Allyl Compounds
Garlic
Acrolein
Sulfur Compounds
Molecular Structure
Alcohols
Sulfides
Stereoisomerism
Sulfinic Acids
1-Propanol
Palladium
Food Preservatives
Hydrogenation
Photoinitiators, Dental
Plant Extracts
Ketones
Allyl-containing sulfides in garlic increase uncoupling protein content in brown adipose tissue, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats. (1/436)
The effects of garlic supplementation on triglyceride metabolism were investigated by measurements of the degree of thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats fed two types of dietary fat. In Experiment 1, rats were given isoenergetic high-fat diets containing either shortening or lard with or without garlic powder supplementation (8 g/kg of diet). After 28 d feeding, body weight, plasma triglyceride levels and the weights of perirenal adipose tissue and epididymal fat pad were significantly lower in rats fed diets supplemented with garlic powder than in those fed diets without garlic powder. The content of mitochondrial protein and uncoupling protein (UCP) in IBAT, and urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline excretion were significantly greater in rats fed a lard diet with garlic powder than in those fed the same diet without garlic. Other than adrenaline secretion, differences due to garlic were significant in rats fed shortening, also. In Experiment 2, the effects of various allyl-containing sulfides present in garlic on noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion were evaluated. Administration of diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide and alliin, organosulfur compounds present in garlic, significantly increased plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations, whereas the administration of disulfides without allyl residues, diallylmonosulfide and S-allyl-L-cysteine did not increase adrenaline secretion. These results suggest that in rats, allyl-containing sulfides in garlic enhance thermogenesis by increasing UCP content in IBAT, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion. (+info)Cytochrome P-450-dependent bioactivation of 1,1-dichloroethylene to a reactive epoxide in human lung and liver microsomes. (2/436)
We investigated the cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolism of 1, 1-dichloroethylene (DCE) by human lung and liver microsomes and compared the results from analogous experiments in mice. Metabolites were identified by HPLC analysis of their glutathione conjugates and/or hydrolyzed products and were detected by using [14C]DCE. The role of human CYP2E1 in the metabolic reactions was examined by comparing p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activities with levels of metabolites formed and by using the CYP2E1-selective inhibitor diallyl sulfone. The major products formed in microsomal incubations containing NADPH were the DCE-epoxide-derived glutathione conjugates 2-(S-glutathionyl)acetyl glutathione and 2-S-glutathionyl acetate. Lower levels of the acetal of 2,2-dichloroacetaldehyde were also detected. In lung samples from eight patients, the amounts of epoxide-derived conjugates formed ranged from 15.6 +/- 4.23 to 34.9 +/- 12.75 pmol/mg protein/min. The levels in murine lung were higher at 40.0 +/- 3.8 pmol/mg protein/min. In liver samples from five patients, conjugate levels ranged from 46.5 +/- 8.3 to 240.0 +/- 10. 5 pmol/mg protein/min, whereas levels in murine liver were 83.0 +/- 6.2 pmol/mg protein/min. Conjugate levels formed in human liver correlated with the relative levels of p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity present, but this relationship was equivocal in human lung. Diallyl sulfone inhibited the formation of the glutathione conjugates (20-65%) in liver samples from all four patients, whereas only one of five human lung samples exhibited this inhibition (27%). These results demonstrated that the DCE-epoxide is a major metabolite formed by human microsomes and is mediated by CYP2E1 in liver and in some individuals in lung. (+info)Inhibition of nitrifiers and methanotrophs from an agricultural humisol by allylsulfide and its implications for environmental studies. (3/436)
Allylsulfide, an inhibitor of ammonia monooxygenase, was tested to determine its ability to inhibit nitrification and methane oxidation in pure cultures, in agricultural humisol enrichment cultures, and in humisol slurries. We confirmed that allylsulfide is a differential inhibitor of cultures of nitrifiers and methanotrophs at concentrations of 1 and 200 microM, respectively, which result in 50% inhibition. However, although a nitrifying enrichment culture added to sterilized humisol was inhibited 50% by 4 microM allylsulfide, 500 microM allylsulfide was necessary for 50% inhibition of the endogenous nitrifying activity in nonsterile humisol. We concluded that native nitrifiers were protected, possibly by being in colonial aggregates or sheltered microenvironments. (+info)Metabolism of diallyl disulfide by human liver microsomal cytochromes P-450 and flavin-containing monooxygenases. (4/436)
The metabolism of diallyl disulfide (DADS), a garlic sulfur compound, was investigated in human liver microsomes. Diallyl thiosulfinate (allicin) was the only metabolite observed and its formation followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km = 0.61 +/- 0.2 mM and a Vmax = 18.5 +/- 4.2 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively (mean +/- S.E. M., n = 4). Both flavin-containing monooxygenase and the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (CYP) were involved in DADS oxidation, but the contribution of CYP was predominant. The cytochrome P-450 isoforms involved in this metabolism were investigated using selective chemical inhibitors, microsomes from cells expressing recombinant CYP isoenzymes, and studying the correlation of the rate of DADS oxidation with specific monooxygenase activities of human liver microsomes. Diethyldithiocarbamate and tranylcypromine inhibited allicin formation, whereas other specific inhibitors had low or no effect. Most of the different human microsomes from cells expressing CYP were able to catalyze this reaction, but CYP2E1 showed the highest affinity with a substantial activity. Furthermore, allicin formation by human liver microsomes was correlated with p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity, a marker of CYP2E1, and tolbutamide hydroxylase activity, a marker of CYP2C9. Among these approaches only CYP2E1 was identified in each case, which suggested that DADS is preferentially metabolized to allicin by CYP2E1 in human liver. However the minor participation of other CYP forms and flavin-containing monooxygenases is likely. (+info)In vivo formation and localization of 1,1-dichloroethylene epoxide in murine liver: identification of its glutathione conjugate 2-S-glutathionyl acetate. (5/436)
The hepatotoxic effects induced by 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE) are ascribed to cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1-dependent formation of metabolites including 2,2-dichloroacetaldehyde and the DCE-epoxide. The DCE metabolites detected in incubations of liver microsomes are the acetal, the hydrate of 2,2-dichloroacetaldehyde, and the epoxide-derived GSH conjugates 2-S-glutathionyl acetyl glutathione ([B]) and 2-S-glutathionyl acetate ([C]). This study was undertaken to determine whether these DCE metabolites are also formed in vivo in murine liver. HPLC analysis of cytosol isolated from the livers of mice treated with [(14)C]DCE showed that [C] was the major conjugate formed, with lower levels of formation of [B]. The acetal was not detected in the cytosol. The formation of the epoxide-derived GSH conjugates was dose-dependent at 25 to 225 mg/kg DCE and occurred coincidentally with levels of covalent binding of DCE at the same doses. The acetal and conjugates [B] and [C] were also detected in bile collected from mice treated with DCE. Pretreatment of mice with buthionine sulfoximine decreased sulfhydryl levels and formation of conjugate [C], and increased DCE binding to liver proteins. In contrast, the levels of [C] and DCE binding were both reduced significantly in mice pretreated with the CYP2E1 inhibitor diallyl sulfone. Immunohistochemical studies indicated that protein adducts and conjugate [C] were localized in centrilobular hepatocytes and corresponded with the sites where CYP2E1 resided. Pretreatment with buthionine sulfoximine increased the amount of immunostaining. However, pretreatment with diallyl sulfone markedly decreased immunostaining for [C] in the hepatocytes. These results showed that 2,2-dichloroacetaldehyde and the epoxide are formed from DCE in vivo. (+info)Effects of allitridi on intracellular Ca2+ concentration in isolated rat brain cells. (6/436)
AIM: To study actions of allitridi extracted from garlic on intracellular calcium in isolated rat brain cells. METHODS: Brain cells were isolated from newborn rat brain with Fura 2-AM measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). RESULTS: Allitridi 1-100 mumol.L-1 concentration-dependently blocked increases of [Ca2+]i caused by potassium chloride and sodium glutamate (Glu) with IC50 of 59.7 and 69.9 mumol.L-1 respectively. Allitridi 100 mumol.L-1 blocked norepinephrine (Nor)-induced [Ca2+]i elevation. CONCLUSION: Allitridi is an effective agent for blocking the [Ca2+]i increase caused by potassium chloride, Nor and Glu. (+info)Roles of horizontal gene transfer and gene integration in evolution of 1,3-dichloropropene- and 1,2-dibromoethane-degradative pathways. (7/436)
The haloalkane-degrading bacteria Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB13064, Pseudomonas pavonaceae 170, and Mycobacterium sp. strain GP1 share a highly conserved haloalkane dehalogenase gene (dhaA). Here, we describe the extent of the conserved dhaA segments in these three phylogenetically distinct bacteria and an analysis of their flanking sequences. The dhaA gene of the 1-chlorobutane-degrading strain NCIMB13064 was found to reside within a 1-chlorobutane catabolic gene cluster, which also encodes a putative invertase (invA), a regulatory protein (dhaR), an alcohol dehydrogenase (adhA), and an aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldA). The latter two enzymes may catalyze the oxidative conversion of n-butanol, the hydrolytic product of 1-chlorobutane, to n-butyric acid, a growth substrate for many bacteria. The activity of the dhaR gene product was analyzed in Pseudomonas sp. strain GJ1, in which it appeared to function as a repressor of dhaA expression. The 1,2-dibromoethane-degrading strain GP1 contained a conserved DNA segment of 2.7 kb, which included dhaR, dhaA, and part of invA. A 12-nucleotide deletion in dhaR led to constitutive expression of dhaA in strain GP1, in contrast to the inducible expression of dhaA in strain NCIMB13064. The 1, 3-dichloropropene-degrading strain 170 possessed a conserved DNA segment of 1.3 kb harboring little more than the coding region of the dhaA gene. In strains 170 and GP1, a putative integrase gene was found next to the conserved dhaA segment, which suggests that integration events were responsible for the acquisition of these DNA segments. The data indicate that horizontal gene transfer and integrase-dependent gene acquisition were the key mechanisms for the evolution of catabolic pathways for the man-made chemicals 1, 3-dichloropropene and 1,2-dibromoethane. (+info)Ethanol and arachidonic acid increase alpha 2(I) collagen expression in rat hepatic stellate cells overexpressing cytochrome P450 2E1. Role of H2O2 and cyclooxygenase-2. (8/436)
The ability of ethanol and arachidonic acid (AA), as inducers of oxidative stress and key factors in alcoholic liver disease, to up-regulate alpha 2 collagen type I (COL1A2) gene expression was studied in a hepatic stellate cell line overexpressing the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) (E5 cells). A time- and dose-dependent induction in COL1A2 mRNA by ethanol or AA was observed that was prevented by diallylsulfide, a CYP2E1 inhibitor. Nuclear run-on experiments showed transcriptional activation of the COL1A2 gene by ethanol and AA. Catalase abrogated the increase in COL1A2 mRNA suggesting an H(2)O(2)-dependent mechanism. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels and production of prostaglandin E(2) upon addition of AA were elevated in the E5 cells. Incubation with NS-398, a COX-2 inhibitor, blocked the effect of AA, but not of ethanol, on COL1A2 expression suggesting that CYP2E1 activates COX-2 expression, and the oxidation of AA by COX-2 is responsible for the increase in COL1A2. Activity of a reporter construct driven by -378 base pairs of the proximal promoter region of the COL1A2 gene increased in E5 but not control cells and was further increased by ethanol or AA. These experiments link CYP2E1-dependent oxidative stress to induction of COX-2 and the actions of ethanol and AA on activation of collagen gene expression in hepatic stellate cells. (+info)Allyl compounds are organic compounds that contain the allyl group, which is a functional group with the formula CH2=CH-CH2-. The allyl group consists of a methylene bridge (CH2-) flanked by a carbon-carbon double bond (-CH=). Allyl compounds can be derived from allyl alcohol, allyl chloride, or other allyl halides and can participate in various chemical reactions due to the reactivity of the double bond. They are used in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals.
"Propanols" is a general term that refers to a class of alcohols containing a propanol group, which is a functional group made up of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms and a hydroxyl group (-OH). There are two primary structures for propanols: 1-propanol (n-propyl alcohol) and 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol), which differ in the arrangement of their carbon chain.
1-Propanol, also known as n-propyl alcohol, has a linear structure with the hydroxyl group attached to one end of the carbon chain: CH3CH2CH2OH. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a solvent and in the production of other chemicals.
2-Propanol, also known as isopropyl alcohol or isopropanol, has a branched structure with the hydroxyl group attached to a branch on the second carbon atom: (CH3)2CHOH. It is a colorless, flammable liquid that is widely used as a solvent and disinfectant.
Both 1-propanol and 2-propanol have applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and cleaning products. However, they should be handled with care due to their flammability and potential health hazards, such as irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
Iridium is not a medical term, but rather a chemical element with the symbol Ir and atomic number 77. It's a transition metal that is part of the platinum group. Iridium has no known biological role in humans or other organisms, and it is not used in medical treatments or diagnoses.
However, iridium is sometimes mentioned in the context of geological time scales because iridium-rich layers in rock formations are associated with major extinction events, such as the one that marked the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago. The leading hypothesis for this association is that large asteroid impacts can create iridium-rich vapor plumes that settle onto the Earth's surface and leave a distinct layer in the rock record.
Garlic (Allium sativum) is not a medical term, but rather a species of plant that belongs to the onion family. It is a widely used culinary ingredient and traditional medicine. The medicinal properties are believed to come from the sulfur-containing compounds, such as allicin, which are formed when garlic is crushed or chopped.
While garlic is not a medical treatment itself, it has been studied for its potential health benefits in various areas, including cardiovascular disease, cancer prevention, and immune function support. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects and establish recommended dosages. It's important to consult with healthcare professionals before starting any new supplement regimen, including garlic.
Acrolein is an unsaturated aldehyde with the chemical formula CH2CHCHO. It is a colorless liquid that has a distinct unpleasant odor and is highly reactive. Acrolein is produced by the partial oxidation of certain organic compounds, such as glycerol and fatty acids, and it is also found in small amounts in some foods, such as coffee and bread.
Acrolein is a potent irritant to the eyes, nose, and throat, and exposure to high levels can cause coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. It has been shown to have toxic effects on the lungs, heart, and nervous system, and prolonged exposure has been linked to an increased risk of cancer.
In the medical field, acrolein is sometimes used as a laboratory reagent or as a preservative for biological specimens. However, due to its potential health hazards, it must be handled with care and appropriate safety precautions should be taken when working with this compound.
Isothiocyanates are organic compounds that contain a functional group made up of a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, and a sulfur atom, with the formula RN=C=S (where R can be an alkyl or aryl group). They are commonly found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, brussels sprouts, and wasabi. Isothiocyanates have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. However, they can also be toxic in high concentrations.
Sulfur compounds refer to chemical substances that contain sulfur atoms. Sulfur can form bonds with many other elements, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, among others. As a result, there is a wide variety of sulfur compounds with different structures and properties. Some common examples of sulfur compounds include hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfonic acids (R-SO3H).
In the medical field, sulfur compounds have various applications. For instance, some are used as drugs or drug precursors, while others are used in the production of medical devices or as disinfectants. Sulfur-containing amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine, are essential components of proteins and play crucial roles in many biological processes.
However, some sulfur compounds can also be harmful to human health. For example, exposure to high levels of hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide can cause respiratory problems, while certain organosulfur compounds found in crude oil and coal tar have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Therefore, it is essential to handle and dispose of sulfur compounds properly to minimize potential health hazards.
Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.
In chemistry, an alcohol is a broad term that refers to any organic compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom. This means that alcohols are essentially hydrocarbons with a hydroxyl group. The simplest alcohol is methanol (CH3OH), and ethanol (C2H5OH), also known as ethyl alcohol, is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
In the context of medical definitions, alcohol primarily refers to ethanol, which has significant effects on the human body when consumed. Ethanol can act as a central nervous system depressant, leading to various physiological and psychological changes depending on the dose and frequency of consumption. Excessive or prolonged use of ethanol can result in various health issues, including addiction, liver disease, neurological damage, and increased risk of injuries due to impaired judgment and motor skills.
It is important to note that there are other types of alcohols (e.g., methanol, isopropyl alcohol) with different chemical structures and properties, but they are not typically consumed by humans and can be toxic or even lethal in high concentrations.
In the context of medicine and toxicology, sulfides refer to inorganic or organic compounds containing the sulfide ion (S2-). Sulfides can be found in various forms such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), metal sulfides, and organic sulfides (also known as thioethers).
Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas with a characteristic rotten egg smell. It can cause various adverse health effects, including respiratory irritation, headaches, nausea, and, at high concentrations, loss of consciousness or even death. Metal sulfides, such as those found in some minerals, can also be toxic and may release hazardous sulfur dioxide (SO2) when heated or reacted with acidic substances.
Organic sulfides, on the other hand, are a class of organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms. They can occur naturally in some plants and animals or be synthesized in laboratories. Some organic sulfides have medicinal uses, while others may pose health risks depending on their concentration and route of exposure.
It is important to note that the term "sulfide" has different meanings in various scientific contexts, so it is essential to consider the specific context when interpreting this term.
Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism (structural arrangement of atoms) in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space. This occurs when the molecule contains asymmetric carbon atoms or other rigid structures that prevent free rotation, leading to distinct spatial arrangements of groups of atoms around a central point. Stereoisomers can have different chemical and physical properties, such as optical activity, boiling points, and reactivities, due to differences in their shape and the way they interact with other molecules.
There are two main types of stereoisomerism: enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) and diastereomers (non-mirror-image isomers). Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, but cannot be superimposed on one another. Diastereomers, on the other hand, are non-mirror-image stereoisomers that have different physical and chemical properties.
Stereoisomerism is an important concept in chemistry and biology, as it can affect the biological activity of molecules, such as drugs and natural products. For example, some enantiomers of a drug may be active, while others are inactive or even toxic. Therefore, understanding stereoisomerism is crucial for designing and synthesizing effective and safe drugs.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Sulfinic Acids" is not a term used in medical definitions. It is a term from the field of chemistry. Sulfinic acids are organic compounds that contain a functional group with the formula RSO(O)H, where R represents an alkyl or aryl group. They are important intermediates in organic synthesis and can be found in some natural sources. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help!
1-Propanol is a primary alcohol with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2OH. It is also known as n-propanol or propan-1-ol. It is a colorless, flammable liquid that is used as a solvent and in the production of other chemicals. 1-Propanol has a wide range of applications including as a disinfectant, an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals, and as a component in various industrial and consumer products such as cosmetics, cleaning agents, and pharmaceuticals. It is also used as a fuel additive to increase the octane rating of gasoline.
Aldehydes are a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of a functional group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and a double bonded oxygen atom, also known as a formyl or aldehyde group. The general chemical structure of an aldehyde is R-CHO, where R represents a hydrocarbon chain.
Aldehydes are important in biochemistry and medicine as they are involved in various metabolic processes and are found in many biological molecules. For example, glucose is converted to pyruvate through a series of reactions that involve aldehyde intermediates. Additionally, some aldehydes have been identified as toxicants or environmental pollutants, such as formaldehyde, which is a known carcinogen and respiratory irritant.
Formaldehyde is also commonly used in medical and laboratory settings for its disinfectant properties and as a fixative for tissue samples. However, exposure to high levels of formaldehyde can be harmful to human health, causing symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Therefore, appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling aldehydes in medical and laboratory settings.
I'm sorry for the confusion, but "Palladium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. It's used in various applications, including jewelry, dental work, electronics, and chemical reactions. If you have any medical terms you would like me to define, please let me know!
Food preservatives are substances added to foods to prevent or slow down spoilage caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and molds, or to retard quality deterioration due to oxidation or other chemical reactions. They work by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, preventing enzymatic reactions that cause spoilage, or scavenging oxygen that can lead to food degradation. Examples of commonly used food preservatives include sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sulfites, and nitrites. It is important to note that while food preservatives play a crucial role in maintaining the safety and quality of our food supply, excessive consumption of certain preservatives may have adverse health effects.
Isocyanates are a group of highly reactive chemicals that are widely used in the production of flexible and rigid foams, fibers, coatings, and adhesives. The most common isocyanates are toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Exposure to isocyanates can cause a range of health effects, including irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and skin, as well as respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Long-term exposure has been linked to the development of asthma and other respiratory diseases. Isocyanates are also known to be potential sensitizers, meaning that they can cause an allergic response in some individuals. It is important for workers who handle isocyanates to use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and follow proper safety protocols to minimize exposure.
Hydrogenation, in the context of food science and biochemistry, refers to the process of adding hydrogen atoms to certain unsaturated fats or oils, converting them into saturated fats. This is typically done through a chemical reaction using hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst, often a metal such as nickel or palladium.
The process of hydrogenation increases the stability and shelf life of fats and oils, but it can also lead to the formation of trans fats, which have been linked to various health issues, including heart disease. Therefore, the use of partially hydrogenated oils has been largely phased out in many countries.
Photoinitiators in dental materials are substances that initiate polymerization reactions when exposed to light. They are a critical component of dental resin-based composites and other light-cured materials, as they enable the material to harden and set rapidly upon exposure to a dental curing light.
The most commonly used photoinitiator in dental materials is camphorquinone (CQ), which absorbs light in the blue region of the visible spectrum (around 468 nm) and generates free radicals that initiate the polymerization reaction. However, due to its yellowish color and limited depth of cure, alternative photoinitiators or co-initiator systems have been developed, such as phenylpropanedione (PPD), Lucirin TPO-L, and Ivocerin.
These photoinitiators are chosen for their ability to absorb light at specific wavelengths that correspond to the emission spectrum of dental curing lights, their efficiency in generating free radicals, and their low toxicity profile. The use of photoinitiators in dental materials has significantly improved the physical properties, handling characteristics, and clinical performance of these materials.
A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.
Ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbon atom bound to two oxygen atoms and a central carbon atom bonded to two additional carbon groups through single bonds. In the context of human physiology, ketones are primarily produced as byproducts when the body breaks down fat for energy in a process called ketosis.
Specifically, under conditions of low carbohydrate availability or prolonged fasting, the liver converts fatty acids into ketone bodies, which can then be used as an alternative fuel source for the brain and other organs. The three main types of ketones produced in the human body are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.
Elevated levels of ketones in the blood, known as ketonemia, can occur in various medical conditions such as diabetes, starvation, alcoholism, and high-fat/low-carbohydrate diets. While moderate levels of ketosis are generally considered safe, severe ketosis can lead to a life-threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in people with diabetes.
In medical or clinical terms, "ethers" do not have a specific relevance as a single medical condition or diagnosis. However, in a broader chemical context, ethers are a class of organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. Ethers are not typically used as therapeutic agents but can be found in certain medications as solvents or as part of the drug's chemical structure.
An example of a medication with an ether group is the antihistamine diphenhydramine (Benadryl), which has a phenyl ether moiety in its chemical structure. Another example is the anesthetic sevoflurane, which is a fluorinated methyl isopropyl ether used for inducing and maintaining general anesthesia during surgeries.
It's important to note that 'ethers' as a term primarily belongs to the field of chemistry rather than medicine.
Allyl alcohol
Allyl acetate
Allyl cyanide
Epichlorohydrin
Allylamine
Dioxalin
Doyle-Kirmse reaction
Allyl group
Polyacrylonitrile
Allyltrichlorosilane
TRPV1
Allyl hexanoate
Organocobalt chemistry
Organonickel chemistry
Allyl propyl disulfide
Allyl phenyl ether
Cyclopentadienyl allyl palladium
Horseradish
Amaryllidaceae
Allyl methyl sulfide
Alfetamine
Bis(allyl)nickel
Propenyl
Diallyl disulfide
Garlic
Hydrobromic acid
Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition
Allylic rearrangement
Organopalladium chemistry
Glucosinolate
Allyl glycidyl ether
Allylbenzene
Isothiocyanate6
- Allyl isothiocyanate: comparative disposition in rats and mice. (nih.gov)
- Age-related changes in the metabolism and excretion of allyl isothiocyanate. (nih.gov)
- The punch of flavor is due to the chemical compound allyl isothiocyanate being disturbed. (ruralsprout.com)
- and allyl isothiocyanate , the pungent compound in mustard and wasabi. (wikipedia.org)
- Horseradish contains a compound called sinigrin, which can break down into allyl isothiocyanate. (shuncy.com)
- When sinigrin is ingested, it breaks down into allyl isothiocyanate, which is a volatile compound that can cause gastrointestinal irritation and vomiting in dogs. (shuncy.com)
Aldehydes2
Allicin6
- Garlic contains a compound called allicin, which has strong antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. (freepressjournal.in)
- Garlic has been found to contain at least 400 constituent compounds of which more than 30 are known to influence the body function minerals such as selenium and germanium, Amino-acids such as glutathione, methionine and cysteine, amino alkyl sulfoxides, allicin desulphide oxides, deoxidized sulphide and sulphydryl bearing compounds, s-allyl cysteine and the oxide of trithio-doderiens ajonene. (infolanka.com)
- The compounds are propyl, allyl, allicin and disulphide. (bloodsugarbattles.com)
- However, it is important to know that allicin is an unstable compound and is present only for a short time after a fresh clove has been cut or crushed. (judiklee.com)
- Onions contain three types of cancer-fighting compounds: apigenin (an anti-estrogen), allyl sulfurocysteine (allicin), and ajoene. (youmustgethealthy.com)
- Allicin - one of garlic's most highly valued sulfur compounds - stays intact for only 2-16 hours at room temperature when it is present in purified (extracted) form. (truthwiki.org)
Cysteine3
- Protective effect of S-allyl-L-cysteine, a garlic compound, on amyloid beta-protein-induced cell death in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. (wakunaga.co.jp)
- As it ages, the harsh and unstable organosulfur compounds in garlic are transformed into beneficial, compounds such as the heart healthy antioxidant S-allyl cysteine. (kyolic.com)
- Other compounds in garlic that may play a role in its health benefits include diallyl disulfide and s-allyl cysteine. (judiklee.com)
Alcohol14
- Allyl alcohol (IUPAC name: prop-2-en-1-ol) is an organic compound with the structural formula CH2=CHCH2OH. (wikipedia.org)
- Allyl alcohol is used as a raw material for the production of glycerol, but is also used as a precursor to many specialized compounds such as flame-resistant materials, drying oils, and plasticizers. (wikipedia.org)
- Allyl alcohol is the smallest representative of the allylic alcohols. (wikipedia.org)
- Allyl alcohol can be obtained by many methods. (wikipedia.org)
- CH2=CHCH2OH + NaCl}}} Allyl alcohol can also be made by the rearrangement of propylene oxide, a reaction that is catalyzed by potassium alum at high temperature. (wikipedia.org)
- CH2=CHCH2OCOCH3 + H2O}}} Hydrolysis of this acetate gives allyl alcohol. (wikipedia.org)
- In principle, allyl alcohol can be obtained by dehydrogenation of propanol. (wikipedia.org)
- Allyl alcohol is converted mainly to glycidol, which is a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of glycerol, glycidyl ethers, esters, and amines. (wikipedia.org)
- Also, a variety of polymerizable esters are prepared from allyl alcohol, e.g. diallyl phthalate. (wikipedia.org)
- Allyl alcohol is more toxic than related alcohols. (wikipedia.org)
- Chemstaff, Inc. also offers 99.0% pure AB with up to 0.5% low boiling impurities and up to 0.5% high boiling impurities (including allyl alcohol). (nih.gov)
- Production and Producers: Allyl bromide is prepared by treating allyl alcohol with a bromide and sulfuric acid. (nih.gov)
- To determine whether serum alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity reflects hepatic damage of centrilobular region (zone 3), the rats were given either bromobenzene (BB) or allyl alcohol (AA) IP to produce the pericen tral or periportal necrosis respectively. (elsevierpure.com)
- Allyl alcohol is obtained by heating glycerol with oxalic acid at 260°C. (chemistrypage.in)
Isothiocyanates1
- 2009. Modulation of histone deacetylase activity by dietary isothiocyanates and allyl sulfides: studies with sulforaphane and garlic organosulfur compounds. . (oregonstate.edu)
Bromide3
- The nomination of allyl bromide (AB) to the CSWG is based on potential for human exposure and suspicion of carcinogenicity. (nih.gov)
- However, allyl bromide would be expected to be a better alkylating agent than allyl chloride. (nih.gov)
- Technical Products and Impurities: Allyl bromide (AB) is commercially available with a purity of 99% from Morre-Tec Industries, Inc. (Anon. (nih.gov)
Organosulfur compound2
- 30. Allyl mercaptan, a garlic-derived organosulfur compound, inhibits histone deacetylase and enhances Sp3 binding on the P21WAF1 promoter. (nih.gov)
- That's not all-garlic also contains allyl sulfide, an organosulfur compound that can help change the gut bacteria associated with age-related memory problems. (chwbonline.com)
Alcohols1
- A general and efficient FeCl 3 -catalyzed substitution reaction of propargylic alcohols with carbon- and heteroatom-centered nucleophiles such as allyl trimethylsilane, alcohols, aromatic compounds, thiols, and amides, forms new C-C, C-O, C-S and C-N bonds. (organic-chemistry.org)
Garlic5
- Boiling garlic creates sulphur compounds which can dilate the bronchial passages of asthmatic patients and act as a decongestant, cough medicine and mucus regulater. (infolanka.com)
- Garlic contains active compounds that can help lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure by up to 11 mm Hg. (chwbonline.com)
- Pharmacokinetics of water soluble organosulfur compounds from garlic. (wakunaga.co.jp)
- Important Sulfur Compounds in Garlic and Their Medicinal Effects. (judiklee.com)
- It is a type of sulfur compound that gives garlic its classic aroma, and is the active ingredient that appears to help treat so many ailments. (judiklee.com)
Chloride3
- The advantage of this method relative to the allyl chloride route is that it does not generate salt. (wikipedia.org)
- As an allyl halide, AB is structurally related to allyl chloride, which was reported to be negative in male and female rats, and equivocal in male and female mice in NCI/NTP carcinogenicity studies. (nih.gov)
- Allyl chloride was considered previously by but quantitative data were very few or non-ex- the Working Group in Volume 36, Supplement 7, istent for all five chemicals. (who.int)
Sulfur Compounds1
- The figures below show the boiling and melting point for organic sulfur compounds as sulfides, disulfides, thiols (mercaptans) and thiophenes , together with the molecular structures of the different compounds. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
Glycidyl ether2
- PubChem Compound Summary for CID 7838, Allyl glycidyl ether. (vibratist.com)
- https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Allyl glycidyl ether. (vibratist.com)
Histone deacetylase activity1
- 39. Alpha-keto acid metabolites of organoselenium compounds inhibit histone deacetylase activity in human colon cancer cells. (nih.gov)
Diallyl1
- In this study, we treated the female A/J mice with CS carcinogen 4-[methyl(nitroso)amino]-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and naturally occurring organosulphur compound, diallyl sulphide (DAS) for 2 and 4 weeks after NNK injection and examined the metabolomic and DNA CpG methylomic and RNA transcriptomic profiles in the lung tissues. (nih.gov)
Dicarbonyl1
- CICECO Publication » Cyclopentadienyl molybdenum dicarbonyl eta(3)-allyl complexes as catalyst precursors for olefin epoxidation. (ua.pt)
Iodide2
- It was first prepared in 1856 by Auguste Cahours and August Hofmann by hydrolysis of allyl iodide. (wikipedia.org)
- Glycerol is reacted with a small amount of HI when allyl iodide is obtained. (chemistrypage.in)
Metabolites1
- Flavonoids are natural phenol compounds that form a large group of secondary plant metabolites with interesting biological activities. (biomedcentral.com)
Volatile2
- High volatile organic compound emissions, along with the environmental hazards associated, will hamper the market growth. (fortunebusinessinsights.com)
- HS-SPME-GC/MS analysis allowed to identify a complex volatile profile, showing 159 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). (bvsalud.org)
Horseradish1
- Horseradish contains a compound called sinigrin, which is toxic to dogs. (shuncy.com)
Reaction1
- The rate-limiting step of IMA, reaction of allyl halides at indium metal surfaces, is shown to be fast, with a minimum value of the heterogeneous rate constant of 1 × 10 -2 cm/s, an order of magnitude faster than the previously determined minimum value. (open.ac.uk)
Antioxidant1
- Onions are known as good immunity boosters because they are a good source of bioactive and antioxidant compounds. (youmustgethealthy.com)
Occupational1
- Levels of these compounds were below the relevant criteria for occupational exposure. (cdc.gov)
Rats1
- A series of these compounds was synthesized and tested for substitution in the two-lever drug discrimination assay, in rats trained to discriminate injections of d-LSD tartrate 185.5 nmol/kg, ip from saline. (erowid.org)
Drugs2
- Inadequate clinical history and multiple drugs being taken simultaneously often compound the problem. (bmj.com)
- These compounds are very similar to anti-diabetic drugs that help the synthesis of insulin and its release. (bloodsugarbattles.com)
Parameters1
- Parameters of the compound are refferd to PubChem [4]. (vibratist.com)
Data1
- Experiment procedures and compound characterization data. (acs.org)
Active2
- Thus, a growing number of epigenetically active compounds are currently tested in clinical trials for their therapeutic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
- To date, multiple biologically active food components are strongly suggested to have protective potential against cancer formation, even though these effects are not yet firmly established for the majority of these compounds [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Temperature1
- It is not known whether these compounds are stable at the 1 atm boiling temperature or not. (engineeringtoolbox.com)