and East Asian ... as well as from a group of Asian Indians (n=76). The observed allele frequency in North Americans was 0.38 for I and 0.62 for D ...
Asian Americans 100% * political support 93% * European Continental Ancestry Group 75% * coalition 68% ... Craig, M. A. & Lee, M. M., Apr 2022, In: Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. 25, 3, p. 661-681 21 p.. Research output: ... Knowles, E. D., Tropp, L. R. & Mogami, M., Apr 2022, In: Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. 25, 3, p. 768-790 23 p.. ... Skin conductance levels and responses in Asian and White participants during fear conditioning✰. Gold, A. K., Kredlow, M. A., ...
Asian Continental Ancestry Group. -. dc.subject.mesh. Menarche - ethnology - genetics. -. dc.subject.mesh. RANK Ligand - ...
Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asia; Asian Continental Ancestry Group; Breast; Breast Density; Female; Humans; Mammography; ... in Asian women based on phantom study. Methods: We retrospectively collected 15818 raw digital mammograms from 3772 Asian women ... Lau, S. and Aziz, Y.F.A. and Ng, K.H. (2017) Mammographic compression in Asian women. PLoS ONE, 12 (4). e0175781. ISSN 1932- ... Objectives: To investigate: (1) the variability of mammographic compression parameters amongst Asian women; and (2) the effects ...
Asian Continental Ancestry Group/education; Attitude; Canada; China/ethnology; Curriculum; European Continental Ancestry Group ... Focus group participants offered strategies for delivering hepatitis B information in ESL classrooms; these strategies included ... Hepatitis B is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma among Asian immigrants to North America. English-as-a-second- ... METHODS: Using data from 6 focus groups among ESL instructors and students, we characterized perceptions about activities that ...
asian continental ancestry group. 3. china. 3. chinese culture. 3. chinese widowers. 3. ... cancer patients, cognitive behavioral therapy, family caregivers, integrative body-mind-spirit, social work groups. 4. ...
Asian Continental Ancestry Group. Download PDF Download ePub Advertisement. Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders ISSN: 2397-1789 ...
Asian Continental. Ancestry Group. M1.686.508.200. Asian Americans. M1.686.508.200.100. European Continental. Ancestry Group. ... indicates that the degree of genetic heterogeneity within groups and homogeneity across groups make race per. se a less ... Ethnic Groups and Geographic Origins-Categories I and M:. The DeCS/MeSH descriptor Racial. Stocks, and its four children ( ... POPULATION GROUPS. It will retain all indented terms. The check tag ANIMAL. will be changed to a new descriptor ANIMALS. . It ...
European Continental Ancestry Group. Mongoloid Race. Asian Continental Ancestry Group. Negroid Race. African Continental ... Oceanic Ancestry Group. Australoid Race. Oceanic Ancestry Group. Caucasoid Race. ...
Asian Continental. Ancestry Group. M1.686.508.200. Asian Americans. M1.686.508.200.100. European Continental. Ancestry Group. ... indicates that the degree of genetic heterogeneity within groups and homogeneity across groups make race per. se a less ... Ethnic Groups and Geographic Origins-Categories I and M:. The DeCS/MeSH descriptor Racial. Stocks, and its four children ( ... POPULATION GROUPS. It will retain all indented terms. The check tag ANIMAL. will be changed to a new descriptor ANIMALS. . It ...
Asian Continental Ancestry Group Asians Casein Kinase Iepsilon Casein Kinase 1 epsilon ... Oceanic Ancestry Group Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases Protein Serine-Threonine ...
Asian Continental. Ancestry Group. M1.686.508.200. Asian Americans. M1.686.508.200.100. European Continental. Ancestry Group. ... indicates that the degree of genetic heterogeneity within groups and homogeneity across groups make race per. se a less ... Ethnic Groups and Geographic Origins-Categories I and M:. The DeCS/MeSH descriptor Racial. Stocks, and its four children ( ... POPULATION GROUPS. It will retain all indented terms. The check tag ANIMAL. will be changed to a new descriptor ANIMALS. . It ...
European Continental Ancestry Group. Mongoloid Race. Asian Continental Ancestry Group. Negroid Race. African Continental ... Oceanic Ancestry Group. Australoid Race. Oceanic Ancestry Group. Caucasoid Race. ...
European Continental Ancestry Group. Mongoloid Race. Asian Continental Ancestry Group. Negroid Race. African Continental ... Oceanic Ancestry Group. Australoid Race. Oceanic Ancestry Group. Caucasoid Race. ...
European Continental Ancestry Group. Mongoloid Race. Asian Continental Ancestry Group. Negroid Race. African Continental ... Oceanic Ancestry Group. Australoid Race. Oceanic Ancestry Group. Caucasoid Race. ...
Asian Continental. Ancestry Group. M1.686.508.200. Asian Americans. M1.686.508.200.100. European Continental. Ancestry Group. ... indicates that the degree of genetic heterogeneity within groups and homogeneity across groups make race per. se a less ... Ethnic Groups and Geographic Origins-Categories I and M:. The DeCS/MeSH descriptor Racial. Stocks, and its four children ( ... POPULATION GROUPS. It will retain all indented terms. The check tag ANIMAL. will be changed to a new descriptor ANIMALS. . It ...
European Continental Ancestry Group. Mongoloid Race. Asian Continental Ancestry Group. Negroid Race. African Continental ... Oceanic Ancestry Group. Australoid Race. Oceanic Ancestry Group. Caucasoid Race. ...
Asian Continental. Ancestry Group. M1.686.508.200. Asian Americans. M1.686.508.200.100. European Continental. Ancestry Group. ... indicates that the degree of genetic heterogeneity within groups and homogeneity across groups make race per. se a less ... Ethnic Groups and Geographic Origins-Categories I and M:. The DeCS/MeSH descriptor Racial. Stocks, and its four children ( ... POPULATION GROUPS. It will retain all indented terms. The check tag ANIMAL. will be changed to a new descriptor ANIMALS. . It ...
European Continental Ancestry Group. Mongoloid Race. Asian Continental Ancestry Group. Negroid Race. African Continental ... Oceanic Ancestry Group. Australoid Race. Oceanic Ancestry Group. Caucasoid Race. ...
NT3 (=01) ↓ Human ancestry groups ►▼ * NT4 (=011) ↓ European Continental Ancestry Group * NT4 (=012) ↓ Asian Continental ... NT3 (=1/=8) ↓ Linguistic-cultural groups, ethnic groups, peoples ►▼ * NT4 (=1/=2) ↓ Indo-European peoples ►▼ * NT5 (=13) ↓ ... NT2 (=...) ↓ Common auxiliaries of human ancestry, ethnic grouping and nationality. Table 1f ►▼* ... NT4 -053 ↓ Persons according to age or age-groups ►▼ * NT5 -053.1 ↓ Human beings, born or unborn, living or dead ...
  • Here, we perform a multi-stage genome-wide association study for BP (max N = 289,038) principally in East Asians and meta-analysis in East Asians and Europeans. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Compared with whites, other racial and ethnic groups were on average younger and had a higher median score on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. (elsevierpure.com)
  • To evaluate the possibility that such differences are accompanied by differences in brain structure, we conducted a large comparative study on cognitively matched young and old adults from two cultural/ethnic groups - Chinese Singaporeans and non-Asian Americans - that involved a total of 140 persons. (illinois.edu)
  • it cannot be assumed that treatments shown to work for Caucasians will be efficacious for those from minority ethnic groups. (ox.ac.uk)
  • OBJECTIVE: HbA(1c) levels are higher in most ethnic groups compared with white Europeans (WEs) independent of glycemic control. (ox.ac.uk)
  • At 10 unique loci, distinct non-rare ancestry-specific variants colocalize within the same linkage disequilibrium block despite the significantly discordant effects for the proxy shared variants between the ethnic groups. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Subjects identified themselves as belonging to one of four major racial/ethnic groups (white, African American, East Asian, and Hispanic) and were recruited from 15 different geographic locales within the United States and Taiwan. (blogspot.com)
  • The population frequency of the indel (rs66698963) is remarkably different among human populations with the insertion being far more frequent in South Asians, Africans and some East Asian populations, and far less common in European and other East Asian populations. (fatsoflife.com)
  • We conducted a three-stage genetic study to identify susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in east Asian populations. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In order to determine a new subject's genetic ancestry, Parabon Snapshot analyzes tens of thousands of SNPs from a DNA sample to determine a person's percent membership in each of these global populations. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • Most other forensic ancestry systems use only a small number of SNPs and thus are limited to very coarse populations and cannot detect admixture between populations. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • Parabon's scientists have collected data from many published scientific articles, totalling more than 9,000 individuals with clearly defined ancestry from more than 150 populations around the world, as shown in the map below. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • Academic research using hundreds of thousands of SNPs from across the genome has shown that human groups generally divide into seven continental populations, which have been established over the past 50,000 years during the migration out of Africa. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • The 150 populations collected as the ancestry background can thus be divided into these seven continental groups according to their origin. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • Snapshot takes a similar approach to identifying within-continental (regional) ancestry, although the local populations were identified through empirical analysis performed by our bioinformatics team. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • In an ancestry analysis, Snapshot will determine an individual's precise genetic origins, as well as whether there is any evidence of admixture (contribution from multiple populations). (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in East Asian-ancestry populations identifies four new loci for body mass index. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Interethnic analyses of blood pressure loci in populations of East Asian and European descent. (ox.ac.uk)
  • TMB-high was significantly associated with improved outcomes only in European ancestries and merits validation in non-European ancestry populations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Because of extensive admixture among these various groups, the Brazilian population shows great variability in terms of Populations on different continents vary considerably in their skin pigmentation, phenotypic features, and genomic structure [2]. (cdc.gov)
  • From ∼ 1000 individuals of a founder population in Quebec, we reveal a substantial impact of the environment on the transcriptome and clinical endophenotypes, overpowering that of genetic ancestry. (nature.com)
  • Air pollution impacts gene expression and pathways affecting cardio-metabolic and respiratory traits, when controlling for genetic ancestry. (nature.com)
  • The EuroDNA(TM) 2.0 test is by far the most advanced genetic ancestry test yet to be offered to the public. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
  • Using two clinical cohorts, we investigated the interplay between genetic ancestry, TMB, and tumor-only versus tumor-normal paired sequencing in solid tumors. (bvsalud.org)
  • We developed a framework for inference of germline variants from tumor panel sequencing, including imputation, quality control, inference of genetic ancestry, germline polygenic risk scores, and HLA alleles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We showcase the feasibility and utility of our framework by analyzing 25,889 tumors and identifying the relationships between genetic ancestry, polygenic risk, and tumor characteristics that could not be studied with conventional on-target tumor data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Worldwide, its incidence has increased progressively over the last a result of genetic ancestry. (cdc.gov)
  • Whites had higher 30-day unadjusted mortality than other groups (white versus black versus Hispanic versus Asian=15.0% versus 9.9% versus 11.9% versus 11.1%, respectively). (elsevierpure.com)
  • This lack of association was not influenced by adjustment for sex, diastolic blood pressure, history of coronary disease, or ethnicity (Asian or non-Asian). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Independent effect of ethnicity on glycemia in South Asians and white Europeans. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We analyzed the independent effect of ethnicity on HbA(1c) and fasting and 2-h plasma glucose (FPG and 2 hrPG, respectively) between these groups. (ox.ac.uk)
  • On the other hand, we detected only modest genetic differentiation between different current geographic locales within each race/ethnicity group. (blogspot.com)
  • Thus, ancient geographic ancestry, which is highly correlated with self-identified race/ethnicity-as opposed to current residence-is the major determinant of genetic structure in the U.S. population. (blogspot.com)
  • In June 2002, ADC joined the American-Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in filing lawsuits against American Airlines, United Airlines, and Continental Airlines alleging that the airlines engaged in the unlawful removals of Arab, Arab-American, Muslim, or South Asian passengers based on their perceived religion, ethnicity, or national origin. (adc.org)
  • The old descriptor ANIMALS will be changed to ANIMAL POPULATION GROUPS. (bvsalud.org)
  • The NHANES II sample was selected so that certain population groups thought to be at high risk of malnutrition (persons with low incomes, preschool children and the elderly) were oversampled. (cdc.gov)
  • Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies eight new loci for type 2 diabetes in east Asians. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We report 19 new genetic loci and ancestry-specific BP variants, conforming to a common ancestry-specific variant association model. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Heart failure among South Asians: a narrative review of risk, nature, outcomes and management. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These papers also implied that outcomes for South Asians with HF were similar or even better than for Caucasians. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our data suggest that survival of Korean-American gastric cancer patients are comparable with outcomes from East Asian hospitals and may be independent of surgical technique. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • 3060 non-Hispanic Asian Americans, 1.5%) from 926 US centers participating in the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke program from April 2003 through December 2008. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This effect was consistent across a variety of targeted outgroups (Mainland Chinese, Arabs, Russians, Blacks, Asian Americans, and homosexuals), regardless of whether multicultural experience was measured or manipulated, and across samples (Hong Kongers, Jewish Israelis, and U.S.-born Americans). (iucc.ac.il)
  • Intriguingly, we found differences in the antiproliferative response between gastric cancer cells tested derived from Brazilian patients as compared to those from Asian patients, the latter being largely resistant to BET inhibition. (ox.ac.uk)
  • DNAPrint(R)'s EuroDNA(TM) 2.0 clarifies European sub-ancestry by using 1,349 European Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs). (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
  • Model-based clustering and ancestry informative markers analyses suggested that this is due to taurine introgression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After attributing a regional and/or continental ancestry to each individual using genome-wide polymorphism data, we are able to capture the effect of different environmental exposures on gene expression and health-related traits, while simultaneously controlling for genetic relatedness and migration. (nature.com)
  • The polymorphism was present as an insertion in cells derived from a group of Japanese individuals, but was completely absent (a deletion) in others, albeit with a lower frequency (hence called the minor allele). (fatsoflife.com)
  • After risk adjustment, Asian American patients with AIS had lower 30-day and 1-year mortality than white, black, and Hispanic patients. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Results: Among the 70,221 included patients, 91.3% were white, 3.8% were black, 3.4% were Hispanic, and 1.5% were of Asian/Native American/Pacific Islander race. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The relationship between treatment response and genotype was assessed separately for Caucasians and Asians. (york.ac.uk)
  • Therefore, a literature review relating to the nature, outcome and treatment of HF in South Asian patients compared to Caucasians was conducted. (ox.ac.uk)
  • TMB estimates from tumor-only panels substantially overclassified individuals into the clinically important TMB-high group due to germline contamination, and this bias was particularly pronounced in patients with Asian/African ancestry. (bvsalud.org)
  • Latino ancestry is a mixture of European and Native American ancestry, so these groups are shown as well. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • Ethnic ancestry is one of the most informative traits that can be predicted from DNA. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • Our results provide new evidence for the role of common ancestry-specific variants and natural selection in ethnic differences in complex traits such as BP. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We report a fixed-effect, inverse-weighted-variance meta-analysis from 10,074 PCOS cases and 103,164 controls of European ancestry and characterisation of PCOS related traits. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Ancestry-aware tumor-only TMB calibration and ancestry-diverse biomarker studies are critical to ensure that existing disparities are not exacerbated in precision medicine. (bvsalud.org)
  • Data were technically validated using published algorithms to evaluate donor relatedness, ancestry, imputed HLA, and T1D genetic risk score. (nature.com)
  • Where EuroDNA 1.0 used just 320 SNPs to delineate people of European ancestry into four groups â€" Northern European, Southeastern European, Middle Eastern, and South Asian â€" EuroDNA 2.0 uses 1,349 SNPs. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
  • 2007 paper, looking for the SNPs that provided most of the European Ancestry Information. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
  • Global ancestry map showing mostly East Asian and Native/South American ancestry, with some European ancestry as well. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • For example, the admixed East Asian and Latino example from the global map above was determined to have specifically Japanese, Central American, and Southwest European ancestry, as shown in the map below. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • Regional ancestry map showing mostly Japanese, Southwest European, and Central American ancestry. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • Each piece of continental ancestry is partitioned according to its regional ancestry (e.g., if an individual is 50% European and 50% East Asian, the precise origin of each of those pieces will be determined). (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • Conclusions: Our results indicate that European ancestry is a risk factor for cutaneous melanoma. (cdc.gov)
  • Individuals of South Asian descent have a high prevalence of comorbidities that are risk factors for the development of heart failure (HF), including diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. (ox.ac.uk)
  • After risk-adjustment, there was no difference in the rates of in-hospital mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, major bleeding, vascular complications, or new pacemaker requirements among the 4 racial groups. (elsevierpure.com)
  • However, group differences were evident when high-performing old were compared. (illinois.edu)
  • It was anticipated that collating existing studies in this manner would be useful for guiding professionals in managing HF within this ethnic group, given that to achieve optimal care, regimens need to take into account cultural differences that may impact on adherence. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These findings offer the first insights into ancestry-specific differences in the prostate cancer AR cistrome. (bvsalud.org)
  • Drawing from this founding population of individuals with largely French ancestry, we selected 1007 individuals to determine mechanisms by which genomes, the environment, and their interactions contribute to phenotypic variation. (nature.com)
  • Snapshot uses tens of thousands of SNPs across the genome to obtain very precise estimates of ancestry, even for admixed individuals. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • We conducted a meta-analysis of associations between BMI and ∼2.5 million genotyped or imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms among 86 757 individuals of Asian ancestry, followed by in silico and de novo replication among 7488-47 352 additional Asian-ancestry individuals. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Although a large part of South American zebu cattle also descend from taurine cows, we did not detect significant levels of taurine ancestry in these breeds, probably because of systematic backcrossing with zebu bulls. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This analysis is robust to admixture, such that each piece of continental ancestry can be precisely localized within that continent. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • Reviewed literature showed that South Asians with HF were more likely to be younger and have diabetes and hypertension. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We grouped patients according to examined LN number (1-15 and 16+) and compared characteristics. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • From the abstract: 'Precision prevention involves using the unique characteristics of a particular group to determine their responses to preventive interventions. (cdc.gov)
  • There is an emergent literature suggesting that East Asians and Westerners differ in cognitive processes because of cultural biases to process information holistically (East Asians) or analytically (Westerners). (illinois.edu)
  • These findings, derived from an east Asian population, provide new perspectives on the etiology of T2D. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Below is an example plot for an individual who was determined to be 50% East Asian and 50% Latino. (parabon-nanolabs.com)
  • The researchers found that during the Kofun period, people with East Asian ancestry, most likely Han Chinese, migrated to Japan and added their genes to those of the Jomon and Yayoi. (archaeology.org)
  • Most Indo-Guyanese trace their ancestry to the mid-1800s, when (East) Indian indentured servants were brought to Guyana, an English-speaking, continental West Indian country formerly known as British Guiana (1). (cdc.gov)
  • A very important new article by a group of Greek and Chinese researchers provides the first quantitative assessment of mental processing in two groups of students, aged 8 to 14, belonging to the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races. (blogspot.com)
  • Recent genetic research indicates that the degree of genetic heterogeneity within groups and homogeneity across groups make race per se a less compelling predictor. (bvsalud.org)
  • While United maintained that no passenger was ever removed from a flight or denied boarding under unlawful circumstances, the investigation revealed that United unlawfully removed passengers from flights or denied boarding to passengers based on their race, color, national origin, religion or ancestry. (adc.org)
  • Around 17,000 years ago, sea levels rose, submerging the land bridge and isolating the Jomon from continental Asia for millennia, until agriculturalists arrived starting around 3,000 years ago and developed the Yayoi culture. (archaeology.org)
  • Methods: We retrospectively collected 15818 raw digital mammograms from 3772 Asian women aged 35-80 years who underwent screening or diagnostic mammography between Jan 2012 and Dec 2014 at our center. (um.edu.my)
  • The aim of this study was to perform candidate gene analysis in HSP-TCC subjects from Asian families and to characterize disruption of spatacsin function during zebrafish development. (ox.ac.uk)