A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.
A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)
The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.
An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.
Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.
An enzyme involved in the metabolism of ASCORBIC ACID and aldarate. It catalyzes the oxidation of L-gulono-1,4-lactone to L-xylo-hex-3-ulonolactone.
Membrane transport proteins that actively co-transport ASCORBIC ACID and sodium ions across the CELL MEMBRANE. Dietary absorption of VITAMIN C is highly dependent upon this class of transporters and a subset of SODIUM GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS which transport the oxidized form of vitamin C, DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID.
An enzyme that converts ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. EC 1.10.3.3.
Metabolite of ASCORBIC ACID and the oxidized form of the lactone DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Rats bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.
Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries.
A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.
Inorganic derivatives of phosphorus trihydroxide (P(OH)3) and its tautomeric form dihydroxyphosphine oxide (HP=O(OH)2). Note that organic derivatives of phosphonic acids are listed under are ORGANOPHOSPHONATES.
A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.
Picrates are salts of picric acid, an explosive organic compound previously used as a yellow dye and antiseptic, which are now primarily used in chemical research and industrial applications. Please note that picrates should be handled with care due to their potential explosiveness when heated or subjected to friction.
A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.
A natural tocopherol and one of the most potent antioxidant tocopherols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. It has four methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus. The natural d form of alpha-tocopherol is more active than its synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol racemic mixture.
Agents which affect CELL DIVISION and the MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS resulting in the loss or gain of whole CHROMOSOMES, thereby inducing an ANEUPLOIDY.
Organelles in CHROMAFFIN CELLS located in the adrenal glands and various other organs. These granules are the site of the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain divalent iron.
Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. The formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. They therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. Their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension.
Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated.
The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action.
Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum.
The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.
A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.
The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs.
The dialdehyde of malonic acid.
A flavonol glycoside found in many plants, including BUCKWHEAT; TOBACCO; FORSYTHIA; HYDRANGEA; VIOLA, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility.
A colorless to white crystalline compound with a camphoraceous odor and taste. It is a widely used preservative in various pharmaceutical solutions, especially injectables. Also, it is an active ingredient in certain oral sedatives and topical anesthetics.
Compounds in which one or more of the ketone groups on the pyrimidine ring of barbituric acid are replaced by thione groups.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body.
A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Any food that has been supplemented with essential nutrients either in quantities that are greater than those present normally, or which are not present in the food normally. Fortified food includes also food to which various nutrients have been added to compensate for those removed by refinement or processing. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A plant family of the order Polygalales, subclass Rosidae class, Magnoliopsida that are mostly shrubs and small trees. Many of the members contain indole alkaloids.
A subclass of ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS whose transport of organic anions is driven either directly or indirectly by a gradient of sodium ions.
A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.
An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.
Reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of a hydroxyl group of sugar alcohols to form a keto sugar, aldehyde or lactone. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.; EC 1.1.2. and EC 1.1.99.
Iron or iron compounds used in foods or as food. Dietary iron is important in oxygen transport and the synthesis of the iron-porphyrin proteins hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and cytochrome oxidase. Insufficient amounts of dietary iron can lead to iron-deficiency anemia.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.
Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)
A drug-metabolizing, cytochrome P-450 enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of aniline to hydroxyaniline in the presence of reduced flavoprotein and molecular oxygen. EC 1.14.14.-.
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
A group of compounds that contain a bivalent O-O group, i.e., the oxygen atoms are univalent. They can either be inorganic or organic in nature. Such compounds release atomic (nascent) oxygen readily. Thus they are strong oxidizing agents and fire hazards when in contact with combustible materials, especially under high-temperature conditions. The chief industrial uses of peroxides are as oxidizing agents, bleaching agents, and initiators of polymerization. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, a crucial step in the synthesis of catecholamines within the adrenal glands and central nervous system.
The inner portion of the adrenal gland. Derived from ECTODERM, adrenal medulla consists mainly of CHROMAFFIN CELLS that produces and stores a number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS, mainly adrenaline (EPINEPHRINE) and NOREPINEPHRINE. The activity of the adrenal medulla is regulated by the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Low-molecular-weight end products, probably malondialdehyde, that are formed during the decomposition of lipid peroxidation products. These compounds react with thiobarbituric acid to form a fluorescent red adduct.
Phenylenediamines are chemical compounds that contain two amino groups (-NH2) linked to a phenyl ring, which have been used in certain pharmaceuticals and industrial applications, but can also pose health risks as potential allergens and carcinogens.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.
Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.
A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.
Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products.

Double-blind intervention trial on modulation of ozone effects on pulmonary function by antioxidant supplements. (1/4830)

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the acute effects of ozone on lung function could be modulated by antioxidant vitamin supplementation in a placebo-controlled study. Lung function was measured in Dutch bicyclists (n = 38) before and after each training session on a number of occasions (n = 380) during the summer of 1996. The vitamin group (n = 20) received 100 mg of vitamin E and 500 mg of vitamin C daily for 15 weeks. The average ozone concentration during exercise was 77 microg/m3 (range, 14-186 microg/m3). After exclusion of subjects with insufficient compliance from the analysis, a difference in ozone exposure of 100 microg/m3 decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 95 ml (95% confidence interval (CI) -265 to -53) in the placebo group and 1 ml (95% CI -94 to 132) in the vitamin group; for forced vital capacity, the change was -125 ml (95% CI -384 to -36) in the placebo group and -42 ml (95% CI -130 to 35) in the vitamin group. The differences in ozone effect on lung function between the groups were statistically significant. The results suggest that supplementation with the antioxidant vitamins C and E confers partial protection against the acute effects of ozone on FEV1 and forced vital capacity in cyclists.  (+info)

Thiol-dependent degradation of protoporphyrin IX by plant peroxidases. (2/4830)

Protoporphyrin IX (PP) is the last porphyrin intermediate in common between heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis. This pigment normally does not accumulate in plants because its highly photodynamic nature makes it toxic. While the steps leading to heme and chlorophylls are well characterized, relatively little is known of the metabolic fate of excess PP in plants. We have discovered that plant peroxidases can rapidly degrade this pigment in the presence of thiol-containing substrates such as glutathione and cysteine. This thiol-dependent degradation of PP by horseradish peroxidase consumes oxygen and is inhibited by ascorbic acid.  (+info)

Stabilization of L-ascorbic acid by superoxide dismutase and catalase. (3/4830)

The effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase on the autoxidation rate of L-ascorbic acid (ASA) in the absence of metal ion catalysts were examined. The stabilization of ASA by SOD was confirmed, and the enzyme activity of SOD, which scavenges the superoxide anion formed during the autoxidation of ASA, contributed strongly to this stabilization. The stabilization of ASA by catalase was observed for the first time; however, the specific enzyme ability of catalase would not have been involved in the stabilization of ASA. Such proteins as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin also inhibited the autoxidation of ASA, therefore it seems that non-specific interaction between ASA and such proteins as catalase and BSA might stabilize ASA and that the non-enzymatic superoxide anion scavenging ability of proteins might be involved.  (+info)

Glutathione-S-transferase (GSTM1) genetic polymorphisms do not affect human breast cancer risk, regardless of dietary antioxidants. (4/4830)

Glutathione-S-transferases catalyze the detoxication of carcinogen metabolites and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced through a number of mechanisms. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) M1 is polymorphic, and the null allele results in a lack of enzyme activity. Because there are indications that ROS may be involved in breast carcinogenesis, we sought to determine whether the GSTM1 null allele was associated with increased breast cancer, particularly among women with lower consumption of dietary sources of alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids and ascorbic acid. In a study of diet and cancer in western New York, women with primary, incident, histologically confirmed breast cancer (n = 740) and community controls (n = 810) were interviewed and an extensive food-frequency questionnaire administered. A subset of these women provided a blood specimen. DNA was extracted and genotyping performed for GSTM1. Data were available for 279 cases and 340 controls. The null allele did not increase breast cancer risk, regardless of menopausal status. There were also no differences in associations between the polymorphism and risk among lower and higher consumers of dietary sources of antioxidants or smokers and nonsmokers. These results indicate that GSTM1 genetic polymorphisms are not associated with breast cancer risk, even in an environment low in antioxidant defenses.  (+info)

Prospective cohort study of antioxidant vitamin supplement use and the risk of age-related maculopathy. (5/4830)

In a prospective cohort study, the authors examined whether self-selection for antioxidant vitamin supplement use affects the incidence of age-related maculopathy. The study population consisted of 21,120 US male physician participants in the Physicians' Health Study I who did not have a diagnosis of age-related maculopathy at baseline (1982). During an average of 12.5 person-years of follow-up, a total of 279 incident cases of age-related maculopathy with vision loss to 20/30 or worse were confirmed by medical record review. In multivariate analysis, as compared with nonusers of supplements, persons who used vitamin E supplements had a possible but nonsignificant 13% reduced risk of age-related maculopathy (relative risk = 0.87, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) 0.53-1.43), while users of multivitamins had a possible but nonsignificant 10% reduced risk (relative risk = 0.90, 95% CI 0.68-1.19). Users of vitamin C supplements had a relative risk of 1.03 (95% CI 0.71-1.50). These observational data suggest that among persons who self-select for supplemental use of antioxidant vitamin C or E or multivitamins, large reductions in the risk of age-related maculopathy are unlikely. Randomized trial data are accumulating to enable reliable detection of the existence of more plausible small-to-moderate benefits of these agents alone and in combination on age-related maculopathy.  (+info)

Demonstration of rapid onset vascular endothelial dysfunction after hyperhomocysteinemia: an effect reversible with vitamin C therapy. (6/4830)

BACKGROUND: Hyperhomocysteinemia is a major and independent risk factor for vascular disease. The mechanisms by which homocysteine promotes atherosclerosis are not well understood. We hypothesized that elevated homocysteine concentrations are associated with rapid onset endothelial dysfunction, which is mediated through oxidant stress mechanisms and can be inhibited by the antioxidant vitamin C. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 17 healthy volunteers (10 male and 7 female) aged 33 (range 21 to 59) years. Brachial artery diameter responses to hyperemic flow (endothelium dependent), and glyceryltrinitrate (GTN, endothelium independent) were measured with high resolution ultrasound at 0 hours (fasting), 2 hours, and 4 hours after (1) oral methionine (L-methionine 100 mg/kg), (2) oral methionine preceded by vitamin C (1g/day, for 1 week), and (3) placebo, on separate days and in random order. Plasma homocysteine increased (0 hours, 12.8+/-1.4; 2 hours, 25.4+/-2.5; and 4 hours, 31. 2+/-3.1 micromol/l, P<0.001), and flow-mediated dilatation fell (0 hours, 4.3+/-0.7; 2 hours, 1.1+/-0.9; and 4 hours, -0.7+/-0.8%) after oral L-methionine. There was an inverse linear relationship between homocysteine concentration and flow-mediated dilatation (P<0. 001). Pretreatment with vitamin C did not affect the rise in homocysteine concentrations after methionine (0 hours, 13.6+/-1.6; 2 hours, 28.3+/-2.9; and 4 hours, 33.8+/-3.7 micromol/l, P=0.27), but did ameliorate the reduction in flow-mediated dilatation (0 hours, 4. 0+/-1.0; 2 hours, 3.5+/-1.2 and 4 hours, 2.8+/-0.7%, P=0.02). GTN-induced endothelium independent brachial artery dilatation was not affected after methionine or methionine preceded by vitamin C. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that an elevation in homocysteine concentration is associated with an acute impairment of vascular endothelial function that can be prevented by pretreatment with vitamin C in healthy subjects. Our results support the hypothesis that the adverse effects of homocysteine on vascular endothelial cells are mediated through oxidative stress mechanisms.  (+info)

L-Ascorbic acid potentiates nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cells. (7/4830)

Ascorbic acid has been shown to enhance impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with atherosclerosis by a mechanism that is thought to involve protection of nitric oxide (NO) from inactivation by free oxygen radicals. The present study in human endothelial cells from umbilical veins and coronary arteries investigates whether L-ascorbic acid additionally affects cellular NO synthesis. Endothelial cells were incubated for 24 h with 0.1-100 microM ascorbic acid and were subsequently stimulated for 15 min with ionomycin (2 microM) or thrombin (1 unit/ml) in the absence of extracellular ascorbate. Ascorbate pretreatment led to a 3-fold increase of the cellular production of NO measured as the formation of its co-product citrulline and as the accumulation of its effector molecule cGMP. The effect was saturated at 100 microM and followed a similar kinetics as seen for the uptake of ascorbate into the cells. The investigation of the precursor molecule L-gulonolactone and of different ascorbic acid derivatives suggests that the enediol structure of ascorbate is essential for its effect on NO synthesis. Ascorbic acid did not induce the expression of the NO synthase (NOS) protein nor enhance the uptake of the NOS substrate L-arginine into endothelial cells. The ascorbic acid effect was minimal when the citrulline formation was measured in cell lysates from ascorbate-pretreated cells in the presence of known cofactors for NOS activity. However, when the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin was omitted from the assay, a similar potentiating effect of ascorbate pretreatment as seen in intact cells was demonstrated, suggesting that ascorbic acid may either enhance the availability of tetrahydrobiopterin or increase its affinity for the endothelial NOS. Our data suggest that intracellular ascorbic acid enhances NO synthesis in endothelial cells and that this may explain, in part, the beneficial vascular effects of ascorbic acid.  (+info)

Cytotoxic effect of paraquat on rat C6 glioma cells: evidence for the possibility of non-oxidative damage to the cells. (8/4830)

Although paraquat has been shown to cause oxidative damage to neuronal cells, little is known about its effect on glial cells. Thus the effect of paraquat on glial cells was examined using rat C6 glioma cells as a model system. Paraquat reduced cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and this toxic effect was not significantly attenuated by various kinds of antioxidants. Furthermore, paraquat failed to increase 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine formation in the cells. These results indicate that paraquat can be toxic to glial cells and suggest that this cytotoxic effect may not be associated with the oxidative damage to the cells.  (+info)

Ascorbic acid is the chemical name for Vitamin C. It is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. Ascorbic acid is required for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that plays a role in the structure of bones, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. It also functions as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.

Ascorbic acid cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through diet or supplementation. Good food sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, strawberries, bell peppers, broccoli, and spinach.

In the medical field, ascorbic acid is used to treat or prevent vitamin C deficiency and related conditions, such as scurvy. It may also be used in the treatment of various other health conditions, including common cold, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, although its effectiveness for these uses is still a matter of scientific debate.

Ascorbic acid deficiency is a condition that occurs when a person does not consume or absorb adequate amounts of ascorbic acid, also known as Vitamin C. This essential nutrient plays a crucial role in the production of collagen, a protein that helps to support blood vessel, tendon, ligament, and bone health. It is also involved in the absorption of iron and the synthesis of certain neurotransmitters.

Ascorbic acid deficiency can lead to a number of symptoms and complications. In its early stages, it may cause fatigue, weakness, and joint pain. As the deficiency progresses, it can lead to more serious conditions such as scurvy, a potentially life-threatening disease characterized by anemia, gum disease, skin hemorrhages, and poor wound healing.

Scurvy is now rare in developed countries where access to fresh fruits and vegetables, which are rich sources of vitamin C, is readily available. However, it can still occur in individuals who follow restrictive diets or have malabsorption disorders that prevent them from properly absorbing the nutrient. In these cases, supplementation with ascorbic acid may be necessary to prevent deficiency and its associated complications.

Dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) is the oxidized form of ascorbic acid, which is more commonly known as vitamin C. It is the oxidation product of ascorbic acid that is formed when the vitamin C molecule loses two electrons and two protons. This conversion can occur naturally in the body or during the processing and storage of food.

DHAA still retains some vitamin C activity, but it is not as biologically active as ascorbic acid. However, DHAA can be reduced back to ascorbic acid in the body by certain enzymes, which allows it to still contribute to maintaining proper levels of this essential nutrient.

DHAA plays a role in various physiological processes, including collagen synthesis, immune function, and antioxidant defense. It is also involved in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. A deficiency in vitamin C can lead to scurvy, a condition characterized by fatigue, joint pain, anemia, and skin changes.

Scurvy is a medical condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the diet, which leads to the breakdown of collagen. This results in various symptoms such as anemia, gum disease, and skin hemorrhages. In severe cases, it can lead to death. It was prevalent among sailors during long voyages before the 18th century when fresh fruits and vegetables were not available, and the condition was eventually linked to the lack of vitamin C in their diet. Nowadays, scurvy is rare in developed countries but can still occur in individuals with extreme diets deficient in vitamin C.

Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that the body produces as a reaction to environmental and other pressures. Antioxidants are able to neutralize free radicals by donating an electron to them, thus stabilizing them and preventing them from causing further damage to the cells.

Antioxidants can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains. Some common antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and selenium. Antioxidants are also available as dietary supplements.

In addition to their role in protecting cells from damage, antioxidants have been studied for their potential to prevent or treat a number of health conditions, including cancer, heart disease, and age-related macular degeneration. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using antioxidant supplements.

L-Gulonolactone oxidase is a human gene that encodes for the enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase, which is involved in the synthesis of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in many animals. However, this gene is believed to be nonfunctional in humans due to multiple mutations, and therefore, humans are unable to synthesize vitamin C endogenously. Instead, humans must obtain vitamin C through their diet.

Sodium-coupled vitamin C transporters, also known as SVCTs, are a type of membrane transport protein responsible for the active transport of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) into cells. There are two types of sodium-coupled vitamin C transporters, SVCT1 and SVCT2, which differ in their tissue distribution and function.

SVCT1 is primarily expressed in epithelial cells of the intestine and kidney, where it facilitates the absorption of vitamin C from food in the diet and reabsorption of vitamin C in the kidney. SVCT1 transports two sodium ions along with one molecule of vitamin C, using the energy generated by the sodium gradient to drive the uptake of vitamin C against its concentration gradient.

SVCT2, on the other hand, is widely expressed in various tissues, including the brain, eyes, and immune cells. It transports only one molecule of vitamin C at a time, without the need for sodium ions. SVCT2 plays a critical role in maintaining intracellular levels of vitamin C, particularly in tissues with high metabolic activity or high demand for vitamin C.

Overall, sodium-coupled vitamin C transporters are essential for the regulation of vitamin C homeostasis and play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including immune function, collagen synthesis, and antioxidant defense.

Ascorbate oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) to dehydroascorbic acid in the presence of oxygen. This reaction also results in the production of water and hydrogen peroxide as byproducts. Ascorbate oxidase plays a significant role in regulating the levels of ascorbic acid in plants, where it is primarily found. It belongs to the family of copper-containing oxidoreductases. The enzyme's active site contains two copper ions that facilitate the electron transfer during the catalytic process. Ascorbate oxidase is not considered essential for human health since humans do not produce ascorbic acid and must obtain it through dietary sources.

2,3-Diketogulonic acid is not a commonly used medical term or a compound that has direct relevance to medical diagnosis, treatment, or disease. It is a chemical compound that is a derivative of glucose metabolism and can be found in certain foods and biological samples.

In biochemistry, 2,3-Diketogulonic acid is an intermediate product formed during the breakdown of glucose in the body. Specifically, it is produced when the aldose reductase enzyme converts D-glucose to D-sorbitol, and then the sorbitol dehydrogenase enzyme further metabolizes D-sorbitol to 2,3-Diketogulonic acid.

While 2,3-Diketogulonic acid itself is not a medically significant compound, its presence in certain foods or biological samples may be used as an indicator of various biochemical processes or metabolic disorders. For example, elevated levels of 2,3-Diketogulonic acid in urine have been associated with diabetes and other metabolic diseases.

Therefore, while not a medical definition per se, 2,3-Diketogulonic acid is a chemical compound that can be relevant to certain medical and biochemical contexts.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rats, Mutant Strains" is not a recognized medical term or concept. It may be a term used in science fiction, gaming, or other non-medical contexts to refer to genetically modified rats with altered characteristics. However, in the field of medical research, scientists do conduct studies using various strains of lab rats, some of which have been selectively bred or genetically modified to exhibit specific traits, but these are not referred to as "mutant strains." If you have any questions related to medical definitions or concepts, I'd be happy to help with those!

Free radical scavengers, also known as antioxidants, are substances that neutralize or stabilize free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons, capable of causing damage to cells and tissues in the body through a process called oxidative stress. Antioxidants donate an electron to the free radical, thereby neutralizing it and preventing it from causing further damage. They can be found naturally in foods such as fruits, vegetables, and nuts, or they can be synthesized and used as dietary supplements. Examples of antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and selenium.

Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids: cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine. It is a vital antioxidant that plays an essential role in maintaining cellular health and function. Glutathione helps protect cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to aging and diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and dementia. It also supports the immune system, detoxifies harmful substances, and regulates various cellular processes, including DNA synthesis and repair.

Glutathione is found in every cell of the body, with particularly high concentrations in the liver, lungs, and eyes. The body can produce its own glutathione, but levels may decline with age, illness, or exposure to toxins. As such, maintaining optimal glutathione levels through diet, supplementation, or other means is essential for overall health and well-being.

I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. Phosphoric acid is the correct term, and it is a mineral acid with the chemical formula H3PO4. It is a weak acid that is used in various industrial applications, such as food additives, fertilizers, and rust removal agents. In the context of medical definitions, phosphoric acid is not typically classified as a 'phosphorous acid.'

Here's the definition of phosphoric acid:

Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid, is a mineral acid with the chemical formula H3PO4. It is a colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic liquid that is highly soluble in water. Phosphoric acid is a weak acid, meaning it does not dissociate completely in water, and has a pKa of 2.15 at 25°C.

It's important to note that phosphoric acid should not be confused with phosphorous acids, which are organic compounds containing phosphorus-hydrogen bonds. Phosphorous acids include phosphinic acid (H2PO3) and phosphonic acid (H3PO3), among others. These compounds have different chemical properties and uses than phosphoric acid.

In the context of medicine, iron is an essential micromineral and key component of various proteins and enzymes. It plays a crucial role in oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and energy production within the body. Iron exists in two main forms: heme and non-heme. Heme iron is derived from hemoglobin and myoglobin in animal products, while non-heme iron comes from plant sources and supplements.

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron varies depending on age, sex, and life stage:

* For men aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 8 mg/day
* For women aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 18 mg/day
* During pregnancy, the RDA increases to 27 mg/day
* During lactation, the RDA for breastfeeding mothers is 9 mg/day

Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Excessive iron intake may result in iron overload, causing damage to organs such as the liver and heart. Balanced iron levels are essential for maintaining optimal health.

I am not a medical expert, but I can provide some information that may be helpful. "Picrates" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. Instead, it is a term used in chemistry to refer to salts of picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol), which was once used as a yellow dye and explosive.

Picric acid has been used historically in some medical applications, such as a component in certain topical antiseptics and in histological staining procedures. However, its use in modern medicine is quite limited due to its high sensitivity to impact, heat, and friction, which makes it potentially dangerous to handle.

Therefore, it's important to note that "picrates" is not a medical term per se but rather a chemical one, and any medical application of picric acid or its salts would be highly specialized and unlikely to be encountered in most healthcare settings.

Medical Definition of Vitamin E:

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that plays a crucial role in protecting your body's cells from damage caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules produced when your body breaks down food or is exposed to environmental toxins like cigarette smoke and radiation. Vitamin E is also involved in immune function, DNA repair, and other metabolic processes.

It is a collective name for a group of eight fat-soluble compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form of vitamin E in humans and is the one most commonly found in supplements.

Vitamin E deficiency is rare but can occur in people with certain genetic disorders or who cannot absorb fat properly. Symptoms of deficiency include nerve and muscle damage, loss of feeling in the arms and legs, muscle weakness, and vision problems.

Food sources of vitamin E include vegetable oils (such as sunflower, safflower, and wheat germ oil), nuts and seeds (like almonds, peanuts, and sunflower seeds), and fortified foods (such as cereals and some fruit juices).

Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form of vitamin E in humans and is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. It plays a role in immune function, cell signaling, and metabolic processes. Alpha-tocopherol is found naturally in foods such as nuts, seeds, leafy green vegetables, and vegetable oils, and it is also available as a dietary supplement.

Aneugens are chemical or physical agents that can cause aneuploidy, which is a condition characterized by an abnormal number of chromosomes in the cells of an organism. Aneuploidy can result from errors in cell division, such as nondisjunction, during which chromosome pairs fail to separate properly during mitosis or meiosis.

Exposure to aneugens can increase the risk of aneuploidy by interfering with the normal functioning of the mitotic spindle, the cellular structure responsible for separating chromosomes during cell division. Aneugens can cause errors in chromosome segregation by disrupting the attachment of chromosomes to the spindle or by affecting the dynamics of spindle microtubules.

Examples of aneugens include certain chemotherapeutic drugs, such as colchicine and vincristine, which are used in cancer treatment but can also cause fetal abnormalities if taken during pregnancy. Other aneugens include environmental toxins, such as pesticides and industrial chemicals, which have been linked to increased risks of birth defects and reproductive problems.

Chromaffin granules are membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of chromaffin cells, which are a type of neuroendocrine cell. These cells are located in the adrenal medulla and some sympathetic ganglia and play a crucial role in the body's stress response.

Chromaffin granules contain a variety of substances, including catecholamines such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), as well as proteins and other molecules. When the chromaffin cell is stimulated, the granules fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular space, where they can bind to receptors on nearby cells and trigger a variety of physiological responses.

The name "chromaffin" comes from the fact that these granules contain enzymes that can react with chromium salts to produce a brown color, which is why they are also sometimes referred to as "black-brown granules."

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

Oxalic acid is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with the formula HOOC-COOH. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. Medically, oxalic acid is relevant due to its presence in certain foods and its potential to form calcium oxalate stones in the kidneys when excreted in urine.

Hyperoxaluria is a medical condition characterized by increased levels of oxalate in the urine, which can lead to the formation of kidney stones. This condition can be caused by genetic factors or excessive intake of oxalate-rich foods such as spinach, rhubarb, and certain nuts and beans. In severe cases, it may require medical treatment to reduce oxalate levels in the body.

Ferrous compounds are inorganic substances that contain iron (Fe) in its +2 oxidation state. The term "ferrous" is derived from the Latin word "ferrum," which means iron. Ferrous compounds are often used in medicine, particularly in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia due to their ability to provide bioavailable iron to the body.

Examples of ferrous compounds include ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous fumarate. These compounds are commonly found in dietary supplements and multivitamins. Ferrous sulfate is one of the most commonly used forms of iron supplementation, as it has a high iron content and is relatively inexpensive.

It's important to note that ferrous compounds can be toxic in large doses, so they should be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Overdose can lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and potentially fatal consequences if left untreated.

Lipid peroxides are chemical compounds that form when lipids (fats or fat-like substances) oxidize. This process, known as lipid peroxidation, involves the reaction of lipids with oxygen in a way that leads to the formation of hydroperoxides and various aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde.

Lipid peroxidation is a naturally occurring process that can also be accelerated by factors such as exposure to radiation, certain chemicals, or enzymatic reactions. It plays a role in many biological processes, including cell signaling and regulation of gene expression, but it can also contribute to the development of various diseases when it becomes excessive.

Examples of lipid peroxides include phospholipid hydroperoxides, cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides, and triglyceride hydroperoxides. These compounds are often used as markers of oxidative stress in biological systems and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and other conditions associated with oxidative damage.

Free radicals are molecules or atoms that have one or more unpaired electrons in their outermost shell, making them highly reactive. They can be formed naturally in the body through processes such as metabolism and exercise, or they can come from external sources like pollution, radiation, and certain chemicals. Free radicals can cause damage to cells and contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Antioxidants are substances that can neutralize free radicals and help protect against their harmful effects.

Biological availability is a term used in pharmacology and toxicology that refers to the degree and rate at which a drug or other substance is absorbed into the bloodstream and becomes available at the site of action in the body. It is a measure of the amount of the substance that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged, after administration by any route (such as oral, intravenous, etc.).

The biological availability (F) of a drug can be calculated using the area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma concentration-time profile after extravascular and intravenous dosing, according to the following formula:

F = (AUCex/AUCiv) x (Doseiv/Doseex)

where AUCex is the AUC after extravascular dosing, AUCiv is the AUC after intravenous dosing, Doseiv is the intravenous dose, and Doseex is the extravascular dose.

Biological availability is an important consideration in drug development and therapy, as it can affect the drug's efficacy, safety, and dosage regimen. Drugs with low biological availability may require higher doses to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, while drugs with high biological availability may have a more rapid onset of action and require lower doses to avoid toxicity.

An electrode is a medical device that can conduct electrical currents and is used to transmit or receive electrical signals, often in the context of medical procedures or treatments. In a medical setting, electrodes may be used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Recording electrical activity in the body: Electrodes can be attached to the skin or inserted into body tissues to measure electrical signals produced by the heart, brain, muscles, or nerves. This information can be used to diagnose medical conditions, monitor the effectiveness of treatments, or guide medical procedures.
2. Stimulating nerve or muscle activity: Electrodes can be used to deliver electrical impulses to nerves or muscles, which can help to restore function or alleviate symptoms in people with certain medical conditions. For example, electrodes may be used to stimulate the nerves that control bladder function in people with spinal cord injuries, or to stimulate muscles in people with muscle weakness or paralysis.
3. Administering treatments: Electrodes can also be used to deliver therapeutic treatments, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for depression or deep brain stimulation (DBS) for movement disorders like Parkinson's disease. In these procedures, electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a device that generates electrical impulses, which can help to regulate abnormal brain activity and improve symptoms.

Overall, electrodes play an important role in many medical procedures and treatments, allowing healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions that affect the body's electrical systems.

Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the interconversion of electrical energy and chemical energy. It involves the study of chemical processes that cause electrons to move, resulting in the transfer of electrical charge, and the reverse processes by which electrical energy can be used to drive chemical reactions. This field encompasses various phenomena such as the generation of electricity from chemical sources (as in batteries), the electrolysis of substances, and corrosion. Electrochemical reactions are fundamental to many technologies, including energy storage and conversion, environmental protection, and medical diagnostics.

Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and the body's ability to detoxify them or repair the damage they cause. This imbalance can lead to cellular damage, oxidation of proteins, lipids, and DNA, disruption of cellular functions, and activation of inflammatory responses. Prolonged or excessive oxidative stress has been linked to various health conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging-related diseases.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.

In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.

HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.

Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: *cuprum*) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Copper is found as a free element in nature, and it is also a constituent of many minerals such as chalcopyrite and bornite.

In the human body, copper is an essential trace element that plays a role in various physiological processes, including iron metabolism, energy production, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue synthesis. Copper is found in a variety of foods, such as shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and organ meats. The recommended daily intake of copper for adults is 900 micrograms (mcg) per day.

Copper deficiency can lead to anemia, neutropenia, impaired immune function, and abnormal bone development. Copper toxicity, on the other hand, can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, liver damage and neurological symptoms. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced copper intake through diet and supplements if necessary.

The chromaffin system is a part of the autonomic nervous system that consists of specialized cells called chromaffin cells. These cells are found in two main locations: the adrenal medulla, which is the inner portion of the adrenal glands located on top of the kidneys; and scattered throughout various nerve ganglia along the sympathetic trunk, a chain of ganglia that runs parallel to the spinal cord.

Chromaffin cells are responsible for synthesizing, storing, and releasing catecholamines, which are hormones and neurotransmitters that help regulate various bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. The most well-known catecholamines are adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which are released in response to stress or excitement.

The term "chromaffin" refers to the ability of these cells to take up chromium salts and produce a brown coloration, which is why they are called chromaffin cells. The chromaffin system plays an important role in the body's fight-or-flight response, helping to prepare the body for immediate action in response to perceived threats or stressors.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a naturally occurring organic compound that is formed as a byproduct of lipid peroxidation, a process in which free radicals or reactive oxygen species react with polyunsaturated fatty acids. MDA is a highly reactive aldehyde that can modify proteins, DNA, and other biomolecules, leading to cellular damage and dysfunction. It is often used as a marker of oxidative stress in biological systems and has been implicated in the development of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Rutin is a flavonoid, a type of plant pigment that is found in various plants and foods including citrus fruits, buckwheat, and asparagus. It has antioxidant properties and is known to help strengthen blood vessels and reduce inflammation. In medical terms, rutin may be mentioned in the context of discussing treatments for conditions related to these effects, such as varicose veins or hemorrhoids. However, it's important to note that while rutin has potential health benefits, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and proper dosages.

Chlorobutanol is a chemical compound that is used primarily as a preservative in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. It is an organic compound that belongs to the class of compounds known as halogenated hydrocarbons, which contain one or more halogens (such as chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine) and hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon skeleton.

In medical terms, Chlorobutanol is used as an antimicrobial agent, which means it helps to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in products such as eye drops, nasal sprays, and injectable medications. It works by denaturing proteins in microorganisms, which makes it difficult for them to survive and multiply.

It is important to note that Chlorobutanol can be harmful if ingested or absorbed through the skin in large quantities, so it should be used with caution and only under the direction of a healthcare professional.

Thiobarbiturates are a class of barbiturates that contain a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen atom in the urea-like structure. They are central nervous system depressants, which means they can cause decreased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. These properties make them useful for anesthesia and sedation, but also contribute to their potential for abuse and dependence.

Thiobarbiturates have been largely replaced by other classes of drugs due to their narrow therapeutic index (the difference between the effective dose and a toxic dose is small) and high potential for overdose. Examples of thiobarbiturates include thiopental, used for induction of anesthesia, and pentobarbital, which has been used for both anesthesia and as a treatment for seizures.

It's important to note that barbiturates and thiobarbiturates are controlled substances in many countries due to their potential for abuse and dependence. They should only be prescribed and administered by trained medical professionals.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Vitamins are organic substances that are essential in small quantities for the normal growth, development, and maintenance of life in humans. They are required for various biochemical functions in the body such as energy production, blood clotting, immune function, and making DNA.

Unlike macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats), vitamins do not provide energy but they play a crucial role in energy metabolism. Humans require 13 essential vitamins, which can be divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are stored in the body's fat tissues and liver, and can stay in the body for a longer period of time. Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex vitamins and vitamin C) are not stored in the body and need to be replenished regularly through diet or supplementation.

Deficiency of vitamins can lead to various health problems, while excessive intake of certain fat-soluble vitamins can also be harmful due to toxicity. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced diet that provides all the essential vitamins in adequate amounts.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a colorless, odorless, clear liquid with a slightly sweet taste, although drinking it is harmful and can cause poisoning. It is a weak oxidizing agent and is used as an antiseptic and a bleaching agent. In diluted form, it is used to disinfect wounds and kill bacteria and viruses on the skin; in higher concentrations, it can be used to bleach hair or remove stains from clothing. It is also used as a propellant in rocketry and in certain industrial processes. Chemically, hydrogen peroxide is composed of two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms, and it is structurally similar to water (H2O), with an extra oxygen atom. This gives it its oxidizing properties, as the additional oxygen can be released and used to react with other substances.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

"Fortified food" is a term used in the context of nutrition and dietary guidelines. It refers to a food product that has had nutrients added to it during manufacturing to enhance its nutritional value. These added nutrients can include vitamins, minerals, proteins, or other beneficial components. The goal of fortifying foods is often to address specific nutrient deficiencies in populations or to improve the overall nutritional quality of a food product. Examples of fortified foods include certain breakfast cereals that have added vitamins and minerals, as well as plant-based milk alternatives that are fortified with calcium and vitamin D to mimic the nutritional profile of cow's milk. It is important to note that while fortified foods can be a valuable source of essential nutrients, they should not replace whole, unprocessed foods in a balanced diet.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Malpighiaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic name in the field of botany, referring to a family of flowering plants commonly known as the "malpighias" or "cotton-silk flowers." This family includes around 75 genera and 1,300 species of trees, shrubs, and herbs, many of which are tropical in distribution.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those instead!

Organic anion transporters (OATs) are membrane transport proteins that facilitate the movement of organic anions across biological membranes. The term "sodium-dependent" refers to a specific type of OAT that requires sodium ions (Na+) as a co-transport substrate to move organic anions across the membrane. These transporters play crucial roles in the elimination and distribution of various endogenous and exogenous organic anions, including drugs, toxins, and metabolites. Sodium-dependent OATs are primarily located in the kidneys and liver, where they help maintain homeostasis by regulating the reabsorption and secretion of these substances.

I must clarify that the term "Guinea Pigs" is not typically used in medical definitions. However, in colloquial or informal language, it may refer to people who are used as the first to try out a new medical treatment or drug. This is known as being a "test subject" or "in a clinical trial."

In the field of scientific research, particularly in studies involving animals, guinea pigs are small rodents that are often used as experimental subjects due to their size, cost-effectiveness, and ease of handling. They are not actually pigs from Guinea, despite their name's origins being unclear. However, they do not exactly fit the description of being used in human medical experiments.

Uric acid is a chemical compound that is formed when the body breaks down purines, which are substances that are found naturally in certain foods such as steak, organ meats and seafood, as well as in our own cells. After purines are broken down, they turn into uric acid and then get excreted from the body in the urine.

However, if there is too much uric acid in the body, it can lead to a condition called hyperuricemia. High levels of uric acid can cause gout, which is a type of arthritis that causes painful swelling and inflammation in the joints, especially in the big toe. Uric acid can also form crystals that can collect in the kidneys and lead to kidney stones.

It's important for individuals with gout or recurrent kidney stones to monitor their uric acid levels and follow a treatment plan prescribed by their healthcare provider, which may include medications to lower uric acid levels and dietary modifications.

Sugar alcohol dehydrogenases (SADHs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the interconversion between sugar alcohols and sugars, which involves the gain or loss of a pair of electrons, typically in the form of NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism of sugar alcohols, which are commonly found in various plants and some microorganisms.

Sugar alcohols, also known as polyols, are reduced forms of sugars that contain one or more hydroxyl groups instead of aldehyde or ketone groups. Examples of sugar alcohols include sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, and erythritol. SADHs can interconvert these sugar alcohols to their corresponding sugars through a redox reaction that involves the transfer of hydrogen atoms.

The reaction catalyzed by SADHs is typically represented as follows:

R-CH(OH)-CH2OH + NAD(P)+ ↔ R-CO-CH2OH + NAD(P)H + H+

where R represents a carbon chain, and CH(OH)-CH2OH and CO-CH2OH represent the sugar alcohol and sugar forms, respectively.

SADHs are widely distributed in nature and have been found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. These enzymes have attracted significant interest in biotechnology due to their potential applications in the production of sugar alcohols and other value-added products. Additionally, SADHs have been studied as targets for developing novel antimicrobial agents, as inhibiting these enzymes can disrupt the metabolism of certain pathogens that rely on sugar alcohols for growth and survival.

Dietary iron is a vital nutrient that plays a crucial role in the production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. It is also essential for various other bodily functions, including energy production and immune function.

There are two forms of dietary iron: heme and non-heme. Heme iron is found in animal products such as meat, poultry, and fish, while non-heme iron is found in plant-based foods such as beans, lentils, tofu, spinach, and fortified cereals.

The recommended daily intake of dietary iron varies depending on age, sex, and other factors. For example, adult men typically require 8 milligrams (mg) per day, while adult women need 18 mg per day. Pregnant women may require up to 27 mg per day, while breastfeeding women need around 9-10 mg per day.

It is important to note that the absorption of non-heme iron from plant-based foods can be enhanced by consuming them with vitamin C-rich foods or drinks, such as citrus fruits, strawberries, and bell peppers. On the other hand, certain substances such as tannins (found in tea and coffee) and phytates (found in whole grains and legumes) can inhibit the absorption of non-heme iron.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Phytic acid, also known as phytate in its salt form, is a natural substance found in plant-based foods such as grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. It's a storage form of phosphorus for the plant and is often referred to as an "anti-nutrient" because it can bind to certain minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc in the gastrointestinal tract and prevent their absorption. This can potentially lead to mineral deficiencies if a diet is consistently high in phytic acid-rich foods and low in mineral-rich foods. However, it's important to note that phytic acid also has antioxidant properties and may have health benefits when consumed as part of a balanced diet.

The bioavailability of minerals from phytic acid-rich foods can be improved through various methods such as soaking, sprouting, fermenting, or cooking, which can help break down some of the phytic acid and release the bound minerals.

Indicators and reagents are terms commonly used in the field of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. Here are their definitions:

1. Indicator: An indicator is a substance that changes its color or other physical properties in response to a chemical change, such as a change in pH, oxidation-reduction potential, or the presence of a particular ion or molecule. Indicators are often used in laboratory tests to monitor or signal the progress of a reaction or to indicate the end point of a titration. A familiar example is the use of phenolphthalein as a pH indicator in acid-base titrations, which turns pink in basic solutions and colorless in acidic solutions.

2. Reagent: A reagent is a substance that is added to a system (such as a sample or a reaction mixture) to bring about a chemical reaction, test for the presence or absence of a particular component, or measure the concentration of a specific analyte. Reagents are typically chemicals with well-defined and consistent properties, allowing them to be used reliably in analytical procedures. Examples of reagents include enzymes, antibodies, dyes, metal ions, and organic compounds. In laboratory settings, reagents are often prepared and standardized according to strict protocols to ensure their quality and performance in diagnostic tests and research applications.

Aniline hydroxylase is an enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of aromatic compounds, including aniline and other related substances. The enzyme catalyzes the addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) to the aromatic ring of these compounds, which helps to make them more water-soluble and facilitates their excretion from the body.

Aniline hydroxylase is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver, lung, and kidney. It is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, which are known for their role in drug metabolism and other xenobiotic-metabolizing reactions.

It's important to note that exposure to aniline and its derivatives can be harmful and may cause various health effects, including damage to the liver and other organs. Therefore, it is essential to handle these substances with care and follow appropriate safety precautions.

A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.

Peroxides, in a medical context, most commonly refer to chemical compounds that contain the peroxide ion (O2−2). Peroxides are characterized by the presence of an oxygen-oxygen single bond and can be found in various substances.

In dentistry, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a widely used agent for teeth whitening or bleaching due to its oxidizing properties. It can help remove stains and discoloration on the tooth surface by breaking down into water and oxygen-free radicals, which react with the stain molecules, ultimately leading to their oxidation and elimination.

However, it is essential to note that high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or prolonged exposure can cause tooth sensitivity, irritation to the oral soft tissues, and potential damage to the dental pulp. Therefore, professional supervision and appropriate concentration control are crucial when using peroxides for dental treatments.

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of catecholamines, which are important neurotransmitters and hormones in the human body. Specifically, DBH converts dopamine into norepinephrine, another essential catecholamine.

DBH is primarily located in the adrenal glands and nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system. It requires molecular oxygen, copper ions, and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) as cofactors to perform its enzymatic function. Deficiency or dysfunction of DBH can lead to various medical conditions, such as orthostatic hypotension and neuropsychiatric disorders.

The adrenal medulla is the inner part of the adrenal gland, which is located on top of the kidneys. It is responsible for producing and releasing hormones such as epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline). These hormones play a crucial role in the body's "fight or flight" response, preparing the body for immediate action in response to stress.

Epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate, while also increasing blood flow to muscles and decreasing blood flow to the skin and digestive system. Norepinephrine has similar effects but is generally less potent than epinephrine. Together, these hormones help to prepare the body for physical activity and increase alertness and focus.

Disorders of the adrenal medulla can lead to a variety of symptoms, including high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, anxiety, and tremors. Some conditions that affect the adrenal medulla include pheochromocytoma, a tumor that causes excessive production of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and neuroblastoma, a cancerous tumor that arises from immature nerve cells in the adrenal gland.

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) is not a medical term per se, but rather a method used to measure lipid peroxidation in biological samples. Lipid peroxidation is a process by which free radicals steal electrons from lipids, leading to cellular damage and potential disease progression.

The TBARS assay measures the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA), a byproduct of lipid peroxidation, that reacts with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) to produce a pink-colored complex. The concentration of this complex is then measured and used as an indicator of lipid peroxidation in the sample.

While TBARS has been widely used as a measure of oxidative stress, it has limitations, including potential interference from other compounds that can react with TBA and produce similar-colored complexes. Therefore, more specific and sensitive methods for measuring lipid peroxidation have since been developed.

Phenylenediamines are a class of organic compounds that contain a phenylene diamine group, which consists of two amino groups (-NH2) attached to a benzene ring. They are used in various applications, including as intermediates in the synthesis of dyes and pigments, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Some phenylenediamines also have potential use as antioxidants and reducing agents.

In a medical context, some phenylenediamines are used in the manufacture of certain drugs, such as certain types of local anesthetics and vasodilators. However, it's important to note that not all phenylenediamines have medical applications, and some may even be harmful or toxic in certain contexts.

Exposure to phenylenediamines can occur through various routes, including skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion. Some people may experience allergic reactions or irritation after exposure to certain phenylenediamines, particularly those used in hair dyes and cosmetics. It's important to follow proper safety precautions when handling these compounds, including wearing protective clothing and using appropriate ventilation.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "fruit" is not a medical term per se. It is a common term used to describe the part of a plant that develops from the ovary after flowering and contains seeds. However, in a nutritional or dietary context, "fruits" are often referred to as foods that are typically sweet and juicy, and come from plants' flowers. They are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, making them an essential part of a healthy diet. But in a strict medical sense, there isn't a specific definition for "fruit."

Oxalates, also known as oxalic acid or oxalate salts, are organic compounds that contain the functional group called oxalate. Oxalates are naturally occurring substances found in various foods such as spinach, rhubarb, nuts, and seeds. They can also be produced by the body as a result of metabolism.

In the body, oxalates can bind with calcium and other minerals to form crystals, which can accumulate in various tissues and organs, including the kidneys. This can lead to the formation of kidney stones, which are a common health problem associated with high oxalate intake or increased oxalate production in the body.

It is important for individuals with a history of kidney stones or other kidney problems to monitor their oxalate intake and limit consumption of high-oxalate foods. Additionally, certain medical conditions such as hyperoxaluria, a rare genetic disorder that causes increased oxalate production in the body, may require medical treatment to reduce oxalate levels and prevent complications.

Hydroxyproline is not a medical term per se, but it is a significant component in the medical field, particularly in the study of connective tissues and collagen. Here's a scientific definition:

Hydroxyproline is a modified amino acid that is formed by the post-translational modification of the amino acid proline in collagen and some other proteins. This process involves the addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) to the proline residue, which alters its chemical properties and contributes to the stability and structure of collagen fibers. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body and is a crucial component of connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bones. The presence and quantity of hydroxyproline can serve as a marker for collagen turnover and degradation, making it relevant to various medical and research contexts, including the study of diseases affecting connective tissues like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

"Pharmaceutical solutions" is a term that refers to medications or drugs that are formulated in a liquid state, as opposed to solid forms like tablets or capsules. These solutions are typically created by dissolving the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a solvent, such as water or ethanol, along with other excipients that help stabilize and preserve the solution.

Pharmaceutical solutions can be administered to patients through various routes, including oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular injection, depending on the desired site of action and the specific properties of the drug. Some examples of pharmaceutical solutions include antibiotic infusions, pain medications, and electrolyte replacement drinks.

It's important to note that the term "pharmaceutical solutions" can also refer more broadly to the process of developing and manufacturing drugs, as well as to the industry as a whole. However, in a medical context, it most commonly refers to liquid medications.

... (also known as vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid), is a process that delivers soluble ascorbic acid ... In in vitro studies, the primary mechanism of high dosage intravenous ascorbic acid can be related to ascorbic acid's pro- ... intravenous ascorbic acid is contraindicated as high dosages of ascorbic acid may result in iron overloading and therefore, ... the pharmacological mechanism of intravenous ascorbic acid in vivo is still unclear. Although the pharmacology of ascorbic acid ...
... a diastereomer of ascorbic acid. Mineral ascorbates: salts of ascorbic acid Acids in wine Safety (MSDS) data for ascorbic acid ... Another major use of l-ascorbic acid is as dietary supplement. Ascorbic acid is easily oxidized and so is used as a reductant ... Iodine is reduced by ascorbic acid, and, when all the ascorbic acid has reacted, the iodine is then in excess, forming a blue- ... Eighty percent of the world's supply of ascorbic acid is produced in China. Ascorbic acid is prepared in industry from glucose ...
... (GO-VC) is an amphipathic derivative of vitamin C consisting of two ether linkages: a 1-octyl at ... The isomer in which these two groups are swapped (2-octyl-3-glyceryl ascorbic acid, OG-VC) is also known. It is considered as a ... Vitamin C is rapidly converted to ascorbic acid radicals by UV rays, which causes cytotoxicity and sunburn, but GO-VC improves ... The water-soluble vitamin C derivatives such as ascorbic acid 2-glucoside and APPS (trisodium ascorbyl palmitate) can not add ...
Common oxidizing agents are: ascorbic acid (Ascorbic acid converts into its oxidizing form, dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) during ... "Ascorbic Acid as an Oxidant in Wheat Flour Dough. I. Conversion to Dehydroascorbic Acid" (PDF). Cereal Chemistry. 57 (2): 85-87 ... "Ascorbic acid". Sustain. Retrieved 8 July 2014. Manley, Duncan (2000). Technology of Biscuits, Crackers, and Cookies (3rd ed ... Elkassabany, M.; Hoseney, R.C. (1980). "Ascorbic Acid as an Oxidant in Wheat Flour Dough. II. Rheological Effects" (PDF). ...
Johnston, C.S. (1996). "Chapter 10) The Antihistamine Action of Ascorbic Acid". Ascorbic Acid; Biochemistry and Biomedical Cell ...
A side product with particular modification is 5-Keto-D-gluconic acid. A shorter biotechnological synthesis of ascorbic acid ... L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis. In: Vitamins and Hormones 2001; 61:241-66. doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(01)61008-2 PMID 11153268. ... The Reichstein process in chemistry is a combined chemical and microbial method for the production of ascorbic acid from D- ... 2006): The use of microorganisms in L-ascorbic acid production. In: J Biotechnol. 124(1); 196-205; PMID 16516325; doi:10.1016/j ...
"Ascorbic acid/Phenylephrine/Paracetamol". NHS Choices. National Health Service. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. ... Sometimes a third active ingredient, such as ascorbic acid, caffeine, chlorpheniramine maleate, or guaifenesin is added to this ... p-Aminophenol is then converted in the brain by fatty acid amide hydrolase into AM404, a compound that may be partially ... This occurs only when the concentration of arachidonic acid and peroxides is low. Under these conditions, COX-2 is the ...
Ascorbic acid is present at high levels in all parts of plants and can reach concentrations of 20 millimolar in chloroplasts. ... While ascorbic acid is effective antioxidant, it can also oxidatively change the flavor and color of food. With the presence of ... Ascorbic acid is a redox catalyst which can reduce, and thereby neutralize, reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. ... Ascorbic acid is required for the conversion of the procollagen to collagen by oxidizing proline residues to hydroxyproline. In ...
"Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 ... The study found a significant effect on heart health in a low-salt diet, and a small effect due to omega-3 and folic acid ... and 400μg of folic acid during the first trimester (first 12 weeks of pregnancy). Some women may need to take iron, vitamin C, ...
Food portal Vitamin C Intravenous ascorbic acid Megavitamin therapy Orthomolecular medicine Uric acid Institute of Medicine ( ... "Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)". University of Maryland Medical Center. April 2002. Archived from the original on 2005-12-31. ... Vitamin C megadosage is a term describing the consumption or injection of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in doses well beyond the ... Based on that study, the American Burn Association (ABA) considers high-dose ascorbic acid an option to be considered for ...
Histamine and ascorbic acid in human blood. J. Nutr. 110:662-668. Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology (1989) "Cell ... Clemetson CA (1976). "Ascorbic acid and diabetes mellitus". Medical Hypotheses. 2 (5): 193-4. doi:10.1016/0306-9877(76)90037-2 ... Clemetson CA (1 April 1980). "Histamine and ascorbic acid in human blood". Journal of Nutrition. 110 (4): 662-8. doi:10.1093/jn ... doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(71)80004-5. Saroja N, Mallikarjuneswara VR, Clemetson CA (1971). "Effect of estrogens on ascorbic acid ...
Ascorbic acid and melanogenesis. Br J Dermatol. 1977 Aug;97(2):201-4. 8. Reddi YV, Sastry PB, Ramadas G. The effects of excess ...
... folic acid → tetrahydrofolic acid) • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) • Zinc (Zn2+) Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane (BPAP) • ... Fusaric acid • Nepicastat • Phenopicolinic acid • Tropolone L-Phenylalanine → L-tyrosine → L-DOPA (levodopa) Ferrous iron (Fe2+ ... Amfonelic acid • Amineptine • Benzatropine (benztropine) • Bromantane • 2-Butyl-3-(p-tolyl)quinuclidine (BTQ) • BTS-74,398 • ... Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) • Pergolide Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA • A-86,929 • Ciladopa • Dihydrexidine • ...
Weis, W. (1975-09-30). "Ascorbic acid and biological systems. Ascorbic acid and electron transport". Annals of the New York ...
Antioxidants: Three vitamins, ascorbic acid; α-tocopherol; and β-carotene, are well recognized for their antioxidant activities ... Mullan BA, Young IS, Fee H, McCance DR (December 2002). "Ascorbic acid reduces blood pressure and arterial stiffness in type 2 ... Folic acid: Low plasma concentrations of folic acid were found to be associated with high plasma homocysteine concentrations. ... van Etten et al., found that a single dose of folic acid might help in reducing the risk of vascular complications and ...
Nelson PJ, Pruitt RE, Henderson LL, Jenness R, Henderson LM (Jan 1981). "Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on the in vivo ... Rebouche CJ (Dec 1991). "Ascorbic acid and carnitine biosynthesis". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 54 (6 Suppl): ... Rebouche CJ (Dec 1991). "Ascorbic acid and carnitine biosynthesis". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 54 (6 Suppl): ... Sesti C, Simkhovich BZ, Kalvinsh I, Kloner RA (Mar 2006). "Mildronate, a novel fatty acid oxidation inhibitor and antianginal ...
They are adducts of ascorbic acid. The plant also contains 2-isoprenyl-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, another tryptamine alkaloid, as ...
Manwaring WH (1945). "Ascorbic Acid vs. the Common Cold". Cal West Med. 62 (6): 309-10. PMC 1781017. PMID 18747053. Hemilä H ( ...
... is a sugar acid derived from threose. The l-isomer is a metabolite of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). One study ... S Englard and S Seifter (1986). "The Biochemical Functions of Ascorbic Acid". Annual Review of Nutrition. 6: 365-406. doi: ... Sugar acids, Alpha hydroxy acids, Triols, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ...
Ascorbic acid may also be added.[citation needed] In traditional Chinese medicine, the dried peel of the fruit is used in the ... lower levels of citric acid. The clusters display different patterns of pomelo introgression, have different deduced historical ...
"Safety (MSDS) data for ascorbic acid". Oxford University. 2005-10-09. Archived from the original on 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007- ... Erowid LSD (Acid) Vault : Fatalities / Deaths. Erowid.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17. "Safety (MSDS) data for arsenic trioxide". ... "Safety (MSDS) data for acetylsalicylic acid". ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Boyd EM (May 1959). "The ... A.A. Babayan, A.V.Aleksandryan, "Toxicological characteristics of melamine cyanurate, melamine and cyanuric acid", Zhurnal ...
... s synthesize L-ascorbic acid only in the kidneys. Both the platypus and echidna species have spurs on their hind limbs ... "Ascorbic acid biosynthesis in the mammalian kidney". ScienceScape.org. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. ...
Gibson, Q. H. (1943). "The reduction of methaemoglobin by ascorbic acid". Biochemical Journal. 37 (5): 615-618. doi:10.1042/ ... Gibson, Q. H.; Wiseman, G. (1951). "Selective absorption of stereo-isomers of amino-acids from loops of the small intestine of ...
"Dietary phenolic acids and ascorbic acid: Influence on acid-catalyzed nitrosative chemistry in the presence and absence of ... "Fat transforms ascorbic acid from inhibiting to promoting acid-catalysed N-nitrosation". Gut. 56 (12): 1678-1684. doi:10.1136/ ... However, when 10% of the meal is fat, the effect is reversed, such that ascorbic acid then markedly increases nitrosamine ... Evidence now exists that ascorbic acid is a limiting factor in nitrosation reactions in people. Combet, E.; Paterson, S; Iijima ...
"Topical L-ascorbic acid: percutaneous absorption studies". Dermatol Surg. 27 (2): 137-42. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.00264.x ...
Takanaga H, Mackenzie B, Hediger MA (February 2004). "Sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transporter family SLC23". Pflügers Archiv ... Na+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter (SLC23A1, SLC23A2, SLC23A3, SLC23A4) Na+/(Ca2+-K+) exchanger (SLC24A1, SLC24A2, SLC24A3 ... cationic amino acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated cationic amino acid transporters (SLC7A1, SLC7A2, SLC7A3, SLC7A4) ... Verrey F, Closs EI, Wagner CA, Palacin M, Endou H, Kanai Y (February 2004). "CATs and HATs: the SLC7 family of amino acid ...
Ascorbic acid is oxidised with molecular oxygen. Antibodies can act as enzymes, then named abzymes, if they are selected ...
Ohno, S; Ohno, Y; Suzuki, N; Soma, G; Inoue, M (2009). "High-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy in the treatment of ... amino acids, ω-3 fatty acids, ω-6 fatty acids, medium-chain triglycerides, dietary fiber, short and long chain fatty acids, ... Klenner FR (1971). "Observations on the dose and administration of ascorbic acid when employed beyond the range of a vitamin in ... 1998). "Observations on the dose and administration of ascorbic acid when employed beyond the range of a vitamin in human ...
They found that beer staling is reduced by scavengers of the hydroxyl radical (•OH), such as mannitol and ascorbic acid. They ... brewers believe that α-acids give the beer a pleasant bitterness whereas β-acids are considered less pleasant. α-acids ... Isohumulone (an iso-alpha acid responsible for the bitter taste of hops) and its combinations with Ni, or Fe, also favor ... They used thiobarbituric acid (TBA) to estimate the staling substances after using an accelerated aging technique. ...
Kustin, Kenneth; Toppen, David L. (June 1973). "Reduction of vanadium(V) by L-ascorbic acid". Inorganic Chemistry. 12 (6): 1404 ... perchlorate can be made by dissolving vanadium pentoxide in perchloric acid. The reaction of vanadium pentoxide and dichlorine ...
Intravenous Ascorbic Acid (also known as vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid), is a process that delivers soluble ascorbic acid ... In in vitro studies, the primary mechanism of high dosage intravenous ascorbic acid can be related to ascorbic acids pro- ... intravenous ascorbic acid is contraindicated as high dosages of ascorbic acid may result in iron overloading and therefore, ... the pharmacological mechanism of intravenous ascorbic acid in vivo is still unclear. Although the pharmacology of ascorbic acid ...
ascorbic acid:. see vitamin.. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All ...
Ascorbic acid is a very unstable vitamin and is easily oxidized in aqueous solutions and cosmetic formulations. Ascorbic acid ... Ascorbic acid is involved in important metabolic functions and is vital for the growth and maintenance of healthy bones, teeth ... Ascorbic acid has neutralizing properties of free radicals, being able to interact with superoxide, hydroxyl and free oxygen ... Unlike plants and most animals, humans do not have the ability to synthesize our own ascorbic acid due to the deficiency of the ...
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid). Medically Reviewed by Melinda Ratini, MS, DO. on March 22, 2021 ... Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) helps tissue and bone grow and repair themselves. While vitamin C supplements are extremely popular, ...
Ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C. Is not made by the body and must be obtained through the foods that we ... People buy an ascorbic acid powder to use when they want to detoxifying their body. Taking ascorbic acid powder can give a ... People who are deficient in ascorbic acid will have a compromised immune system. Ascorbic acid can help to limit the duration ... You can buy an ascorbic acid powder form from many online stores that sell high quality pharmaceutical grade ascorbic acid. ...
Ascorbic acid, also known as Vitamin C, is a powerful antioxidant which supports the immune system and the production of ... Ascorbic Acid Powder FAQ. Is This the Bioactive Form L-Ascorbic Acid?. PureBulks Ascorbic acid powder contains the bioactive ... Ascorbic acid powder is available in several forms: pure ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid combined with Sodium Ascorbate, and other ... PureBulks ascorbic acid is a white to off-white, fine powder. Ascorbic acid powder dissolves quickly in water and has a sour ...
Ascorbic Acid Vitamin C. Ascorbic Acid (vitamin B), as a building material additive, has been used to build expressways, ... Description This is Ascorbic acid Vitamin C Ascorbic acid is a yellow or white crystal ... Description This is Ascorbic acid Vitamin C Ascorbic acid is a yellow or white crystal… ... Ascorbic Acid (vitamin B), as a building material additive, has been used to build expressways, highrise buildings, bridges, ...
Preoperative plasma ascorbic acid levels did not differ between the non-delirium and delirium groups (6.0 ± 2.2 vs. 5.5 ± 2.4 ... Ascorbic acid is an excellent antioxidant and may reduce organ damage by inhibiting the production of ROS. This prospective ... Postoperative plasma ascorbic acid levels were significantly different between the groups (2.8 [2.3-3.5] vs. 2.3 [1.6-3.3] µg/ ... mL, p = 0.037). Conclusions: In patients who undergo cardiovascular surgery with CPB, lower postoperative plasma ascorbic acid ...
Picture of structural formula of ascorbic acid isolated on white background stock photo, images and stock photography. Image ...
Graphene-based Electrochemical Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of Dopamine, Uric Acid, and Ascorbic Acid. Publication Type : ... HomePublicationsGraphene-based Electrochemical Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of Dopamine, Uric Acid, and Ascorbic Acid ... Murali Rangarajan, "Graphene-based Electrochemical Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of Dopamine, Uric Acid, and Ascorbic Acid ...
L-Ascorbic Acid Supports Healthy, Youthful Skin. L-ascorbic acid helps the skin in three different ways and they all have to do ... L-ascorbic acid is the most researched form of vitamin C when it comes its many benefits for your skin. And, that research ... L-ascorbic acid has been described by many as the secret to flawless-looking skin, and for good reason. Its known to ... L-ascorbic acid helps slow the production of melanin, which prevents dark spots on face which can be caused by pregnancy, ...
Place drops under tongue 30 minutes before/after meals. Adults and children 12 years and over: Take 10 drops up to 3 times per day. Consult a physician for use in children under 12 years of age.. ...
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid). Ascorbic acid Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, meaning that your body doesnt store it. You ... Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective ... "Buffered" vitamin C is also available if you find that regular ascorbic acid upsets your stomach. An esterified form of vitamin ... You can purchase either natural or synthetic vitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, in a variety of forms. Tablets, capsules, ...
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The form of Vitamin C in the Ethylated Ascorbic Acid 15% formula, Ethyl Ascorbic Acid, acts similarly to Ascorbic Acid and is ... Ethylated Ascorbic Acid). : Ethylated Ascorbic Acid. This means ethylated ascorbic acid retains all of the efficacy of pure ... applicative properties of ethylated ascorbic acid (AAE) compared to ascorbic acid (AA). L-ascorbic acid is the Vitamin C with ... applicative properties of ethylated ascorbic acid (AAE) compared to ascorbic acid (AA). Currently, ascorbic acid still reigns ...
... ... Most Common Ascorbic Acid Adverse Events Reported to the FDA. What are the most common Ascorbic Acid adverse events reported to ... Ascorbic Acid Adverse Events Reported to the FDA Over Time. How are Ascorbic Acid adverse event reports trending over time? ... Common Uses of Ascorbic Acid According to Those Reporting Adverse Events. Why are people taking Ascorbic Acid, according to ...
... ascorbic acid listed in the ingredients. Most people, and even many scientists, ... consider vitamin C and ascorbic acid to be equivalent, but what is ascorbic acid exactly? Ascorbic acid is a purified, isolated ... Is Ascorbic Acid the same as Vitamin C?. Read the label on most vitamin C supplements and you will see the words ascorbic acid ... Calling ascorbic acid vitamin C is like calling the skin of the orange the whole orange. Ascorbic acid can be thought of as ...
Ascorbic acid is a popular water-soluble form of vitamin C, purported to help boost the immune system for general health. Shop ... Brands A-Z 21st Century Ascorbic Acid Categories Supplements Vitamins Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid ...
ASCORBIC ACID - Books - NCBI. "ascorbic acid"[MeSH Terms] OR ("ascorbic"[All Fields] AND "acid"[All Fields]) OR "ascorbic acid ... DailyMed - ASCOR- ascorbic acid injection. ASCORBIC ACID (UNII: PQ6CK8PD0R) (ASCORBIC ACID - UNII:PQ6CK8PD0R) ASCORBIC ACID. ... Ascorbic Acid 500 Mg/5 Ml Oral Liquid*Ascorbic Acid ... Ascorbic Acid 100 Mg/ml Oral Liquid*Ascorbic Acid 1000 Mg Oral Tablet* ... Ascorbic Acid 25 Mg Oral Tablet, Chewable*Ascorbic Acid 250 Mg Oral Gum*Ascorbic Acid 250 Mg Oral Tablet*Ascorbic Acid 250 Mg ...
Vitamina C sub forma de acid ascorbic nu este stabila pentru mult timp dupa ce se dizolva in apa. In plus, acidul ascorbic se ... Vitamina C (acid ascorbic). 6,00 lei. - 16,00 lei. Vă rugăm să selectați cantitatea dorită pentru afișarea prețului aferent.. ... A double-blind randomized trial of 5% ascorbic acid vs. 4% hydroquinone in melasma. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43:604-607.. Kang JS, ... Traikovich SS Use of topical ascorbic acid and its effects on photodamaged skin topography, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. ...
pH Tester Strips (100 Count) - Body Acid / Alkaline Test - Range pH 5.0 - 10.0 - EMD ColorpHast, 1 pack MSRP: $34.99 ...
... - அஸ்கார்பிக் அமிலம் ஸ்கர்வியைத் தடுக்கவும் சிகிச்சையளிக்கவும் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது (சோர்வு ... Ascorbic Acid Tablet Uses in Tamil - அஸ்கார்பிக் அமிலம் வைட்டமின் சி குறைபாடு சிகிச்சைகள் மற்றும் தடுக்க பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது ...
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Leading Ascorbic Acid Vitamin C Powder Manufacturers & Suppliers, find Ascorbic Acid Vitamin C Powder Factory & Exporters. ... China Ascorbic Acid Vitamin C Powder with High-Quality, ... High Quality Tartaric Acid (CAS: 526-83-0)Ascorbic Acid (C6H8O6 ... Ascorbic Acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties. It is a white solid, but impure samples ... It has identical antioxidant properties to L-ascorbic acid yet has far less vitamin C activity (although not quite zero).. [ ...
Ascorbic acid product description Ascorbic acid or C vitamin is a vitamin that is recommended for using not only during a cold ... Ascorbic acid - side effects Ascorbic acid can bring harm very rarely. If you know several nuances of using vitamin C, remember ... Use of Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid is a biologically active substance that is actively involved in virtually all processes of ... Ascorbic acid - safety information Ascorbic acid is characterized by strong diuretic effects. If you take it, dont forget to ...
6. Citric acid and ascorbic acid are two different types of acid used in food preservation. If youve just added muriatic acid ... Ascorbic acid can definitely affect the taste of your wine. Sprinkle ascorbic acid on the surface of the water and gently stir ... When mixing ascorbic acid, you shouldnt combine nitrate salt/salvianda with ascorbic acid in one go, but add one after the ... So you can order bulk Ascorbic Acid online - I got mine on amazon.com for $24.95 (AmazonPrime). First, ascorbic acid will lower ...
... ascorbic acid). The human body lacks the ability to synthesize and make vitamin C and therefore depends on exogenous dietary ... Alternatively, ascorbic acid may be taken at 1 g/d for the first 3-5 days followed by 300-500 mg/d for 1 week. Then, the ... Ascorbic Acid. Orange juice is an effective dietary remedy for curing infantile scurvy and was the standard treatment before ... Parenteral ascorbic acid in haemodialysis patients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008 Nov. 11(6):741-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] ...
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is used to prevent or treat low levels of vitamin C in people who do not get enough of the vitamin ... Before taking ascorbic acid, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any allergies. This product may contain inactive ... Most people who eat a normal diet do not need extra ascorbic acid. Low levels of vitamin C can result in a condition called ... Ascorbic acid is commonly found in citrus fruit (such as oranges), tomatoes, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and broccoli, among ...
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Lighting mask containing vitamin C and hyaluronic acid.New texture mousse, high brightness, antioxidant.Deeply moisturize and ... maystar.com/en/products/ascorbic-acid-complex 7038694719665 Ascorbic Acid Concentrate - 5 x 4 ml Pure vitamin C concentrate.It ... Ascorbic acid, hyaluronic acid, ultrahydrating sugars, bisabolol, Boswellia Serrata, African birch bark, tensor protein factor ... Ascorbic Acid Concentrate - 5 x 4 ml. Pure vitamin C concentrate.It moisturizes and provides elastic skin, reduces wrinkles and ...
  • Ascorbic acid works in concert with a vitamin E and beta carotene to extend the antioxidant activity of each. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Ascorbic acid is a potent antioxidant that can also regenerate other antioxidants in the body. (purebulk.com)
  • Ascorbic acid is a physiological antioxidant that protects cells by suppressing free radical damage. (purebulk.com)
  • Ascorbic acid is an excellent antioxidant and may reduce organ damage by inhibiting the production of ROS. (mdpi.com)
  • ELAN is a vitamin C serum that includes a 30 percent concentration of ethylated L-ascorbic acid along with a few other antioxidant ingredients â superoxide dismutase, selenium and zinc. (everyconcertever.com)
  • 8% Ethylated Ascorbic Acid 2% Ferulic Acid 3% Vitamin E & F Forte Advanced Environmental Protection with a synergistic Antioxidant combination. (everyconcertever.com)
  • ELAN has a 30% concentration of highly stable Ethylated L Ascorbic Acid within an antioxidant network of 10% Niacinamide (Vitamin B3), Selenium and Zinc. (everyconcertever.com)
  • Ascorbic acid can be thought of as simply the antioxidant 'skin' of the vitamin C complex - the part of vitamin C that protects the functional parts of the complex from oxidation. (healthforcesuperfoods.com)
  • Ascorbic Acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties. (chaluminumhydroxide.com)
  • It has identical antioxidant properties to L-ascorbic acid yet has far less vitamin C activity (although not quite zero). (chaluminumhydroxide.com)
  • Although it is a good antioxidant, it is also a rather harsh acid on the pallet. (pujalt.cat)
  • Vitamin C is an effective antioxidant and its pure form of L-ascorbic acid has been shown to reverse multiple signs of skin aging while brightening the skin when applied topically. (co.ke)
  • You can buy an ascorbic acid powder form from many online stores that sell high quality pharmaceutical grade ascorbic acid. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • This is the pharmaceutical grade ascorbic acid. (melbournefooddepot.com)
  • Manufactured in GMP-certified facilities, our pharmaceutical grade ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol excipients are ingredients you can trust. (dsm.com)
  • This prospective observational study aimed to measure pre- and postoperative plasma ascorbic acid levels and examine their association with delirium. (mdpi.com)
  • A study in 68 male nonsmokers found that ascorbic acid consumed in cooked broccoli, orange juice, orange slices, and as synthetic ascorbic acid tablets are equally bioavailable, as measured by plasma ascorbic acid levels (2, 3) . (wisemindbodyhealing.com)
  • After two months of supplementation no significant differences in plasma ascorbic acid levels between the slow-release and plain ascorbic acid groups were found (5) . (wisemindbodyhealing.com)
  • Combined folic acid and 12 September 2002. (who.int)
  • However, ascorbic acid is a fragile molecule, and the levels of ascorbic acid in foods often decrease during preparation, cooking, and storage. (purebulk.com)
  • A study of 12 males (6 smokers and 6 nonsmokers) found the bioavailability of synthetic ascorbic acid (powder administered in water) to be slightly superior to that of orange juice, based on blood levels of ascorbic acid, and not different based on ascorbic acid in leukocytes (white blood cells) (1) . (wisemindbodyhealing.com)
  • A more recent study examined the plasma levels of ascorbic acid in 59 male smokers supplemented for two months with either 500 mg/day of slow-release ascorbic acid, 500 mg/day of plain ascorbic acid, or a placebo. (wisemindbodyhealing.com)
  • Highly absorbable, non-acidic, and pure ascorbic acid are the characteristics of Vitamin C that we should look out for. (prettyme.ph)
  • Amino acid metabolism and hormonal synthesis are improved when there is enough ascorbic acid in the body. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • The most recent investigations have evidenced that the pearl contains a large amount of amino acids and microelements that nourish, hydrate and soften the skin. (maystar.com)
  • No major associations were noted between meat and the cholesterol raising fatty acids C:12:0, C:14:0, C:160 nor for C:20:4 or its precursor C:18:2. (lu.se)
  • This graph shows volume of adverse events submitted to the FDA by quarter for Ascorbic Acid, as well as related generic and/or brandname drugs containing the same primary active ingredients . (drugcite.com)
  • This graph shows the top adverse events submitted to the FDA for Ascorbic Acid, as well as related generic and/or brandname drugs containing the same primary active ingredients , from Q1 2004 to Q3 2012. (drugcite.com)
  • Read the label on most vitamin C supplements and you will see the words 'ascorbic acid' listed in the ingredients. (healthforcesuperfoods.com)
  • To maximize the potency, a person must mix the ingredients in this serum, which include 15% l-ascorbic acid, 1% vitamin E, and 0.5% ferulic acid, plus pumpkin ferment extract. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Like most antioxidants, ascorbic acid has neuroprotective properties. (purebulk.com)
  • SkinCeuticals C E Ferulic is the original L-ascorbic acid serum and still one of the best, featuring a 15 percent concentration along with ferulic acid and vitamin E to improve efficacy and stability. (everyconcertever.com)
  • Another serum harnessing the power of ascorbic acid is from Medik8 this time itâ s ethylated ascorbic acid which is said to be a stable form of ascorbic acid. (everyconcertever.com)
  • The label warns that a person should not use this serum alongside a product that contains a strong acid, such as ascorbic acid. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Sifat L-Ascorbic Acid yang tidak stabil dan mudah teroksidasi membuat vitamin C serum harus sangat diperhatikan dalam penyimpanannya. (naturalbeautydiary.com)
  • Vitamin C serum dengan kandungan Ascorbic Acid sangat cocok apabila digunakan bersamaan dengan sunscreen. (naturalbeautydiary.com)
  • Kulit Sensitive: Cari Altenatif Vitamin C Serum Yang Tidak Menggunakan Ascorbic Acid, Bisa Menggunakan Vitamin C Derivatives seperti Ascorbyl Phosphate dan Ascorbyl Glucoside. (naturalbeautydiary.com)
  • I cover using bulk Ascorbic acid and also using Natural Chemistry "Stain-Free" - which is Citric acid. (pujalt.cat)
  • 6. Citric acid and ascorbic acid are two different types of acid used in food preservation. (pujalt.cat)
  • This paper seeks to study the corrosion rate (CR) of Al 6063 in aqueous solutions containing food additives, namely ascorbic, citric and tartaric acids with/without chloride ions. (emerald.com)
  • Al Mayouf, A. , Al Juhaiman, L. and Suhaybani, A. (2008), "Corrosion of aluminum in ascorbic, citric and tartaric acids with and without chloride ions", Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials , Vol. 55 No. 2, pp. 79-85. (emerald.com)
  • People buy an ascorbic acid powder to use when they want to detoxifying their body. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Taking ascorbic acid powder can give a vitamin C flush that can help refresh and rejuvenate the body. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • If you are buying ascorbic acid in powder form you can take 1000 mg of it dissolved in a half glass of water. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Large doses of ascorbic assay or vitamin C powder can cause diarrhea. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Many individuals opt to take ascorbic acid powder to maximize the benefits of vitamin C, as it provides better dosing control and more consistent results. (purebulk.com)
  • Ascorbic Acids appearance is white to light yellow crystals or powder and is water soluble. (melbournefooddepot.com)
  • C Vitamin Ascorbic Acid Powder can improve the immunity of the human body. (plantextract-powder.com)
  • The human body's white blood cells are rich in L(+)-Ascorbic acid Vitamin C Powder. (plantextract-powder.com)
  • The strength of the vessel wall has a lot to do with L(+)-Ascorbic acid Vitamin C Powder. (plantextract-powder.com)
  • While the bioavailability of ascorbic acid appears equivalent whether it is in the form of powder, chewable tablets, or non-chewable tablets, the bioavailability of ascorbic acid from slow-release preparations is less certain. (wisemindbodyhealing.com)
  • Ascorbic acid is an essential water soluble vitamin that you can find in fruits and certain vegetables. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Ascorbic acid is a water-soluble form of vitamin C. Vitamin C is an essential vitamin, meaning the body cannot produce it. (purebulk.com)
  • Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin. (plantextract-powder.com)
  • The importance of the free radical chain oxidation and the singlet oxygen-dependent oxidation is suggested by a decrease in skin levels of alpha-tocopherol, ubiquinol-10, and ascorbic acid with a concomitant formation of lipid hydroperoxides during UV irradiation of murine skin, and the formation of squalene hydroperoxides in human skin upon UV exposure, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • Prevention of formation of potentially carcinogenic impurities is possible with commonly used ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol . (dsm.com)
  • Ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol could be the answer to developing risk-free formulations. (dsm.com)
  • Indeed, some vitamin C supplements contain added bioflavonoids, which is better than ascorbic acid on its own, but why go to the trouble of synthesizing vitamin C and adding bioflavonoids when Nature has already provided us with whole foods that contain vitamin C in this superior state, with its social network fully thriving? (healthforcesuperfoods.com)
  • Ascorbic acid helps promote the production of infection-fighting white blood cells, and it may enhance the function of these white blood cells by protecting them from free radicals. (purebulk.com)
  • L-ascorbic acid is the only molecular structure proven to penetrate into the skin and neutralize those damaging free radicals. (organicexcellence.com)
  • Studies show that, when applied topically, L-ascorbic acid stimulates collagen synthesis, provides sun protection and protects by reducing free radicals that would otherwise destroy skin cells. (organicexcellence.com)
  • Although many in vitro studies have studied hydrogen peroxide generation by ascorbic acid, the pharmacological mechanism of intravenous ascorbic acid in vivo is still unclear. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intravenous Ascorbic Acid (also known as vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid), is a process that delivers soluble ascorbic acid directly into the bloodstream. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C. Is not made by the body and must be obtained through the foods that we eat. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid is commonly known as vitamin C. In 1937 the Nobel Prize for chemistry was awarded to Walter Haworth for his work in determining the structure of ascorbic acid (shared with Paul Karrer, who received his award for work on vitamins), and the prize for Physiology or medicine that year went to Albert Szent-Györgyi for his studies of the biological functions of L-ascorbic acid. (melbournefooddepot.com)
  • Vitamin C (English: Vitamin C / ascorbic acid, also known as L-ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C) is an essential nutrient for higher primates and a few other organisms. (plantextract-powder.com)
  • High doses of ascorbic acid administered by intravenous infusion have been shown to increase the absorption of iron. (wikipedia.org)
  • You should never take aspirin and large doses of ascorbic acid together at the same time. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • When mineral salts of ascorbic acid are taken, both the ascorbic acid and the mineral appear to be well absorbed, so it is important to consider the dose of the mineral accompanying the ascorbic acid when taking large doses of mineral ascorbates. (wisemindbodyhealing.com)
  • Salicylate levels decreased at large doses (d/t increased renal excretion of unchanged salicylic acid). (medscape.com)
  • Paula's Choice C15 Super Booster also has 15 percent L-ascorbic acid, plus ferulic acid â ¦ Per this study the positive effects of L-Ascorbic acid can still be observed in an anhydrous oil solution without the hassle of an unstable product. (everyconcertever.com)
  • It contains 15% vitamin C, 1% vitamin E, and 0.5% ferulic acid, and it is suitable for normal, dry, or sensitive skin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Patar Ascorbic Acid Chewable Tablets are a great way to have a healthy lifestyle as they provide you with the benefits of pure Vitamin C from natural sources. (prettyme.ph)
  • Patar Ascorbic Acid Chewable Tablets help in maintaining energy levels, treating infections, and strengthening our immune system. (prettyme.ph)
  • Patar Ascorbic Acid Chewable Tablets are made in Thailand. (prettyme.ph)
  • Check the best prices and purchase Patar Ascorbic Acid Chewable Tablets on Lazada or the Pretty Me Store . (prettyme.ph)
  • If oral consumption may not be convenient for you or you don't like swallowing vitamins, chewable ascorbic acid may be perfect for your lifestyle. (prettyme.ph)
  • Pacar Ascorbic Acid Chewable Tablets are one of the quickest ways for me to get the benefits of Vitamin C. (prettyme.ph)
  • If you have been looking for a good Vitamin C supplement, you should check out Patar Ascorbic Acid Chewable Tablets on Lazada or the Pretty Me Shop . (prettyme.ph)
  • A study of three men and one woman found 1 gram of ascorbic acid to be equally well absorbed from solution, tablets, and chewable tablets, but the absorption from a timed-release capsule was 50% lower. (wisemindbodyhealing.com)
  • Ascorbic acid also enhances nitric oxide synthesis to improve blood flow, which helps distribute nutrients throughout the body. (purebulk.com)
  • Ascorbic acid is a beneficial nutrient that helps to create collagen, supports normal connective tissue synthesis, and aids in the formation of cartilage. (prettyme.ph)
  • Increased ascorbic acid synthesis by overexpression of AcGGP3 ameliorates copper toxicity in kiwifruit. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dietary absorption of VITAMIN C is highly dependent upon this class of transporters and a subset of SODIUM GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS which transport the oxidized form of vitamin C, DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID. (lookformedical.com)
  • The gastrointestinal absorption of ascorbic acid occurs through an active transport process, as well as through passive diffusion. (wisemindbodyhealing.com)
  • In theory, slowing down the rate of stomach emptying (e.g., by taking ascorbic acid with food or taking a slow-release form of ascorbic acid) should increase its absorption. (wisemindbodyhealing.com)
  • Absorption was assessed by measuring urinary excretion of ascorbic acid after an intravenous dose of ascorbic acid and then comparing it to urinary excretion after the oral dosage forms (4) . (wisemindbodyhealing.com)
  • Essential for the stability and absorption of ascorbic acid. (diagnose-me.com)
  • The powerful action of vitamin C nourishes the skin and is combined with the moisturizing and revitalizing effect of hyaluronic acid. (maystar.com)
  • Note that organic derivatives of phosphonic acids are listed under are ORGANOPHOSPHONATES. (lookformedical.com)
  • L-Ascorbic Infusion Elite C Booster combines L-ascorbic acid with an organic vitamin C complex to increase cellular strength for healthy-looking skin. (skininc.com)
  • The use of intravenous ascorbic acid as a proposed cancer treatment or co-treatment has been a controversial topic since the emergence of misleading data in the 1970s. (wikipedia.org)
  • In individuals with hemochromatosis (a genetic disorder where the body takes up and stores too much iron), intravenous ascorbic acid is contraindicated as high dosages of ascorbic acid may result in iron overloading and therefore, lead to life-threatening complications such as heart disease, diabetes, or tissue damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • High dosages of ascorbic acid (such as those used in intravenous therapy) have been reported to cause some intestinal discomfort, diarrhoea, as well as increased gas and urination. (wikipedia.org)
  • In in vitro studies, the primary mechanism of high dosage intravenous ascorbic acid can be related to ascorbic acid's pro-oxidant activity, whereby hydrogen peroxide is formed. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1949, American physician, Frederick Klenner, published his scientific report, "The Treatment of Poliomyelitis and Other Virus Diseases with ascorbic acid", which detailed the use of intravenous ascorbic acid to treat polio in children. (wikipedia.org)
  • Klenner's research pioneered future studies investigating the medicinal role of intravenous ascorbic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nobel Prize winner and biochemist, Linus Pauling, was pivotal in the re-emergence of intravenous ascorbic acid research. (wikipedia.org)
  • Over the course of the 1970s, Pauling would begin a long-term collaboration with fellow physician, Ewan Cameron, on the medical potential of intravenous ascorbate acid as cancer therapy in terminally ill patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1976, Pauling and Cameron co-authored a study whereby a group of 100 terminal cancer patients underwent supplementary ascorbic acid therapy (10g/day by intravenous infusion and oral thereafter) and the control group of 1,000 patients did not. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following these findings, Pauling became a strong advocate for vitamin megadosing and continued to investigate the medicinal potential of intravenous ascorbic acid across a range of illnesses, including: HIV transmission, the common cold, atherosclerosis, and angina pectoris. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recipe (for 50gr): Rosehip oil (INCI: rosa moschata seed oil) - 36.95gr (73.9%) L-Ascorbic acid - 10 gr (20%) Ascorbyl Palmitate (INCI: ascorbyl palmitate) - â ¦ Weâ ve got the answer to this big skin care question. (everyconcertever.com)
  • An enzyme that converts ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. (lookformedical.com)
  • Metabolite of ASCORBIC ACID and the oxidized form of the lactone DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID. (lookformedical.com)
  • Apparently what happens is that the vitamin Creacts with chlorine to form dehydroascorbic acid and hydrochloric acid. (pujalt.cat)
  • The reaction results in the production of monodehydroascorbic acid and DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID. (bvsalud.org)
  • A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. (lookformedical.com)
  • Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. (lookformedical.com)
  • An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. (lookformedical.com)
  • It has been proven that if the expectant mother intakes a lot of ascorbic acids, the child will experience an acute deficiency, often be ill. (happyfamilydrugstore.com)
  • Other vertebrates which lack the ability to produce ascorbic acid include other primates, guinea pigs, teleost fishes, bats, and some birds, all of which require it as a dietary micronutrient (that is, in vitamin form). (chaluminumhydroxide.com)
  • The enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase responsible for the conversion of gulonolactone to ascorbic acid is absent in primates making ascorbic acid required in the diet. (melbournefooddepot.com)
  • People who are deficient in ascorbic acid will have a compromised immune system. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Subsequent studies by Pauling and Cameron hypothesised that ascorbic acid's role in enhanced collagen production would lead to the encapsulation of tumours and thus, protect normal tissue from metastasis. (wikipedia.org)
  • To provide optimal benefits, it must be L-ascorbic acid, the only vitamin C proven to stimulate collagen production and increase skin cell renewal. (organicexcellence.com)
  • Several human studies have confirmed its effective use for venous insufficiencies alone, as well as in combination with flavonoids and ascorbic acid. (diagnose-me.com)
  • The possibility that the bioavailability of L-ascorbic acid from natural sources might differ from that of synthetic ascorbic acid was investigated in at least two human studies, and no clinically significant differences were observed. (wisemindbodyhealing.com)
  • Most people who eat a normal diet do not need extra ascorbic acid. (webmd.com)
  • Despite being found in our diet, ascorbic acid can be a great addition to our lifestyle. (prettyme.ph)
  • Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate vs Ascorbic Acid: Which is better for your skin? (everyconcertever.com)
  • Membrane transport proteins that actively co-transport ASCORBIC ACID and sodium ions across the CELL MEMBRANE. (lookformedical.com)
  • First, ascorbic acid will lower pH, while sodium ascorbate will not. (pujalt.cat)
  • Ascorbic acid operates as an anti-oxidant and essential enzyme cofactor in the human body. (wikipedia.org)
  • An enzyme involved in the metabolism of ASCORBIC ACID and aldarate. (lookformedical.com)
  • Natural and synthetic L-ascorbic acid are chemically identical, and there are no known differences in their biological activity. (wisemindbodyhealing.com)
  • Chondroitin Sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid). (diagnose-me.com)
  • Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. (lookformedical.com)
  • Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, AsA) is an essential compound with pleiotropic functions in many organisms. (edu.pe)
  • Vitamin C supplements can be taken at any time of the day, with or without food, though taking ascorbic acid with foods can help reduce the potential gastrointestinal side effects that come with its high acidity ( 7). (pujalt.cat)
  • For that reason, I would avoid this formula and choose a vitamin C that does not have unpredictable fats, such as the Ascorbyl Glucoside 12% Solutionor the Ethylated Ascorbic Acid 15% Remedy. (everyconcertever.com)
  • One caution: This amount of ascorbic acid, the form of vitamin C in this product, can be irritating at such a high concentration. (everyconcertever.com)
  • Chemical stability of PET-bottled milk was demonstrated by the insignificant changes in pH or TA, with the exception of ascorbic acid concentration, which degraded in the product at 60 d of refrigerated storage. (cdc.gov)
  • L-ascorbic acid is the most researched form of vitamin C when it comes it's many benefits for your skin. (organicexcellence.com)
  • Ascorbic acidâ also known as L-ascorbic acidâ has the most skin-related research of any form of vitamin C. When properly formulated at a pH of less than 4 (2.6-3.2 is the ideal range), this form helps create younger-looking, firmer-feeling skin while fading signs of uneven skin tone and spots. (everyconcertever.com)
  • Last but not least, introducing our most powerful form of vitamin C in Super C30â ¢.The molecule is based on ascorbic acid but has a carbon chain attached to the most reactive part of the molecule, which stops it from being oxidised. (everyconcertever.com)
  • 65. When we talk about oils, many people prefer Ethylated Ascorbic Acid solutions, like the Ethylated Ascorbic Acid 15% Solution , because they have a water-free formula and the ethylated form is direct-acting. (everyconcertever.com)
  • The Ordinary Ethylated Ascorbic Acid 15% Solution (£18.00) What form of Vitamin C does it use? (everyconcertever.com)
  • The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. (lookformedical.com)
  • Intriguingly, our research revealed that external and endogenous ascorbic acid (AsA) reduced the phenotypic and physiological injury of Cu toxicity in kiwifruit. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ascorbic acid can stimulate the production of collagen which is the connective tissue in the skin. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • L-ascorbic acid helps the skin in three different ways and they all have to do with the metabolism of skin cells. (organicexcellence.com)
  • Each tablet of Patar Ascorbic Acid provides you with 50 mg of ascorbic acid, along with other vitamins that promote healthy bones, teeth, and skin. (prettyme.ph)
  • Dr. Schulze shares the difference between the synthetic chemical, Ascorbic Acid, and REAL Vitamin-C! (herbdoc.com)