Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.
Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.
Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal pathogens that can infect various tissues and organs, potentially leading to localized or systemic symptoms, depending on the immune status of the host.
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.
A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.
A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.
Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.
Triazoles are a class of antifungal drugs that contain a triazole ring in their chemical structure and work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, thereby disrupting the integrity and function of the membrane.
A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Cyclic hexapeptides of proline-ornithine-threonine-proline-threonine-serine. The cyclization with a single non-peptide bond can lead them to be incorrectly called DEPSIPEPTIDES, but the echinocandins lack ester links. Antifungal activity is via inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase production of BETA-GLUCANS.
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.
Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order Mucorales (e.g., Absidia, Mucor, Rhizopus etc.) There are many clinical types associated with infection of the central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an opportunistic infection in patients with a chronic debilitating disease, particularly uncontrolled diabetes, or who are receiving immunosuppressive agents. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
Substances that are destructive to protozoans.
A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).
A species of imperfect fungi from which the antibiotic fumigatin is obtained. Its spores may cause respiratory infection in birds and mammals.
A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.
Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.
Pulmonary diseases caused by fungal infections, usually through hematogenous spread.
Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.
The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antifungal agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation.
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)
A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.
Compounds consisting of a short peptide chain conjugated with an acyl chain.
Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.
A steroid of interest both because its biosynthesis in FUNGI is a target of ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS, notably AZOLES, and because when it is present in SKIN of animals, ULTRAVIOLET RAYS break a bond to result in ERGOCALCIFEROL.
An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.
A species of the fungus CRYPTOCOCCUS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans.
Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.
Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.
Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.
A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, a common saprophyte and facultative parasite of mature fruits and vegetables. It may cause cerebral mycoses in diabetes and cutaneous infection in severely burned patients.
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Infection resulting from inhalation or ingestion of spores of the fungus of the genus HISTOPLASMA, species H. capsulatum. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the midwestern United States. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
An order of zygomycetous fungi, usually saprophytic, causing damage to food in storage, but which may cause respiratory infection or MUCORMYCOSIS in persons suffering from other debilitating diseases.
Hydrocarbons with more than one double bond. They are a reduced form of POLYYNES.
Amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically.
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.
N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.
A mitosporic fungal genus previously called Monosporium. Teleomorphs include PSEUDALLESCHERIA.
Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients.
A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
A mitosporic fungal genus causing opportunistic infections, endocarditis, fungemia, a hypersensitivity pneumonitis (see TRICHOSPORONOSIS) and white PIEDRA.
MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.
A genus of zygomycetous fungi, family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, which sometimes causes infection in humans.
Five membered rings containing a NITROGEN atom.
A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.
Meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.
The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance phenotype may be attributed to multiple gene mutations.
Emulsions of fats or lipids used primarily in parenteral feeding.
A species of MITOSPORIC FUNGI commonly found on the body surface. It causes opportunistic infections especially in immunocompromised patients.
Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.
A species of MITOSPORIC FUNGI that is a major cause of SEPTICEMIA and disseminated CANDIDIASIS, especially in patients with LYMPHOMA; LEUKEMIA; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is also found as part of the normal human mucocutaneous flora.
A mitosporic fungal genus occasionally causing human diseases such as pulmonary infections, mycotic keratitis, endocarditis, and opportunistic infections. Its teleomorph is BYSSOCHLAMYS.
A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.
A species of imperfect fungi which grows on peanuts and other plants and produces the carcinogenic substance aflatoxin. It is also used in the production of the antibiotic flavicin.
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.
A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium.
A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL). The sandfly genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are the vectors.
A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.
A mitosporic Onygenales fungal genus causing HISTOPLASMOSIS in humans and animals. Its single species is Histoplasma capsulatum which has two varieties: H. capsulatum var. capsulatum and H. capsulatum var. duboisii. Its teleomorph is AJELLOMYCES capsulatus.
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.
Lung infections with the invasive forms of ASPERGILLUS, usually after surgery, transplantation, prolonged NEUTROPENIA or treatment with high-doses of CORTICOSTEROIDS. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis can progress to CHRONIC NECROTIZING PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS or hematogenous spread to other organs.
A mitosporic fungal genus which causes COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.
Ascomycetous fungi, family Microascaceae, order Microascales, commonly found in the soil. They are causative agents of mycetoma, maduromycosis, and other infections in humans.
A large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. Many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group.
Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
A species of the fungus CRYPTOCOCCUS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella bacillispora.
The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.
Infections of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges by single celled organisms of the former subkingdom known as protozoa. The central nervous system may be the primary or secondary site of protozoal infection. These diseases may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS. Infections may result in allergic reaction (ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS), colonization in pulmonary cavities as fungus balls (MYCETOMA), or lead to invasion of the lung parenchyma (INVASIVE PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS).
Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.
Steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane. Additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain. (IUPAC Steroid Nomenclature, 1987)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.
Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.
A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).
A species of parasitic protozoa having both an ameboid and flagellate stage in its life cycle. Infection with this pathogen produces PRIMARY AMEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Phenomena and pharmaceutics of compounds that inhibit the function of agonists (DRUG AGONISM) and inverse agonists (DRUG INVERSE AGONISM) for a specific receptor. On their own, antagonists produce no effect by themselves to a receptor, and are said to have neither intrinsic activity nor efficacy.
Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.
Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (AEROSOLS) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions.
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.
An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.
A genus of achlorophyllic algae in the family Chlorellaceae, and closely related to CHLORELLA. It is found in decayed matter; WATER; SEWAGE; and SOIL; and produces cutaneous and disseminated infections in various VERTEBRATES including humans.
The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.
Any technique by which an unknown color is evaluated in terms of standard colors. The technique may be visual, photoelectric, or indirect by means of spectrophotometry. It is used in chemistry and physics. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of fungi, and MYCOSES.
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)

Lung weight parallels disease severity in experimental coccidioidomycosis. (1/2502)

Evidence provided by histopathological study of lesions is a valuable adjunct for evaluating chemotherapeutic efficacy in experimental animal models, In addition, this should be correlated with a measure of disease severity in the same animal. The latter could be obtained by homogenization of infected organs and quantitative enumeration of viable cells of the etiological agent, but this would preclude histopathological studies in the same animal. Progression of disease in pulmonary infection is associated with replacement of air space by fluid, cells, and cellular debris. Therefore, an increase in lung weight should reflect severity of disease. Results with the murine model of coccidioidomycosis demonstrate that increasing lung weight parallels the increasing census of fungus cells in the lungs of both treated and nontreated infected mice. This was supported with evidence obtained from microscopic studies of lesions indicating that specific chemotherapy limited spread of the infection and inhibited multiplication of the fungus in the lung. Therefore, lung weight can be used as a measure of disease severity in the murine model of coccidioidomycosis.  (+info)

U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of AmBisome (liposomal amphotericin B) for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. (2/2502)

In August 1997, AmBisome (liposomal amphotericin B, Nexstar, San Dimas, CA) was the first drug approved for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The growing recognition of emerging and reemerging infections warrants that safe and effective agents to treat such infections be readily available in the United States. The following discussion of the data submitted in support of the New Drug Application for AmBisome for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis shows the breadth of data from clinical trials that can be appropriate to support approval for drugs to treat tropical diseases.  (+info)

Early mycological treatment failure in AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. (3/2502)

Cryptococcal meningitis causes significant morbidity and mortality in persons with AIDS. Of 236 AIDS patients treated with amphotericin B plus flucytosine, 29 (12%) died within 2 weeks and 62 (26%) died before 10 weeks. Just 129 (55%) of 236 patients were alive with negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures at 10 weeks. Multivariate analyses identified that titer of cryptococcal antigen in CSF, serum albumin level, and CD4 cell count, together with dose of amphotericin B, had the strongest joint association with failure to achieve negative CSF cultures by day 14. Among patients with similar CSF cryptococcal antigen titers, CD4 cell counts, and serum albumin levels, the odds of failure at week 10 for those without negative CSF cultures by day 14 was five times that for those with negative CSF cultures by day 14 (odds ratio, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-10.9). Prognosis is dismal for patients with AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis. Multivariate analyses identified three components that, along with initial treatment, have the strongest joint association with early outcome. Clearly, more effective initial therapy and patient management strategies that address immune function and nutritional status are needed to improve outcomes of this disease.  (+info)

Systemic candidiasis with candida vasculitis due to Candida kruzei in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. (4/2502)

Candida kruzei-related systemic infections are increasing in frequency, particularly in patients receiving prophylaxis with antifungal triazoles. A Caucasian male with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia (AML M1) developed severe and persistent fever associated with a micropustular eruption scattered over the trunk and limbs during induction chemotherapy. Blood cultures grew Candida kruzei, and biopsies of the skin lesions revealed a candida vasculitis. He responded to high doses of liposomal amphotericin B and was discharged well from hospital.  (+info)

In vitro and in vivo activities of NS-718, a new lipid nanosphere incorporating amphotericin B, against Aspergillus fumigatus. (5/2502)

We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo potencies of a new lipid nanosphere that incorporates amphotericin B (AmB), NS-718, against Aspergillus fumigatus. The in vitro activity of NS-718 (the MIC at which 90% of strains are inhibited [MIC90], 0.25 microgram/ml) against 18 isolates of A. fumigatus was similar to that of deoxycholate AmB (D-AmB; Fungizone; MIC90, 0.25 microgram/ml), but NS-718 was more potent than liposomal AmB (L-AmB; AmBi-some; MIC90, 1.0 microgram/ml). The in vivo efficacy of NS-718 in a rat model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was compared with those of D-AmB and L-AmB. A low dose (1 mg/kg of body weight) of L-AmB was ineffective (survival rate, 0%), although equivalent doses of D-AmB and NS-718 were more effective (survival rate, 17%). However, a higher dose of NS-718 (3 mg/kg) was more effective (survival rate, 100%) than equivalent doses of D-AmB and L-AmB (survival rate, 0%). To explain these differences, pharmacokinetic studies showed higher concentrations of AmB in the plasma of rats treated with NS-718 than in the plasma of those treated with D-AmB. Our results suggest that NS-718, a new preparation of AmB, is a promising antifungal agent with activity against pulmonary aspergillosis.  (+info)

Effect of fasting on temporal variation in the nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B in rats. (6/2502)

Evidence for temporal variation in the nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B was recently reported in experimental animals. The role of food in these variations was determined by studying the effect of a short fasting period on the temporal variation in the renal toxicity of amphotericin B. Twenty-eight normally fed and 28 fasted female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Food was available ad libitum to the fed rats, while the fasted animals were fasted 12 h before and 24 h after amphotericin B injection to minimize stress for the animals. Water was available ad libitum to both groups of rats, which were maintained on a 14-h light, 10-h dark regimen (light on at 0600 h). Renal toxicity was determined by comparing the levels of excretion of renal enzyme and the serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels at the time of the maximal (0700 h) or the minimal (1900 h) nephrotoxicity after the intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of dextrose (5%; control group) or amphotericin B (50 mg/kg of body weight; treated group) to the rats. The nephrotoxicities obtained after amphotericin B administration at both times of day were compared to the nephrotoxicities observed for time-matched controls. In fed animals, the 24-h urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase was significantly higher when amphotericin B was injected at 0700 and 1900 h. The excretion of these two enzymes was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in fasting rats, and this effect was larger at 0700 h (P < 0.05) than at 1900 h. The serum creatinine level was also significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fed animals treated at 0700 h than in fed animals treated at 1900 h. Fasting reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the increase in the serum creatinine level, and this effect was larger in the animals treated at 0700 h. Similar data were obtained for BUN levels. Amphotericin B accumulation was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the renal cortexes of fed rats than in those of fasted animals, but there was no difference according to the time of injection. These results demonstrated that fasting reduces the nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B and that food availability is of crucial importance in the temporal variation in the renal toxicity of amphotericin B in rats.  (+info)

Amphotericin B- and fluconazole-resistant Candida spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, and other newly emerging pathogenic fungi are susceptible to basic antifungal peptides. (7/2502)

The present study shows that a number of basic antifungal peptides, including human salivary histatin 5, a designed histatin analog designated dhvar4, and a peptide from frog skin, PGLa, are active against amphotericin B-resistant Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Aspergillus fumigatus strains and against a fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata isolate.  (+info)

In-vitro activity of voriconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B against filamentous fungi. (8/2502)

The in-vitro fungistatic and fungicidal activities of voriconazole were compared with those of itraconazole and amphotericin B. MICs for 110 isolates belonging to 11 species of filamentous fungi were determined by a broth microdilution adaptation of the method recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) of the three antifungal agents were also determined. The MIC ranges of the three compounds were comparable for Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladophialophora bantiana and Exophiala dermatitidis. Voriconazole and itraconazole were more active than amphotericin B against Fonsecaea pedrosoi, but the two azole agents were less active against Sporothrix schenckii. Voriconazole was more active than itraconazole or amphotericin B against Scedosporium apiospermum, but less active than the other two agents against two mucoraceous moulds, Absidia corymbifera and Rhizopus arrhizus. Voriconazole and amphotericin B were more active than itraconazole against Fusarium solani. With the exception of S. apiospermum, all the moulds tested had MLC50 values of < or =2 mg/L and MLC90 values of < or =4 mg/L against amphotericin B. Voriconazole and itraconazole showed fungicidal effects against five of the 1 1 moulds tested (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, C. bantiana, E. dermatitidis and F. pedrosoi) with MLC90 values of < or =2 mg/L. In addition, voriconazole was fungicidal for Phialophora parasitica. Our results suggest that voriconazole could be effective against a wide range of mould infections in humans.  (+info)

Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used to treat serious and often life-threatening fungal infections. It works by binding to the ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to the loss of essential cell components and ultimately cell death.

The medical definition of Amphotericin B is:

A polyene antifungal agent derived from Streptomyces nodosus, with a broad spectrum of activity against various fungi, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections, such as histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, candidiasis, and aspergillosis, among others. It may be administered intravenously or topically, depending on the formulation and the site of infection.

Adverse effects associated with Amphotericin B include infusion-related reactions (such as fever, chills, and hypotension), nephrotoxicity, electrolyte imbalances, and anemia. These side effects are often dose-dependent and may be managed through careful monitoring and adjustment of the dosing regimen.

Antifungal agents are a type of medication used to treat and prevent fungal infections. These agents work by targeting and disrupting the growth of fungi, which include yeasts, molds, and other types of fungi that can cause illness in humans.

There are several different classes of antifungal agents, including:

1. Azoles: These agents work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. Examples of azole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole.
2. Echinocandins: These agents target the fungal cell wall, disrupting its synthesis and leading to fungal cell death. Examples of echinocandins include caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.
3. Polyenes: These agents bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to fungal cell death. Examples of polyene antifungals include amphotericin B and nystatin.
4. Allylamines: These agents inhibit squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in ergosterol synthesis. Examples of allylamine antifungals include terbinafine and naftifine.
5. Griseofulvin: This agent disrupts fungal cell division by binding to tubulin, a protein involved in fungal cell mitosis.

Antifungal agents can be administered topically, orally, or intravenously, depending on the severity and location of the infection. It is important to use antifungal agents only as directed by a healthcare professional, as misuse or overuse can lead to resistance and make treatment more difficult.

Itraconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections, including blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and candidiasis. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes, thereby disrupting the integrity and function of these membranes. Itraconazole is available in oral and intravenous forms for systemic use and as a topical solution or cream for localized fungal infections.

Medical Definition:
Itraconazole (i-tra-KON-a-zole): A synthetic triazole antifungal agent used to treat various fungal infections, such as blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and candidiasis. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes, leading to disruption of their integrity and function. Itraconazole is available in oral (capsule and solution) and intravenous forms for systemic use and as a topical solution or cream for localized fungal infections.

Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal infections. These infections can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, nails, hair, lungs, and internal organs. The severity of mycoses can range from superficial, mild infections to systemic, life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of fungus and the immune status of the infected individual. Some common types of mycoses include candidiasis, dermatophytosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, which can be topical or systemic, depending on the location and severity of the infection.

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mucous membranes (such as the mouth and vagina), and internal organs (like the esophagus, lungs, or blood).

The symptoms of candidiasis depend on the location of the infection:

1. Oral thrush: White patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, or roof of the mouth. These patches may be painful and can bleed slightly when scraped.
2. Vaginal yeast infection: Itching, burning, redness, and swelling of the vagina and vulva; thick, white, odorless discharge from the vagina.
3. Esophageal candidiasis: Difficulty swallowing, pain when swallowing, or feeling like food is "stuck" in the throat.
4. Invasive candidiasis: Fever, chills, and other signs of infection; multiple organ involvement may lead to various symptoms depending on the affected organs.

Risk factors for developing candidiasis include diabetes, HIV/AIDS, use of antibiotics or corticosteroids, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing tight-fitting clothing that traps moisture. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, nystatin, or clotrimazole, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

Aspergillosis is a medical condition that is caused by the infection of the Aspergillus fungi. This fungus is commonly found in decaying organic matter, such as leaf litter and compost piles, and can also be found in some indoor environments like air conditioning systems and old buildings with water damage.

There are several types of aspergillosis, including:

1. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA): This type of aspergillosis occurs when a person's immune system overreacts to the Aspergillus fungi, causing inflammation in the airways and lungs. ABPA is often seen in people with asthma or cystic fibrosis.
2. Invasive aspergillosis: This is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the Aspergillus fungi invade the bloodstream and spread to other organs, such as the brain, heart, or kidneys. Invasive aspergillosis typically affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation.
3. Aspergilloma: Also known as a "fungus ball," an aspergilloma is a growth of the Aspergillus fungi that forms in a preexisting lung cavity, such as one caused by previous lung disease or injury. While an aspergilloma itself is not typically harmful, it can cause symptoms like coughing up blood or chest pain if it grows too large or becomes infected.

Symptoms of aspergillosis can vary depending on the type and severity of the infection. Treatment may include antifungal medications, surgery to remove the fungal growth, or management of underlying conditions that increase the risk of infection.

Flucytosine is an antifungal medication used to treat serious and life-threatening fungal infections, such as cryptococcal meningitis and candidiasis. It works by interfering with the production of DNA and RNA in the fungal cells, which inhibits their growth and reproduction.

The medical definition of Flucytosine is:

A synthetic fluorinated pyrimidine nucleoside analogue that is converted to fluorouracil after uptake into susceptible fungal cells. It is used as an antifungal agent in the treatment of serious systemic fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans. Flucytosine has both fungistatic and fungicidal activity, depending on the concentration achieved at the site of infection and the susceptibility of the organism.

Flucytosine is available in oral form and is often used in combination with other antifungal agents to increase its effectiveness and prevent the development of resistance. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bone marrow suppression. Regular monitoring of blood counts and liver function tests is necessary during treatment to detect any potential toxicity.

Deoxycholic acid is a bile acid, which is a natural molecule produced in the liver and released into the intestine to aid in the digestion of fats. It is also a secondary bile acid, meaning that it is formed from the metabolism of primary bile acids by bacteria in the gut.

Deoxycholic acid has a chemical formula of C~24~H~39~NO~4~ and a molecular weight of 391.57 g/mol. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. In the body, deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to help break down dietary fats into smaller droplets, which can then be absorbed by the intestines.

In addition to its role in digestion, deoxycholic acid has been investigated for its potential therapeutic uses. For example, it is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an injectable treatment for reducing fat in the submental area (the region below the chin), under the brand name Kybella. When injected into this area, deoxycholic acid causes the destruction of fat cells, which are then naturally eliminated from the body over time.

It's important to note that while deoxycholic acid is a natural component of the human body, its therapeutic use can have potential side effects and risks, so it should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat and prevent various fungal infections, such as candidiasis (yeast infections), cryptococcal meningitis, and other fungal infections that affect the mouth, throat, blood, lungs, genital area, and other parts of the body. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi that cause these infections. Fluconazole is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and intravenous (IV) solutions, and is typically prescribed to be taken once daily.

The medical definition of Fluconazole can be found in pharmacological or medical dictionaries, which describe it as a triazole antifungal agent that inhibits fungal cytochrome P450-dependent synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of the fungal cell membrane. This results in increased permeability and leakage of cellular contents, ultimately leading to fungal death. Fluconazole has a broad spectrum of activity against various fungi, including Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and others.

It is important to note that while Fluconazole is an effective antifungal medication, it may have side effects and interactions with other medications. Therefore, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Triazoles are a class of antifungal medications that have broad-spectrum activity against various fungi, including yeasts, molds, and dermatophytes. They work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and disruption of fungal growth. Triazoles are commonly used in both systemic and topical formulations for the treatment of various fungal infections, such as candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and dermatophytoses. Some examples of triazole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole.

'Candida' is a type of fungus (a form of yeast) that is commonly found on the skin and inside the body, including in the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, in small amounts. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any problems. However, an overgrowth of Candida can lead to infections known as candidiasis or thrush. Common sites for these infections include the skin, mouth, throat, and genital areas. Some factors that can contribute to Candida overgrowth are a weakened immune system, certain medications (such as antibiotics and corticosteroids), diabetes, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing damp or tight-fitting clothing. Common symptoms of candidiasis include itching, redness, pain, and discharge. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication, either topical or oral, depending on the site and severity of the infection.

Echinocandins are a class of antifungal medications that inhibit the synthesis of 1,3-β-D-glucan, a key component of the fungal cell wall. This results in osmotic instability and ultimately leads to fungal cell death. Echinocandins are commonly used to treat invasive fungal infections caused by Candida species and Aspergillus species. The three drugs in this class that are approved for use in humans are caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.

Here's a brief overview of each drug:

1. Caspofungin (Cancidas, Cancidas-W): This is the first echinocandin to be approved for use in humans. It is indicated for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, including candidemia, acute disseminated candidiasis, and other forms of Candida infections. Caspofungin is also approved for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
2. Micafungin (Mycamine): This echinocandin is approved for the treatment of candidemia, esophageal candidiasis, and other forms of Candida infections. It is also used for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
3. Anidulafungin (Eraxis): This echinocandin is approved for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis and candidemia, as well as other forms of Candida infections. It is also used for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Echinocandins have a broad spectrum of activity against many fungal species, including those that are resistant to other classes of antifungal medications. They are generally well-tolerated and have a low incidence of drug interactions. However, they should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment, as their metabolism may be affected by liver dysfunction.

Nystatin is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections such as candidiasis, which can affect the skin, mouth, throat, and vagina. It works by binding to ergosterol, a component of fungal cell membranes, creating pores that increase permeability and ultimately lead to fungal cell death.

The medical definition of Nystatin is:

A polyene antifungal agent derived from Streptomyces noursei, used primarily for topical treatment of mucocutaneous candidiasis. It has little systemic absorption and is therefore not useful for treating systemic fungal infections. Common side effects include local irritation and burning sensations at the application site.

Mucormycosis is a serious and often life-threatening invasive fungal infection caused by the Mucorales family of fungi. It primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with uncontrolled diabetes, cancer, organ transplant recipients, or those who have been treated with high doses of corticosteroids.

The infection typically begins in the respiratory tract after inhaling spores from the environment, but it can also occur through skin wounds or gastrointestinal exposure to the fungi. The infection can quickly spread to other parts of the body, including the sinuses, brain, and lungs, causing tissue damage and necrosis.

Symptoms of mucormycosis depend on the site of infection but may include fever, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, headache, sinus congestion, facial swelling, and blackened areas of skin or tissue. Treatment typically involves a combination of antifungal medications, surgical debridement of infected tissue, and management of underlying medical conditions that increase the risk of infection.

Microbial sensitivity tests, also known as antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) or bacterial susceptibility tests, are laboratory procedures used to determine the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms isolated from a patient's infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which antibiotics will be most effective in treating an infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance. The results of these tests can guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce unnecessary side effects or toxicity from ineffective antimicrobials.

There are several methods for performing microbial sensitivity tests, including:

1. Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): A standardized paper disk containing a predetermined amount of an antibiotic is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the isolated microorganism. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around the disk is measured to determine the susceptibility or resistance of the organism to that particular antibiotic.
2. Broth dilution method: A series of tubes or wells containing decreasing concentrations of an antimicrobial agent are inoculated with a standardized microbial suspension. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined by observing the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth of the organism.
3. Automated systems: These use sophisticated technology to perform both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods automatically, providing rapid and accurate results for a wide range of microorganisms and antimicrobial agents.

The interpretation of microbial sensitivity test results should be done cautiously, considering factors such as the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, potential toxicity, and local resistance patterns. Regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns and ongoing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure optimal use of these tests and to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

Antiprotozoal agents are a type of medication used to treat protozoal infections, which are infections caused by microscopic single-celled organisms called protozoa. These agents work by either killing the protozoa or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. They can be administered through various routes, including oral, topical, and intravenous, depending on the type of infection and the severity of the illness.

Examples of antiprotozoal agents include:

* Metronidazole, tinidazole, and nitazoxanide for treating infections caused by Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica.
* Atovaquone, clindamycin, and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for treating malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum or other Plasmodium species.
* Pentamidine and suramin for treating African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense.
* Nitroimidazoles, such as benznidazole and nifurtimox, for treating Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
* Sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin for treating leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania species.

Antiprotozoal agents can have side effects, ranging from mild to severe, depending on the drug and the individual patient's response. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking these medications and report any adverse reactions promptly.

'Candida albicans' is a species of yeast that is commonly found in the human body, particularly in warm and moist areas such as the mouth, gut, and genital region. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any harm. However, under certain conditions like a weakened immune system, prolonged use of antibiotics or steroids, poor oral hygiene, or diabetes, it can overgrow and cause infections known as candidiasis. These infections can affect various parts of the body including the skin, nails, mouth (thrush), and genital area (yeast infection).

The medical definition of 'Candida albicans' is:

A species of yeast belonging to the genus Candida, which is commonly found as a commensal organism in humans. It can cause opportunistic infections when there is a disruption in the normal microbiota or when the immune system is compromised. The overgrowth of C. albicans can lead to various forms of candidiasis, such as oral thrush, vaginal yeast infection, and invasive candidiasis.

'Aspergillus fumigatus' is a species of fungi that belongs to the genus Aspergillus. It is a ubiquitous mold that is commonly found in decaying organic matter, such as leaf litter, compost, and rotting vegetation. This fungus is also known to be present in indoor environments, including air conditioning systems, dust, and water-damaged buildings.

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen, which means that it can cause infections in people with weakened immune systems. It can lead to a range of conditions known as aspergillosis, including allergic reactions, lung infections, and invasive infections that can spread to other parts of the body.

The fungus produces small, airborne spores that can be inhaled into the lungs, where they can cause infection. In healthy individuals, the immune system is usually able to eliminate the spores before they can cause harm. However, in people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation, or those with certain underlying medical conditions like asthma or cystic fibrosis, the fungus can establish an infection.

Infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus can be difficult to treat, and treatment options may include antifungal medications, surgery, or a combination of both. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes in people with aspergillosis.

"Aspergillus" is a genus of filamentous fungi (molds) that are widely distributed in the environment. These molds are commonly found in decaying organic matter such as leaf litter, compost piles, and rotting vegetation. They can also be found in indoor environments like air conditioning systems, dust, and building materials.

The medical relevance of Aspergillus comes from the fact that some species can cause a range of diseases in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions. The most common disease caused by Aspergillus is called aspergillosis, which can manifest as allergic reactions, lung infections (like pneumonia), and invasive infections that can spread to other parts of the body.

Aspergillus species produce small, airborne spores called conidia, which can be inhaled into the lungs and cause infection. The severity of aspergillosis depends on various factors, including the individual's immune status, the specific Aspergillus species involved, and the extent of fungal invasion in the body.

Common Aspergillus species that can cause human disease include A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus. Preventing exposure to Aspergillus spores and maintaining a healthy immune system are crucial steps in minimizing the risk of aspergillosis.

Liposomes are artificially prepared, small, spherical vesicles composed of one or more lipid bilayers that enclose an aqueous compartment. They can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, making them useful for drug delivery applications in the medical field. The lipid bilayer structure of liposomes is similar to that of biological membranes, which allows them to merge with and deliver their contents into cells. This property makes liposomes a valuable tool in delivering drugs directly to targeted sites within the body, improving drug efficacy while minimizing side effects.

Fungal lung diseases, also known as fungal pneumonia or mycoses, refer to a group of respiratory disorders caused by the infection of fungi in the lungs. These fungi are commonly found in the environment, such as soil, decaying organic matter, and contaminated materials. People can develop lung diseases from fungi after inhaling spores or particles that contain fungi.

There are several types of fungal lung diseases, including:

1. Aspergillosis: This is caused by the Aspergillus fungus and can affect people with weakened immune systems. It can cause allergic reactions, lung infections, or invasive aspergillosis, which can spread to other organs.
2. Cryptococcosis: This is caused by the Cryptococcus fungus and is usually found in soil contaminated with bird droppings. It can cause pneumonia, meningitis, or skin lesions.
3. Histoplasmosis: This is caused by the Histoplasma capsulatum fungus and is commonly found in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. It can cause flu-like symptoms, lung infections, or disseminated histoplasmosis, which can spread to other organs.
4. Blastomycosis: This is caused by the Blastomyces dermatitidis fungus and is commonly found in the southeastern and south-central United States. It can cause pneumonia, skin lesions, or disseminated blastomycosis, which can spread to other organs.
5. Coccidioidomycosis: This is caused by the Coccidioides immitis fungus and is commonly found in the southwestern United States. It can cause flu-like symptoms, lung infections, or disseminated coccidioidomycosis, which can spread to other organs.

Fungal lung diseases can range from mild to severe, depending on the type of fungus and the person's immune system. Treatment may include antifungal medications, surgery, or supportive care. Prevention measures include avoiding exposure to contaminated soil or dust, wearing protective masks in high-risk areas, and promptly seeking medical attention if symptoms develop.

A drug combination refers to the use of two or more drugs in combination for the treatment of a single medical condition or disease. The rationale behind using drug combinations is to achieve a therapeutic effect that is superior to that obtained with any single agent alone, through various mechanisms such as:

* Complementary modes of action: When different drugs target different aspects of the disease process, their combined effects may be greater than either drug used alone.
* Synergistic interactions: In some cases, the combination of two or more drugs can result in a greater-than-additive effect, where the total response is greater than the sum of the individual responses to each drug.
* Antagonism of adverse effects: Sometimes, the use of one drug can mitigate the side effects of another, allowing for higher doses or longer durations of therapy.

Examples of drug combinations include:

* Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV infection, which typically involves a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
* Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where combinations of cytotoxic agents are used to target different stages of the cell cycle and increase the likelihood of tumor cell death.
* Fixed-dose combination products, such as those used in the treatment of hypertension or type 2 diabetes, which combine two or more active ingredients into a single formulation for ease of administration and improved adherence to therapy.

However, it's important to note that drug combinations can also increase the risk of adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, and medication errors. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the selection of appropriate drugs, dosing regimens, and monitoring parameters when using drug combinations in clinical practice.

Fungal drug resistance is a condition where fungi are no longer susceptible to the antifungal drugs that were previously used to treat infections they caused. This can occur due to genetic changes in the fungi that make them less sensitive to the drug's effects, or due to environmental factors that allow the fungi to survive and multiply despite the presence of the drug.

There are several mechanisms by which fungi can develop drug resistance, including:

1. Mutations in genes that encode drug targets: Fungi can acquire mutations in the genes that encode for the proteins or enzymes that the antifungal drugs target. These mutations can alter the structure or function of these targets, making them less susceptible to the drug's effects.
2. Overexpression of efflux pumps: Fungi can increase the expression of genes that encode for efflux pumps, which are proteins that help fungi expel drugs from their cells. This can reduce the intracellular concentration of the drug and make it less effective.
3. Changes in membrane composition: Fungi can alter the composition of their cell membranes to make them less permeable to antifungal drugs, making it more difficult for the drugs to enter the fungal cells and exert their effects.
4. Biofilm formation: Fungi can form biofilms, which are complex communities of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and are protected by a matrix of extracellular material. Biofilms can make fungi more resistant to antifungal drugs by limiting drug penetration and creating an environment that promotes the development of resistance.

Fungal drug resistance is a significant clinical problem, particularly in patients with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or cancer. It can lead to treatment failures, increased morbidity and mortality, and higher healthcare costs. To address this issue, there is a need for new antifungal drugs, as well as strategies to prevent and manage drug resistance.

Cryptococcal meningitis is a specific type of meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. This condition is caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii.

In cryptococcal meningitis, the fungal cells enter the bloodstream and cross the blood-brain barrier, causing infection in the central nervous system. The immune system's response to the infection leads to inflammation of the meninges, resulting in symptoms such as headache, fever, neck stiffness, altered mental status, and sometimes seizures or focal neurological deficits.

Cryptococcal meningitis is a serious infection that can be life-threatening if left untreated. It primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, and individuals receiving immunosuppressive therapy for cancer or autoimmune diseases. Early diagnosis and appropriate antifungal treatment are crucial to improve outcomes in patients with cryptococcal meningitis.

Phosphatidylglycerols are a type of glycerophospholipids, which are major components of biological membranes. They are composed of a glycerol backbone to which two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group are attached. In the case of phosphatidylglycerols, the phosphate group is linked to a glycerol molecule through an ester bond, forming a phosphoglyceride.

Phosphatidylglycerols are unique because they have an additional glycerol molecule attached to the phosphate group, making them more complex than other glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine. This additional glycerol moiety can be further modified by the addition of various headgroups, leading to the formation of different subclasses of phosphatidylglycerols.

In biological membranes, phosphatidylglycerols are often found in the inner leaflet of the mitochondrial membrane and play important roles in maintaining the structure and function of this organelle. They have also been implicated in various cellular processes such as membrane fusion, protein trafficking, and bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.

Lipopeptides are a type of molecule that consists of a lipid (fatty acid) tail attached to a small peptide (short chain of amino acids). They are produced naturally by various organisms, including bacteria, and play important roles in cell-to-cell communication, signaling, and as components of bacterial membranes. Some lipopeptides have also been found to have antimicrobial properties and are being studied for their potential use as therapeutic agents.

Cyclic peptides are a type of peptides in which the N-terminus and C-terminus of the peptide chain are linked to form a circular structure. This is in contrast to linear peptides, which have a straight peptide backbone with a free N-terminus and C-terminus. The cyclization of peptides can occur through various mechanisms, including the formation of an amide bond between the N-terminal amino group and the C-terminal carboxylic acid group (head-to-tail cyclization), or through the formation of a bond between side chain functional groups.

Cyclic peptides have unique structural and chemical properties that make them valuable in medical and therapeutic applications. For example, they are more resistant to degradation by enzymes compared to linear peptides, which can increase their stability and half-life in the body. Additionally, the cyclic structure allows for greater conformational rigidity, which can enhance their binding affinity and specificity to target molecules.

Cyclic peptides have been explored as potential therapeutics for a variety of diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. They have also been used as tools in basic research to study protein-protein interactions and cell signaling pathways.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a systemic protozoan disease caused by the Leishmania donovani complex. It is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and is characterized by fever, weight loss, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. If left untreated, it can be fatal in over 95% of cases within 2 years of onset of symptoms. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies (Phlebotomus spp. or Lutzomyia spp.). The parasites enter the skin and are taken up by macrophages, where they transform into amastigotes and spread to internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Diagnosis is typically made through demonstration of the parasite in tissue samples or through serological tests. Treatment options include antimonial drugs, amphotericin B, miltefosine, and paromomycin. Prevention measures include vector control, early detection and treatment, and protection against sandfly bites.

Ergosterol is a steroid found in the cell membranes of fungi, which is similar to cholesterol in animals. It plays an important role in maintaining the fluidity and permeability of fungal cell membranes. Ergosterol is also the target of many antifungal medications, which work by disrupting the synthesis of ergosterol or binding to it, leading to increased permeability and eventual death of the fungal cells.

Miconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections, including those affecting the skin, mouth, and vagina. According to the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database maintained by the National Library of Medicine, miconazole is classified as an imidazole antifungal agent that works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. By disrupting the structure and function of the fungal cell membrane, miconazole can help to kill or suppress the growth of fungi, providing therapeutic benefits in patients with fungal infections.

Miconazole is available in various formulations, including creams, ointments, powders, tablets, and vaginal suppositories, and is typically applied or administered topically or vaginally, depending on the site of infection. In some cases, miconazole may also be given intravenously for the treatment of severe systemic fungal infections.

As with any medication, miconazole can have side effects and potential drug interactions, so it is important to use it under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Common side effects of miconazole include skin irritation, redness, and itching at the application site, while more serious side effects may include allergic reactions, liver damage, or changes in heart rhythm. Patients should be sure to inform their healthcare provider of any other medications they are taking, as well as any medical conditions they have, before using miconazole.

'Cryptococcus neoformans' is a species of encapsulated, budding yeast that is an important cause of fungal infections in humans and animals. The capsule surrounding the cell wall is composed of polysaccharides and is a key virulence factor, allowing the organism to evade host immune responses. C. neoformans is found worldwide in soil, particularly in association with bird droppings, and can be inhaled, leading to pulmonary infection. In people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, hematological malignancies, or organ transplants, C. neoformans can disseminate from the lungs to other sites, most commonly the central nervous system (CNS), causing meningitis. The infection can also affect other organs, including the skin, bones, and eyes.

The diagnosis of cryptococcosis typically involves microscopic examination and culture of clinical specimens, such as sputum, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), followed by biochemical and molecular identification of the organism. Treatment usually consists of a combination of antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B and fluconazole, along with management of any underlying immunodeficiency. The prognosis of cryptococcosis depends on various factors, including the patient's immune status, the extent and severity of infection, and the timeliness and adequacy of treatment.

A drug carrier, also known as a drug delivery system or vector, is a vehicle that transports a pharmaceutical compound to a specific site in the body. The main purpose of using drug carriers is to improve the efficacy and safety of drugs by enhancing their solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, while minimizing unwanted side effects.

Drug carriers can be made up of various materials, including natural or synthetic polymers, lipids, inorganic nanoparticles, or even cells and viruses. They can encapsulate, adsorb, or conjugate drugs through different mechanisms, such as physical entrapment, electrostatic interaction, or covalent bonding.

Some common types of drug carriers include:

1. Liposomes: spherical vesicles composed of one or more lipid bilayers that can encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.
2. Polymeric nanoparticles: tiny particles made of biodegradable polymers that can protect drugs from degradation and enhance their accumulation in target tissues.
3. Dendrimers: highly branched macromolecules with a well-defined structure and size that can carry multiple drug molecules and facilitate their release.
4. Micelles: self-assembled structures formed by amphiphilic block copolymers that can solubilize hydrophobic drugs in water.
5. Inorganic nanoparticles: such as gold, silver, or iron oxide nanoparticles, that can be functionalized with drugs and targeting ligands for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
6. Cell-based carriers: living cells, such as red blood cells, stem cells, or immune cells, that can be loaded with drugs and used to deliver them to specific sites in the body.
7. Viral vectors: modified viruses that can infect cells and introduce genetic material encoding therapeutic proteins or RNA interference molecules.

The choice of drug carrier depends on various factors, such as the physicochemical properties of the drug, the route of administration, the target site, and the desired pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Therefore, selecting an appropriate drug carrier is crucial for achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side effects.

Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, organ transplants, or long-term steroid use. The infection typically starts in the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body, including the brain (meningitis), causing various symptoms like cough, fever, chest pain, headache, confusion, and vision problems. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications, and the prognosis depends on the patient's immune status and the severity of the infection.

Zygomycosis is a rare, but serious fungal infection caused by filamentous fungi of the class Zygomycetes. These fungi are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with uncontrolled diabetes, HIV/AIDS, or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

Zygomycosis can manifest in various forms depending on the site of infection. The two main types are rhinocerebral zygomycosis (affecting the sinuses and brain) and pulmonary zygomycosis (affecting the lungs). Other forms include cutaneous (skin), gastrointestinal, and disseminated zygomycosis. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include fever, cough, shortness of breath, sinus pain or congestion, skin lesions, and neurological symptoms like headache, altered mental status, or vision changes.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with antifungal medications and surgical debridement are crucial for managing zygomycosis. The prognosis depends on the patient's underlying health condition and the extent of infection at the time of diagnosis.

Rhizopus is a genus of saprophytic fungi that belong to the family Mucoraceae. These fungi are commonly found in soil, decaying vegetation, and fruits. They are characterized by the presence of rhizoids, which are multicellular filaments that anchor the fungus to its substrate.

Rhizopus species are known to produce spores in large numbers, which can be dispersed through the air and cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. One of the most common diseases caused by Rhizopus is mucormycosis, a serious and often life-threatening fungal infection that can affect various organs, including the sinuses, lungs, brain, and skin.

It's worth noting that while Rhizopus species are important pathogens in certain populations, they also have beneficial uses. For example, some species of Rhizopus are used in the production of tempeh, a traditional Indonesian food made from fermented soybeans.

Fungemia is the presence of fungi (fungal organisms) in the blood. It's a type of bloodstream infection, which can be serious and life-threatening, particularly for people with weakened immune systems. The fungi that cause fungemia often enter the bloodstream through medical devices like catheters or from a fungal infection somewhere else in the body.

Fungemia is often associated with conditions like candidemia (caused by Candida species) and aspergillemia (caused by Aspergillus species). Symptoms can vary widely but often include fever, chills, and other signs of infection. It's important to diagnose and treat fungemia promptly to prevent serious complications like sepsis.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

Histoplasmosis is a pulmonary and systemic disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. It is typically acquired through the inhalation of microconidia from contaminated soil, particularly in areas associated with bird or bat droppings. The infection can range from asymptomatic to severe, depending on factors like the individual's immune status and the quantity of inhaled spores.

In acute histoplasmosis, symptoms may include fever, cough, fatigue, chest pain, and headache. Chronic or disseminated forms of the disease can affect various organs, such as the liver, spleen, adrenal glands, and central nervous system, leading to more severe complications. Diagnosis often involves serological tests, cultures, or histopathological examination of tissue samples. Treatment depends on the severity and dissemination of the disease, with antifungal medications like itraconazole or amphotericin B being commonly used for moderate to severe cases.

Mucorales is a order of fungi that includes several genera of mold-like fungi, such as Mucor, Rhizopus, and Absidia. These fungi are commonly found in soil, decaying vegetation, and animal manure. Some species can cause mucormycosis, a serious and often life-threatening invasive fungal infection that primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with uncontrolled diabetes, cancer, or organ transplants. The infection typically begins in the respiratory tract, but it can spread to other parts of the body, including the sinuses, brain, and lungs. Mucormycosis is difficult to diagnose and treat, and it has a high mortality rate.

Polyenes are a group of antibiotics that contain a long, unsaturated hydrocarbon chain with alternating double and single bonds. They are characterized by their ability to bind to ergosterol, a steroid found in fungal cell membranes, forming pores that increase the permeability of the membrane and lead to fungal cell death.

The most well-known polyene antibiotic is amphotericin B, which is used to treat serious systemic fungal infections such as candidiasis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. Other polyenes include nystatin and natamycin, which are primarily used to treat topical fungal infections of the skin or mucous membranes.

While polyenes are effective antifungal agents, they can also cause significant side effects, particularly when used systemically. These may include kidney damage, infusion reactions, and electrolyte imbalances. Therefore, their use is typically reserved for severe fungal infections that are unresponsive to other treatments.

Natamycin is an antifungal medication used to treat and prevent fungal infections. It is a polyene macrolide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces natalensis. In medical contexts, it is often used as a topical treatment for eye, skin, and mucous membrane infections caused by susceptible fungi. Natamycin works by binding to ergosterol, a component of fungal cell membranes, which disrupts the membrane's structure and function, ultimately leading to fungal cell death.

In addition to its medical uses, natamycin is also used as a food preservative to prevent mold growth in certain dairy products, such as cheese, and in some countries, it is approved for use in the production of certain types of sausages and fermented meat products.

Neutropenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration (less than 1500 cells/mm3) of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in fighting off bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophils are essential components of the innate immune system, and their main function is to engulf and destroy microorganisms that can cause harm to the body.

Neutropenia can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the severity of the neutrophil count reduction:

* Mild neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 1000-1500 cells/mm3
* Moderate neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 500-1000 cells/mm3
* Severe neutropenia: Neutrophil count below 500 cells/mm3

Severe neutropenia significantly increases the risk of developing infections, as the body's ability to fight off microorganisms is severely compromised. Common causes of neutropenia include viral infections, certain medications (such as chemotherapy or antibiotics), autoimmune disorders, and congenital conditions affecting bone marrow function. Treatment for neutropenia typically involves addressing the underlying cause, administering granulocyte-colony stimulating factors to boost neutrophil production, and providing appropriate antimicrobial therapy to prevent or treat infections.

Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide (a chain of four amino acids) that plays an important role in the immune system. It is derived from the Fc fragment of IgG (Immunoglobulin G) antibodies after they have interacted with antigens and been cleaved by proteolytic enzymes.

Tuftsin enhances phagocytosis, which is the process by which certain cells in the immune system engulf and destroy foreign substances, bacteria, or dead cells. Specifically, it activates and increases the mobility of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, two types of white blood cells involved in the immune response.

The sequence of amino acids in tuftsin is Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg (Threonine-Lysine-Proline-Arginine). The presence and activity of tuftsin are essential for optimal immune function, and deficiencies or abnormalities in tuftsin have been linked to various immunological disorders.

"Scedosporium" is a genus of filamentous fungi (molds) that can be found in various environments such as soil, water, and decaying organic matter. It includes several species, with Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium boydii being the most common ones. These fungi can cause a range of infections in humans, ranging from superficial skin and nail infections to more serious invasive diseases affecting the lungs, brain, or other organs. Invasive scedosporiosis often occurs in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplant recipients. The infection can be difficult to treat due to its resistance to many antifungal agents.

Ketoconazole is an antifungal medication that is primarily used to treat various fungal infections, including those caused by dermatophytes, Candida, and pityrosporum. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes, which leads to increased permeability and ultimately results in fungal cell death.

Ketoconazole is available as an oral tablet for systemic use and as a topical cream or shampoo for localized applications. The oral formulation is used to treat severe or invasive fungal infections, while the topical preparations are primarily indicated for skin and scalp infections, such as athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, candidiasis, and seborrheic dermatitis.

Common side effects of oral ketoconazole include nausea, vomiting, headache, and altered liver function tests. Rare but serious adverse reactions may include hepatotoxicity, adrenal insufficiency, and interactions with other medications that can affect the metabolism and elimination of drugs. Topical ketoconazole is generally well-tolerated, with local irritation being the most common side effect.

It's important to note that due to its potential for serious liver toxicity and drug-drug interactions, oral ketoconazole has been largely replaced by other antifungal agents, such as fluconazole and itraconazole, which have more favorable safety profiles. Topical ketoconazole remains a valuable option for treating localized fungal infections due to its effectiveness and lower risk of systemic side effects.

Pyrimidines are heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. They are one of the two types of nucleobases found in nucleic acids, the other being purines. The pyrimidine bases include cytosine (C) and thymine (T) in DNA, and uracil (U) in RNA, which pair with guanine (G) and adenine (A), respectively, through hydrogen bonding to form the double helix structure of nucleic acids. Pyrimidines are also found in many other biomolecules and have various roles in cellular metabolism and genetic regulation.

An immunocompromised host refers to an individual who has a weakened or impaired immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and decreased ability to fight off pathogens. This condition can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developed during one's lifetime).

Acquired immunocompromised states may result from various factors such as medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive drugs), infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS), chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, malnutrition, liver disease), or aging.

Immunocompromised hosts are at a higher risk for developing severe and life-threatening infections due to their reduced immune response. Therefore, they require special consideration when it comes to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases.

Trichosporon is a genus of fungi that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil, water, and air. They are also part of the normal flora of the human skin and mucous membranes. Some species of Trichosporon can cause various types of infections, mainly in people with weakened immune systems. These infections can range from superficial (e.g., skin and nail) to systemic and invasive, affecting internal organs. The most common Trichosporon-related infection is white piedra, a superficial mycosis that affects the hair shafts.

In a medical context, Trichosporon refers specifically to these fungi with potential pathogenic properties. It's essential to distinguish between the general term "trichosporon" (referring to the genus) and "Trichosporon" as a medically relevant entity causing infections.

Central nervous system (CNS) fungal infections refer to invasive fungal diseases that affect the brain and/or spinal cord. These types of infections are relatively uncommon but can be serious and potentially life-threatening, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation.

There are several types of fungi that can cause CNS infections, including:

1. Candida species: These are yeast-like fungi that can cause a range of infections, from superficial to systemic. When they invade the CNS, they can cause meningitis or brain abscesses.
2. Aspergillus species: These are mold-like fungi that can cause invasive aspergillosis, which can affect various organs, including the brain.
3. Cryptococcus neoformans: This is a yeast-like fungus that primarily affects people with weakened immune systems. It can cause meningitis or brain abscesses.
4. Coccidioides species: These are mold-like fungi that can cause coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever. While most infections are limited to the lungs, some people may develop disseminated disease, which can affect the CNS.
5. Histoplasma capsulatum: This is a mold-like fungus that causes histoplasmosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can disseminate and involve the CNS.

Symptoms of CNS fungal infections may include headache, fever, altered mental status, seizures, stiff neck, and focal neurologic deficits. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis or fungal cultures). Treatment usually involves long-term antifungal therapy, often with a combination of drugs, and may also include surgical intervention in some cases.

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by the inhalation of spores of the Coccidioides species, mainly C. immitis and C. posadasii. These fungi are commonly found in the soil of dry regions such as the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central and South America.

The infection often begins when a person inhales the microscopic spores, which can lead to respiratory symptoms resembling a common cold or pneumonia. Some people may develop more severe symptoms, especially those with weakened immune systems. The infection can disseminate to other parts of the body, causing skin lesions, bone and joint inflammation, meningitis, or other complications in rare cases.

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests such as fungal cultures, histopathological examination, or serological tests to detect antibodies against Coccidioides antigens. Treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the patient's immune status. Antifungal medications like fluconazole, itraconazole, or amphotericin B are commonly used for treating coccidioidomycosis. Preventive measures include avoiding inhaling dust in endemic areas, especially during excavation or construction activities.

'Absidia' is a genus of filamentous fungi that belongs to the family Lasiosphaeriaceae. This genus includes several species of saprophytic molds that are commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter. Some species of Absidia can produce potentially harmful metabolites called trichothecenes, which can have toxic effects on humans and animals. However, it is important to note that exposure to this type of fungi is generally not considered a significant health concern for most people under normal circumstances.

"Azoles" is a class of antifungal medications that have a similar chemical structure, specifically a five-membered ring containing nitrogen and two carbon atoms (a "azole ring"). The most common azoles used in medicine include:

1. Imidazoles: These include drugs such as clotrimazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole. They are used to treat a variety of fungal infections, including vaginal yeast infections, thrush, and skin infections.
2. Triazoles: These include drugs such as fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole. They are also used to treat fungal infections, but have a broader spectrum of activity than imidazoles and are often used for more serious or systemic infections.

Azoles work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. This leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane, which ultimately results in fungal cell death.

While azoles are generally well-tolerated, they can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. In addition, some azoles can interact with other medications and affect liver function, so it's important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting an azole regimen.

Blastomycosis is a fungal infection caused by the inhalation of spores of the fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the skin, bones, and central nervous system. The initial symptoms of blastomycosis may include cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. If left untreated, the infection can become severe and potentially life-threatening. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as itraconazole or amphotericin B.

Fungal meningitis is a form of meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is specifically caused by the invasion of the meninges by fungi. The most common causative agents are Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum.

Fungal meningitis typically occurs in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplant recipients. It begins gradually, often with symptoms including headache, fever, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. Other possible symptoms can include confusion, nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status.

Diagnosis of fungal meningitis typically involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis). Treatment usually requires long-term antifungal therapy, often administered intravenously in a hospital setting. The prognosis for fungal meningitis depends on several factors, including the underlying immune status of the patient, the specific causative agent, and the timeliness and adequacy of treatment.

Colloids are a type of mixture that contains particles that are intermediate in size between those found in solutions and suspensions. These particles range in size from about 1 to 1000 nanometers in diameter, which is smaller than what can be seen with the naked eye, but larger than the molecules in a solution.

Colloids are created when one substance, called the dispersed phase, is dispersed in another substance, called the continuous phase. The dispersed phase can consist of particles such as proteins, emulsified fats, or finely divided solids, while the continuous phase is usually a liquid, but can also be a gas or a solid.

Colloids are important in many areas of medicine and biology, including drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and tissue engineering. They are also found in nature, such as in milk, blood, and fog. The properties of colloids can be affected by factors such as pH, temperature, and the presence of other substances, which can influence their stability and behavior.

Multiple drug resistance in fungi refers to the ability of certain fungal strains or species to resist the effects of multiple antifungal agents. This occurs when these organisms develop mechanisms that prevent the drugs from interfering with their growth and survival. As a result, the drugs become less effective or even completely ineffective at treating fungal infections caused by these resistant strains or species.

Multiple drug resistance in fungi can arise due to various factors, including genetic mutations, overuse or misuse of antifungal agents, and the ability of fungi to exchange genetic material with other fungi. This makes treatment of fungal infections more challenging, as doctors may need to use higher doses of drugs or try alternative therapies that may have more side effects or be less effective.

Multiple drug resistance in fungi is a significant concern in healthcare settings, particularly for patients who are immunocompromised or have underlying medical conditions that make them more susceptible to fungal infections. It is essential to take measures to prevent the development and spread of multiple drug-resistant fungi, such as using antifungal agents appropriately, practicing good infection control practices, and conducting surveillance for resistant strains.

Fat emulsions for intravenous use are a type of parenteral nutrition solution that contain fat in the form of triglycerides, which are broken down and absorbed into the body to provide a source of energy and essential fatty acids. These emulsions are typically used in patients who are unable to consume food orally or enterally, such as those with gastrointestinal tract disorders, malabsorption syndromes, or severe injuries.

The fat emulsion is usually combined with other nutrients, such as carbohydrates and amino acids, to create a complete parenteral nutrition solution that meets the patient's nutritional needs. The emulsion is administered through a vein using a sterile technique to prevent infection.

Fat emulsions are typically made from soybean oil or a mixture of soybean and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oils. MCTs are more easily absorbed than long-chain triglycerides (LCTs), which are found in soybean oil, and may be used in patients with malabsorption syndromes or other conditions that affect fat absorption.

It is important to monitor patients receiving intravenous fat emulsions for signs of complications such as infection, hyperlipidemia (elevated levels of fats in the blood), and liver function abnormalities.

'Candida glabrata' is a species of yeast that is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans. It is a member of the genus Candida, which includes several species of fungi that can cause infections in humans. C. glabrata is one of the more common causes of candidiasis, or yeast infections, particularly in the mouth (oral thrush) and genital area. It can also cause invasive candidiasis, a serious systemic infection that can affect various organs and tissues in the body. C. glabrata is often resistant to some of the antifungal drugs commonly used to treat Candida infections, making it more difficult to treat.

Pharmaceutical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the design, synthesis, and development of chemical entities used as medications. It involves the study of drugs' physical, chemical, and biological properties, as well as their interactions with living organisms. This field also encompasses understanding the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs in the body, which are critical factors in drug design and development. Pharmaceutical chemists often work closely with biologists, medical professionals, and engineers to develop new medications and improve existing ones.

'Candida tropicalis' is a species of yeast that can be found normally in certain environments, including the human body (such as the skin, mouth, and digestive system). However, it can also cause infections in people with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions. These infections can occur in various parts of the body, including the bloodstream, urinary tract, and skin.

Like other Candida species, C. tropicalis is a type of fungus that reproduces by budding, forming oval-shaped cells. It is often resistant to certain antifungal medications, which can make infections more difficult to treat. Proper diagnosis and treatment, usually with antifungal drugs, are essential for managing C. tropicalis infections.

"Paecilomyces" is a genus of filamentous fungi that belongs to the family Aspergillaceae. These fungi are widely distributed in the environment and can be found in various habitats such as soil, decaying vegetation, and insects. Some species of Paecilomyces are known to produce secondary metabolites with potential medicinal applications, while others have been identified as opportunistic pathogens that can cause invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals.

In medical contexts, "Paecilomyces" typically refers to the species P. lilacinus and P. variotii, which are the most commonly encountered human pathogens. These fungi can cause a range of infections, including mycetoma, endocarditis, pneumonia, and disseminated infections. The diagnosis of Paecilomyces infections typically involves microscopic examination of clinical specimens and culture-based methods, while treatment usually requires the use of antifungal agents such as amphotericin B or voriconazole.

It's worth noting that "Paecilomyces" is a complex genus with many species, some of which have been reclassified or renamed in recent years. Therefore, it's important to consult up-to-date taxonomic resources when working with this group of fungi.

Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, often characterized by tumefaction, sinus formation, and grains. It's typically caused by certain species of fungi (eumycetoma) or bacteria (actinomycetoma). The infection usually enters the body through traumatic inoculation of the organism into the skin or underlying tissue, often in the foot or hand. The disease is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Africa, Latin America, and Asia.

'Aspergillus flavus' is a species of fungi that belongs to the genus Aspergillus. It is commonly found in soil, decaying vegetation, and other organic matter. This fungus is known for its ability to produce aflatoxins, which are highly toxic compounds that can contaminate food crops such as corn, peanuts, and cottonseed.

Aflatoxins produced by A. flavus are among the most potent carcinogens known to humans and can cause liver damage and cancer with prolonged exposure. The fungus can also cause invasive aspergillosis, a serious infection that primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation.

In addition to its medical importance, A. flavus is also used in biotechnology for the production of industrial enzymes and other products.

Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, often due to a underlying condition such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation. These infections are caused by microorganisms that do not normally cause disease in people with healthy immune function, but can take advantage of an opportunity to infect and cause damage when the body's defense mechanisms are compromised. Examples of opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis (thrush), and cytomegalovirus infection. Preventive measures, such as antimicrobial medications and vaccinations, play a crucial role in reducing the risk of opportunistic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Dermatomycoses are a group of fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails. These infections are caused by various types of fungi, including dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds. Dermatophyte infections, also known as tinea, are the most common type of dermatomycoses and can affect different areas of the body, such as the scalp (tinea capitis), beard (tinea barbae), body (tinea corporis), feet (tinea pedis or athlete's foot), hands (tinea manuum), and nails (tinea unguium or onychomycosis). Yeast infections, such as those caused by Candida albicans, can lead to conditions like candidal intertrigo, vulvovaginitis, and balanitis. Mold infections are less common but can cause skin disorders like scalded skin syndrome and phaeohyphomycosis. Dermatomycoses are typically treated with topical or oral antifungal medications.

A "colony count" is a method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, in a sample. In this technique, a known volume of the sample is spread onto the surface of a solid nutrient medium in a petri dish and then incubated under conditions that allow the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. Each colony that grows on the plate represents an individual cell (or small cluster of cells) from the original sample that was able to divide and grow under the given conditions. By counting the number of colonies that form, researchers can make a rough estimate of the concentration of microorganisms in the original sample.

The term "microbial" simply refers to microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Therefore, a "colony count, microbial" is a general term that encompasses the use of colony counting techniques to estimate the number of any type of microorganism in a sample.

Colony counts are used in various fields, including medical research, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring, to assess the levels of contamination or the effectiveness of disinfection procedures. However, it is important to note that colony counts may not always provide an accurate measure of the total number of microorganisms present in a sample, as some cells may be injured or unable to grow under the conditions used for counting. Additionally, some microorganisms may form clusters or chains that can appear as single colonies, leading to an overestimation of the true cell count.

Combination drug therapy is a treatment approach that involves the use of multiple medications with different mechanisms of action to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. This approach is often used in the management of complex medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of combination drug therapy is to improve efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, decrease the likelihood of adverse effects, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

In combining drugs, healthcare providers aim to target various pathways involved in the disease process, which may help to:

1. Increase the effectiveness of treatment by attacking the disease from multiple angles.
2. Decrease the dosage of individual medications, reducing the risk and severity of side effects.
3. Slow down or prevent the development of drug resistance, a common problem in chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer.
4. Improve patient compliance by simplifying dosing schedules and reducing pill burden.

Examples of combination drug therapy include:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, which typically involves three or more drugs from different classes to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
2. Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where multiple cytotoxic agents are used to target various stages of the cell cycle and reduce the likelihood of tumor cells developing resistance.
3. Cardiovascular disease management, which may involve combining medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins to control blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance, and cholesterol levels.
4. Treatment of tuberculosis, which often involves a combination of several antibiotics to target different aspects of the bacterial life cycle and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

When prescribing combination drug therapy, healthcare providers must carefully consider factors such as potential drug interactions, dosing schedules, adverse effects, and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment. Regular monitoring of patients is essential to assess treatment response, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Drug synergism is a pharmacological concept that refers to the interaction between two or more drugs, where the combined effect of the drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects. This means that when these drugs are administered together, they produce an enhanced therapeutic response compared to when they are given separately.

Drug synergism can occur through various mechanisms, such as:

1. Pharmacodynamic synergism - When two or more drugs interact with the same target site in the body and enhance each other's effects.
2. Pharmacokinetic synergism - When one drug affects the metabolism, absorption, distribution, or excretion of another drug, leading to an increased concentration of the second drug in the body and enhanced therapeutic effect.
3. Physiochemical synergism - When two drugs interact physically, such as when one drug enhances the solubility or permeability of another drug, leading to improved absorption and bioavailability.

It is important to note that while drug synergism can result in enhanced therapeutic effects, it can also increase the risk of adverse reactions and toxicity. Therefore, healthcare providers must carefully consider the potential benefits and risks when prescribing combinations of drugs with known or potential synergistic effects.

'Cryptococcus' is a genus of encapsulated, budding yeast that are found in the environment, particularly in soil and bird droppings. The most common species that causes infection in humans is Cryptococcus neoformans, followed by Cryptococcus gattii.

Infection with Cryptococcus can occur when a person inhales the microscopic yeast cells, which can then lead to lung infections (pneumonia) or disseminated disease, particularly in people with weakened immune systems. The most common form of disseminated cryptococcal infection is meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Cryptococcal infections can be serious and even life-threatening, especially in individuals with HIV/AIDS or other conditions that weaken the immune system. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B and fluconazole.

'Leishmania donovani' is a species of protozoan parasite that causes a severe form of visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar. This disease primarily affects the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, leading to symptoms such as fever, weight loss, anemia, and enlargement of the spleen and liver. The parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies. It's worth noting that this organism can also affect dogs and other animals, causing a disease known as canine leishmaniasis.

"Fusarium" is a genus of fungi that are widely distributed in the environment, particularly in soil, water, and on plants. They are known to cause a variety of diseases in animals, including humans, as well as in plants. In humans, Fusarium species can cause localized and systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. These infections often manifest as keratitis (eye infection), onychomycosis (nail infection), and invasive fusariosis, which can affect various organs such as the lungs, brain, and bloodstream. Fusarium species produce a variety of toxins that can contaminate crops and pose a threat to food safety and human health.

Histoplasma is a genus of dimorphic fungi that can cause the infectious disease histoplasmosis in humans and animals. The two species that are most commonly associated with disease are Histoplasma capsulatum and Histoplasma duboisii. These fungi are found worldwide, but are particularly prevalent in certain regions such as the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys in the United States and parts of Central and South America.

Histoplasma exists in two forms: a mold that grows in soil and other environments, and a yeast form that infects human and animal hosts. The fungi are typically inhaled into the lungs, where they can cause respiratory symptoms such as cough, fever, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, histoplasmosis can disseminate throughout the body and affect other organs, leading to more serious complications.

Histoplasma is often found in soil enriched with bird or bat droppings, and exposure can occur through activities such as digging, gardening, or cleaning chicken coops. While histoplasmosis can be a serious disease, it is usually treatable with antifungal medications. However, some people may develop chronic or severe forms of the disease, particularly those with weakened immune systems.

Fungal eye infections, also known as fungal keratitis or ocular fungal infections, are caused by the invasion of fungi into the eye. The most common types of fungi that cause these infections include Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Candida. These infections can affect any part of the eye, including the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, and vitreous humor.

Fungal eye infections often present with symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, blurred vision, and discharge. In severe cases, they can lead to corneal ulcers, perforation of the eye, and even blindness if left untreated. Risk factors for fungal eye infections include trauma to the eye, contact lens wear, immunosuppression, and pre-existing eye conditions such as dry eye or previous eye surgery.

Diagnosis of fungal eye infections typically involves a thorough eye examination, including visual acuity testing, slit lamp examination, and sometimes corneal scrapings for microbiological culture and sensitivity testing. Treatment usually involves topical antifungal medications, such as natamycin or amphotericin B, and in some cases may require oral or intravenous antifungal therapy. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair any damage caused by the infection.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a severe and often life-threatening fungal infection caused by the mold Aspergillus fumigatus or other Aspergillus species. It primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, such as those with hematologic malignancies, solid organ transplant recipients, or those receiving high-dose corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapies.

In IPA, the fungal hyphae invade the pulmonary blood vessels and surrounding lung tissue, leading to the formation of nodular lesions, infarcts, and cavities in the lungs. The infection can also spread to other organs, causing disseminated aspergillosis.

Symptoms of IPA include fever, cough, chest pain, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), and shortness of breath. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of radiologic imaging, such as computed tomography (CT) scans, and microbiological or molecular testing of respiratory specimens, blood, or tissue samples.

Treatment usually includes systemic antifungal therapy with agents such as voriconazole, isavuconazole, or liposomal amphotericin B. The prognosis of IPA is generally poor, with high mortality rates ranging from 30% to 90%, depending on the underlying condition and severity of the infection.

'Coccidioides' is a genus of fungi that are commonly found in the soil in certain geographical areas, including the southwestern United States and parts of Mexico and Central and South America. The two species of this genus, C. immitis and C. posadasii, can cause a serious infection known as coccidioidomycosis (also called Valley Fever) in humans and animals who inhale the spores of the fungi.

The infection typically begins in the lungs and can cause symptoms such as cough, fever, chest pain, fatigue, and weight loss. In some cases, the infection can spread to other parts of the body, leading to more severe and potentially life-threatening complications. People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or who are receiving immunosuppressive therapy, are at higher risk for developing severe coccidioidomycosis.

Pseudallescheria is a medical term that refers to a fungal infection caused by the organism Pseudallescheria boydii (also known as Scedosporium apiospermum). This fungus is commonly found in soil and water, and can cause various types of infections in humans, ranging from superficial skin infections to serious invasive diseases affecting the lungs, brain, or other organs. The infection can be particularly difficult to treat due to its resistance to many antifungal agents.

The term "Pseudallescheria" is used less frequently than "Scedosporium," but it refers to the same organism and the same type of infection. In medical literature, you may also encounter the term "Pseudallescheriasis" to describe the disease caused by this fungus.

Mitosporic fungi, also known as asexual fungi or anamorphic fungi, are a group of fungi that produce mitospores (also called conidia) during their asexual reproduction. Mitospores are produced from the tip of specialized hyphae called conidiophores and are used for dispersal and survival of the fungi in various environments. These fungi do not have a sexual reproductive stage or it has not been observed, making their taxonomic classification challenging. They are commonly found in soil, decaying organic matter, and water, and some of them can cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Examples of mitosporic fungi include Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species.

Phosphatidylcholines (PtdCho) are a type of phospholipids that are essential components of cell membranes in living organisms. They are composed of a hydrophilic head group, which contains a choline moiety, and two hydrophobic fatty acid chains. Phosphatidylcholines are crucial for maintaining the structural integrity and function of cell membranes, and they also serve as important precursors for the synthesis of signaling molecules such as acetylcholine. They can be found in various tissues and biological fluids, including blood, and are abundant in foods such as soybeans, eggs, and meat. Phosphatidylcholines have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their role in maintaining healthy lipid metabolism and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.

'Cryptococcus gattii' is a species of encapsulated, yeast-like fungi belonging to the family Tremellaceae. It is an environmental pathogen that can cause pulmonary and central nervous system infections in humans and animals. The organism is typically found in soil and on trees in tropical and subtropical regions, but it has also been identified in temperate climates. Infection usually occurs through inhalation of the spores or desiccated yeast cells.

The disease caused by 'Cryptococcus gattii' is called cryptococcosis, which can manifest as a pulmonary infection (pneumonia) or a disseminated infection involving the central nervous system (meningitis). The symptoms of cryptococcosis may include cough, chest pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss, headache, stiff neck, confusion, and altered mental status.

Risk factors for developing cryptococcosis caused by 'Cryptococcus gattii' include underlying lung disease, immunosuppression (such as HIV/AIDS), and exposure to the fungus in endemic areas. Diagnosis typically involves microscopic examination of clinical specimens (e.g., sputum, cerebrospinal fluid) and culture isolation of the organism, followed by confirmation using biochemical or molecular methods. Treatment usually consists of antifungal therapy with agents such as amphotericin B and fluconazole.

"Chills" is a medical term that refers to the sensation of shivering or feeling cold despite being in a warm environment. It is often accompanied by goosebumps on the skin and can be a symptom of various medical conditions, such as infections, hypothermia, or certain medications. During chills, the muscles involuntarily contract and relax rapidly to produce heat, causing the body temperature to rise in an attempt to fight off infection or illness. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing persistent or severe chills, especially when accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, cough, or chest pain.

Central nervous system (CNS) protozoal infections refer to diseases caused by protozoa that invade and infect the brain and spinal cord. These infections can lead to serious neurological symptoms and complications.

There are several types of protozoa that can cause CNS infections, including:

1. Toxoplasma gondii: This parasite is commonly found in cats and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected cat feces or consumption of undercooked meat. In people with weakened immune systems, T. gondii can cause severe CNS symptoms such as seizures, confusion, and coma.
2. Naegleria fowleri: Also known as the "brain-eating amoeba," N. fowleri is a free-living protozoan found in warm freshwater environments. When people swim or dive in infected water, the amoeba can enter the body through the nose and travel to the brain, causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare but often fatal CNS infection.
3. Acanthamoeba: Like N. fowleri, Acanthamoeba is a free-living protozoan found in freshwater and soil. It can cause a range of CNS infections, including granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), which typically affects people with weakened immune systems.
4. Trypanosoma brucei: This parasite is transmitted through the bite of infected tsetse flies and causes African sleeping sickness, a CNS infection that can lead to coma and death if left untreated.
5. Plasmodium falciparum: While not strictly a protozoan, P. falciparum is a parasite that causes malaria, a mosquito-borne disease that can cause severe CNS symptoms such as seizures, coma, and cerebral malaria.

Treatment for CNS protozoal infections depends on the specific type of infection and may include antiprotozoal medications, antibiotics, or supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with infected animals or insects, practicing good hygiene, and using appropriate protective measures such as insect repellent or bed nets in areas where these infections are common.

Microbial drug resistance is a significant medical issue that refers to the ability of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand or survive exposure to drugs or medications designed to kill them or limit their growth. This phenomenon has become a major global health concern, particularly in the context of bacterial infections, where it is also known as antibiotic resistance.

Drug resistance arises due to genetic changes in microorganisms that enable them to modify or bypass the effects of antimicrobial agents. These genetic alterations can be caused by mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. The resistant microbes then replicate and multiply, forming populations that are increasingly difficult to eradicate with conventional treatments.

The consequences of drug-resistant infections include increased morbidity, mortality, healthcare costs, and the potential for widespread outbreaks. Factors contributing to the emergence and spread of microbial drug resistance include the overuse or misuse of antimicrobials, poor infection control practices, and inadequate surveillance systems.

To address this challenge, it is crucial to promote prudent antibiotic use, strengthen infection prevention and control measures, develop new antimicrobial agents, and invest in research to better understand the mechanisms underlying drug resistance.

Pulmonary aspergillosis is a respiratory infection caused by the fungus Aspergillus. It mainly affects the lungs, but it can also spread to other parts of the body. There are several forms of pulmonary aspergillosis, including:

1. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA): This form occurs in people with asthma or cystic fibrosis. The immune system overreacts to the presence of Aspergillus, causing inflammation and damage to the airways.
2. Aspergilloma: Also known as a fungus ball, this is a growth of Aspergillus that develops in a preexisting lung cavity, usually caused by old tuberculosis or scarring from previous lung infections.
3. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA): This is the most severe form and occurs when the fungus invades the lung tissue, blood vessels, and other organs. It primarily affects people with weakened immune systems due to conditions like cancer, HIV/AIDS, organ transplants, or long-term use of corticosteroids.

Symptoms of pulmonary aspergillosis can vary depending on the form and severity of the infection. They may include cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, fatigue, weight loss, and bloody sputum. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like chest X-rays or CT scans, along with laboratory tests to detect Aspergillus antigens or DNA in blood or respiratory samples. Treatment options include antifungal medications, surgery to remove fungal growths, and management of underlying conditions that weaken the immune system.

Antimony sodium gluconate is a chemical compound that contains antimony, sodium, and gluconic acid. It is used primarily as a medication to treat the parasitic infection known as leishmaniasis, which is caused by a protozoan parasite and is transmitted through the bite of certain sandflies.

The compound works by inhibiting the growth of the parasite within the host's body. Antimony sodium gluconate is administered intravenously or intramuscularly, depending on the severity of the infection and the patient's overall health status.

It is important to note that antimony sodium gluconate can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and muscle weakness. In some cases, it may also cause more serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmias or kidney damage. Therefore, it should only be administered under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.

Sterols are a type of organic compound that is derived from steroids and found in the cell membranes of organisms. In animals, including humans, cholesterol is the most well-known sterol. Sterols help to maintain the structural integrity and fluidity of cell membranes, and they also play important roles as precursors for the synthesis of various hormones and other signaling molecules. Phytosterols are plant sterols that have been shown to have cholesterol-lowering effects in humans when consumed in sufficient amounts.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart chambers and heart valves, called the endocardium. This inflammation typically results from a bacterial or, less commonly, fungal infection that travels through the bloodstream and attaches to damaged areas of the heart.

There are two main types of endocarditis:

1. Acute Endocarditis: Develops quickly and can be severe, causing fever, chills, shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart murmurs. It may lead to serious complications like heart failure, embolism (blood clots that travel to other parts of the body), and damage to heart valves.

2. Subacute Endocarditis: Develops more slowly, often causing milder symptoms that can be mistaken for a cold or flu. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, weight loss, joint pain, and heart murmurs. Subacute endocarditis is more likely to affect people with previously damaged heart valves or congenital heart conditions.

Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics or antifungal medications, depending on the cause of the infection. In some cases, surgery may be required to repair or replace damaged heart valves. Preventive measures include good oral hygiene and prompt treatment of infections, especially in individuals at a higher risk for endocarditis, such as those with congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, or previous history of endocarditis.

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a medical condition characterized by an hypersensitivity reaction to the fungus Aspergillus species, most commonly A. fumigatus. It primarily affects the airways and lung tissue. The immune system overreacts to the presence of the fungus, leading to inflammation and damage in the lungs.

The main symptoms of ABPA include wheezing, coughing, production of thick mucus, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. These symptoms are similar to those seen in asthma and other respiratory conditions. Some people with ABPA may also experience fever, weight loss, and fatigue.

Diagnosis of ABPA typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as chest X-rays or CT scans), and laboratory tests (such as blood tests or sputum cultures) to detect the presence of Aspergillus species and elevated levels of certain antibodies.

Treatment for ABPA usually involves a combination of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and antifungal medications to eradicate the Aspergillus infection. In some cases, immunomodulatory therapies may also be used to help regulate the immune system's response to the fungus.

It is important to note that ABPA can lead to serious complications if left untreated, including bronchiectasis (permanent enlargement of the airways), pulmonary fibrosis (scarring of the lung tissue), and respiratory failure. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing this condition.

Filipin is not a medical term itself, but it is the name given to a group of compounds that are used in medicine and research. Medically, Filipin is often referred to as Filipin III or Filipin stain, which is a fluorescent polyene antibiotic used in the study of lipids, particularly in diagnosing certain types of lipid storage diseases such as Niemann-Pick disease type C. The Filipin stain binds to unesterified cholesterol and forms complexes that exhibit blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light. This property is used to detect the accumulation of free cholesterol in various tissues and cells, which can be indicative of certain diseases or conditions.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Meglumine is not a medical condition but a medication. It is an anticholinergic drug that is used as a diagnostic aid in the form of meglumine iodide, which is used to test for kidney function and to visualize the urinary tract. Meglumine is an amino sugar that is used as a counterion to combine with iodine to make meglumine iodide. It works by increasing the excretion of iodine through the kidneys, which helps to enhance the visibility of the urinary tract during imaging studies.

AIDS-related opportunistic infections (AROIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with advanced HIV infection or AIDS. These infections take advantage of a weakened immune system and can affect various organs and systems in the body.

Common examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii
2. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection, caused by a type of bacteria called mycobacteria
3. Candidiasis, a fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, esophagus, and genitals
4. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii
5. Cryptococcosis, a fungal infection that affects the lungs and central nervous system
6. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, caused by a type of herpes virus
7. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
8. Cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic infection that affects the intestines
9. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a viral infection that affects the brain

Preventing and treating AROIs is an important part of managing HIV/AIDS, as they can cause significant illness and even death in people with weakened immune systems. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to treat HIV infection and prevent the progression of HIV to AIDS, which can help reduce the risk of opportunistic infections. In addition, medications to prevent specific opportunistic infections may be prescribed for people with advanced HIV or AIDS.

Fever, also known as pyrexia or febrile response, is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation in core body temperature above the normal range of 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) due to a dysregulation of the body's thermoregulatory system. It is often a response to an infection, inflammation, or other underlying medical conditions, and it serves as a part of the immune system's effort to combat the invading pathogens or to repair damaged tissues.

Fevers can be classified based on their magnitude:

* Low-grade fever: 37.5-38°C (99.5-100.4°F)
* Moderate fever: 38-39°C (100.4-102.2°F)
* High-grade or severe fever: above 39°C (102.2°F)

It is important to note that a single elevated temperature reading does not necessarily indicate the presence of a fever, as body temperature can fluctuate throughout the day and can be influenced by various factors such as physical activity, environmental conditions, and the menstrual cycle in females. The diagnosis of fever typically requires the confirmation of an elevated core body temperature on at least two occasions or a consistently high temperature over a period of time.

While fevers are generally considered beneficial in fighting off infections and promoting recovery, extremely high temperatures or prolonged febrile states may necessitate medical intervention to prevent potential complications such as dehydration, seizures, or damage to vital organs.

Agranulocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration of granulocytes (a type of white blood cells) in the peripheral blood. Granulocytes, which include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, play a crucial role in the body's defense against infections. A significant reduction in their numbers can make an individual highly susceptible to various bacterial and fungal infections.

The condition is typically defined as having fewer than 150 granulocytes per microliter of blood or less than 1% of the total white blood cell count. Symptoms of agranulocytosis may include fever, fatigue, sore throat, mouth ulcers, and susceptibility to infections. The condition can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, medical treatments (such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy), autoimmune disorders, and congenital conditions. Immediate medical attention is required for individuals diagnosed with agranulocytosis to prevent and treat potential infections and restore the normal granulocyte count.

Naegleria fowleri is a free-living, thermophilic, and opportunistic protozoan parasite that causes the rare but often fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans. It's commonly found in warm freshwater bodies such as lakes, rivers, and hot springs, as well as inadequately chlorinated swimming pools and contaminated soil.

The life cycle of Naegleria fowleri includes three stages: trophozoite, flagellate, and cyst. The infective stage is the motile and feeding trophozoite, which enters the human body through the nasal passages during activities like swimming or diving in infected waters. Once inside the nose, it can migrate to the brain via the olfactory nerve, where it multiplies and causes extensive damage leading to severe inflammation and necrosis of the brain tissue.

The incubation period for PAM is typically between 1 to 14 days after exposure, with symptoms including sudden onset of fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, altered mental status, seizures, and hallucinations. Unfortunately, the infection progresses rapidly, often leading to death within 3 to 7 days post-symptom onset if left untreated.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with specific antimicrobial agents such as amphotericin B, miltefosine, rifampin, and azithromycin, along with supportive care, may improve the prognosis of PAM caused by Naegleria fowleri. However, due to its aggressive nature and rapid progression, the overall mortality rate remains high at around 95%. Preventive measures include avoiding water-related activities in warm freshwater bodies during peak temperature months and using nose clips while swimming or diving in suspected infected waters.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Drug antagonism is a type of interaction between two or more drugs, where one drug (known as the antagonist) reduces or blocks the effects of another drug (known as the agonist). This can occur through various mechanisms, such as binding to the same receptor site as the agonist and preventing it from activating the receptor, or by increasing the metabolism or excretion of the agonist.

Drug antagonism is often used in medical treatment to counteract the negative effects of certain drugs. For example, naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can be used to reverse the respiratory depression caused by opioid overdose. Similarly, flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist that can be used to reverse the sedative effects of benzodiazepines in cases of overdose or adverse reactions.

However, drug antagonism can also lead to unintended consequences, such as when one medication reduces the effectiveness of another medication that a patient is taking for a different condition. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of potential drug interactions and to carefully monitor their patients' responses to medications.

Intravenous injections are a type of medical procedure where medication or fluids are administered directly into a vein using a needle and syringe. This route of administration is also known as an IV injection. The solution injected enters the patient's bloodstream immediately, allowing for rapid absorption and onset of action. Intravenous injections are commonly used to provide quick relief from symptoms, deliver medications that are not easily absorbed by other routes, or administer fluids and electrolytes in cases of dehydration or severe illness. It is important that intravenous injections are performed using aseptic technique to minimize the risk of infection.

In the context of medical definitions, "suspensions" typically refers to a preparation in which solid particles are suspended in a liquid medium. This is commonly used for medications that are administered orally, where the solid particles disperse upon shaking and settle back down when left undisturbed. The solid particles can be made up of various substances such as drugs, nutrients, or other active ingredients, while the liquid medium is often water, oil, or alcohol-based.

It's important to note that "suspensions" in a medical context should not be confused with the term as it relates to pharmacology or physiology, where it may refer to the temporary stopping of a bodily function or the removal of something from a solution through settling or filtration.

Antimony is a toxic metallic element with the symbol Sb and atomic number 51. It exists in several allotropic forms and can be found naturally as the mineral stibnite. Antimony has been used for centuries in various applications, including medicinal ones, although its use in medicine has largely fallen out of favor due to its toxicity.

In a medical context, antimony may still be encountered in certain medications used to treat parasitic infections, such as pentavalent antimony compounds (e.g., sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate) for the treatment of leishmaniasis. However, these drugs can have significant side effects and their use is typically reserved for severe cases that cannot be treated with other medications.

It's important to note that exposure to antimony in high concentrations or over prolonged periods can lead to serious health issues, including respiratory problems, skin irritation, gastrointestinal symptoms, and even neurological damage. Therefore, handling antimony-containing substances should be done with caution and appropriate safety measures.

Meningoencephalitis is a medical term that refers to an inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges), known as the meninges. It is often caused by an infection, such as bacterial or viral infections, that spreads to the meninges and brain. In some cases, it can also be caused by other factors like autoimmune disorders or certain medications.

The symptoms of meningoencephalitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and changes in mental status. If left untreated, this condition can lead to serious complications, such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, or even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections or antiviral medications for viral infections, along with supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prototheca is a genus of algae that lack chlorophyll and cannot photosynthesize. They are typically found in aquatic environments, soil, and decaying organic matter. Some species of Prototheca can cause infections in humans and animals, known as protothecosis. These infections primarily affect the skin and subcutaneous tissues, but they can also involve other organs such as the eyes, liver, and lungs. Protothecosis is an uncommon disease, and it mainly affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplants. The infection is caused by the direct invasion of the algae into the body, and it can be difficult to treat due to the limited number of antifungal agents that are effective against Prototheca species.

Medical Definition:

Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) is a standard measurement in toxicology that refers to the estimated amount or dose of a substance, which if ingested, injected, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin by either human or animal, would cause death in 50% of the test population. It is expressed as the mass of a substance per unit of body weight (mg/kg, μg/kg, etc.). LD50 values are often used to compare the toxicity of different substances and help determine safe dosage levels.

Colorimetry is the scientific measurement and quantification of color, typically using a colorimeter or spectrophotometer. In the medical field, colorimetry may be used in various applications such as:

1. Diagnosis and monitoring of skin conditions: Colorimeters can measure changes in skin color to help diagnose or monitor conditions like jaundice, cyanosis, or vitiligo. They can also assess the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions.
2. Vision assessment: Colorimetry is used in vision testing to determine the presence and severity of visual impairments such as color blindness or deficiencies. Special tests called anomaloscopes or color vision charts are used to measure an individual's ability to distinguish between different colors.
3. Environmental monitoring: In healthcare settings, colorimetry can be employed to monitor the cleanliness and sterility of surfaces or equipment by measuring the amount of contamination present. This is often done using ATP (adenosine triphosphate) bioluminescence assays, which emit light when they come into contact with microorganisms.
4. Medical research: Colorimetry has applications in medical research, such as studying the optical properties of tissues or developing new diagnostic tools and techniques based on color measurements.

In summary, colorimetry is a valuable tool in various medical fields for diagnosis, monitoring, and research purposes. It allows healthcare professionals to make more informed decisions about patient care and treatment plans.

Mycology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and classification, their role in diseases and decomposition processes, and their potential uses in industry, agriculture, and medicine. It involves the examination and identification of various types of fungi, such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms, and the investigation of their ecological relationships with other organisms and their environments. Mycologists may also study the medical and veterinary importance of fungi, including the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections, as well as the development of antifungal drugs and vaccines.

Meningitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation of the meninges, which are the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. This inflammation can be caused by various infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or by non-infectious causes like autoimmune diseases, cancer, or certain medications.

The symptoms of meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, it can lead to seizures, coma, or even death if not treated promptly and effectively. Bacterial meningitis is usually more severe and requires immediate medical attention, while viral meningitis is often less severe and may resolve on its own without specific treatment.

It's important to note that meningitis can be a serious and life-threatening condition, so if you suspect that you or someone else has symptoms of meningitis, you should seek medical attention immediately.

Two amphotericins, amphotericin A and amphotericin B, are known, but only B is used clinically, because it is significantly ... Amphotericin A is almost identical to amphotericin B (having a C=C double bond between the 27th and 28th carbons), but has ... This is amphotericin B's primary effect as an antifungal agent. It has been found that the amphotericin B/ergosterol ... Amphotericin B deoxycholate (ABD) is administered intravenously. As the original formulation of amphotericin, it is often ...
Amphotericin B functions by binding to sterols in the cell membrane of fungi leading to change in membrane permeability ... Amphotericin B, a drug primarily used for treatment of patients with progressive and potentially life threatening fungal ... "Amphotericin B". Drugs.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017. (CS1: long volume value, CS1: Julian-Gregorian uncertainty, Articles ...
Such drugs include other aminoglycosides; the antiviral acyclovir; the antifungal amphotericin B; the antibiotics bacitracin, ...
nov., an amphotericin-producing actinomycete isolated from the head of an ant (Camponotus japonicus Mayr)". International ... Streptomyces amphotericinicus produces amphotericin. List of Streptomyces species Parte, A.C. "Streptomyces". LPSN. " ...
Amphotericin B is another option. Among individuals being treated in intensive care units, the mortality rate is about 30-50% ... A number of weeks of intravenous amphotericin B may be used as an alternative. In certain groups at very high risk, antifungal ... Oral or intravenous fluconazole, itraconazole, or amphotericin B may be used if these do not work. A number of topical ... treatment with amphotericin B may be necessary. Vaginal yeast infections are typically treated with topical antifungal agents. ...
Amphotericin B has been replaced by safer agents in most circumstances, but is still used, despite its side effects, for life- ... Amphotericin B, an antifungal drug, targets ergosterol. It binds physically to ergosterol within the membrane, thus creating a ... Ellis D (February 2002). "Amphotericin B: spectrum and resistance". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 49 Suppl 1: 7-10 ...
Another antimicrobial drug amphotericin B is also commonly used. Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) has been a drug of choice in ... Further, amphotericin B has severe adverse effects. Its acute effects includes nausea, vomiting, rigors, fever, hypertension or ... Laniado-Laborín, Rafael; Cabrales-Vargas, Maria Noemí (2009). "Amphotericin B: side effects and toxicity". Revista ...
Liposomal amphotericin B, a lipid formulation of amphotericin B, was developed in India. Pharmacological and preclinical tests ... Conventional amphotericin B was developed in the 1950s and for many decades it was the only antifungal agent available for the ... Liposomal Amphotericin-b was used as the primary treatment in the Mucormycosis epidemic of 2021 in India. During the COVID-19 ... The drug Liposomal Amphotericin-b, used to treat the Indian Mucormycosis epidemic of 2021 was developed and patented in India ...
May 2007). "Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high- ... "Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 347 (6 ... Other drugs used, such as amphotericin B, caspofungin (in combination therapy only), flucytosine (in combination therapy only ... The current medical treatments for aggressive invasive aspergillosis include voriconazole and liposomal amphotericin B in ...
Torrado, J. J.; Espada, R.; Ballesteros, M. P.; Torrado-Santiago, S. (2008). "Amphotericin B Formulations and Drug Targeting". ... antifungal therapy through administering Amphotericin B (AMB) proved ineffective. AMB is a common and leading antibiotic ...
Treatment with amphotericin B has been reported. Cattle can be affected by protothecal enteritis and mastitis. Protothecal ...
Treatment with amphotericin B has been reported. Scientists have been researching new ways to fight protozoan infections, ... Only FDA approved for visceral leishmaniasis is amphotericin B and oral miltefosine for cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis ...
Example(s): amphotericin B. This may be used to treat some fungal infections of the vaginal region. An example of a condition ... Amphotericin B is nephrotoxic when given intravenously. As a polyene's hydrophobic chain is shortened, its sterol binding ... An example of this is IV amphotericin B for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. The available classes of antifungal drugs are ... Baginski M, Czub J (June 2009). "Amphotericin B and its new derivatives - mode of action". Current Drug Metabolism. 10 (5): 459 ...
Treatment usually involves amphotericin B and surgery. Although B. ranarum is found around the world, the disease ... Treatment usually involves itraconazole or amphotericin B, combined with surgical debridement. Bowel involvement may be better ...
Amphotericin B, nystatin, and natamycin are examples of polyene antimycotics. They are a subgroup of macrolides. Their chemical ... Khan N, Rawlings B, Caffrey P (Jan 26, 2011). "A labile point in mutant amphotericin polyketide synthases". Biotechnol. Lett. ... "Amphotericin forms an extramembranous and fungicidal sterol sponge". Nature Chemical Biology. 10 (5): 400-406. doi:10.1038/ ...
Lipid formulations of amphotericin B are usually recommended instead of amphotericin B deoxycholate because of a better adverse ... Amphotericin B This antifungal medication is delivered intravenously. Many patients, however, cannot tolerate Amphotericin B ... Amphotericin B can be used for severe infection during pregnancy. For children with disseminated or severe disease, ... Newer triazoles Several studies have shown that posaconazole has in vitro activity similar to that of amphotericin B and ...
Antibiotics may be used to treat bacterial superinfections.[citation needed] Amphotericin B has also been used. Photodynamic ... treatment with a combination of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine". Br. J. Dermatol. 152 (3): 560-4. doi:10.1111/j.1365- ... "Extensive chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi successfully treated with a combination of amphotericin B and ...
Treatment includes amphotericin B, posaconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole. The majority of the cases of infection are ...
For CNS infections, amphotericin B is administered intrathecally. Currently, only four agents are licensed for intrathecal ...
Amphotericin B therapy was administered but symptoms persisted. Within two months of transplant, the patient experienced a ... There is concern about amphotericin B resistance in S. candida. The anamorph was first documented, unintentionally, by ... and amphotericin B to treat the fungal infection. Subsequent identification of S. candida as the cause of disease prompted ... and exhibited high resistance to amphotericin B in vitro. In 1989, the species responsible for the disseminated infection was ...
Its ability to potentiate the effects of the antifungal amphotericin B in culture were later found to be non-specific. European ... Richie DL, Ghannoum MA, Isham N, Thompson KV, Ryder NS (2012). "Nonspecific effect of Mycograb on amphotericin B MIC". ... in combination with amphotericin B. The European Medicines Agency has twice refused to grant marketing authorization for ...
Treatment usually includes amphotericin B. It can be fatal. The disseminated type is more prevalent in South Africa, ... Treatment is usually with amphotericin B. Emmonsiosis can be fatal. The disseminated type is more prevalent in South Africa, ...
Wasan, Kishor M.; Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel (July 22, 1998). "The Development of Liposomal Amphotericin B: An Historical ... August 2009). "Highly Effective Oral Amphotericin B Formulation against Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis". The Journal of ...
Amphotericin B deoxycholate is the most common treatment antifungal agent used to treat Candida infections. Topical antifungal ... Micafungin, compared to amphotericin B, it is more efficient. Anidulafungin results are similar to Caspofungin and Micafungin. ... For invasive disease, treatments include amphotericin B, echinocandins, or extended-spectrum triazole antifungals. In the ...
Chunn CJ, Starr PR, Gilbert DN (August 1977). "Neutrophil toxicity of amphotericin B". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. ...
McCurdy DK, Frederic M, Elkinton JR (1968). "Renal tubular acidosis due to amphotericin B". N. Engl. J. Med. 278 (3): 124-30. ... Toxins, including ifosfamide (more commonly causing pRTA than dRTA), lithium carbonate and amphotericin B. Chronic urinary ...
... species are susceptible to amphotericin B and flucytosine. Rhodotorula species can also cause infections in animals ...
Once mucormycosis is suspected, amphotericin B at an initial dose of 1 mg is initially given slowly over 10-15 minutes into a ... One treatment was a daily injection for eight weeks of anti-fungal intravenous injection of amphotericin B which was in short ... The injection could be standard amphotericin B deoxycholate or the liposomal form. The liposomal form cost more but it was ... Treatment is generally with amphotericin B and surgical debridement. Preventive measures include wearing a face mask in dusty ...
August 2002). "Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis". The New England Journal of ...
Amphotericin B may also be used to reduce fungal load. In the mouse study, both drugs decreased the amount of hyphae in ... Amphotericin B is the most potent antifungal drug available to treat mucormycosis. When given intravenously in the deoxycholate ... For this reason, it is often replaced with liposomal amphotericin B, a lipid-based formulation with fewer adverse side effects ... and anti-fungal therapy with drugs such as posaconazole and amphotericin B. Members of the order Mucorales generally infect ...
Two amphotericins, amphotericin A and amphotericin B, are known, but only B is used clinically, because it is significantly ... Amphotericin A is almost identical to amphotericin B (having a C=C double bond between the 27th and 28th carbons), but has ... This is amphotericin Bs primary effect as an antifungal agent. It has been found that the amphotericin B/ergosterol ... Amphotericin B deoxycholate (ABD) is administered intravenously. As the original formulation of amphotericin, it is often ...
Amphotericin B Liposomal Injection: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before receiving amphotericin B liposomal injection,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to amphotericin B, ... You may receive amphotericin B liposomal injection in a hospital or you may use the medication at home. If you will be using ... Amphotericin B liposomal injection may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go ...
She was admitted for surgical debridement and prescribed IV liposomal amphotericin B for aspergillus. Hours into the IV ... and it was discovered that she had been given conventional amphotericin B at the dose intended for the liposomal formulation, ... Two additional formulations of amphotericin B exist; amphotericin B lipid complex (Abelcet), and amphotericin B colloidal ... Although amphotericin B deoxycholate (Fungizone) and liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome) contain the same active compound, ...
Amphotericin B Deoxycholate is a prescription medication used to treat the symptoms of systemic fungal infections. ... Amphotericin B Deoxycholate is available under the following different brand names: Amphotericin B (conventional), AmBisome. ... Amphotericin B should be used with care in patients with reduced renal function; frequent monitoring of renal function is ... Amphotericin B Deoxycholate is a prescription medication used to treat the symptoms of Systemic Fungal Infections. ...
Hazard - P - B - T - Risk Cannot be excluded. Environmental information is missing on fass.se. It is voluntary for manufacturers to provide information about environmental impact on fass.se. ...
Amphotericin B Nephrotoxicity. Amphotericin B binds to sterols in cell membranes, thereby creating pores that compromise ... Drug-induced nephrotoxicity caused by amphotericin B lipid complex and liposomal amphotericin B: a review and meta-analysis. ... Goldman RD, Koren G. Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2004 Jul. 26(7):421-6. [QxMD MEDLINE ... Mistro S, Maciel Ide M, de Menezes RG, Maia ZP, Schooley RT, Badaró R. Does lipid emulsion reduce amphotericin B nephrotoxicity ...
Successful liposomal amphotericin B treatment of Leishmania braziliensis cutaneous leishmaniasis. Download Prime PubMed App to ... Liposomal amphotericin B treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica.. *Failure of Liposomal-amphotericin B ... AdultAmphotericin BAnimalsAntiprotozoal AgentsHumansLeg DermatosesLeishmania braziliensisLeishmaniasis, CutaneousLiposomesMale ... Liposomal amphotericin offers a well-tolerated alternative to pentavalent antimony or amphotericin B deoxycholate for the ...
Amphotericin B Amphotericin B Possible Amphotericin B side effects in 43 year old male. Reported by a health professional (non- ... Amphotericin B Indication: Fusarium Infection Possible Amphotericin B side effects in 71 year old male. Reported by a health ... Amphotericin B Indication: Aspergillosis Possible Amphotericin B side effects in 43 year old male. Reported by a health ... Amphotericin B Indication: Aspergillosis Possible Amphotericin B side effects in 43 year old male. Reported by a health ...
Amphotericin B Liposomal Injection 50 mg, 100 mg/20 mL Amphotericin B Liposomal Injection 50 mg, 100 mg/20 mL. For treating ...
Save time and money by purchasing a 2 or 3 month supply of Amphotericin B Capsules at Lee Silsby today! Claim your deal now at ... Similar savings are available for all other strengths of Amphotericin B capsules, oral liquid, and suppositories. ... Save time and money by purchasing a 2 or 3 month supply of Amphotericin B Capsules. ...
... called amphotericin, could help cystic fibrosis patients fight chronic lung infections. ... Amphotericin can form channels to release bicarbonate in lung tissue, restoring the airway surface liquids antibiotic ... The latest study showed that amphotericin could act as the protein channel that is defective in cystic fibrosis. The ... Currently, the research team is planning to perform clinical trials for assessing the effectiveness of amphotericin delivered ...
Keywords: drug delivery, anti-infection, nanocarrier, C. albicans, amphotericin B ... Amphotericin B (AMB) is a polyene antibiotic with broad spectrum antifungal activity, but its clinical toxicities and poor ... Enhanced antifungal effects of amphotericin B-TPGS-b-(PCL-ran-PGA) nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo Xiaolong Tang,1,2,* He ... Enhanced antifungal effects of amphotericin B-TPGS-b-(PCL-ran-PGA) nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. ...
Visceral leishmaniasis is treated with liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB), which is associated with nephrotoxicity. Thus, we ... Visceral leishmaniasis is treated with liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB), which is associated with nephrotoxicity. Thus, we ... Early Tubuloglomerular Injury and Renal Inflammation in Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis Receiving Liposomal Amphotericin B ...
... amphotericin B liposomal), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & ... amphotericin B liposome intravenous AMPHOTERICIN/LIPID COMPLEX - INJECTION (AM-foe-TER-i-sin/LIP-id) COMMON BRAND NAME(S): ... encoded search term (amphotericin B liposomal (AmBisome)) and amphotericin B liposomal (AmBisome) What to Read Next on Medscape ... The CDC recommends considering a switch to liposomal amphotericin B if unresponsive to amphotericin B deoxycholate ...
Serrano, Dolores R. and Lalatsa, Aikaterini (2017) Oral amphotericin B : the journey from bench to market. Journal of Drug ... Text. Filename: Serrano_Lalatsa_JDDST_2017_Oral_amphotericin_B_the_journey_from_bench.pdf Accepted Author Manuscript License: ... Since the 1950s, amphotericin B (AmB) has been used in the clinical practice to treat systemic fungal infections and ... ambisome, amphotericin B, chitosan nanoparticles, cochleates, oral delivery, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), ...
Attenuation of amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in the dog by the fenoldopam prodrug, SK&F R-105058.. D P Brooks, M P Mitchell, B ... Attenuation of amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in the dog by the fenoldopam prodrug, SK&F R-105058.. D P Brooks, M P Mitchell, B ... Attenuation of amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in the dog by the fenoldopam prodrug, SK&F R-105058.. D P Brooks, M P Mitchell, B ... Attenuation of amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in the dog by the fenoldopam prodrug, SK&F R-105058. ...
TSX-V: ICO) is pleased to announce that the Companys oral Amphotericin B program, ... iCo-009 is an oral formulation of Amphotericin B. iCo-009 was the subject of the first ever publication of an oral Amphotericin ... Amphotericin B is a highly potent agent with anti-fungal and anti-parasitic activity. Currently, only intravenous formulations ... TSX-V: ICO) is pleased to announce that the Companys oral Amphotericin B program, "iCo-009", has been granted Orphan Drug ...
S. Van Herck et al., "Transiently thermoresponsive acetal polymers for safe and effective administration of Amphotericin B as a ... Transiently thermoresponsive acetal polymers for safe and effective administration of Amphotericin B as a vaccine adjuvant. ... "Transiently Thermoresponsive Acetal Polymers for Safe and Effective Administration of Amphotericin B as a Vaccine Adjuvant." ... "Transiently Thermoresponsive Acetal Polymers for Safe and Effective Administration of Amphotericin B as a Vaccine Adjuvant." ...
Dive into the research topics of Surface response modeling to examine the combination of amphotericin B deoxycholate and 5- ... T1 - Surface response modeling to examine the combination of amphotericin B deoxycholate and 5-fluorocytosine for treatment of ... keywords = "Amphotericin B/*administration & dosage, Animals, Antifungal Agents/*administration & dosage, Candidiasis/*drug ... Surface response modeling to examine the combination of amphotericin B deoxycholate and 5-fluorocytosine for treatment of ...
Dive into the research topics of In vitro in vivo relations for the parenteral liposomal formulation of Amphotericin B: A ... In vitro in vivo relations for the parenteral liposomal formulation of Amphotericin B: A biorelevant and clinically relevant ... In vitro in vivo relations for the parenteral liposomal formulation of Amphotericin B: A biorelevant and clinically relevant ... In vitro in vivo relations for the parenteral liposomal formulation of Amphotericin B: A biorelevant and clinically relevant ...
Amphotericin B liposomal answers are found in the Johns Hopkins ABX Guide powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, ... "Amphotericin B Liposomal." Johns Hopkins ABX Guide, The Johns Hopkins University, 2017. Johns Hopkins Guides, www.hopkinsguides ... Amphotericin B Liposomal [Internet]. In: Johns Hopkins ABX Guide. The Johns Hopkins University; 2017. [cited 2023 December 06 ... TY - ELEC T1 - Amphotericin B liposomal ID - 540022 A1 - Dzintars,Kathryn,Pharm.D., BCPS AU - Pham,Paul,Pharm.D. Y1 - 2017/02/ ...
function: antifungal; certificate: DMF available,CFDA
Response to low-dose amphotericin B.. J F Dolezal. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1981 May ...
But it turns out that unlike the other options mentioned above, amphotericin actually is a potential prion therapeutic that has ... House directed the others to "put him on amphotericin," just like that, as though everyone knew thats how you treat prion ... Before you get too excited about amphotericin, evidently House has also previously prescribed surgery, radiation and ...
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Amphotericin B 两性霉素B ...
About Amphotericin B. Figure 1: Structure of Amphotericin B. Image used by permission from J. Med. Chem. (2016), 59, 1197-1206 ... Amphotericin B (Figure 1) is the "gold standard" treatment for systemic fungal infections and diseases caused by the parasite ... Amphotericin B has several well-known difficulties. ... Amphotericin B+dPEG®: Water-Soluble, Less Toxic, Potent. *. * ...
In vitro activity (MIC and MFC) of voriconazole, amphotericin B, and itraconazole against 192 filamentous fungi : the GISIA-2 ... In vitro activity (MIC and MFC) of voriconazole, amphotericin B, and itraconazole against 192 filamentous fungi : the GISIA-2 ... We evaluated the in vitro activity of voriconazole, amphotericin B, and itraconazole against 192 clinical mould isolates ... Voriconazoles activity against the 192 mould isolates was comparable to that of amphotericin B and itraconazole: voriconazole ...
Liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) is widely used in the treatment of invasive fungal disease (IFD) in adults and children. There ... Humans, Amphotericin B, Antifungal Agents, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Area Under Curve, Immunocompromised Host, ... ORCID: 0000-0001-6187-878X (2016) Population Pharmacokinetics of Liposomal Amphotericin B in Immunocompromised Children. ...
  • AmBisome (LAMB) is a liposomal formulation of amphotericin B for injection and consists of a mixture of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol that in aqueous media spontaneously arrange into unilamellar vesicles that contain amphotericin B. It was developed by NeXstar Pharmaceuticals (acquired by Gilead Sciences in 1999). (wikipedia.org)
  • Per ID consultation, the patient was switched from posaconazole to intravenous (IV) liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome) for presumed posaconazole treatment failure. (ahrq.gov)
  • He wrote for "amphotericin B" in his note, while the attending ID note specified "Ambisome" at 5 mg/kg. (ahrq.gov)
  • Amphotericin B Deoxycholate is available under the following different brand names: Amphotericin B (conventional), AmBisome . (rxlist.com)
  • Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) was given to our patient as an inpatient for seven daily doses of 3 mg kg(-1) day(-1) and then as an outpatient at 3 mg kg(-1) twice weekly for a further three weeks, a total of 40 mg kg(-1). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In this study, the effect of hydrodynamics (using sample and separate and continuous flow conditions) and medium components (synthetic surfactants, albumin and buffers) on the release of Amphotericin B from the liposomal Ambisome® formulation were investigated. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Liposomal amphotericin B (and possibly specifically AmBisome) is probably superior to conventional amphotericin B based on a randomised study published in 2002 . (fungaleducation.org)
  • Amphotericin B deoxycholate (ABD) is administered intravenously. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are more expensive than amphotericin B deoxycholate. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1,2 ) Infusion-related adverse events, including fever, chills, and rigors, occur in 30%-72% of patients treated with amphotericin B deoxycholate (Fungizone). (ahrq.gov)
  • What Is Amphotericin B Deoxycholate and How Does It Work? (rxlist.com)
  • Amphotericin B Deoxycholate is a prescription medication used to treat the symptoms of Systemic Fungal Infections. (rxlist.com)
  • What Are Side Effects Associated with Using Amphotericin B Deoxycholate? (rxlist.com)
  • What Are Dosages of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate? (rxlist.com)
  • What Other Drugs Interact with Amphotericin B Deoxycholate? (rxlist.com)
  • Amphotericin B Deoxycholate has serious interactions with at least 23 other drugs. (rxlist.com)
  • Amphotericin B Deoxycholate has moderate interactions with at least 31 other drugs. (rxlist.com)
  • What Are Warnings and Precautions for Amphotericin B Deoxycholate? (rxlist.com)
  • Liposomal amphotericin offers a well-tolerated alternative to pentavalent antimony or amphotericin B deoxycholate for the systemic treatment of New World CL. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Using a well-validated pharmacodynamic murine model of invasive candidiasis, we defined the effect of the combination of amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB) and 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) by use of the Greco model of drug interaction. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Am B isome is contraindicated in those patients who have demonstrated or have a known hypersensitivity to amphotericin B deoxycholate or any other constituents of the product, unless benefit of therapy outweighs the risk. (ambisome.com)
  • Safety and efficacy of amphotericin-B deoxycholate inhalation in critically ill patients with respiratory Candida spp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most intensivists start amphotericin-B deoxycholate (ABDC) inhalation therapy to eradicate Candida spp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Amphotericin B liposomal injection is used to treat fungal infections such as cryptococcal meningitis (a fungal infection of the lining of the spinal cord and brain) and visceral leishmaniasis (a parasitic disease that usually affects spleen, liver, and bone marrow) in certain people. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Amphotericin B liposomal injection is in a class of medications called antifungals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Amphotericin B liposomal injection comes as a suspension (liquid) to be injected intravenously (into a vein). (medlineplus.gov)
  • You may experience a reaction while you receive a dose of amphotericin B liposomal complex injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You may receive amphotericin B liposomal injection in a hospital or you may use the medication at home. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you will be using amphotericin B liposomal injection at home, your healthcare provider will show you how to infuse the medication. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ask your healthcare provider what to do if you have any problems infusing amphotericin B liposomal injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If your symptoms do not improve or get worse while receiving amphotericin B liposomal injection, tell your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you still have symptoms of infection after you finish amphotericin B liposomal injection, tell your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to amphotericin B, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in amphotericin B liposomal injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you become pregnant while receiving amphotericin B liposomal injection, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Do not breast-feed while receiving amphotericin B liposomal injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • if you are having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are receiving amphotericin B liposomal injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because of the sudden rise in the black fungus cases among recovered Covid patients, the much tried and tested antifungal injection Amphotericin B is in great demand now. (hubliexpress.com)
  • The second wave of COVID there was a huge demand for remdesivir injections as well as for antifungal medicine 'amphotericin B' injection required for treatment of mucormycosis. (indiatimes.com)
  • Lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B are no more effective than conventional formulations, although there is some evidence that lipid-based formulations may be better tolerated by patients and may have fewer adverse effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • First, the resident on the consulting ID team, unfamiliar with the different formulations of amphotericin B, did not distinguish between the two preparations in his progress note. (ahrq.gov)
  • We evaluated the in vitro activity of voriconazole, amphotericin B, and itraconazole against 192 clinical mould isolates recovered in twenty Italian microbiology laboratories. (unimi.it)
  • Voriconazole's activity against the 192 mould isolates was comparable to that of amphotericin B and itraconazole: voriconazole MIC90 (CLSI 1 µg/ml, Sensititre 1 µg/ml), itraconazole MIC90 (CLSI 0.5 µg/ml, Sensititre 0.5 µg/ml), amphotericin B MIC90 (CLSI 1 µg/ml, Sensititre 1 µg/ml). (unimi.it)
  • In vitro activity (MIC and MFC) of voriconazole, amphotericin B, and itraconazole against 192 filamentous fungi : the GISIA-2 study / G. Morace, M. Drago, M.M. Scaltrito, S. Conti, F. Fanti, L. Polonelli, T. GISIA Participants Group. (unimi.it)
  • Researchers in Brazil , led by Alessandro Pasqualotto, have shown that a 10mg/Kg single dose of liposomal amphotericin B , followed by itraconazole is at least as effective as daily liposomal amphotericin B. (fungaleducation.org)
  • In order to improve the tolerability of amphotericin and reduce toxicity, several lipid formulations have been developed. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the original formulation of amphotericin, it is often referred to as "conventional" amphotericin. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, recently novel nanoparticulate drug delivery systems such as AmbiOnp, nanosuspensions, lipid-based drug delivery systems including cochleates, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, solid lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles-such as Amphotericin B in pegylated polylactide coglycolide copolymer nanoparticles-have demonstrated potential for oral formulation of amphotericin B. Amphotericin B is well known for its severe and potentially lethal side effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Second, the electronic prescribing system lacked an alert for the conventional amphotericin formulation that would have notified the prescribing physician that the dose was out of the recommended range. (ahrq.gov)
  • iCo-009 is an oral formulation of Amphotericin B. iCo-009 was the subject of the first ever publication of an oral Amphotericin B eradicating the parasite responsible for VL (The Journal of Infectious Diseases Aug 2009 Volume 200(3): 357-360). (icotherapeutics.com)
  • and iCo-009, an oral formulation of Amphotericin B for sight and life-threatening diseases. (icotherapeutics.com)
  • 2017. https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540022/8/Amphotericin_B_liposomal. (hopkinsguides.com)
  • Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used for serious fungal infections and leishmaniasis. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the main uses of amphotericin B is treating a wide range of systemic fungal infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also used to treat certain fungal infections in people who cannot receive conventional amphotericin B therapy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Since the 1950s, amphotericin B (AmB) has been used in the clinical practice to treat systemic fungal infections and leishmaniasis, a neglected parasitic disease that can be fatal if left untreated. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Amphotericin B is a highly potent agent with anti-fungal and anti-parasitic activity. (icotherapeutics.com)
  • Amphotericin B (Figure 1) is the "gold standard" treatment for systemic fungal infections and diseases caused by the parasite Leishmania . (quantabiodesign.com)
  • Liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) is widely used in the treatment of invasive fungal disease (IFD) in adults and children. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Amphotericin B is used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections. (rxwiki.com)
  • The Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council of India ( Pharmexcil ) has urged the Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry to lift restriction on export of remdesivir and amphotericin-B injections, considering current circumstances of reduction in local caseload of COVID 19 and associated mucormycosis (black fungal infection)cases. (indiatimes.com)
  • Amphotericin B (AmB) is a naturally occurring antibiotic with a broad spectrum against systemic fungal and parasitic infections. (lu.se)
  • The next morning, it was discovered that she had been given conventional amphotericin B (Fungizone) at the intended 5 mg/kg liposomal amphotericin B dose. (ahrq.gov)
  • When treating aspergillosis, conventional amphotericin is dosed at a maximum of 1-1.5 mg/kg. (ahrq.gov)
  • The primary service (thoracic surgery) inadvertently prescribed conventional amphotericin B (Fungizone) at the ID consult-recommended dose of 5 mg/kg. (ahrq.gov)
  • 1 ) Nephrotoxicity is also common, occurring in up to 53% in patients during amphotericin treatment of Aspergillus infections. (ahrq.gov)
  • Lipid-based preparations of amphotericin B decrease but do not eliminate the nephrotoxicity compared with traditional amphotericin B. (medscape.com)
  • Attenuation of amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in the dog by the fenoldopam prodrug, SK&F R-105058. (aspetjournals.org)
  • This paper investigates the ability of biomachined lab-on-A-chip (LoC) to perform drug testing of Amphotericin B to the Candida albicans. (ui.ac.id)
  • Amphotericin B (AMB) is a polyene antibiotic with broad spectrum antifungal activity, but its clinical toxicities and poor solubility limit the wide application of AMB in clinical practice. (dovepress.com)
  • To ensure the availability of these medicines to the needy patients during the second wave of COVID in the country, DGFT had put in place export restrictions for remdesivir and amphotericin B injections vide notifications dated June 14, 2021 and June 1, 2021 respectively. (indiatimes.com)
  • Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers Shri D.V Sadananda Gowda announced that the additional 19,420 vials of Amphotericin- B have been allocated to all States/UTs and Central Institutions on 24th May, 2021. (bestcurrentaffairs.com)
  • Third, the pharmacist filling the prescription was also unfamiliar with the different amphotericin formulations and did not recognize the toxic dose, either while compounding the medication or sending it to the floor. (ahrq.gov)
  • Pricing is displayed for AMPHOTERICIN B , a generic medication. (americaspharmacy.com)
  • Conclusions: We concluded that application of Amphotericin B as an adjunctive medication to other common treatments, does not seemto be an efficientmethod for improvement of CRS symptoms. (razavihospital.ir)
  • India's Chemicals and Fertilizers Minister D.V Sadananda Gowda announced that after a detailed review of rising number of cases of Mucormycosis in various states, a total of 23680 additional vials of Amphotericin- B have been allocated to all States and Union Territories (UTs) today. (nationalhealthmirror.com)
  • After a detailed review of rising no. of cases of #Mucormycosis in various states, a total of 23680 additional vials of #Amphotericin - B have been allocated to all States/UTs today. (nationalhealthmirror.com)
  • Additional 19,420 vials of #Amphotericin - B have been allocated to all States/UTs and Central Institutions today. (bestcurrentaffairs.com)
  • Besides this, 23680 vials of Amphotericin- B were allocated across country on 21st May. (bestcurrentaffairs.com)
  • The amphipathic nature of amphotericin along with its low solubility and permeability has posed major hurdles for oral administration given its low bioavailability. (wikipedia.org)
  • The source added the accused were used to sell the drug at an exorbitant price, each vial of Amphotericin B costs Rs 7,000 but they were selling it at Rs 20,000. (hubliexpress.com)
  • Serious side effects have been reported with amphotericin B. See the "Amphotericin B Precautions" section. (rxwiki.com)
  • This is not a complete list of amphotericin B drug interactions. (rxwiki.com)
  • She was discharged home with a PICC line for prolonged IV caspofungin therapy (a suboptimal antifungal agent for treating aspergillosis), due to her fear of receiving more amphotericin. (ahrq.gov)
  • High, single dose liposomal amphotericin B is effective for visceral leishmaniasis and cryptococcal meningitis (the latter if combined with flucytosine and fluconazole). (fungaleducation.org)
  • New research from the University of Illinois and the University of Iowa has showed that a common antifungal drug, called amphotericin, could help cystic fibrosis patients fight chronic lung infections. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • Currently, the research team is planning to perform clinical trials for assessing the effectiveness of amphotericin delivered to the lungs in cystic fibrosis patients. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • Hubballi: After Remdesvir, the miscreants have started black-marketing the much needed antifungal drug Amphotericin B which is needed to treat black fungus-infected patients. (hubliexpress.com)
  • The removal of restriction on remdesivir and amphotericin-B exports not only benefits the patients across the globe, it would also facilitate the industry to reach the overall export target of US$ 400 billion set by the Prime Minister and a target of US$ 29 billion set for the pharma sector, it said. (indiatimes.com)
  • this study aimed to determine the effect of topical Amphotericin B on improvement of the symptoms in patients with CRS. (razavihospital.ir)
  • In the case of relapse, patients need to be treated with a far more toxic second-line medicine, such as amphotericin B (US$ 60) or pentamidine (US$ 70). (who.int)
  • Des analyses régulières de la résistance aux antifongiques dans les centres médicaux sont fortement recommandées, car les résultats permettront une prise en charge plus efficace de la candidose systémique chez les patients immunodéprimés. (who.int)
  • Amphotericin B is recommended as patients with confirmed cutaneous leishmaf secondfline treatment.The most dangerous niasis ( Leishmania sore in arm, forearm or sidefeffect of amphotericin B is kidney leg) were selected: 3 patients had 1 lesion damage [ 4-6 ]. (who.int)
  • Anaphylaxis has been reported with amphotericin B-containing drugs, including Am B isome. (ambisome.com)
  • Amphotericin B (AraB) and fluconazole (FLU) are the major antifungal drugs used in the treatment of cryptococcosis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Amphotericin B belongs to a group of drugs called systemic antifungals. (rxwiki.com)
  • It consists of amphotericin B and two lipids in a 1:1 ratio that form large ribbon-like structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amphotericin can bind to ergosterol to depolarize the membrane and alter cell membrane permeability, so important intracellular components will leak from cells to cause bacterial cell death. (octagonchem.com)
  • Response to low-dose amphotericin B. (qxmd.com)
  • This is because amphotericin B resistance requires sacrifices on the part of the pathogen that make it susceptible to the host environment, and too weak to cause infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • The use of amphotericin B should be monitored closely by your healthcare provider. (rxwiki.com)
  • Apparently a patient came in with prion disease and Dr. House directed the others to "put him on amphotericin," just like that, as though everyone knew that's how you treat prion disease. (cureffi.org)
  • Here, we establish that the antimycotic heptaen, amphotericin B (AmphoB), prevents IFITM3-mediated restriction of IAV, thereby increasing viral replication. (ethz.ch)
  • VANCOUVER, Canada- iCo Therapeutics Inc. (TSX-V: ICO) is pleased to announce that the Company's oral Amphotericin B program, "iCo-009", has been granted Orphan Drug status for the treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (icotherapeutics.com)
  • Whereas many small molecule TLR agonists cope with a problematic safety profile, amphotericin B (AmpB), a Food and Drug Administration approved antifungal drug, has recently been discovered to possess TLR-triggering activity. (ugent.be)
  • Albumin was found to be most critical factor for the release of the drug by having a negative effect on the amount of Amphotericin B released. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Below are a few examples of reports where side effects / adverse reactions may be related to Amphotericin B. For a complete list or a specific selection of reports, please use the links above. (druglib.com)
  • Direct examina- was switched to amphotericin B (1 mg/kg/d) after 3 weeks tion of a skin biopsy specimen showed large, lemon-shaped because local symptoms persisted. (cdc.gov)
  • Similar savings are available for all other strengths of Amphotericin B capsules, oral liquid, and suppositories. (leesilsby.com)
  • In animal models, oral administration of iCo-009 has been shown to result in blood levels that are comparable to a known IV Amphotericin B product currently on the market. (icotherapeutics.com)
  • the first group received 10 cc topical lavage of Amphotericin B (5 cc each nostril for every 12 hours) and the second group received placebo for threemonths. (razavihospital.ir)