Ammonia
Nitrosomonas
Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia)
Nitrogen
Hyperammonemia
Urea
Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase
Glutamine
Ammonium Chloride
Nitrogen Radioisotopes
Nitrification
Glutaminase
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Manure
Nitrosomonas europaea
Glutamate Dehydrogenase
Rumen
Amino Acids
Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase
Gills
Glutamate Synthase
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Acetylene
Glutamates
Methionine Sulfoximine
Archaea
Urease
Fatty Acids, Volatile
Acidosis
Nitrogen Isotopes
Methylamines
Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn
Oxidation-Reduction
Air
Oxidoreductases
Aminohydrolases
Bacteria
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Persea
The chemical ecology of Biomphalaria glabrata: the effects of ammonia on the growth rate of juvenile snails. (1/3091)
When juvenile specimens of Biomphalaria glabrata were subjected to concentrations of ammonia ranging from 1-100 mug/ml in various media the following effects were observed: the addition of ammonia to borate buffered media caused mortality. Both borate and tris-buffered media caused a decrease in the growth rate of snails when compared with controls in SSW. The growth rates of the snails could be enhanced by increasing the concentration of ammonia to critical thresholds, but further increases beyond these thresholds resulted in growth inhibition. The toxicity of ammonia in ambient water was augmented by an an increase in pH. The possible causation and ecological significance of these effects are discussed. There are indications that the snails are physiologically well-adapted to utilize ammonia when required and also to control its excretion and uptake from the medium. (+info)Carbon 13 NMR study of nonenzymatic reactions of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with selected amino acids and of related reactions. (2/3091)
Carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to monitor the nonenzymatic reactions of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with glycine, alanine, valine, serine, and with several other model compounds. Isotopically enriched amino acids were employed so that low concentrations could be utilized while still allowing relatively rapid acquisition of spectral data. The results for alanine and serine are particularly noteworthy in that alanine is deaminated to pyruvate and pyruvate is aminated to alanine, but contrary to the enzymatic reactions of various serine dehydratases wherein serine is converted to pyruvate, the nonenzymatic reaction utilizing serine results in hydroxypruvate rather than pyruvate formation. In the reverse reaction, hydroxypyruvate is aminated to serine but very inefficiently relative to the amination of pyruvate to alanine. The experimental results have been formulated into a proposed reaction mechanism for deamination of amino acids by pyridoxal-P. (+info)RFLP of rRNA genes and sequencing of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: a phylogenetic approach. (3/3091)
It has been established that 16S rRNA gene-based phylogeny gives a low resolution between members of the chemoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) belonging to the beta-subclass of the Proteobacteria. In this study, 12 isolates of AOB were ribotyped, and the sequences of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) were determined and used in a phylogenetic study. 16S and 23S rDNA ribotyping revealed that the AOB studied contain only one rrn operon per genome, in contrast to most bacteria, which have 5-10 copies of the rRNA genes per genome. It is likely that the presence of only one set of rRNA genes is related to the slow growth of the AOB. The 16S and 23S rRNA genes of the AOB were shown to be arranged in the classical way: a 16S rRNA gene, an ISR and a 23S rRNA gene. Despite the close phylogenetic relationship among the AOB, the relative location of the rRNA genes in the genome appears to vary considerably. The size of the ISR was approximately 400 bp in the Nitrosomonas isolates and 645-694 bp in the Nitrosospira isolates, suggesting a species-specific size difference in the ISR. The ISR contained two potential tRNA genes in the 5' end in all isolates studied. The similarity values between the ISR sequences of the AOB are low (42.9-96.2%) compared with the 16S rDNA sequence similarity values, and therefore the ISR sequences are valuable as a complementary phylogenetic tool in combination with 16S rRNA gene sequences. The phylogenetic analysis of the AOB based on ISR sequences confirms the 16S rRNA gene-based phylogeny but has the benefit of giving a higher resolution. (+info)Contributory and exacerbating roles of gaseous ammonia and organic dust in the etiology of atrophic rhinitis. (4/3091)
Pigs reared commercially indoors are exposed to air heavily contaminated with particulate and gaseous pollutants. Epidemiological surveys have shown an association between the levels of these pollutants and the severity of lesions associated with the upper respiratory tract disease of swine atrophic rhinitis. This study investigated the role of aerial pollutants in the etiology of atrophic rhinitis induced by Pasteurella multocida. Forty, 1-week-old Large White piglets were weaned and divided into eight groups designated A to H. The groups were housed in Rochester exposure chambers and continuously exposed to the following pollutants: ovalbumin (groups A and B), ammonia (groups C and D), ovalbumin plus ammonia (groups E and F), and unpolluted air (groups G and H). The concentrations of pollutants used were 20 mg m-3 total mass and 5 mg m-3 respirable mass for ovalbumin dust and 50 ppm for ammonia. One week after exposure commenced, the pigs in groups A, C, E, and G were infected with P. multocida type D by intranasal inoculation. After 4 weeks of exposure to pollutants, the pigs were killed and the extent of turbinate atrophy was assessed with a morphometric index (MI). Control pigs kept in clean air and not inoculated with P. multocida (group H) had normal turbinate morphology with a mean MI of 41.12% (standard deviation [SD], +/- 1. 59%). In contrast, exposure to pollutants in the absence of P. multocida (groups B, D, and F) induced mild turbinate atrophy with mean MIs of 49.65% (SD, +/-1.96%), 51.04% (SD, +/-2.06%), and 49.88% (SD, +/-3.51%), respectively. A similar level of atrophy was also evoked by inoculation with P. multocida in the absence of pollutants (group G), giving a mean MI of 50.77% (SD, +/-2.07%). However, when P. multocida inoculation was combined with pollutant exposure (groups A, C, and E) moderate to severe turbinate atrophy occurred with mean MIs of 64.93% (SD, +/-4.64%), 59.18% (SD, +/-2.79%), and 73.30% (SD, +/-3.19%), respectively. The severity of atrophy was greatest in pigs exposed simultaneously to dust and ammonia. At the end of the exposure period, higher numbers of P. multocida bacteria were isolated from the tonsils than from the nasal membrane, per gram of tissue. The severity of turbinate atrophy in inoculated pigs was proportional to the number of P. multocida bacteria isolated from tonsils (r2 = 0.909, P < 0.05) and nasal membrane (r2 = 0.628, P < 0.05). These findings indicate that aerial pollutants contribute to the severity of lesions associated with atrophic rhinitis by facilitating colonization of the pig's upper respiratory tract by P. multocida and also by directly evoking mild atrophy. (+info)Helicobacter pylori infection potentiates the inhibition of gastric acid secretion by omeprazole. (5/3091)
BACKGROUND: Omeprazole has a greater intragastric pH elevating effect in Helicobacter pylori positive than negative subjects. Ammonia production by H pylori has been suggested as a probable mechanism. AIMS: To assess the effect of H pylori status on gastric acid secretion during omeprazole treatment, and to examine the possible role of ammonia neutralisation of intragastric acid in increased omeprazole efficacy in infected subjects. METHODS: Twenty H pylori positive and 12 H pylori negative healthy volunteers were examined before and six to eight weeks after commencing omeprazole 40 mg/day. On both occasions plasma gastrin and acid output were measured basally and in response to increasing doses of gastrin 17 (G-17). Gastric juice ammonium concentrations were also measured. RESULTS: Prior to omeprazole, measurements were similar in the H pylori positive and negative subjects. During omeprazole, median basal intragastric pH was higher in the H pylori positive (7.95) versus negative (3.75) subjects (p<0.002). During omeprazole basal, submaximal (180 pmol/kg/h G-17), and maximal acid outputs (800 pmol/kg/h G-17) were lower in H pylori positive subjects (0.0, 3.6, 6.0 mmol/h respectively) versus negative subjects (0.3, 14.2, 18.6 mmol/h) (p<0.03 for each). This effect was not explained by neutralisation by ammonia. CONCLUSION: The presence of H pylori infection leads to a more profound suppression of acid secretion during omeprazole treatment. The effect cannot be explained by neutralisation of intragastric acid by bacterial ammonia production and its precise mechanism has to be explained. (+info)Reciprocal ST-segment depression associated with exercise-induced ST-segment elevation indicates residual viability after myocardial infarction. (6/3091)
OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the clinical significance of reciprocal ST-segment depression associated with exercise-induced ST-segment elevation for detecting residual viability within the infarcted area. BACKGROUND: Although the relation between residual viability and exercise-induced ST-segment elevation has been described, there are no reports focusing on the relation between myocardial viability and reciprocal ST-segment depression associated with exercise-induced ST-segment elevation. METHODS: We evaluated regional blood flow and glucose utilization using N-13 ammonia (NH3) and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in 30 patients with a previous Q-wave myocardial infarction (anterior in 15, inferior in 15). All subjects had single-vessel disease and had exercise-induced ST-segment elevations (> or =1 mm) in electrocardiographic leads. RESULTS: Reciprocal ST-segment depression (> or =1 mm) was present in 16 patients (Group A; anterior in 6, inferior in 10) but not in the remaining 14 patients (Group B). The degree of exercise-induced ST-segment elevation (1.8+/-0.2 vs. 2.0+/-0.2 mm) and the time from the onset of infarction to the study (75+/-49 vs. 74+/-52 days) did not differ between groups. There were no significant differences between groups in the severity of left ventricular dysfunction and the residual luminal narrowing in the infarct-related artery (45+/-21 vs. 48+/-25%). The presence and site of infarction were confirmed by NH3-PET in all patients. FDG-PET demonstrated residual tissue viability within infarct-related area in all patients in Group A and in 3 (21%) of 14 patients in Group B (p < 0.01). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of reciprocal ST-segment depression associated with exercise-induced ST-segment elevation for detecting residual viability were 84%, 100% and 90%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of reciprocal ST-segment depression associated with exercise-induced ST segment elevation in patients with a previous Q-wave infarction who had single-vessel disease indicates residual tissue viability within the infarct-related area. (+info)13N-ammonia myocardial blood flow and uptake: relation to functional outcome of asynergic regions after revascularization. (7/3091)
OBJECTIVES: In this study we determined whether 13N-ammonia uptake measured late after injection provides additional insight into myocardial viability beyond its value as a myocardial blood flow tracer. BACKGROUND: Myocardial accumulation of 13N-ammonia is dependent on both regional blood flow and metabolic trapping. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with chronic coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction underwent prerevascularization 13N-ammonia and 18F-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography, and thallium single-photon emission computed tomography. Pre- and postrevascularization wall-motion abnormalities were assessed using gated cardiac magnetic resonance imaging or gated radionuclide angiography. RESULTS: Wall motion improved in 61 of 107 (57%) initially asynergic regions and remained abnormal in 46 after revascularization. Mean absolute myocardial blood flow was significantly higher in regions that improved compared to regions that did not improve after revascularization (0.63+/-0.27 vs. 0.52+/-0.25 ml/min/g, p < 0.04). Similarly, the magnitude of late 13N-ammonia uptake and FDG uptake was significantly higher in regions that improved (90+/-20% and 94+/-25%, respectively) compared to regions that did not improve after revascularization (67+/-24% and 71+/-25%, p < 0.001 for both, respectively). However, late 13N-ammonia uptake was a significantly better predictor of functional improvement after revascularization (area under the receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve = 0.79) when compared to absolute blood flow (area under the ROC curve = 0.63, p < 0.05). In addition, there was a linear relationship between late 13N-ammonia uptake and FDG uptake (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) as well as thallium uptake (r = 0.76, p < 0.001) in all asynergic regions. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that beyond its value as a perfusion tracer, late 13N-ammonia uptake provides useful information regarding functional recovery after revascularization. The parallel relationship among 13N-ammonia, FDG, and thallium uptake supports the concept that uptake of 13N-ammonia as measured from the late images may provide important insight regarding cell membrane integrity and myocardial viability. (+info)The rostral ventrolateral medulla mediates the sympathoactivation produced by chemical stimulation of the rat nasal mucosa. (8/3091)
1. We sought to outline the brainstem circuit responsible for the increase in sympathetic tone caused by chemical stimulation of the nasal passages with ammonia vapour. Experiments were performed in alpha-chloralose-anaesthetized, paralysed and artificially ventilated rats. 2. Stimulation of the nasal mucosa increased splanchnic sympathetic nerve discharge (SND), elevated arterial blood pressure (ABP), raised heart rate slightly and inhibited phrenic nerve discharge. 3. Bilateral injections of the broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist kynurenate (Kyn) into the rostral part of the ventrolateral medulla (RVLM; rostral C1 area) greatly reduced the effects of nasal mucosa stimulation on SND (-80 %). These injections had no effect on resting ABP, resting SND or the sympathetic baroreflex. 4. Bilateral injections of Kyn into the ventrolateral medulla at the level of the obex (caudal C1 area) or into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) greatly attenuated the baroreflex and significantly increased the baseline levels of both SND and ABP. However they did not reduce the effect of nasal mucosa stimulation on SND. 5. Single-unit recordings were made from 39 putative sympathoexcitatory neurons within the rostral C1 area. Most neurons (24 of 39) were activated by nasal mucosa stimulation (+65.8 % rise in discharge rate). Responding neurons had a wide range of conduction velocities and included slow-conducting neurons identified previously as C1 cells. The remaining putative sympathoexcitatory neurons were either unaffected (n = 8 neurons) or inhibited (n = 7) during nasal stimulation. We also recorded from ten respiratory-related neurons, all of which were silenced by nasal stimulation. 6. In conclusion, the sympathoexcitatory response to nasal stimulation is largely due to activation of bulbospinal presympathetic neurons within the RVLM. We suggest that these neurons receive convergent and directionally opposite polysynaptic inputs from arterial baroreceptors and trigeminal afferents. These inputs are integrated within the rostral C1 area as opposed to the NTS or the caudal C1 area. (+info)Ammonia is a colorless, pungent-smelling gas with the chemical formula NH3. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen and is a basic compound, meaning it has a pH greater than 7. Ammonia is naturally found in the environment and is produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as animal waste and decomposing plants. In the medical field, ammonia is most commonly discussed in relation to its role in human metabolism and its potential toxicity.
In the body, ammonia is produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and is typically converted to urea in the liver and excreted in the urine. However, if the liver is not functioning properly or if there is an excess of protein in the diet, ammonia can accumulate in the blood and cause a condition called hyperammonemia. Hyperammonemia can lead to serious neurological symptoms, such as confusion, seizures, and coma, and is treated by lowering the level of ammonia in the blood through medications, dietary changes, and dialysis.
"Nitrosomonas" is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are capable of oxidizing ammonia to nitrite as part of the nitrogen cycle. These bacteria play a crucial role in nitrification, a process that converts harmful ammonia into less toxic forms. They are commonly found in various environments such as soil, freshwater, and oceans, where they help maintain nutrient balance. The genus "Nitrosomonas" belongs to the family Methylocystaceae within the class Alphaproteobacteria. It's important to note that while these bacteria have medical relevance in understanding environmental and ecological systems, they are not typically associated with human diseases or infections.
Nitrogen is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is an element that is crucial to medicine and human life.
In a medical context, nitrogen is often mentioned in relation to gas analysis, respiratory therapy, or medical gases. Nitrogen (N) is a colorless, odorless, and nonreactive gas that makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is an essential element for various biological processes, such as the growth and maintenance of organisms, because it is a key component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds.
In some medical applications, nitrogen is used to displace oxygen in a mixture to create a controlled environment with reduced oxygen levels (hypoxic conditions) for therapeutic purposes, such as in certain types of hyperbaric chambers. Additionally, nitrogen gas is sometimes used in cryotherapy, where extremely low temperatures are applied to tissues to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.
However, it's important to note that breathing pure nitrogen can be dangerous, as it can lead to unconsciousness and even death due to lack of oxygen (asphyxiation) within minutes.
Hyperammonemia is a medical condition characterized by an excessively high level of ammonia (a toxic byproduct of protein metabolism) in the blood. This can lead to serious neurological symptoms and complications, as ammonia is highly toxic to the brain. Hyperammonemia can be caused by various underlying conditions, including liver disease, genetic disorders that affect ammonia metabolism, certain medications, and infections. It is important to diagnose and treat hyperammonemia promptly to prevent long-term neurological damage or even death. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, as well as providing supportive care such as administering medications that help remove ammonia from the blood.
Urea is not a medical condition but it is a medically relevant substance. Here's the definition:
Urea is a colorless, odorless solid that is the primary nitrogen-containing compound in the urine of mammals. It is a normal metabolic end product that is excreted by the kidneys and is also used as a fertilizer and in various industrial applications. Chemically, urea is a carbamide, consisting of two amino groups (NH2) joined by a carbon atom and having a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to the carbon atom. Urea is produced in the liver as an end product of protein metabolism and is then eliminated from the body by the kidneys through urination. Abnormal levels of urea in the blood, known as uremia, can indicate impaired kidney function or other medical conditions.
Glutamate-ammonia ligase, also known as glutamine synthetase, is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in nitrogen metabolism. It catalyzes the formation of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in the presence of ATP, resulting in the conversion of ammonia to a less toxic form. This reaction is essential for maintaining nitrogen balance in the body and for the synthesis of various amino acids, nucleotides, and other biomolecules. The enzyme is widely distributed in various tissues, including the brain, liver, and muscle, and its activity is tightly regulated through feedback inhibition by glutamine and other metabolites.
Glutamine is defined as a conditionally essential amino acid in humans, which means that it can be produced by the body under normal circumstances, but may become essential during certain conditions such as stress, illness, or injury. It is the most abundant free amino acid found in the blood and in the muscles of the body.
Glutamine plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including protein synthesis, energy production, and acid-base balance. It serves as an important fuel source for cells in the intestines, immune system, and skeletal muscles. Glutamine has also been shown to have potential benefits in wound healing, gut function, and immunity, particularly during times of physiological stress or illness.
In summary, glutamine is a vital amino acid that plays a critical role in maintaining the health and function of various tissues and organs in the body.
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4Cl. It is a white crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water and can be produced by combining ammonia (NH3) with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Ammonium chloride is commonly used as a source of hydrogen ions in chemical reactions, and it has a variety of industrial and medical applications.
In the medical field, ammonium chloride is sometimes used as a expectorant to help thin and loosen mucus in the respiratory tract, making it easier to cough up and clear from the lungs. It may also be used to treat conditions such as metabolic alkalosis, a condition characterized by an excess of base in the body that can lead to symptoms such as confusion, muscle twitching, and irregular heartbeat.
However, it is important to note that ammonium chloride can have side effects, including stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional and should not be taken in large amounts or for extended periods of time without medical supervision.
Nitrogen radioisotopes are unstable isotopes of the element nitrogen that emit radiation as they decay into more stable forms. Nitrogen has several radioisotopes, with the most common being nitrogen-13 and nitrogen-15. These isotopes have 7 protons in their nucleus, but differ in the number of neutrons.
Nitrogen-13 has a half-life of about 10 minutes, making it useful for medical imaging studies such as positron emission tomography (PET) scans. When nitrogen-13 decays, it emits a positron, which then collides with an electron and produces gamma rays that can be detected by a PET scanner.
Nitrogen-15, on the other hand, has a half-life of about 3 minutes and is not typically used for medical imaging. However, it is widely used in research settings as a stable isotope tracer to study metabolic processes in the body.
It's important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires specialized training and equipment due to their potential radiation hazards.
Nitrification is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is a process that is often referred to in the context of environmental science and public health.
In this context, nitrification is a microbial process by which ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+) is converted into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrate (NO3-). This process is an important part of the nitrogen cycle and helps to remove excess nutrients from wastewater and other environments.
In some cases, nitrification can also be relevant in medical contexts related to environmental exposures or occupational health. For example, exposure to high levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a gas that can be produced during nitrification, can cause respiratory symptoms and exacerbate existing lung conditions. Additionally, certain industrial processes that involve nitrification, such as the production of fertilizers or explosives, can pose health risks to workers if appropriate safety measures are not in place.
Glutaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamine, which is a type of amino acid, into glutamate and ammonia. This reaction is an essential part of nitrogen metabolism in many organisms, including humans. There are several forms of glutaminase found in different parts of the body, with varying properties and functions.
In humans, there are two major types of glutaminase: mitochondrial and cytosolic. Mitochondrial glutaminase is primarily found in the kidneys and brain, where it plays a crucial role in energy metabolism by converting glutamine into glutamate, which can then be further metabolized to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a major source of cellular energy.
Cytosolic glutaminase, on the other hand, is found in many tissues throughout the body and is involved in various metabolic processes, including nucleotide synthesis and protein degradation.
Glutaminase activity has been implicated in several disease states, including cancer, where some tumors have been shown to have elevated levels of glutaminase expression, allowing them to use glutamine as a major source of energy and growth. Inhibitors of glutaminase are currently being investigated as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer.
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with liver dysfunction and/or portosystemic shunting. It results from the accumulation of toxic substances, such as ammonia and inflammatory mediators, which are normally metabolized by the liver. HE can present with a wide range of symptoms, including changes in sleep-wake cycle, altered mental status, confusion, disorientation, asterixis (flapping tremor), and in severe cases, coma. The diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and exclusion of other causes of cognitive impairment. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying liver dysfunction, reducing ammonia production through dietary modifications and medications, and preventing further episodes with lactulose or rifaximin therapy.
Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.
In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.
"Manure" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, it is commonly referred to in agriculture and horticulture. Manure is defined as organic matter, such as animal feces and urine, that is used as a fertilizer to enrich and amend the soil. It is often rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are essential for plant growth. While manure can be beneficial for agriculture and gardening, it can also pose risks to human health if not handled properly due to the potential presence of pathogens and other harmful substances.
"Nitrosomonas europaea" is not a medical term, but rather a specific type of bacteria known as a nitrifying bacterium. It is commonly found in soil, freshwater, and wastewater environments. This bacterium plays a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle by converting ammonia into nitrites through a process called nitrification.
While not directly related to human health, Nitrosomonas europaea can have indirect effects on public health. For example, when present in wastewater treatment systems, it helps convert harmful ammonia into less toxic nitrite, which is then further converted into nitrate by other bacteria. This process helps protect aquatic environments from the negative impacts of excess nutrient pollution.
However, when nitrate accumulates in drinking water, it can pose health risks, particularly for infants under six months old, who may develop a condition called blue baby syndrome (methemoglobinemia) if exposed to high levels of nitrate. Therefore, monitoring and controlling nitrifying bacteria in wastewater treatment systems is essential to protect both the environment and public health.
Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GLDH or GDH) is a mitochondrial enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of amino acids, particularly within liver and kidney tissues. It catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate, which links amino acid metabolism with the citric acid cycle and energy production. This enzyme is significant in clinical settings as its levels in blood serum can be used as a diagnostic marker for diseases that damage liver or kidney cells, since these cells release GLDH into the bloodstream upon damage.
The rumen is the largest compartment of the stomach in ruminant animals, such as cows, goats, and sheep. It is a specialized fermentation chamber where microbes break down tough plant material into nutrients that the animal can absorb and use for energy and growth. The rumen contains billions of microorganisms, including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi, which help to break down cellulose and other complex carbohydrates in the plant material through fermentation.
The rumen is characterized by its large size, muscular walls, and the presence of a thick mat of partially digested food and microbes called the rumen mat or cud. The animal regurgitates the rumen contents periodically to chew it again, which helps to break down the plant material further and mix it with saliva, creating a more favorable environment for fermentation.
The rumen plays an essential role in the digestion and nutrition of ruminant animals, allowing them to thrive on a diet of low-quality plant material that would be difficult for other animals to digest.
Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They consist of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha carbon, which is bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a variable side chain (R group). The R group can be composed of various combinations of atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon, which determine the unique properties of each amino acid.
There are 20 standard amino acids that are encoded by the genetic code and incorporated into proteins during translation. These include:
1. Alanine (Ala)
2. Arginine (Arg)
3. Asparagine (Asn)
4. Aspartic acid (Asp)
5. Cysteine (Cys)
6. Glutamine (Gln)
7. Glutamic acid (Glu)
8. Glycine (Gly)
9. Histidine (His)
10. Isoleucine (Ile)
11. Leucine (Leu)
12. Lysine (Lys)
13. Methionine (Met)
14. Phenylalanine (Phe)
15. Proline (Pro)
16. Serine (Ser)
17. Threonine (Thr)
18. Tryptophan (Trp)
19. Tyrosine (Tyr)
20. Valine (Val)
Additionally, there are several non-standard or modified amino acids that can be incorporated into proteins through post-translational modifications, such as hydroxylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. These modifications expand the functional diversity of proteins and play crucial roles in various cellular processes.
Amino acids are essential for numerous biological functions, including protein synthesis, enzyme catalysis, neurotransmitter production, energy metabolism, and immune response regulation. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the human body (non-essential), while others must be obtained through dietary sources (essential).
Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) is a enzyme that catalyzes the non-oxidative deamination of phenylalanine to trans-cinamic acid, releasing ammonia in the process. This reaction is a key step in the biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds in plants and microorganisms. In humans, PAL is not normally present, but its introduction through gene therapy has been studied as a potential treatment for phenylketonuria (PKU), a genetic disorder characterized by an inability to metabolize phenylalanine properly, leading to its accumulation in the body and potential neurological damage.
Gills are specialized respiratory organs found in many aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, and some mollusks. They are typically thin, feathery structures that increase the surface area for gas exchange between the water and the animal's bloodstream. Gills extract oxygen from water while simultaneously expelling carbon dioxide.
In fish, gills are located in the gill chamber, which is covered by opercula or protective bony flaps. Water enters through the mouth, flows over the gills, and exits through the opercular openings. The movement of water over the gills allows for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the gill filaments and lamellae, which are the thin plates where gas exchange occurs.
Gills contain a rich supply of blood vessels, allowing for efficient transport of oxygen to the body's tissues and removal of carbon dioxide. The counter-current flow of water and blood in the gills ensures that the concentration gradient between the water and the blood is maximized, enhancing the efficiency of gas exchange.
Glutamate synthase is an enzyme found in bacteria, plants, and some animals that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of the amino acid glutamate. There are two types of glutamate synthases: NADPH-dependent and NADH-dependent.
The NADPH-dependent glutamate synthase, also known as glutamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase or GOGAT, catalyzes the following reversible reaction:
glutamine + 2-oxoglutarate -> 2 glutamate
This enzyme requires NADPH as a cofactor and is responsible for the conversion of glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate to two molecules of glutamate. This reaction is essential in the assimilation of ammonia into organic compounds, particularly in plants and some bacteria.
The NADH-dependent glutamate synthase, on the other hand, is found mainly in animals and catalyzes a different set of reactions that involve the conversion of L-glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonia, with the concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH.
Both types of glutamate synthases are essential for maintaining the balance of nitrogen metabolism in living organisms.
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a group of disinfectants and antiseptics that contain a nitrogen atom surrounded by four organic groups, resulting in a charged "quat" structure. They are widely used in healthcare settings due to their broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. QACs work by disrupting the cell membrane of microorganisms, leading to their death. Common examples include benzalkonium chloride and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. It is important to note that some microorganisms have developed resistance to QACs, and they may not be effective against all types of pathogens.
Acetylene is defined as a colorless, highly flammable gas with a distinctive odor, having the chemical formula C2H2. It is the simplest and lightest hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms are bonded together by a triple bond. Acetylene is used as a fuel in welding and cutting torches, and it can also be converted into other chemicals, such as vinyl acetate and acetic acid. In medical terms, acetylene is not a substance that is commonly used or discussed.
Glutamates are the salt or ester forms of glutamic acid, which is a naturally occurring amino acid and the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate plays a crucial role in various brain functions, such as learning, memory, and cognition. However, excessive levels of glutamate can lead to neuronal damage or death, contributing to several neurological disorders, including stroke, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
Glutamates are also commonly found in food as a natural flavor enhancer, often listed under the name monosodium glutamate (MSG). While MSG has been extensively studied, its safety remains a topic of debate, with some individuals reporting adverse reactions after consuming foods containing this additive.
Methionine Sulfoximine (MSO) is not a medical term itself, but it is a compound that has been used in research and scientific studies. It's a stable analogue of the essential amino acid methionine, which can be found in some foods like sesame seeds, Brazil nuts, and fish.
Methionine Sulfoximine has been used in research to study the metabolism and transport of methionine in cells and organisms. It is also known for its ability to inhibit the enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), which plays a role in the metabolism of homocysteine, an amino acid associated with cardiovascular disease when present at high levels.
However, Methionine Sulfoximine is not used as a therapeutic agent or medication in humans due to its potential toxicity and lack of established clinical benefits.
Archaea are a domain of single-celled microorganisms that lack membrane-bound nuclei and other organelles. They are characterized by the unique structure of their cell walls, membranes, and ribosomes. Archaea were originally classified as bacteria, but they differ from bacteria in several key ways, including their genetic material and metabolic processes.
Archaea can be found in a wide range of environments, including some of the most extreme habitats on Earth, such as hot springs, deep-sea vents, and highly saline lakes. Some species of Archaea are able to survive in the absence of oxygen, while others require oxygen to live.
Archaea play important roles in global nutrient cycles, including the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle. They are also being studied for their potential role in industrial processes, such as the production of biofuels and the treatment of wastewater.
Urease is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. It is found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants. In medicine, urease is often associated with certain bacterial infections, such as those caused by Helicobacter pylori, which can produce large amounts of this enzyme. The presence of urease in these infections can lead to increased ammonia production, contributing to the development of gastritis and peptic ulcers.
Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are a type of fatty acid that have a low molecular weight and are known for their ability to evaporate at room temperature. They are produced in the body during the breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins in the absence of oxygen, such as in the digestive tract by certain bacteria.
The most common volatile fatty acids include acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. These compounds have various roles in the body, including providing energy to cells in the intestines, modulating immune function, and regulating the growth of certain bacteria. They are also used as precursors for the synthesis of other molecules, such as cholesterol and bile acids.
In addition to their role in the body, volatile fatty acids are also important in the food industry, where they are used as flavorings and preservatives. They are produced naturally during fermentation and aging processes, and are responsible for the distinctive flavors of foods such as yogurt, cheese, and wine.
Acidosis is a medical condition that occurs when there is an excess accumulation of acid in the body or when the body loses its ability to effectively regulate the pH level of the blood. The normal pH range of the blood is slightly alkaline, between 7.35 and 7.45. When the pH falls below 7.35, it is called acidosis.
Acidosis can be caused by various factors, including impaired kidney function, respiratory problems, diabetes, severe dehydration, alcoholism, and certain medications or toxins. There are two main types of acidosis: metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis.
Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid or is unable to eliminate it effectively. This can be caused by conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, kidney failure, and ingestion of certain toxins.
Respiratory acidosis, on the other hand, occurs when the lungs are unable to remove enough carbon dioxide from the body, leading to an accumulation of acid. This can be caused by conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and sedative overdose.
Symptoms of acidosis may include fatigue, shortness of breath, confusion, headache, rapid heartbeat, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Treatment for acidosis depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, fluid replacement, and dialysis.
Nitrogen isotopes are different forms of the nitrogen element (N), which have varying numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. The most common nitrogen isotope is N-14, which contains 7 protons and 7 neutrons in its nucleus. However, there are also heavier stable isotopes such as N-15, which contains one extra neutron.
In medical terms, nitrogen isotopes can be used in research and diagnostic procedures to study various biological processes. For example, N-15 can be used in a technique called "nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" to investigate the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds in the body. Additionally, stable isotope labeling with nitrogen-15 has been used in clinical trials and research studies to track the fate of drugs and nutrients in the body.
In some cases, radioactive nitrogen isotopes such as N-13 or N-16 may also be used in medical imaging techniques like positron emission tomography (PET) scans to visualize and diagnose various diseases and conditions. However, these applications are less common than the use of stable nitrogen isotopes.
"Fish proteins" are not a recognized medical term or concept. However, fish is a source of protein that is often consumed in the human diet and has been studied in various medical and nutritional contexts. According to the USDA FoodData Central database, a 100-gram serving of cooked Atlantic salmon contains approximately 25 grams of protein.
Proteins from fish, like other animal proteins, are complete proteins, meaning they contain all nine essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. Fish proteins have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their role in muscle growth and repair, immune function, and cardiovascular health.
It's worth noting that some people may have allergies to fish or seafood, which can cause a range of symptoms from mild skin irritation to severe anaphylaxis. If you suspect you have a fish allergy, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management.
Methylamines are organic compounds that contain a methyl group (CH3) and an amino group (-NH2). They have the general formula of CH3-NH-R, where R can be a hydrogen atom or any organic group. Methylamines are derivatives of ammonia (NH3), in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by methyl groups.
There are several types of methylamines, including:
1. Methylamine (CH3-NH2): This is the simplest methylamine and is a colorless gas at room temperature with a strong odor. It is highly flammable and reactive.
2. Dimethylamine (CH3)2-NH: This is a colorless liquid at room temperature with an unpleasant fishy odor. It is less reactive than methylamine but still highly flammable.
3. Trimethylamine (CH3)3-N: This is a colorless liquid at room temperature that has a strong, unpleasant odor often described as "fishy." It is less reactive than dimethylamine and is used in various industrial applications.
Methylamines are used in the production of various chemicals, including pesticides, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. They can also be found naturally in some foods and are produced by certain types of bacteria in the body. Exposure to high levels of methylamines can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and prolonged exposure can lead to more serious health effects.
Inborn urea cycle disorders (UCDs) are a group of rare genetic metabolic disorders caused by deficiencies in one of the enzymes or transporters that make up the urea cycle. The urea cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in liver cells, responsible for removing ammonia, a toxic byproduct of protein metabolism, from the bloodstream.
In UCDs, the impaired function of these enzymes or transporters leads to an accumulation of ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia), which can cause irreversible brain damage and severe neurological symptoms if left untreated. These disorders are usually inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that an affected individual has two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent.
There are six main types of UCDs, classified based on the specific enzyme or transporter deficiency:
1. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS1) deficiency
2. Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency
3. Argininosuccinic aciduria (ASA)
4. Citrullinemia type I or II (CTLN1, CTLN2)
5. Arginase deficiency
6. N-acetylglutamate synthetase (NAGS) deficiency
Symptoms of UCDs can vary widely depending on the severity and specific type of the disorder but may include:
* Vomiting
* Lethargy or irritability
* Seizures
* Tremors or seizure-like activity
* Developmental delays or intellectual disability
* Coma
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term neurological damage. Treatment options include dietary restrictions, medications that help remove ammonia from the body, and liver transplantation in severe cases. Regular monitoring of blood ammonia levels and other metabolic markers is essential for managing UCDs effectively.
Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."
In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).
The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.
Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.
In medical terms, 'air' is defined as the mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere. It primarily consists of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and small amounts of other gases such as argon, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of neon, helium, and methane.
Air is essential for human life, as it provides the oxygen that our bodies need to produce energy through respiration. We inhale air into our lungs, where oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular metabolism, is exhaled out of the body through the lungs and back into the atmosphere.
In addition to its role in respiration, air also plays a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate and weather patterns, as well as serving as a medium for sound waves and other forms of energy transfer.
Oxidoreductases are a class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule (the reductant) to another (the oxidant). These enzymes play a crucial role in various biological processes, including energy production, metabolism, and detoxification.
The oxidoreductase-catalyzed reaction typically involves the donation of electrons from a reducing agent (donor) to an oxidizing agent (acceptor), often through the transfer of hydrogen atoms or hydride ions. The enzyme itself does not undergo any permanent chemical change during this process, but rather acts as a catalyst to lower the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.
Oxidoreductases are classified and named based on the type of electron donor or acceptor involved in the reaction. For example, oxidoreductases that act on the CH-OH group of donors are called dehydrogenases, while those that act on the aldehyde or ketone groups are called oxidases. Other examples include reductases, peroxidases, and catalases.
Understanding the function and regulation of oxidoreductases is important for understanding various physiological processes and developing therapeutic strategies for diseases associated with impaired redox homeostasis, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease.
Aminohydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of amide bonds and the breakdown of urea, converting it into ammonia and carbon dioxide. They are also known as amidases or urease. These enzymes play an essential role in various biological processes, including nitrogen metabolism and the detoxification of xenobiotics.
Aminohydrolases can be further classified into several subclasses based on their specificity for different types of amide bonds. For example, peptidases are a type of aminohydrolase that specifically hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins and peptides. Other examples include ureases, which hydrolyze urea, and acylamidases, which hydrolyze acylamides.
Aminohydrolases are widely distributed in nature and can be found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They have important applications in biotechnology and medicine, such as in the production of pharmaceuticals, the treatment of wastewater, and the diagnosis of genetic disorders.
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.
Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.
Animal feed refers to any substance or mixture of substances, whether processed, unprocessed, or partially processed, which is intended to be used as food for animals, including fish, without further processing. It includes ingredients such as grains, hay, straw, oilseed meals, and by-products from the milling, processing, and manufacturing industries. Animal feed can be in the form of pellets, crumbles, mash, or other forms, and is used to provide nutrients such as energy, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals to support the growth, reproduction, and maintenance of animals. It's important to note that animal feed must be safe, nutritious, and properly labeled to ensure the health and well-being of the animals that consume it.
Oncorhynchus mykiss is the scientific name for a species of fish that is commonly known as the Rainbow Trout. According to the medical or clinical definition provided by the US National Library of Medicine, Oncorhynchus mykiss is "a freshwater fish that is widely cultured and an important food source in many parts of the world." It is also a popular game fish and is often stocked in lakes and rivers for recreational fishing. Rainbow trout are native to cold-water tributaries that flow into the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. They have been introduced widely throughout the world and can now be found in freshwater systems on every continent except Antarctica. Rainbow trout are a valuable species for both commercial and recreational fisheries, and they also play an important role in the food web as both predators and prey.
"Persea" is a botanical term that refers to a genus of plants in the family Lauraceae, which includes over 150 species. The most well-known member of this genus is Persea americana, which is commonly known as the avocado tree. The fruit of this tree, also called an avocado, is widely consumed for its rich, creamy texture and high nutritional value. Avocados are a good source of healthy fats, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and have been linked to various health benefits.
Therefore, in a medical or nutritional context, "Persea" may refer specifically to the avocado fruit or its extracts, which have been used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic properties. However, it is important to note that not all species of Persea have similar medicinal or nutritional benefits, so any medical or health claims should be specific to the particular species or extract being used.
Alpha-ketoglutaric acid, also known as 2-oxoglutarate, is not an acid in the traditional sense but is instead a key molecule in the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), which is a central metabolic pathway involved in cellular respiration. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid is a crucial intermediate in the process of converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy through oxidation. It plays a vital role in amino acid synthesis and the breakdown of certain amino acids. Additionally, it serves as an essential cofactor for various enzymes involved in numerous biochemical reactions within the body. Any medical conditions or disorders related to alpha-ketoglutaric acid would typically be linked to metabolic dysfunctions or genetic defects affecting the Krebs cycle.
Ammonia
Ammonia fuming
Ammonia Avenue
SF Ammonia
Ammonia monooxygenase
Ammonia production
Ammonia pollution
Ammonia transporter
Ammonia (band)
Ammonia fountain
Ammonia kinase
Ammonia solution
Hera Ammonia
Ammonia poisoning
Ammonia (disambiguation)
Ammonia (13N)
Ammonia fungi
Ammonia tepida
Ammonia (genus)
Ammonia borane
Ammonia cookie
Tyrosine ammonia-lyase
Aspartate-ammonia ligase
Diphthine-ammonia ligase
Dihydroxyphenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase
Ammonia (data page)
Methylaspartate ammonia-lyase
Sumykhimprom ammonia leak
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Ammonia - Wikipedia
Ammonia | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
Ammonia - Scientific American
Ammonia | AIChE
Ammonia: Exposure, Decontamination, Treatment | Chemical Emergencies | CDC
Ammonia blood test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
CDC | Case Definition: Ammonia
EWG Skin Deep® | What is AMMONIA
Cracked ammonia generator 950°C | PDF
Ammonia is on the Periodic Table? | ScienceBlogs
Mechanochemistry for ammonia synthesis under mild conditions | Nature Nanotechnology
FMT Modifies Gut Microbiome, Reduces Ammonia in Cirrhosis
Ammonia Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Ammonia sparks unexpected, exotic lightning on Jupiter | ScienceDaily
Clean Stove Burners and Grates Effortlessly with Ammonia
Ammonia Synthesis - The double-edged sword
NoGAPS: Nordic Green Ammonia Powered Ship
Harnessing ammonia as ship fuel - DNV
Ammonia - Kroger
Anhydrous Ammonia Bulk Storage Regulations
Green ammonia - EgyptToday
Ammonia - the CO2-free fuel of the future? - Analysis - IEA
Vehicles, not farms, are likely source of smog-causing ammonia
Body recovered from Boston warehouse after ammonia leak | Fox News
Sector share of ammonia emissions - European Environment Agency
A Better Catalyst for Ammonia Production | BNL Newsroom
ammonia refrigeration industry Equipment | Environmental XPRT
Ammonia Level Companies And Suppliers | Environmental XPRT
Perma Pure's Ammonia Scrubbers Earn CE Mark
Increased ammonia levels1
- Abnormal results may mean you have increased ammonia levels in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Hydrogen23
- Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. (wikipedia.org)
- For fundamental reasons, the production of ammonia from the elements hydrogen and nitrogen is difficult, requiring high pressures and high temperatures. (wikipedia.org)
- Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen widely used in fertilizers and pharmaceuticals. (cdc.gov)
- Ammonia cracking: at output, constant composition of 25% nitrogen and 75% hydrogen. (slideshare.net)
- Type of gas: Ammonia cracking: at output, constant composi- tion of 25% nitrogen and 75% hydrogen. (slideshare.net)
- You can get hydrogen from a number of sources, even different types of ammonia processes, which are byproducts from production in various facilities, even steel mills. (scienceblogs.com)
- Ammonia synthesis using a stable electride as an electron donor and reversible hydrogen store. (nature.com)
- While there is water and other chemical elements such as molecular hydrogen and helium in Jupiter's clouds, ammonia is the "antifreeze" that keeps water in those upper atmospheric clouds from freezing entirely. (sciencedaily.com)
- Green ammonia is a 100-percent renewable and carbon-free ammonia that is produced by green hydrogen, which is obtained by "using hydrogen from water electrolysis and nitrogen separated from the air. (egypttoday.com)
- In conventional plants today, ammonia is made by combining hydrogen produced from coal or natural gas with nitrogen produced by an air separation unit (ASU). (iea.org)
- Ammonia, a nitrogen/hydrogen compound used to make fertilizers, textiles, explosives, and many other products, is produced by combining nitrogen and hydrogen under high temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst - usually made from iron. (bnl.gov)
- Ammonia is made by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen. (acs.org)
- Ammonia is mainly made from hydrogen produced from natural gas and nitrogen from the air. (arabnews.com)
- Green Hydrogen and Chemicals Company (GHC), a joint venture between the UK unit of ACME Group and Norway-based Scatec ASA, a leading renewable energy solutions provider, is presently setting up the first phase of a green ammonia venture at the Special Economic Zone in Duqm. (zawya.com)
- Last December, Oman's Ministry of Energy and Minerals signed a MoU with the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry to explore cooperation in the field of hydrogen, fuel ammonia and carbon recycling that includes methanation. (zawya.com)
- Ammonia-one nitrogen atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms-may not seem like an ideal fuel: The chemical, used in household cleaners, smells foul and is toxic. (pearltrees.com)
- 1]At this point ammonia comes into consideration because it is the best hydrogen carrier beside hydrogen itself with a volumetric energy density of 11.5 MJ/litre in anhydrous liquid state. (pearltrees.com)
- Ammonia breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen in the environment, and excess nitrogen in waterways causes damaging algae blooms, which can block sunlight and suck up oxygen for creatures and vegetation below. (baltimoresun.com)
- Conventional ammonia plants use natural gas to produce the hydrogen needed during ammonia production. (basf.com)
- Ammonia, NH 3 , is a simple molecule made up of nitrogen and hydrogen. (thebreakthrough.org)
- In the Haber-Bosch process nitrogen from the air reacts with hydrogen to make ammonia. (thebreakthrough.org)
- Made with this fossil hydrogen, ammonia is a large greenhouse emitter. (thebreakthrough.org)
- It's even possible to bypass hydrogen and Haber-Bosch altogether, and make ammonia directly from water, air and electricity, using a modified fuel cell technology. (thebreakthrough.org)
Blue ammonia7
- While the production of blue ammonia results in 85 per cent less CO 2 emissions than brown variants, only green ammonia is a zero-carbon fuel," he adds. (dnv.com)
- Sabic shipped so-called blue ammonia from Saudi Arabia to Japan in 2020. (acs.org)
- While conventional ammonia production emits CO2 if it is made with fossil fuel, during the production of blue ammonia any carbon dioxide generated is captured and stored. (arabnews.com)
- DOHA: QatarEnergy will build the world's largest "blue" ammonia plant, which is expected to come online in the first quarter of 2026 and to produce 1.2 million tons per year, Saad Al-Kaabi, chief executive and state minister for energy, said on Wednesday. (arabnews.com)
- RIYADH: In a significant development, Sahara International Petrochemical Co., known as Sipchem, has received the green light from the Ministry of Energy to kickstart the establishment of a blue ammonia plant in Saudi Arabia. (arabnews.com)
- Blue ammonia is known for its low carbon footprint, and Sipchem plans to use advanced energy and feedstock technologies for efficient operations. (arabnews.com)
- Blue ammonia is known for its low carbon footprint, created from natural gas as a feedstock while capturing and storing the CO2 emissions produced in its manufacturing. (arabnews.com)
Liquid ammonia7
- Industrial ammonia is sold either as ammonia liquor (usually 28% ammonia in water) or as pressurized or refrigerated anhydrous liquid ammonia transported in tank cars or cylinders. (wikipedia.org)
- Liquid ammonia possesses strong ionising powers reflecting its high ε of 22. (wikipedia.org)
- Liquid ammonia has a very high standard enthalpy change of vaporization (23.35 kJ/mol, for comparison water 40.65 kJ/mol, methane 8.19 kJ/mol, phosphine 14.6 kJ/mol) and can therefore be used in laboratories in uninsulated vessels without additional refrigeration. (wikipedia.org)
- See liquid ammonia as a solvent. (wikipedia.org)
- This kind of ammonia is called liquid ammonia or aqueous ammonia. (cdc.gov)
- Once exposed to open air, liquid ammonia quickly turns into a gas. (cdc.gov)
- Food not contained in glass or metal (such as plastic, paper, or cloth containers) that may have come into contact with liquid ammonia should be avoided. (cdc.gov)
Green ammonia production2
- The first step in this project is to demonstrate green ammonia production from renewable energy, air and water, without an ASU, using the SOEC itself as an oxygen separation device. (iea.org)
- In this MoU, IHI will consider participation in green ammonia production projects, led by ACME, based in Oman, India, the USA and Egypt, as well as the use of ammonia for decarbonized power generation for in Asian islands and other regions," IHI Corporation stated. (zawya.com)
Emissions18
- Mitigating harmful emissions is another significant challenge, even with green ammonia. (dnv.com)
- While carbon-free, ammonia contains a lot of nitrogen, and burning it is likely to result in both nitrogen oxide (NO X ) and nitrous oxide emissions. (dnv.com)
- But, in a paper published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology, Zondlo's research team found that ammonia emissions from cities are much larger than recognized, occur at the very times when unhealthy particulate matter is at its worst, and when agricultural emissions are at daily or seasonal lows. (princeton.edu)
- The researchers noted that vehicle emissions of ammonia were co-emitted with nitrogen oxides. (princeton.edu)
- Further, ammonia emissions from vehicles are especially important during cold weather (e.g. during winter or the morning rush hour) when agricultural emissions are at their lowest and when haze pollution is at its worst. (princeton.edu)
- With other vehicle emissions - mainly nitrogen and sulfur compounds - in such close proximity to the ammonia, the conditions are ripe for the production of fine particulate matter. (princeton.edu)
- For references , please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/eionet/sandbox/LOT2%20-%20Daviz%20testing%20environment/sector-share-of-ammonia-emissions or scan the QR code. (europa.eu)
- We see an increasing interest in using ammonia as fuel, driven by the need to reduce CO2 emissions in the energy ecosystem," Al-Kaabi said. (arabnews.com)
- Shipping #Future #Maritime #MarineInsight… BC sur Twitter : 'Could #ammonia provide a solution to management of carbon emissions? (pearltrees.com)
- The industry hopes ammonia will help it tackle climate change, because it burns without CO2 emissions. (pearltrees.com)
- You know that it doesn't go very far," said Abel Russ, a senior attorney at the Environmental Integrity Project, which has advocated for regulating ammonia emissions. (baltimoresun.com)
- The ruling compels MDE to reevaluate the permit requirements for such operations, which were reworked in 2020, to include limits on ammonia emissions. (baltimoresun.com)
- Some farmers already work to mitigate ammonia emissions by planting trees, shrubs and tall grasses near exhaust fans, and some add treatments to chicken litter aimed at keeping ammonia levels low, Fisher wrote. (baltimoresun.com)
- Specifically, ammonia that is produced from fossil carbon, with high CO 2 emissions. (thebreakthrough.org)
- A phaseout of fossil ammonia would do more than cut CO 2 emissions from the fertilizer industry. (thebreakthrough.org)
- In 2010 world ammonia production was 157m tonnes, with CO 2 emissions of 300m tonne, about 1% of world greenhouse emissions. (thebreakthrough.org)
- The ammonia fuel project is part of the government's efforts to phase out fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions in power production. (wealthdaily.com)
- By the year 2030, ammonia fuel is projected to account for about 3.6% of the South Korean energy market, as carbon emissions are sliced by 40% from current levels. (wealthdaily.com)
20232
- Modifying the microbial-associated ammonia production and utilization could reduce hepatic encephalopathy and deadly infections, said Lindsey A. Edwards, PhD, from the Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, England, and co-lead investigator on the PROFIT trial , presenting here at the International Liver Congress of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) 2023. (medscape.com)
- iframe sandbox='allow-scripts' security='restricted' src='https://thebulletin.org/premium/2023-01/renewable-ammonia-the-future-of-fuels/embed/#?secret=IYBBbp9ovM' width='600' height='400' title='“Renewable ammonia: the future of fuels? (thebulletin.org)
Gaseous6
- Gaseous ammonia turns to the colourless liquid which boils at −33.1 °C (−27.58 °F), and freezes to colourless crystals at −77.7 °C (−107.86 °F). Little data is available at very high temperatures and pressures, such as supercritical conditions. (wikipedia.org)
- Maryland must regulate the gaseous ammonia emitted by animal waste on poultry farms that could land in state waterways, a Montgomery County Circuit Court judge ruled last week. (baltimoresun.com)
- The department argued that considering gaseous ammonia would necessitate pollution permits for things "as varied as cars and chimneys. (baltimoresun.com)
- Circuit Court Judge Sharon V. Burrell found that Maryland law, an expansion of the federal Clean Water Act, requires the Department of the Environment to control "any liquid, gaseous, solid, or other substance that will pollute any waters of this State" - including ammonia. (baltimoresun.com)
- The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a 15-minute exposure limit for gaseous ammonia of 35 ppm by volume in the environmental air and an 8-hour exposure limit of 25 ppm by volume. (wikidoc.org)
- [1] Exposure to very high concentrations of gaseous ammonia can result in lung damage and death. (wikidoc.org)
Synthesis20
- Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products. (wikipedia.org)
- With this process the ammonia final concentration reached 82.5 vol%, which is higher than state-of-the-art ammonia synthesis under high temperature and pressure (25 vol%, 450 °C, 200 bar). (nature.com)
- Fig. 1: Schematic illustration of the ammonia synthesis process. (nature.com)
- Marnellos, G. & Stoukides, M. Ammonia synthesis at atmospheric pressure. (nature.com)
- Breaking scaling relations to achieve low-temperature ammonia synthesis through LiH-mediated nitrogen transfer and hydrogenation. (nature.com)
- Overcoming ammonia synthesis scaling relations with plasma-enabled catalysis. (nature.com)
- Ammonia synthesis by N 2 and steam electrolysis in molten hydroxide suspensions of nanoscale Fe 2 O 3 . (nature.com)
- The Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi relation and the volcano plot for ammonia synthesis over transition metal catalysts. (nature.com)
- But as the call goes out for green innovation and climate change technologies, there is an important lesson to learn from an ammonia synthesis patent which marks its 100th anniversary this year: some inventions may be a double-edged sword. (wipo.int)
- Fritz Haber filed a German patent in 1908 for the synthesis of ammonia for which he won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918. (wipo.int)
- Ammonia synthesis exponentially increased harvests and will continue to do so for years to come. (wipo.int)
- Following his discovery of ammonia synthesis, he had spent World War I working on poison gas research, earning the title "father of chemical warfare. (wipo.int)
- Moving forward one hundred years and even the positive application of ammonia synthesis has repercussions. (wipo.int)
- A number of different scenarios for future nitrogen fertilizer use and the challenges likely to be faced by what has been called "our nitrogen economy" over the next hundred years are discussed in the article, "How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world," published in the September 28, 2008, issue of Nature Geoscience . (wipo.int)
- The structure shows that the ruthenium particles have a high density of "active sites" - locations that allow them to participate in ammonia synthesis. (bnl.gov)
- From there, the nitrogen can participate in the ammonia synthesis reaction. (bnl.gov)
- The ammonia synthesis or Haber-Bosch process was invented by the German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch in 1909. (pearltrees.com)
- The main uses of ammonia are in the production of fertilizers , explosives, and synthesis of organonitrogen compounds. (wikidoc.org)
- Ammonia is indispensable, and I am not suggesting a phaseout of ammonia itself, but rather ammonia made from a very specific industrial process - the greenhouse intensive Haber-Bosch synthesis using natural gas. (thebreakthrough.org)
- In Solid State Ammonia Synthesis (SSAS) water electrolysis and ammonia synthesis are combined in a single step. (thebreakthrough.org)
Reducing ammonia levels in patients1
- Edwards' co-investigator, Debbie L. Shawcross, MD, also from King's College London, added: "This landmark trial provides evidence that a fecal transplant can improve gut health by modifying the gut microbiome and reducing ammonia levels in patients with cirrhosis. (medscape.com)
Urea6
- Around 70% of ammonia is used to make fertilisers in various forms and composition, such as urea and diammonium phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
- Most of the ammonia produced in the body is used by the liver to produce urea. (medlineplus.gov)
- Urea is also a waste product, but it is much less toxic than ammonia. (medlineplus.gov)
- Urea is converted from ammonia and carbon dioxide in our liver. (healthmad.com)
- It is transported through the portal vein to the liver, where the ammonia is converted to glutamine, which is metabolized by the kidneys into urea to be excreted. (medscape.com)
- The company manufactured urea fertilizers at this site, producing about 1 million tons of urea and 1 million tons of ammonia per year. (cdc.gov)
Concentrations6
- No health effects have been found in humans exposed to typical environmental concentrations of ammonia. (cdc.gov)
- Lung damage and death may occur after exposure to very high concentrations of ammonia. (cdc.gov)
- Serum ammonia concentrations are of little value in patients with ammonia exposure because they do not correlate well with toxicity. (medscape.com)
- The biological treatment of wastewater with high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen has become a hot research issue, but there are limited reports on the mechanism of ammonia nitrogen utilization by microorganisms. (bvsalud.org)
- In this paper , a transcriptomic approach was used to investigate the differences in gene expression at 500.0 mg/L (Amo 500) and 100.0 mg/L (Amo 100) ammonium concentrations to reveal the mechanism of ammonia nitrogen removal from water by Pseudomonas stutzeri F2. (bvsalud.org)
- At times ammonia (7664417) concentrations also exceeded regulatory limits. (cdc.gov)
Centers for Diseas1
- If not handled properly, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says , anhydrous ammonia can cause eye, nose and throat irritation, breathing difficulty and burns. (time.com)
Exposure20
- Exposure to high levels of ammonia can cause irritation and serious burns on the skin and in the mouth, throat, lungs, and eyes. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to high levels of ammonia in air may be irritating to your skin, eyes, throat, and lungs and cause coughing and burns. (cdc.gov)
- We do not know if exposure to ammonia causes birth defects, or if it can pass to the fetus across the placenta or to infants via breast milk. (cdc.gov)
- How can families reduce the risk of exposure to ammonia? (cdc.gov)
- Minimize exposure to ammonia in the workplace by wearing proper safety clothes and equipment, and by following safety rules. (cdc.gov)
- Ammonia is a colorless gas with a very exposure for general population by the dose (how much), the Ammonia is an upper respiratory irritant sharp odor. (cdc.gov)
- Ammonia in the Environment for acute-duration inhalation exposure airborne ammonia or ammonia fertilizer. (cdc.gov)
- Ammonia is recycled naturally and does dissolved in water and exposure can not last very long in the environment. (cdc.gov)
- Most people will smell a noxious odor or feel irritation that indicates exposure to ammonia, but exposure for a long time may affect their ability to sense the chemical. (cdc.gov)
- Signs and symptoms depend on how much ammonia a person was exposed to, how the person was exposed, and the length of time of the exposure. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to ammonia in sufficient quantities can be fatal. (cdc.gov)
- No biologic marker is readily available for ammonia exposure or poisoning. (cdc.gov)
- A clinically compatible case in which a high index of suspicion (credible threat or patient history regarding location and time) exists for ammonia exposure, or an epidemiologic link exists between this case and a laboratory-confirmed case. (cdc.gov)
- Because ammonia vapor is highly water soluble, onset of symptoms occurs very rapidly after inhalational exposure. (medscape.com)
- Absence of symptoms following inhalational exposure to ammonia essentially rules out significant injury. (medscape.com)
- A blast at a fertilizer plant in the small town of West, Texas , raises concerns about exposure to anhydrous ammonia, a potentially deadly gas that is stored at high pressure. (time.com)
- Add to that the rainfall that drenched West after the blast, and he says it's likely that most residents will be spared from health problems related to ammonia exposure. (time.com)
- If they didn't smell the ammonia smell, which is very distinctive, it is not very likely they had any kind of exposure. (time.com)
- Chronic exposure to ammonia produces nasal lesions. (ratbehavior.org)
- Therefore, chronic exposure to ammonia, perhaps through injury to the nasal mucosa, enhances the growth of M. pulmonis in the upper respiratory tract, producing more bacteria which subsequently invade the lung. (ratbehavior.org)
Million tons of ammonia1
- The facility, slated to be situated within Jubail Industrial City, is primed to churn out a staggering 1.2 million tons of ammonia annually, marking a notable stride in sustainable industrial practices. (arabnews.com)
20211
- The global industrial production of ammonia in 2021 was 235 million tonnes. (wikipedia.org)
Salts2
- Ammonia and ammonium salts are also found in small quantities in rainwater, whereas ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac), and ammonium sulfate are found in volcanic districts. (wikipedia.org)
- This odor is familiar to many people because ammonia is used in smelling salts, many household and industrial cleaners, and window-cleaning products. (cdc.gov)
Fertilizers5
- Ammonia is applied directly into soil on farm fields, and is used to make fertilizers for farm crops, lawns, and plants. (cdc.gov)
- You may be exposed to higher levels if you apply ammonia fertilizers or live near farms where these fertilizers have been applied. (cdc.gov)
- Avoid farm fields after they have been treated with ammonia or ammonia-containing fertilizers. (cdc.gov)
- Farmers may also be exposed to ammonia during the application of fertilizers on fields. (cdc.gov)
- Most ammonia is the product of a highly carbon-intensive process and is primarily used to make fertilizers and chemicals. (ieee.org)
Fertilizer4
- Today, around 80 per cent of the global ammonia supply is used as fertilizer. (dnv.com)
- But because the plant relied on anhydrous (without water) ammonia, a colorless, strong-smelling nitrogen-based gas, as the primary ingredient in manufacturing farming fertilizer, authorities are concerned about toxic fumes released from the site. (time.com)
- Ammonia is a vital source of nitrogen fertilizer. (thebreakthrough.org)
- Fatima Fertilizer ammonia plant. (thebreakthrough.org)
Carbon-free2
- For the past 4 years, he has been working on a fuel cell that can convert renewable electricity into a carbon-free fuel: ammonia. (pearltrees.com)
- We plan to complete research and testing processes for using ammonia as carbon-free power production fuel by 2027 so as to achieve its commercialization by 2030, which would effectively reduce coal consumption for power generation," a ministry official said an in interview earlier this week. (wealthdaily.com)
Ammonium hydroxide1
- Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution of NH3 in water. (wikipedia.org)
Share of ammonia2
- BASF will use its share of ammonia off-take to produce polyamide 6, which is commonly used in the production of carpet fibers, packaging and casings for the wire and cable markets. (basf.com)
- Yara will market its share of ammonia to industrial customers and the agricultural sector in North America. (basf.com)
Products contain2
Production11
- Production of ammonia via a chemical looping process based on metal imides as nitrogen carriers. (nature.com)
- Haber could not have foreseen "the cascade of environmental changes, including the increase in water and air pollution, the perturbation of greenhouse-gas levels and the loss of biodiversity that was the result from the colossal increase in ammonia production and use that was to ensue. (wipo.int)
- Today the conventional production of ammonia, which is used as a fertiliser and raw material for a large number of basic chemicals, is highly energy-intensive. (iea.org)
- Upton, NY ― Research by scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory may help lead to a more efficient catalyst for ammonia production, one of the country's largest industries. (bnl.gov)
- Determining a more efficient way to synthesize ammonia could have a major impact on the ammonia production industry. (bnl.gov)
- The Brookhaven scientists have uncovered details about the structure and reactivity of tiny particles of the metal ruthenium, which lead them to believe this metal could be more efficient in ammonia production than the catalysts currently used. (bnl.gov)
- The Royal Society sur Twitter : 'Decarbonisation Information: Ammonia production can be decarbonised to produce zero-carbon or green ammonia - made using sustainable electricity, water and air #GreenAmmonia #renewableenergy #zeroca. (pearltrees.com)
- Together with our partners at BASF, we built a world-scale ammonia plant that not only raises the bar in terms of safety, efficiency and quality but also applies the principles of industrial symbiosis by using a by-product as feedstock for ammonia production," says Yara President and CEO, Svein Tore Holsether. (basf.com)
- Yara Freeport strengthens our leading position in the global ammonia market and expands our production footprint in North America. (basf.com)
- The worldwide ammonia production in 2004 was 109 million metric tonnes. (wikidoc.org)
- All of that changed recently with the advent of a new ammonia production method requiring nothing more than electricity, air, and water and produces nothing more than water vapor as a byproduct. (wealthdaily.com)
Inorganic2
- Ammonia is an inorganic gas. (ewg.org)
- Because of its many uses, ammonia is one of the most highly produced inorganic chemicals. (wikidoc.org)
Emits1
- Unlike many sources of energy, ammonia emits no carbon dioxide when burned. (acs.org)
Cirrhosis2
- VIENNA, Austria - Fecal microbiota transplants (FMT) can reset gut microbiota leading to strengthened gut barrier function and mucosal immunity, along with improved ammonia metabolism in patients with cirrhosis, show data from a pilot study now expanded into a large multisite UK trial. (medscape.com)
- Noiret L, Baigent S, Jalan R. Arterial ammonia levels in cirrhosis are determined by systemic and hepatic hemodynamics, and organs function: a quantitative modelling study. (medscape.com)
Odor5
- Ammonia is a colorless gas with a very distinct odor. (cdc.gov)
- Ammonia can be recognized by its pungent odor, which is like the odor of decaying fish. (cdc.gov)
- While food or drink could become contaminated with ammonia, it is unlikely to be eaten or drunk because ammonia has a very bad odor and taste. (cdc.gov)
- Although the ammonia is colorless, it carries a strong odor, which health experts say is the simplest way for people to know if they have been exposed. (time.com)
- When our bodies are sick or dehydrated, then our urine often is yellow and may have a heavy ammonia odor. (healthmad.com)
Urine9
- There are tests to measure ammonia in blood and urine. (cdc.gov)
- This is the reason why our urine often has a smell of ammonia. (healthmad.com)
- A heavy ammonia smell in urine may also be a sign of a serious infection or disease. (healthmad.com)
- Dehydration is the main cause for yellowish urine and ammonia odors. (healthmad.com)
- Having a heavy ammonia smell in your urine may also be caused by infrequent urination. (healthmad.com)
- This may lead to an ammonia smell in your urine. (healthmad.com)
- Metabolic disorders may cause an ammonia smell in your urine. (healthmad.com)
- Dark color and ammonia smells in your urine may be a sign that your developing child is not getting enough water. (healthmad.com)
- Water helps prevent headaches and migraines as well as reduce ammonia smells in urine. (healthmad.com)
Methane4
- In Japan, Mitsui Chemicals and three other firms are about to demonstrate the feasibility of switching from methane to ammonia as the main fuel for cracking naphtha into petrochemicals. (acs.org)
- N2O and NOx are reduced in this process by ammonia and/or short-chain alkanes like methane or propane yielding nitrogen as harmless product. (clariant.com)
- Methane cracking could be a game changer for clean ammonia because it keeps most of the existing infrastructure. (thebreakthrough.org)
- Ammonia plants are already supplied with methane. (thebreakthrough.org)
Sees ammonia2
- The Japanese government sees ammonia as a possible energy solution for a country that is wary of nuclear power and has few local options for renewable power. (acs.org)
- Prior to the COP26 conference, the highest-profile proponent of ammonia was the global heavy shipping industry , which already sees ammonia fuel as its marine diesel replacement through the end of the century. (wealthdaily.com)
Blood ammonia2
- A high-protein diet can also raise the blood ammonia level. (medlineplus.gov)
- Note: In hepatic encephalopathy, brain levels of ammonia may be much higher than blood ammonia levels. (medscape.com)
Toxic ammonia1
- The Marineland Zeolite Blend cleans and conditions aquarium water, ridding it of dissolved organic waste and odors as it removes toxic ammonia and chloramines. (radiofence.com)
Remove ammonia3
- End users and contractors can now remove ammonia from refrigeration systems knowing their health and safety are protected. (environmental-expert.com)
- The AS-Series ammonia scrubbers selectively remove ammonia from sample gas streams under analysis. (thomasnet.com)
- To remove ammonia, do a partial water change and use Tetra's AmmoniaSafe. (tetra-fish.com)
Produce ammonia4
- Bacteria found in the intestines can produce ammonia. (cdc.gov)
- How to produce Ammonia? (pearltrees.com)
- The Haber process to produce ammonia from the nitrogen in the air was developed by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch in 1909 and patented in 1910. (wikidoc.org)
- Dozens of chemical plants worldwide produce ammonia. (wikidoc.org)
Airborne ammonia1
- About 80 percent of airborne ammonia comes from farming practices such as fertilization, so it seems a likely suspect for the ammonia in haze particles to come from plumes of large farms in the Midwest and then get transported to the East Coast. (princeton.edu)
Household ammonia4
- Ammonia is also commonly used in a liquid form mixed with water, such as household ammonia. (cdc.gov)
- Household ammonia can release gas if it is mixed with certain other cleaning agents. (cdc.gov)
- Have you ever opened a bottle of household ammonia? (time.com)
- [3] Household ammonia ranges in concentration from 5 to 10 weight percent ammonia. (wikidoc.org)
20221
- Standard Furnaces & Ovens since 1918 St d d F & O SOLO Swiss SA Grandes-Vies 25, 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland - Tel. +41 (0)32 756 64 00 - [email protected] - www.borelswiss.com Specifications subject to change * V 28.01.2022 CRACKED AMmONIA GENERATOR 950°C GE 950 Definition: Cracked ammonia generator for heat treatment, brazing and welding. (slideshare.net)
Dissolves3
- Ammonia readily dissolves in water. (wikipedia.org)
- Ammonia can also be a clear, colorless liquid that dissolves in water. (cdc.gov)
- This shape gives the molecule an overall dipole moment and makes it polar so that ammonia readily dissolves in water . (wikidoc.org)
Colorless gas1
- At room temperature, ammonia is a clear, colorless gas under normal conditions and can be dissolved in water. (cdc.gov)
Tons5
- The new policy could lead Japan to triple its annual ammonia consumption to 4 million metric tons (t) by 2030 Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry says. (acs.org)
- The facility, the Ammonia-7 project, will cost $1.156 billion to build and capture and sequester 1.5 million tons of carbon dioxide a year through the manufacturing process, he added. (arabnews.com)
- A 2019 study by researchers at North Carolina State University found that anywhere from 180 tons to 560 tons of ammonia could be landing in the Chesapeake Bay each year from poultry farms in the Delmarva Peninsula. (baltimoresun.com)
- The plant, located at BASF's site in Freeport, has a capacity of 750,000 metric tons of ammonia per year. (basf.com)
- South Korea has already made arrangements to start bringing in 200,000 tons of ammonia fuel annually from the UAE starting in 2025. (wealthdaily.com)
Refrigeration4
- KAMAL heavy duty Ammonia compressors are designed for industrial and commercial refrigeration applications such as Cold Storage, Ice Plants, Dairies, Fisheries, Chemical Plants and air conditioning etc. (environmental-expert.com)
- Ammonia absorption cycle in water was invented in the mid of 19th century, the actual industrial revolution in refrigeration . (environmental-expert.com)
- WASHINGTON - About a month after starting up an ammonia-based refrigeration system in an Albertsons store in Carpinteria, Calif. - one of the first such systems in the U.S. - Supervalu is finding that the system is "operating like a champ," said Richard Heath, senior manager, technology integration for Supervalu, Albertsons, parent. (supermarketnews.com)
- The store had used R-22 refrigerant in a conventional direct expansion (DX) refrigeration system, which was replaced with one that uses ammonia as the primary refrigerant in concert with CO2 for medium-temperature cases, and a combined cascade and DX system for low-temperature cases, said Heath. (supermarketnews.com)
Water14
- 173 K) if the ammonia concentration is high enough and thus allow such bodies to retain internal oceans and active geology at a far lower temperature than would be possible with water alone. (wikipedia.org)
- Ammonia is found throughout the environment in the air, soil, and water, and in plants and animals including humans. (cdc.gov)
- Ammonia gas can be dissolved in water. (cdc.gov)
- Everyone is exposed to low levels of naturally-occurring ammonia in air, food, water, and soil. (cdc.gov)
- Ammonia or water, or through dermal contact. (cdc.gov)
- up ammonia in soil and water. (cdc.gov)
- Following release of ammonia into water, people can be exposed by touching or drinking water that contains ammonia. (cdc.gov)
- As scientists have probed the opaque surface with Juno's sensitive instrumentation, they've learned that Jupiter's lightning occurs not only deep within the water clouds but also in shallow atmospheric regions (at high altitudes with lower pressure) that feature clouds of ammonia mixed with water. (sciencedaily.com)
- The collision of the falling droplets of mixed ammonia and water with suspended water-ice particles constitutes a way to separate charge and produce cloud electrification -- resulting in lightning storms in the upper atmosphere. (sciencedaily.com)
- In this article we will highlight some of the central questions that need to be answered before ammonia-fuelled ships can hit the water, including the supply, sustainability, engine technology and the necessary safety considerations. (dnv.com)
- Available as a self contained water cooled machine for operation with ammonia or R404a refrigerant , the P24A/F will provide you with many years of dependable service. (environmental-expert.com)
- Ammonia-a renewable fuel made from sun, air, and water-could power the globe without carbon. (pearltrees.com)
- In the second stage, the nitrogen oxides are mixed with ammonia to produce harmless nitrogen and water. (clariant.com)
- The difference between the stuff that was involved in that fire and the stuff in the bottle is the stuff in the bottle is diluted in water and this was anhydrous ammonia, dry ammonia. (time.com)
Fertiliser1
- Anhydrous ammonia is largely used by farmers to add nitrogen fertiliser to soil. (yahoo.com)
Renewable energy2
- In a statement, Tokyo-headquartered IHI Corporation said it will "study and investigate the feasibility of producing and utilizing green ammonia derived from renewable energy" as part of the MoU. (zawya.com)
- Another way of making so-called 'green' ammonia is to use renewable energy which doesn't create any CO2. (pearltrees.com)
Levels13
- At very high levels, ammonia can even cause death. (cdc.gov)
- Children are less likely than adults to be exposed to concentrated levels of ammonia because most exposures occur at work. (cdc.gov)
- Levels of ammonia in the blood of volcanic eruptions. (cdc.gov)
- After 1 month, ammonia levels in the plasma were lower but higher in the feces, findings that were further enhanced at 3 months. (medscape.com)
- To conduct his research, Zondlo and his team outfitted vehicles with sophisticated sensors to detect ammonia levels and focused on six cities - Philadelphia, Denver and Houston in the United States, and Beijing, Shijiazhuang and Baoding in China. (princeton.edu)
- By measuring ammonia levels during various times of the day at different points of entry into the cities, the team was able to paint a picture of a "breathing" city, where levels of pollutants rise and fall, depending on traffic and conditions. (princeton.edu)
- Designed to detect ammonia levels ranging from 0.1 ppm to 0.25+ ppm in refrigerant solutions, these strips enable identification of NH3 contamination within secondary fluid loops. (environmental-expert.com)
- The AQBot NH3 is a robust NH3 Gas Monitor that can measure ammonia levels in the air. (environmental-expert.com)
- The U.S. Chemical Safety Board has sent a large investigative team to the scene, and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality is monitoring air quality for any potentially harmful elevations in ammonia levels. (time.com)
- rats were infected with M. pulmonis and were kept on bedding that was changed daily, and were exposed to different levels of pure ammonia (NH 3 ) (25, 50, 100, 150, and 250 ppm). (ratbehavior.org)
- Increasing levels of ammonia were positively associated with prevalence of lung lesions: the higher the ammonia concentration, the more rats had lung lesions. (ratbehavior.org)
- Tetra ® EasyStrips™ Ammonia Test Strips test only for ammonia levels present in your aquarium. (tetra-fish.com)
- In just ten seconds, you will find out if your ammonia levels are safe in your aquarium. (tetra-fish.com)
Pungent2
- A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. (wikipedia.org)
- Ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristically pungent smell. (wikipedia.org)
Aqueous1
- The aqueous solution of ammonia is basic. (wikipedia.org)
Environmental6
- Ammonia has been found in at least 137 of the 1,647 current or former National Priority Sites list identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (cdc.gov)
- Detection of ammonia in environmental samples. (cdc.gov)
- Ammonia doesn't have to come all the way from the Midwest to Philadelphia or New York," said Mark Zondlo , an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Princeton University. (princeton.edu)
- Toms River, NJ (January 16, 2009) - Leading gas conditioning products manufacturer Perma Pure has obtained CE certification for its AS(TM)-Series ammonia scrubbers, certifying that they meet EU health, safety, and environmental requirements. (thomasnet.com)
- In 2018, the Environmental Integrity Project conducted a study that found poultry barns likely emit more ammonia than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has assumed - 0.54 grams of ammonia per bird each day compared with 0.27 grams per bird each day. (baltimoresun.com)
- Environmental samples were collected to analyze for ammonia, total and respirable dust, formaldehyde (50000) vapors and formaldehyde on inhalable particulates during manufacturing operations. (cdc.gov)
Burns4
- Swallowing concentrated solutions of ammonia can cause burns in your mouth, throat, and stomach. (cdc.gov)
- Splashing ammonia into your eyes can cause burns and even blindness. (cdc.gov)
- Unlike diesel oil, ammonia has a very slow flame propagation, which means it burns much more slowly. (dnv.com)
- Its autoignition temperature is also a lot higher, at around 630°C - diesel oil burns at 210°C. This means that sustaining combustion once it gets started is also more difficult with ammonia than with other fuels. (dnv.com)
Tanker4
- Wärtsilä And Grieg To Build World's First Green Ammonia Fuelled Tanker. (pearltrees.com)
- In a recent collaborative study between Lloyd's Register Maritime Decarbonisation Hub and Maersk McKinney Moller Center for Zero Carbon Shipping, QRA has been applied to three ammonia-fuelled vessel reference designs: a containership, tanker and bulk carrier with different storage systems -fully refrigerated, semi pressurized and fully pressurized. (lr.org)
- Germany's MAN Energy Solutions and Korean shipbuilder Samsung Heavy Industries are part of an initiative to develop the first ammonia-fueled oil tanker by 2024. (ieee.org)
- The accident caused a 'large plume, cloud of anhydrous ammonia' that led to 'terribly dangerous air conditions' after the tanker spilled more than half its load after rolling over in a ditch, Effingham County officials said. (yahoo.com)
Compound2
- Ammonia is a compound with the formula N H 3 . (wikidoc.org)
- Ammonia is a compound produced by intestinal bacteria and cells during the digestion of protein. (medscape.com)
Lungs4
- When ammonia comes into contact with moist tissues such as the eyes, throat, and lungs corrosive injury can result. (cdc.gov)
- The pathological results were similar to Experiment 1: mamy more in the ammonia groups had dilated and distorted lungs or lung abscesses. (ratbehavior.org)
- Lung collapse and fluid in the lungs was always more common in the ammonia groups than in the no-ammonia groups. (ratbehavior.org)
- Lastly, the lesions in the nose, ears, throats and lungs of the ammonia groups were more severe than those of the no-ammonia groups. (ratbehavior.org)
Liver2
- Ammonia (NH 3 ) is produced by cells throughout the body, especially the intestines, liver, and kidneys. (medlineplus.gov)
- If the liver is diseased, the ammonia is not broken down and builds up in the blood. (medscape.com)
Yara3
- OSLO, NORWAY and FLORHAM PARK, NJ, April 11, 2018 - Yara International ASA and BASF today celebrated the opening of a new world-scale ammonia plant in Freeport, Texas, USA. (basf.com)
- To support the new plant, Yara built an ammonia storage facility at Port Freeport. (basf.com)
- Chemical giant Yara will provide the green ammonia, which it plans to produce at a plant in southern Norway . (ieee.org)
15.51
- The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the Baumé scale (density), with 26 degrees Baumé (about 30% of ammonia by weight at 15.5 °C or 59.9 °F) being the typical high-concentration commercial product. (wikipedia.org)
Atmospheric pressure2
- The structure of premixed ammonia air flames, burning at atmospheric pressure under strain-stabilized conditions on a porous-plug burner, has been investigated using laser-diagnostic methods. (lu.se)
- article{da8ad324-17f3-42dd-b157-5cd4a4d74030, abstract = {{The structure of premixed ammonia air flames, burning at atmospheric pressure under strain-stabilized conditions on a porous-plug burner, has been investigated using laser-diagnostic methods. (lu.se)
Atmosphere3
- Agriculture has long been blamed for smog-causing ammonia in the atmosphere, but vehicle tailpipes actually are a more important source of ammonia's contribution to the haze that hovers over big cities, according to new research by a team including Princeton engineers. (princeton.edu)
- The rain not only helped to put out the fires, but it also washed any of the residual ammonia out of the atmosphere so it is not going to have a health impact on the community. (time.com)
- Ammonia is found in small quantities in the atmosphere, being produced from the putrefaction of nitrogenous animal and vegetable matter. (wikidoc.org)