American Civil War
Liberia
Archives
Angola
Gulf War
Alexander Thomas Augusta--physician, teacher and human rights activist. (1/11)
Commissioned surgeon of colored volunteers, April 4, 1863, with the rank of Major. Commissioned regimental surgeon on the 7th Regiment of U.S. Colored Troops, October 2, 1863. Brevet Lieutenant Colonel of Volunteers, March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services--mustered out October 13, 1866. So reads the tombstone at Arlington National Cemetery of Alexander Thomas Augusta, the first black surgeon commissioned in the Union Army during the Civil War and the first black officer-rank soldier to be buried at Arlington Cemetery. He was also instrumental in founding the institutions that later became the hospital and medical college of Howard University and the National Medical Association. (+info)Physical and mental health costs of traumatic war experiences among Civil War veterans. (2/11)
BACKGROUND: Hundreds of thousands of soldiers face exposure to combat during wars across the globe. The health effects of traumatic war experiences have not been adequately assessed across the lifetime of these veterans. OBJECTIVE: To identify the role of traumatic war experiences in predicting postwar nervous and physical disease and mortality using archival data from military and medical records of veterans from the Civil War. DESIGN: An archival examination of military and medical records of Civil War veterans was conducted. Degree of trauma experienced (prisoner-of-war experience, percentage of company killed, being wounded, and early age at enlistment), signs of lifetime physician-diagnosed disease, and age at death were recorded. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The US Pension Board surgeons conducted standardized medical examinations of Civil War veterans over their postwar lifetimes. Military records of 17,700 Civil War veterans were matched to postwar medical records. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Signs of physician-diagnosed disease, including cardiac, gastrointestinal, and nervous disease; number of unique ailments within each disease; and mortality. RESULTS: Military trauma was related to signs of disease and mortality. A greater percentage of company killed was associated with signs of postwar cardiac and gastrointestinal disease (incidence risk ratio [IRR], 1.34; P < .02), comorbid nervous and physical disease (IRR, 1.51; P < .005), and more unique ailments within each disease (IRR, 1.14; P < .005). Younger soldiers (<18 years), compared with older enlistees (>30 years), showed a higher mortality risk (hazard ratio, 1.52), signs of comorbid nervous and physical disease (IRR, 1.93), and more unique ailments within each disease (IRR, 1.32) (P < .005 for all), controlling for time lived and other covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Greater exposure to death of military comrades and younger exposure to war trauma were associated with increased signs of physician-diagnosed cardiac, gastrointestinal, and nervous disease and more unique disease ailments across the life of Civil War veterans. Physiological mechanisms by which trauma might result in disease are discussed. (+info)Prevalence of major eye diseases among US Civil War veterans, 1890-1910. (3/11)
(+info)Antietam: aspects of medicine, nursing and the civil war. (4/11)
Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia met the Army of the Potomac under George B. McClellan at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland on September 17, 1862. Before the day was done, nearly 23,000 men were killed, wounded, or missing, memorializing Antietam as the bloodiest single day in American military history. Dr. Jonathan Letterman, the Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac, Clara Barton, the "Angel of the Battlefield," and Dr. Hunter McGuire, Chief Surgeon to and Medical Director of General Stonewall Jackson's Corps, were among the nursing and medical personnel engaged on that historic day. These three individuals provided medical and nursing care to the casualties at Antietam (and other Civil War battles), but perhaps more importantly, developed systems of casualty management that brought order and humanity to the battlefield. These models of care continue today in modern military medicine. (+info)Fertility in New York State in the pre-Civil War era. (5/11)
Knowledge is quite limited about the extent and social correlates of marital fertility decline for the United States in the early part of the nineteenth century. Manuscripts from the New York State census of 1865 indicate a very slow decline in marital fertility during the initial decades of the nineteenth century and more rapid decline as the Civil War approached. Little evidence of fertility control within marriage is found for the very oldest women in the sample, but analysis of parity progression ratios indicates that some control had emerged by the midpoint of the nineteenth century. Fertility decline was most evident in the urban, more economically developed areas, but our data also indicate that the limited availability of agricultural land may have affected the transition. While a marital fertility transition occurred in nineteenth-century New York, many couples in various geographic areas and social strata continued to have quite high levels of fertility, indicating difficulties that were probably faced in controlling reproduction. (+info)Clinical risk and judicial reasoning: Eugene F. Sanger, AM, MD, 1829-1897. (6/11)
(+info)Occupational career and risk of mortality among US Civil War veterans. (7/11)
(+info)Prejudice & policy: racial discrimination in the Union Army disability pension system, 1865-1906. (8/11)
(+info)The American Civil War (1861-1865) was a significant military conflict in the United States, primarily fought over the issue of slavery and its expansion into the western territories. The war was waged between the Northern states (known as the Union) and the Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed their own government, known as the Confederacy.
The Union, led by President Abraham Lincoln, was committed to preserving the country's unity and ending slavery, while the Confederacy, led by President Jefferson Davis, aimed to preserve its agrarian-based economy, social system, and states' rights, including the right to own slaves.
The war resulted in a Union victory, the abolition of slavery with the 13th Amendment, and the reunification of the country. However, it also left deep scars on the nation, causing significant loss of life, property damage, and social unrest that would take decades to heal.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "war" is not a medical term. It refers to a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or between political or social groups, usually with large-scale violence and loss of life. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Liberia" is not a medical term. It is a country in West Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Côte d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone. Established in 1847, it was the first African republic to proclaim its independence, and is known for its unique history of being settled by freed slaves from the United States. Is there a different term or concept you would like me to define or provide information about?
"History, 19th Century" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to the historical events, developments, and figures related to the 1800s in various fields, including politics, culture, science, and technology. However, if you are looking for medical advancements during the 19th century, here's a brief overview:
The 19th century was a period of significant progress in medicine, with numerous discoveries and innovations that shaped modern medical practices. Some notable developments include:
1. Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine (1796): Although not strictly within the 19th century, Jenner's discovery laid the foundation for vaccination as a preventive measure against infectious diseases.
2. Germ theory of disease: The work of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and others established that many diseases were caused by microorganisms, leading to the development of antiseptic practices and vaccines.
3. Anesthesia: In 1842, Crawford Long first used ether as an anesthetic during surgery, followed by the introduction of chloroform in 1847 by James Simpson.
4. Antisepsis and asepsis: Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic practices in surgery, significantly reducing postoperative infections. Later, the concept of asepsis (sterilization) was developed to prevent contamination during surgical procedures.
5. Microbiology: The development of techniques for culturing and staining bacteria allowed for better understanding and identification of pathogens.
6. Physiology: Claude Bernard's work on the regulation of internal body functions, or homeostasis, contributed significantly to our understanding of human physiology.
7. Neurology: Jean-Martin Charcot made significant contributions to the study of neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
8. Psychiatry: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, a new approach to understanding mental illnesses.
9. Public health: The 19th century saw the establishment of public health organizations and initiatives aimed at improving sanitation, water quality, and vaccination programs.
10. Medical education reforms: The Flexner Report in 1910 led to significant improvements in medical education standards and practices.
Military nursing is a specialized field of nursing that involves the provision of healthcare services to military personnel, veterans, and their families in both peace and war times. Military nurses may serve in various settings such as hospitals, clinics, battlefields, and aboard naval ships. They are responsible for providing direct patient care, promoting health, preventing illness and injury, and participating in research and education.
Military nurses must be trained to handle unique medical situations, such as trauma care, infectious diseases, and environmental emergencies. They may also be required to work in austere environments with limited resources and under high levels of stress. In addition to their clinical skills, military nurses must have a strong understanding of military culture, protocols, and procedures.
Military nursing can be a challenging but rewarding career choice for those who are dedicated to serving their country and providing high-quality healthcare services to those who serve.
In the context of medicine, "archives" typically refers to the collection and preservation of medical records or documents that are no longer in active use but still need to be retained for legal, historical, or research purposes. These archived materials may include patient records, clinical trial data, hospital reports, correspondence, images, and other forms of documentation. The purpose of maintaining medical archives is to ensure the availability and integrity of this information for future reference, as well as to comply with regulatory requirements related to record-keeping and privacy.
I'm not aware of any medical definitions associated with the term "Angola." Angola is a country located in Southern Africa, known officially as the Republic of Angola. It does not have any specific relevance to medical terminology or healthcare. If you have more context or information about why you are looking for a medical definition of Angola, I may be able to provide a more helpful response.
"Gulf War" is not a medical term per se, but it does refer to a specific historical conflict with significant medical and health implications. Officially known as the Persian Gulf War, it was a war waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait. The war lasted from August 1990 to February 1991.
Medically, the term "Gulf War veterans" or "Gulf War illness" is used to describe a range of chronic symptoms and health conditions reported by veterans of this conflict. These symptoms can include fatigue, headaches, memory and concentration problems, muscle and joint pain, neurological issues, and other unexplained medical disorders. The exact cause of these conditions is still a subject of ongoing research and debate, with possible factors including exposure to depleted uranium, pesticides, nerve agents, and other chemical compounds during the war.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sudan" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Northeast Africa, known as the Sudan or Sudan proper, and the southern region that seceded to become South Sudan in 2011. If you have any medical terms you would like me to define, please let me know!