The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air (AIR POLLUTANTS) that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects. The substances may include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; or volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.
Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.
Particles of any solid substance, generally under 30 microns in size, often noted as PM30. There is special concern with PM1 which can get down to PULMONARY ALVEOLI and induce MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION and PHAGOCYTOSIS leading to FOREIGN BODY REACTION and LUNG DISEASES.
Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.
A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.
The contamination of indoor air.
Gases, fumes, vapors, and odors escaping from the cylinders of a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
The mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
Respiratory tract diseases are a broad range of medical conditions that affect the nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs, impairing breathing and oxygen uptake, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, tuberculosis, and sleep apnea.
Contamination of bodies of water (such as LAKES; RIVERS; SEAS; and GROUNDWATER.)
Collection, analysis, and interpretation of data about the frequency, distribution, and consequences of disease or health conditions, for use in the planning, implementing, and evaluating public health programs.
Relating to the size of solids.
Contamination of the air, bodies of water, or land with substances that are harmful to human health and the environment.
A large or important municipality of a country, usually a major metropolitan center.
The status of health in urban populations.
Compounds that accept electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. The reaction is induced by or accelerated by exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the spectrum of visible or ultraviolet light.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them.
Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen.
The state of the ATMOSPHERE over minutes to months.
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.
AUTOMOBILES, trucks, buses, or similar engine-driven conveyances. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
'Smoke' is a complex mixture of gases, fine particles, and volatile compounds, generally produced by combustion of organic substances, which can contain harmful chemicals known to have adverse health effects.
A mixture of smoke and fog polluting the atmosphere. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The motion of air currents.
All deaths reported in a given population.
The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.
A dark powdery deposit of unburned fuel residues, composed mainly of amorphous CARBON and some HYDROCARBONS, that accumulates in chimneys, automobile mufflers and other surfaces exposed to smoke. It is the product of incomplete combustion of carbon-rich organic fuels in low oxygen conditions. It is sometimes called lampblack or carbon black and is used in INK, in rubber tires, and to prepare CARBON NANOTUBES.
The art or practice of preparing food. It includes the preparation of special foods for diets in various diseases.
A polysymptomatic condition believed by clinical ecologists to result from immune dysregulation induced by common foods, allergens, and chemicals, resulting in various physical and mental disorders. The medical community has remained largely skeptical of the existence of this "disease", given the plethora of symptoms attributed to environmental illness, the lack of reproducible laboratory abnormalities, and the use of unproven therapies to treat the condition. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
The application of heat to raise the temperature of the environment, ambient or local, or the systems for accomplishing this effect. It is distinguished from HEAT, the physical property and principle of physics.
Any combustible hydrocarbon deposit formed from the remains of prehistoric organisms. Examples are petroleum, coal, and natural gas.
A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions.
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).
Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.
Created 1 January 1993 as a result of the division of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.
Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water.
Materials or phenomena which can provide energy directly or via conversion.
Contamination of the air by tobacco smoke.
A distribution function used to describe the occurrence of rare events or to describe the sampling distribution of isolated counts in a continuum of time or space.
The atmospheric properties, characteristics and other atmospheric phenomena especially pertaining to WEATHER or CLIMATE.
Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; COHORT STUDIES; and CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES.
A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)
Adverse effect upon bodies of water (LAKES; RIVERS; seas; groundwater etc.) caused by CHEMICAL WATER POLLUTANTS.
Any enterprise centered on the processing, assembly, production, or marketing of a line of products, services, commodities, or merchandise, in a particular field often named after its principal product. Examples include the automobile, fishing, music, publishing, insurance, and textile industries.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the air. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
A product of hard secondary xylem composed of CELLULOSE, hemicellulose, and LIGNANS, that is under the bark of trees and shrubs. It is used in construction and as a source of CHARCOAL and many other products.
Supplying a building or house, their rooms and corridors, with fresh air. The controlling of the environment thus may be in public or domestic sites and in medical or non-medical locales. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
High temperature destruction of waste by burning with subsequent reduction to ashes or conversion to an inert mass.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
Blocking of a blood vessel by air bubbles that enter the circulatory system, usually after TRAUMA; surgical procedures, or changes in atmospheric pressure.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "California" is a place, specifically a state on the western coast of the United States, and not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Earth or other matter in fine, dry particles. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Air pollutants found in the work area. They are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation.
Computer systems capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their locations.
The maximum exposure to a biologically active physical or chemical agent that is allowed during an 8-hour period (a workday) in a population of workers, or during a 24-hour period in the general population, which does not appear to cause appreciable harm, whether immediate or delayed for any period, in the target population. (From Lewis Dictionary of Toxicology, 1st ed)
Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
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A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.
'Fires' is not a recognized medical term for a symptom, diagnosis, or condition in patients.
A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Noise associated with transportation, particularly aircraft and automobiles.
Measurement of the maximum rate of airflow attained during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination. Common abbreviations are PEFR and PFR.
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.
Elements of residence that characterize a population. They are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services.
Compounds consisting of two or more fused ring structures.
Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.
A usually four-wheeled automotive vehicle designed for passenger transportation and commonly propelled by an internal-combustion engine using a volatile fuel. (Webster, 1973)
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)
The longterm manifestations of WEATHER. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rome" is not a medical term or concept, and it doesn't have a specific medical definition. It is the capital city of Italy, known for its rich history, culture, and influence on various aspects including medicine, particularly during the Roman Empire period. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help!
Inorganic oxides of sulfur.
The maintenance of certain aspects of the environment within a defined space to facilitate the function of that space; aspects controlled include air temperature and motion, radiant heat level, moisture, and concentration of pollutants such as dust, microorganisms, and gases. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.
Factors that can cause or prevent the outcome of interest, are not intermediate variables, and are not associated with the factor(s) under investigation. They give rise to situations in which the effects of two processes are not separated, or the contribution of causal factors cannot be separated, or the measure of the effect of exposure or risk is distorted because of its association with other factors influencing the outcome of the study.
Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain (EARACHE), fever, HEARING DISORDERS, and VERTIGO. Inflammation of the external ear is OTITIS EXTERNA; of the middle ear, OTITIS MEDIA; of the inner ear, LABYRINTHITIS.
Living facilities for humans.
Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.
Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.
Substances or organisms which pollute the water or bodies of water. Use for water pollutants in general or those for which there is no specific heading.
Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents.
Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but 'Europe' is a geographical continent and not a medical term; therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.
Devices, manned and unmanned, which are designed to be placed into an orbit about the Earth or into a trajectory to another celestial body. (NASA Thesaurus, 1988)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "London" is a place name and not a medical term, so it doesn't have a medical definition. It's the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, known for its rich history, culture, and landmarks. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to help answer those!
A refined petroleum fraction used as a fuel as well as a solvent.
The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
Residue generated from combustion of coal or petroleum.
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.
Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon byproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide.
(LA) is not a medical term; it is a region, specifically the second most populous city in the United States, located in Southern California, which contains several world-renowned hospitals and medical centers that offer advanced healthcare services and cutting-edge medical research.
The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors.
Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.
A method of analyzing the variation in utilization of health care in small geographic or demographic areas. It often studies, for example, the usage rates for a given service or procedure in several small areas, documenting the variation among the areas. By comparing high- and low-use areas, the analysis attempts to determine whether there is a pattern to such use and to identify variables that are associated with and contribute to the variation.
Combination of procedures, methods, and tools by which a policy, program, or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population.
The effect of GLOBAL WARMING and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases.
Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.
Various material objects and items in the home. It includes temporary or permanent machinery and appliances. It does not include furniture or interior furnishings (FURNITURE see INTERIOR DESIGN AND FURNISHINGS; INTERIOR FURNISHINGS see INTERIOR DESIGN AND FURNISHINGS).
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Substances or energies, for example heat or light, which when introduced into the air, water, or land threaten life or health of individuals or ECOSYSTEMS.
A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions.
An agency in the Executive Branch of the Federal Government. It was created as an independent regulatory agency responsible for the implementation of federal laws designed to protect the environment. Its mission is to protect human health and the ENVIRONMENT.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
The process of accepting patients. The concept includes patients accepted for medical and nursing care in a hospital or other health care institution.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mexico" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is the name of a country located in North America, known officially as the United Mexican States. If you have any questions related to medical topics or terminology, I would be happy to help answer those!
##### There is no medical definition for "East Germany" as it is a geopolitical term referring to the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), which existed from 1949 to 1990 and was not a medical or healthcare-related concept. However, I can provide some historical context: East Germany was a socialist state in Central Europe that was established after World War II and was governed by the Soviet Union until its peaceful reunification with West Germany in 1990. The GDR had its own healthcare system, which was based on the principles of socialized medicine and provided universal access to medical care for its citizens.
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
(I'm assuming you are asking for a play on words related to the state of New Jersey, as "New Jersey" is not a medical term.)
Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.
The means of moving persons, animals, goods, or materials from one place to another.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Georgia" is not a medical term to my knowledge. It is a place name that can refer to a state in the United States or a country in Europe. If you have a different context or meaning in mind, I would be happy to help further if I can.
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).
The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals.
Large natural streams of FRESH WATER formed by converging tributaries and which empty into a body of water (lake or ocean).
An infant having a birth weight of 2500 gm. (5.5 lb.) or less but INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT is available for infants having a birth weight of 1500 grams (3.3 lb.) or less.
Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.
A course of action or principle adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual that concerns human interactions with nature and natural resources.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
A weight-carrying structure for navigation of the air that is supported either by its own buoyancy or by the dynamic action of the air against its surfaces. (Webster, 1973)
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
The enactment of laws and ordinances and their regulation by official organs of a nation, state, or other legislative organization. It refers also to health-related laws and regulations in general or for which there is no specific heading.
The climate of a very small area.
Representations, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of material or abstract features on the surface of the earth, the heavens, or celestial bodies.
The state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Germany" is a country and not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition. It is located in Central Europe and is known for its advanced medical research and facilities.
Carcinogenic substances that are found in the environment.
Organic compounds that have a relatively high VAPOR PRESSURE at room temperature.
Parliamentary democracy located between France on the northeast and Portugual on the west and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
The industry concerned with the removal of raw materials from the Earth's crust and with their conversion into refined products.
Accumulations of solid or liquid animal excreta usually from stables and barnyards with or without litter material. Its chief application is as a fertilizer. (From Webster's 3d ed)
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc.
Units that convert some other form of energy into electrical energy.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tokyo" is not a medical term that has a specific definition in the field of medicine. Tokyo is actually the capital city of Japan and is not used as a term in medicine.
Experimental devices used in inhalation studies in which a person or animal is either partially or completely immersed in a chemically controlled atmosphere.
The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.
Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.
Complex petroleum hydrocarbons consisting mainly of residues from crude oil distillation. These liquid products include heating oils, stove oils, and furnace oils and are burned to generate energy.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their ENVIRONMENT, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. (Webster's, 3d ed)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guatemala" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. Guatemala is the name of a country located in Central America, known officially as the Republic of Guatemala. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.

Influence of crossdrafts on the performance of a biological safety cabinet. (1/1638)

A biological safety cabinet was tested to determine the effect of crossdrafts (such as those created by normal laboratory activity or ventilation) upon the ability of the cabinet to protect both experiments and investigators. A simple crossdraft, controllable from 50 to 200 feet per min (fpm; 15.24 to 60.96 m/min), was created across the face of the unit. Modifications of standardized procedures involving controlled bacterial aerosol challenges provided stringent test conditions. Results indicated that, as the crossflow velocities exceeded 100 fpm, the ability of the cabinet to protect either experiments or investigators decreased logarithmically with increasing crossdraft speed. Because 100 fpm is an airspeed easily achieved by some air conditioning and heating vents (open windows and doorways may create velocities far in excess of 200 fpm), the proper placement of a biological safety cabinet within the laboratory--away from such disruptive air currents--is essential to satisfactory cabinet performance.  (+info)

A new model rat with acute bronchiolitis and its application to research on the toxicology of inhaled particulate matter. (2/1638)

The aim of the present study was to establish a useful animal model that simulates humans sensitive to inhaled particulate matter (PM). We have developed a new rat model of acute bronchiolitis (Br) by exposing animals to NiCl2 (Ni) aerosols for five days. Three days following the Ni exposure, the animals developed signs of tachypnea, mucous hypersecretion, and bronchiolar inflammation which seemed to progress quickly during the fourth to fifth day. They recovered from lesions after four weeks in clean air. To assess the sensitivity of the Br rats to inhaled particles, two kinds of PM of respirable size were tested with doses similar to or a little higher to the recommended threshold limit values (TLVs) for the working environment in Japan. Titanium dioxide (TiO2 = Ti) was chosen as an inert and insoluble particles and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5 = V), as a representative soluble and toxic airborne material. The Br rats exposed to either Ti or V were compared the pathological changes in the lungs and the clearance of particles to those in normal control or Br rats kept in clean air. The following significant differences were observed in Br rats: 1. delayed recovery from pre-existing lesions or exacerbated inflammation, 2. reductions in deposition and clearance rate of inhaled particles with the progress of lesions. The present results suggest that Br rats are more susceptible to inhaled particles than control rats. Therefore, concentrations of particulate matter lower than the TLVs for Japan, which have no harmful effects on normal lungs, may not always be safe in the case of pre-existing lung inflammation.  (+info)

A simulation study of confounding in generalized linear models for air pollution epidemiology. (3/1638)

Confounding between the model covariates and causal variables (which may or may not be included as model covariates) is a well-known problem in regression models used in air pollution epidemiology. This problem is usually acknowledged but hardly ever investigated, especially in the context of generalized linear models. Using synthetic data sets, the present study shows how model overfit, underfit, and misfit in the presence of correlated causal variables in a Poisson regression model affect the estimated coefficients of the covariates and their confidence levels. The study also shows how this effect changes with the ranges of the covariates and the sample size. There is qualitative agreement between these study results and the corresponding expressions in the large-sample limit for the ordinary linear models. Confounding of covariates in an overfitted model (with covariates encompassing more than just the causal variables) does not bias the estimated coefficients but reduces their significance. The effect of model underfit (with some causal variables excluded as covariates) or misfit (with covariates encompassing only noncausal variables), on the other hand, leads to not only erroneous estimated coefficients, but a misguided confidence, represented by large t-values, that the estimated coefficients are significant. The results of this study indicate that models which use only one or two air quality variables, such as particulate matter [less than and equal to] 10 microm and sulfur dioxide, are probably unreliable, and that models containing several correlated and toxic or potentially toxic air quality variables should also be investigated in order to minimize the situation of model underfit or misfit.  (+info)

Indoor, outdoor, and regional summer and winter concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO4(2)-, H+, NH4+, NO3-, NH3, and nitrous acid in homes with and without kerosene space heaters. (4/1638)

Twenty-four-hour samples of PM10 (mass of particles with aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm), PM2.5, (mass of particles with aerodynamic diameter < or = 2.5 microm), particle strong acidity (H+), sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), ammonia (NH3), nitrous acid (HONO), and sulfur dioxide were collected inside and outside of 281 homes during winter and summer periods. Measurements were also conducted during summer periods at a regional site. A total of 58 homes of nonsmokers were sampled during the summer periods and 223 homes were sampled during the winter periods. Seventy-four of the homes sampled during the winter reported the use of a kerosene heater. All homes sampled in the summer were located in southwest Virginia. All but 20 homes sampled in the winter were also located in southwest Virginia; the remainder of the homes were located in Connecticut. For homes without tobacco combustion, the regional air monitoring site (Vinton, VA) appeared to provide a reasonable estimate of concentrations of PM2.5 and SO42- during summer months outside and inside homes within the region, even when a substantial number of the homes used air conditioning. Average indoor/outdoor ratios for PM2.5 and SO42- during the summer period were 1.03 +/- 0.71 and 0.74 +/- 0.53, respectively. The indoor/outdoor mean ratio for sulfate suggests that on average approximately 75% of the fine aerosol indoors during the summer is associated with outdoor sources. Kerosene heater use during the winter months, in the absence of tobacco combustion, results in substantial increases in indoor concentrations of PM2.5, SO42-, and possibly H+, as compared to homes without kerosene heaters. During their use, we estimated that kerosene heaters added, on average, approximately 40 microg/m3 of PM2.5 and 15 microg/m3 of SO42- to background residential levels of 18 and 2 microg/m3, respectively. Results from using sulfuric acid-doped Teflon (E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, DE) filters in homes with kerosene heaters suggest that acid particle concentrations may be substantially higher than those measured because of acid neutralization by ammonia. During the summer and winter periods indoor concentrations of ammonia are an order of magnitude higher indoors than outdoors and appear to result in lower indoor acid particle concentrations. Nitrous acid levels are higher indoors than outdoors during both winter and summer and are substantially higher in homes with unvented combustion sources.  (+info)

Biomarkers for exposure to ambient air pollution--comparison of carcinogen-DNA adduct levels with other exposure markers and markers for oxidative stress. (5/1638)

Human exposure to genotoxic compounds present in ambient air has been studied using selected biomarkers in nonsmoking Danish bus drivers and postal workers. A large interindividual variation in biomarker levels was observed. Significantly higher levels of bulky carcinogen-DNA adducts (75.42 adducts/10(8) nucleotides) and of 2-amino-apidic semialdehyde (AAS) in plasma proteins (56.7 pmol/mg protein) were observed in bus drivers working in the central part of Copenhagen, Denmark. In contrast, significantly higher levels of AAS in hemoglobin (55.8 pmol/mg protein), malondialdehyde in plasma (0. 96 nmol/ml plasma), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-albumin adduct (3.38 fmol/ microg albumin) were observed in the suburban group. The biomarker levels in postal workers were similar to the levels in suburban bus drivers. In the combined group of bus drivers and postal workers, negative correlations were observed between bulky carcinogen-DNA adduct and PAH-albumin levels (p = 0.005), and between DNA adduct and [gamma]-glutamyl semialdehyde (GGS) in hemoglobin (p = 0.11). Highly significant correlations were found between PAH-albumin adducts and AAS in plasma (p = 0.001) and GGS in hemoglobin (p = 0.001). Significant correlations were also observed between urinary 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine and AAS in plasma (p = 0.001) and PAH-albumin adducts (p = 0.002). The influence of the glutatione S-transferase (GST) M1 deletion on the correlation between the biomarkers was studied in the combined group. A significant negative correlation was only observed between bulky carcinogen-DNA adducts and PAH-albumin adducts (p = 0.02) and between DNA adduct and urinary mutagenic activity (p = 0.02) in the GSTM1 null group, but not in the workers who were homozygotes or heterozygotes for GSTM1. Our results indicate that some of the selected biomarkers can be used to distinguish between high and low exposure to environmental genotoxins.  (+info)

Short-term associations between outdoor air pollution and visits to accident and emergency departments in London for respiratory complaints. (6/1638)

Many epidemiological studies have shown positive short-term associations between health and current levels of outdoor air pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between air pollution and the number of visits to accident and emergency (A&E) departments in London for respiratory complaints. A&E visits include the less severe cases of acute respiratory disease and are unrestricted by bed availability. Daily counts of visits to 12 London A&E departments for asthma, other respiratory complaints, and both combined for a number of age groups were constructed from manual registers of visits for the period 1992-1994. A Poisson regression allowing for seasonal patterns, meteorological conditions and influenza epidemics was used to assess the associations between the number of visits and six pollutants: nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and particles measured as black smoke (BS) and particles with a median aerodynamic diameter of <10 microm (PM10). After making an allowance for the multiplicity of tests, there remained strong associations between visits for all respiratory complaints and increases in SO2: a 2.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7-4.9) increase in the number of visits for a 18 microg x (-3) increase (10th-90th percentile range) and a 3.0% (95% CI 0.8-5.2) increase for a 31 microg x m(-3) increase in PM10. There were also significant associations between visits for asthma and SO2, NO2 and PM10. No significant associations between O3 and any of the respiratory complaints investigated were found. Because of the strong correlation between pollutants, it was difficult to identify a single pollutant responsible for the associations found in the analyses. This study suggests that the levels of air pollution currently experienced in London are linked to short-term increases in the number of people visiting accident and emergency departments with respiratory complaints.  (+info)

Increased exhaled nitric oxide on days with high outdoor air pollution is of endogenous origin. (7/1638)

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of outdoor air pollution on exhaled levels of endogenously released nitric oxide. To exclude bias from exogenous NO in the recovered exhaled air (residual NO or NO in dead volume) an experimental design was used that sampled NO of endogenous origin only. The validity of the presented experimental design was established in experiments where subjects were exposed to high levels of exogenous NO (cigarette smoke or 480 microg x m(-3) synthetic NO). Subsequent 1 min breathing and a final inhalation of NO-free air proved to be sufficient to attain pre-exposure values. Using the presented method detecting only endogenous NO in exhaled air, 18 subjects were sampled on 4 separate days with different levels of outdoor air pollution (read as an ambient NO level of 4, 30, 138 and 246 microg x m(-3)). On the 2 days with highest outdoor air pollution, exhaled NO was significantly (p<0.001) increased (67-78%) above the mean baseline value assessed on 4 days with virtually no outdoor air pollution. In conclusion, the level of endogenous nitric oxide in exhaled air is increased on days with high outdoor air pollution. The physiological implications of this findings need to be investigated further.  (+info)

Air pollution, pollens, and daily admissions for asthma in London 1987-92. (8/1638)

BACKGROUND: A study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between daily hospital admissions for asthma and air pollution in London in 1987-92 and the possible confounding and modifying effects of airborne pollen. METHODS: For all ages together and the age groups 0-14, 15-64 and 65+ years, Poisson regression was used to estimate the relative risk of daily asthma admissions associated with changes in ozone, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and particles (black smoke), controlling for time trends, seasonal factors, calendar effects, influenza epidemics, temperature, humidity, and autocorrelation. Independent effects of individual pollutants and interactions with aeroallergens were explored using two pollutant models and models including pollen counts (grass, oak and birch). RESULTS: In all-year analyses ozone was significantly associated with admissions in the 15-64 age group (10 ppb eight hour ozone, 3.93% increase), nitrogen dioxide in the 0-14 and 65+ age groups (10 ppb 24 hour nitrogen dioxide, 1.25% and 2.96%, respectively), sulphur dioxide in the 0-14 age group (10 micrograms/m3 24 hour sulphur dioxide, 1.64%), and black smoke in the 65% age group (10 micrograms/m3 black smoke, 5.60%). Significant seasonal differences were observed for ozone in the 0-14 and 15-64 age groups, and in the 0-14 age group there were negative associations with ozone in the cool season. In general, cumulative lags of up to three days tended to show stronger and more significant effects than single day lags. In two-pollutant models these associations were most robust for ozone and least for nitrogen dioxide. There was no evidence that the associations with air pollutants were due to confounding by any of the pollens, and little evidence of an interaction between pollens and pollution except for synergism of sulphur dioxide and grass pollen in children (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Ozone, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particles were all found to have significant associations with daily hospital admissions for asthma, but there was a lack of consistency across the age groups in the specific pollutant. These associations were not explained by confounding by airborne pollens nor was there convincing evidence that the effects of air pollutants and airborne pollens interact in causing hospital admissions for asthma.  (+info)

Air pollution is defined as the contamination of air due to the presence of substances or harmful elements that exceed the acceptable limits. These pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, gases, or a combination of these. They can be released from various sources, including industrial processes, vehicle emissions, burning of fossil fuels, and natural events like volcanic eruptions.

Exposure to air pollution can have significant impacts on human health, contributing to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular issues, and even premature death. It can also harm the environment, damaging crops, forests, and wildlife populations. Stringent regulations and measures are necessary to control and reduce air pollution levels, thereby protecting public health and the environment.

Air pollutants are substances or mixtures of substances present in the air that can have negative effects on human health, the environment, and climate. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, residential heating and cooking, agricultural activities, and natural events. Some common examples of air pollutants include particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Air pollutants can cause a range of health effects, from respiratory irritation and coughing to more serious conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, and cancer. They can also contribute to climate change by reacting with other chemicals in the atmosphere to form harmful ground-level ozone and by directly absorbing or scattering sunlight, which can affect temperature and precipitation patterns.

Air quality standards and regulations have been established to limit the amount of air pollutants that can be released into the environment, and efforts are ongoing to reduce emissions and improve air quality worldwide.

Particulate Matter (PM) refers to the mixture of tiny particles and droplets in the air that are solid or liquid in nature. These particles vary in size, with some being visible to the naked eye while others can only be seen under a microscope. PM is classified based on its diameter:

* PM10 includes particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or smaller. These particles are often found in dust, pollen, and smoke.
* PM2.5 includes particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller. These fine particles are produced from sources such as power plants, industrial processes, and vehicle emissions. They can also come from natural sources like wildfires.

Exposure to particulate matter has been linked to various health problems, including respiratory issues, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. The smaller the particle, the deeper it can penetrate into the lungs, making PM2.5 particularly harmful to human health.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a gaseous air pollutant and respiratory irritant. It is a reddish-brown toxic gas with a pungent, choking odor. NO2 is a major component of smog and is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants, and industrial processes.

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide can cause respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing, especially in people with asthma or other respiratory conditions. Long-term exposure has been linked to the development of chronic lung diseases, including bronchitis and emphysema. NO2 also contributes to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause additional health problems.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is not a medical term per se, but it's an important chemical compound with implications in human health and medicine. Here's a brief definition:

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. It is primarily released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels (like coal and oil) and the smelting of metals. SO2 is also produced naturally during volcanic eruptions and some biological processes.

In medical terms, exposure to high levels of sulfur dioxide can have adverse health effects, particularly for people with respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). SO2 can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, causing coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and a tight feeling in the chest. Prolonged exposure to elevated levels of SO2 may exacerbate existing respiratory issues and lead to decreased lung function.

Regulations are in place to limit sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial sources to protect public health and reduce air pollution.

Indoor air pollution refers to the contamination of air within buildings and structures due to presence of particles, gases, or biological materials that can harmfully affect the health of occupants. These pollutants can originate from various sources including cooking stoves, heating systems, building materials, furniture, tobacco products, outdoor air, and microbial growth. Some common indoor air pollutants include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and mold. Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can cause a range of health issues, from respiratory problems to cancer, depending on the type and level of exposure. Effective ventilation, air filtration, and source control are some of the strategies used to reduce indoor air pollution.

'Vehicle Emissions' is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, in a broader context, it refers to the gases and particles released into the atmosphere by vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses, and airplanes. The main pollutants found in vehicle emissions include carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Exposure to these pollutants can have negative health effects, including respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Therefore, vehicle emissions are a significant public health concern.

Ozone (O3) is not a substance that is typically considered a component of health or medicine in the context of human body or physiology. It's actually a form of oxygen, but with three atoms instead of two, making it unstable and reactive. Ozone is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere, where it forms a protective layer in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.

However, ozone can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on human health depending on its location and concentration. At ground level or in indoor environments, ozone is considered an air pollutant that can irritate the respiratory system and aggravate asthma symptoms when inhaled at high concentrations. It's important to note that ozone should not be confused with oxygen (O2), which is essential for human life and breathing.

Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

In medical terms, 'air' is defined as the mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere. It primarily consists of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and small amounts of other gases such as argon, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of neon, helium, and methane.

Air is essential for human life, as it provides the oxygen that our bodies need to produce energy through respiration. We inhale air into our lungs, where oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular metabolism, is exhaled out of the body through the lungs and back into the atmosphere.

In addition to its role in respiration, air also plays a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate and weather patterns, as well as serving as a medium for sound waves and other forms of energy transfer.

Respiratory tract diseases refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. These diseases can be categorized into upper and lower respiratory tract infections based on the location of the infection.

Upper respiratory tract infections affect the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx, and include conditions such as the common cold, flu, sinusitis, and laryngitis. Symptoms often include nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, and fever.

Lower respiratory tract infections affect the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs, and can be more severe. They include conditions such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. Symptoms may include cough, chest congestion, shortness of breath, and fever.

Respiratory tract diseases can also be caused by allergies, irritants, or genetic factors. Treatment varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, breathing treatments, or surgery in severe cases.

Water pollution is defined medically as the contamination of water sources by harmful or sufficient amounts of foreign substances (pathogens, chemicals, toxic compounds, etc.) which tend to interfere with its normal functioning and can have negative effects on human health. Such pollutants can find their way into water bodies through various means including industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, oil spills, sewage and wastewater discharges, and accidental chemical releases, among others.

Exposure to polluted water can lead to a range of health issues, from minor problems like skin irritation or stomach upset, to severe conditions such as neurological disorders, reproductive issues, cancer, and even death in extreme cases. It also poses significant risks to aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and leading to the decline or extinction of various species. Therefore, maintaining clean and safe water supplies is critical for both human health and environmental preservation.

Epidemiological monitoring is the systematic and ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data pertaining to a specific population or community, with the aim of identifying and tracking patterns of disease or injury, understanding their causes, and informing public health interventions and policies. This process typically involves the use of surveillance systems, such as disease registries, to collect data on the incidence, prevalence, and distribution of health outcomes of interest, as well as potential risk factors and exposures. The information generated through epidemiological monitoring can help to identify trends and emerging health threats, inform resource allocation and program planning, and evaluate the impact of public health interventions.

In the context of medical and health sciences, particle size generally refers to the diameter or dimension of particles, which can be in the form of solid particles, droplets, or aerosols. These particles may include airborne pollutants, pharmaceutical drugs, or medical devices such as nanoparticles used in drug delivery systems.

Particle size is an important factor to consider in various medical applications because it can affect the behavior and interactions of particles with biological systems. For example, smaller particle sizes can lead to greater absorption and distribution throughout the body, while larger particle sizes may be filtered out by the body's natural defense mechanisms. Therefore, understanding particle size and its implications is crucial for optimizing the safety and efficacy of medical treatments and interventions.

Environmental pollution is the introduction or presence of harmful substances, energies, or objects in the environment that can cause adverse effects on living organisms and ecosystems. These pollutants can be in the form of chemical, physical, or biological agents that contaminate air, water, soil, or noise levels, exceeding safe limits established by environmental regulations.

Examples of environmental pollution include:

1. Air pollution: The presence of harmful substances such as particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air that can cause respiratory and other health problems.
2. Water pollution: Contamination of water sources with chemicals, heavy metals, pathogens, or other pollutants that can harm aquatic life and make the water unsafe for human consumption or recreational use.
3. Soil pollution: The presence of harmful substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial waste in soil that can reduce soil fertility, contaminate crops, and pose a risk to human health.
4. Noise pollution: Excessive noise levels from transportation, industrial activities, or other sources that can cause stress, sleep disturbances, and hearing loss in humans and animals.
5. Light pollution: The excessive use of artificial light that can disrupt ecosystems, affect human circadian rhythms, and contribute to energy waste.

Environmental pollution is a significant global health issue that requires urgent attention and action from governments, industries, and individuals to reduce pollutant emissions, promote sustainable practices, and protect the environment for future generations.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Cities" is not a medical term or concept, but rather a geographical and sociopolitical one referring to large, densely populated urban areas. If you're looking for information about health-related topics associated with cities, I would be happy to help! For example, there are many public health issues that are closely linked to city living, such as air pollution, infectious diseases, and chronic conditions like obesity and heart disease. Please let me know if you have any specific questions in mind!

Urban health is a branch of public health that focuses on the unique health challenges and disparities faced by urban populations. It encompasses the physical, mental, and social well-being of people living in urban areas, which are characterized by high population density, diverse cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds, and unique environmental exposures.

Urban health addresses a range of issues, including infectious diseases, chronic conditions, injuries, violence, and mental health disorders, as well as the social determinants of health such as housing, education, income, and access to healthcare services. It also considers the impact of urbanization on health, including the effects of pollution, noise, crowding, and lack of green spaces.

The goal of urban health is to promote health equity and improve the overall health outcomes of urban populations by addressing these challenges through evidence-based interventions, policies, and programs that are tailored to the unique needs of urban communities.

Photochemical oxidants refer to chemical compounds that are formed as a result of a photochemical reaction, which involves the absorption of light. These oxidants are often highly reactive and can cause oxidative damage to living cells and tissues.

In the context of environmental science, photochemical oxidants are primarily associated with air pollution and the formation of ozone (O3) and other harmful oxidizing agents in the atmosphere. These pollutants are formed when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight, particularly ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Photochemical oxidation can also occur in biological systems, such as within cells, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be generated by the absorption of light by certain molecules. These ROS can cause damage to cellular components, such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, and have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Overall, photochemical oxidants are a significant concern in both environmental and health contexts, and understanding the mechanisms of their formation and effects is an important area of research.

Inhalation exposure is a term used in occupational and environmental health to describe the situation where an individual breathes in substances present in the air, which could be gases, vapors, fumes, mist, or particulate matter. These substances can originate from various sources, such as industrial processes, chemical reactions, or natural phenomena.

The extent of inhalation exposure is determined by several factors, including:

1. Concentration of the substance in the air
2. Duration of exposure
3. Frequency of exposure
4. The individual's breathing rate
5. The efficiency of the individual's respiratory protection, if any

Inhalation exposure can lead to adverse health effects, depending on the toxicity and concentration of the inhaled substances. Short-term or acute health effects may include irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, or lungs, while long-term or chronic exposure can result in more severe health issues, such as respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, or cancer.

It is essential to monitor and control inhalation exposures in occupational settings to protect workers' health and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Various methods are employed for exposure assessment, including personal air sampling, area monitoring, and biological monitoring. Based on the results of these assessments, appropriate control measures can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with inhalation exposure.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air. It is toxic to hemoglobic animals when encountered in concentrations above about 35 ppm. This compound is a product of incomplete combustion of organic matter, and is a major component of automobile exhaust.

Carbon monoxide is poisonous because it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells much more strongly than oxygen does, forming carboxyhemoglobin. This prevents the transport of oxygen throughout the body, which can lead to suffocation and death. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and disorientation. Prolonged exposure can lead to unconsciousness and death.

Carbon monoxide detectors are commonly used in homes and other buildings to alert occupants to the presence of this dangerous gas. It is important to ensure that these devices are functioning properly and that they are placed in appropriate locations throughout the building. Additionally, it is essential to maintain appliances and heating systems to prevent the release of carbon monoxide into living spaces.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are a group of highly reactive gases, primarily composed of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). They are formed during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, gas, or biomass, and are emitted from various sources, including power plants, industrial boilers, transportation vehicles, and residential heating systems. Exposure to NOx can have adverse health effects, particularly on the respiratory system, and contribute to the formation of harmful air pollutants like ground-level ozone and fine particulate matter.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "weather" is not a medical term. Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, including factors such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, and wind. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!

Respiratory disorders are a group of conditions that affect the respiratory system, including the nose, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. These disorders can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally and may cause symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

There are many different types of respiratory disorders, including:

1. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disease that causes the airways to become narrow and swollen, leading to difficulty breathing.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A group of lung diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that make it hard to breathe.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
4. Lung cancer: A type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
5. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
6. Sleep apnea: A disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during sleep.
7. Interstitial lung disease: A group of disorders that cause scarring of the lung tissue, leading to difficulty breathing.
8. Pulmonary fibrosis: A type of interstitial lung disease that causes scarring of the lung tissue and makes it hard to breathe.
9. Pleural effusion: An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and chest wall.
10. Lung transplantation: A surgical procedure to replace a diseased or failing lung with a healthy one from a donor.

Respiratory disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, exposure to environmental pollutants, smoking, and infections. Treatment for respiratory disorders may include medications, oxygen therapy, breathing exercises, and lifestyle changes. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the disorder.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Motor Vehicles" is not a term that typically has a medical definition. It is a general term used to describe vehicles that are powered by a motor or engine and are designed for land transportation. This would include cars, trucks, motorcycles, buses, and other similar types of vehicles.

However, in a legal context, a "motor vehicle" may have a specific definition that varies by jurisdiction. For example, in some places, the definition might only include vehicles that are intended for use on public roads, excluding things like golf carts or construction equipment.

If you're looking for a medical term related to motor vehicles, there are many that could apply, such as "motor vehicle accident," "whiplash injury," or "traumatic brain injury due to motor vehicle collision." But the term "motor vehicles" itself does not have a specific medical definition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

'Smoke' is not typically defined in a medical context, but it can be described as a mixture of small particles and gases that are released when something burns. Smoke can be composed of various components including carbon monoxide, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, toluene, styrene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exposure to smoke can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

In the medical field, exposure to smoke is often referred to as "secondhand smoke" or "passive smoking" when someone breathes in smoke from another person's cigarette, cigar, or pipe. This type of exposure can be just as harmful as smoking itself and has been linked to a range of health problems, including respiratory infections, asthma, lung cancer, and heart disease.

'Smog' is not a term used in medical definitions. It is a combination of the words "smoke" and "fog" and refers to a type of air pollution typically formed when vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and other sources release large amounts of fine particles and gases (such as nitrogen oxides or ground-level ozone) into the air. These pollutants then react in the presence of sunlight to form smog.

However, exposure to high levels of smog can have negative health effects, particularly for people with respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Smog can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, causing symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Long-term exposure to smog has been linked to more serious health problems, including heart disease, lung cancer, and premature death.

"Air movements" is not a medical term or concept. It generally refers to the movement or circulation of air, which can occur naturally (such as through wind) or mechanically (such as through fans or ventilation systems). In some contexts, it may refer specifically to the movement of air in operating rooms or other controlled environments for medical purposes. However, without more specific context, it is difficult to provide a precise definition or medical interpretation of "air movements."

Mortality, in medical terms, refers to the state or condition of being mortal; the quality or fact of being subject to death. It is often used in reference to the mortality rate, which is the number of deaths in a specific population, divided by the size of that population, per a given time period. This can be used as a measure of the risk of death among a population.

Environmental health is a branch of public health that focuses on the study of how environmental factors, including physical, chemical, and biological factors, impact human health and disease. It involves the assessment, control, and prevention of environmental hazards in order to protect and promote human health and well-being.

Environmental health encompasses a wide range of issues, such as air and water quality, food safety, waste management, housing conditions, occupational health and safety, radiation protection, and climate change. It also involves the promotion of healthy behaviors and the development of policies and regulations to protect public health from environmental hazards.

The goal of environmental health is to create safe and healthy environments that support human health and well-being, prevent disease and injury, and promote sustainable communities. This requires a multidisciplinary approach that involves collaboration between various stakeholders, including policymakers, researchers, healthcare providers, community organizations, and the public.

"Soot" is not typically considered a medical term, but it does have relevance to public health and medicine due to its potential health effects. Soot is a general term for the fine black or brown particles that are produced when materials burn, such as in fires, industrial processes, or vehicle emissions. It is made up of a complex mixture of substances, including carbon, metals, and other organic compounds.

Inhaling soot can lead to respiratory problems, cardiovascular issues, and cancer. This is because the tiny particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, causing inflammation and damage to tissues. Prolonged exposure or high concentrations of soot can have more severe health effects, particularly in vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing medical conditions.

"Cooking" is not a medical term, but it generally refers to the process of preparing and cooking food. In a medical or nutritional context, "cooking" may refer to the application of heat to food in order to make it safe and more palatable to eat, as well as to improve its nutritional value and digestibility.

Cooking can also have an impact on the nutrient content of food. For example, cooking certain vegetables can increase their bioavailability, or the amount of a nutrient that is available for absorption by the body. On the other hand, cooking some foods at high temperatures or for long periods of time can lead to the loss of certain nutrients, such as vitamins C and B.

It's important to note that the way food is cooked can also affect its safety. For example, undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood can harbor harmful bacteria, such as Salmonella and E. coli, which can cause foodborne illness. It's essential to cook these foods thoroughly to reduce the risk of infection.

In summary, while "cooking" is not a medical term, it has important implications for food safety, nutrition, and digestion.

Environmental Illness (EI) is a condition in which individuals report experiencing various symptoms that they believe are caused or worsened by exposure to specific environmental factors. These factors can include chemicals, allergens, pollutants, or other substances present in the air, water, or food. The symptoms of EI can vary widely and may include headaches, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, respiratory problems, skin irritations, and gastrointestinal issues.

It's important to note that while some people may be more sensitive than others to environmental factors, the term "Environmental Illness" is not recognized as a formal medical diagnosis by major medical organizations such as the American Medical Association or the World Health Organization. Instead, the symptoms of EI are often attributed to other conditions, such as allergies, asthma, or chemical sensitivities.

In some cases, individuals with EI may be diagnosed with a related condition called Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), which is characterized by heightened sensitivity to chemicals and other environmental factors. However, MCS is also not recognized as a formal medical diagnosis by many major medical organizations.

Overall, while some people may experience symptoms that they believe are caused by exposure to environmental factors, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

In the context of medical terminology, "heating" generally refers to the application of heat to an area of the body for therapeutic purposes. This can be done using various methods such as hot packs, heating pads, warm compresses, or even heated wax. The goal of applying heat is to increase blood flow, reduce pain and muscle spasms, and promote healing in the affected area. It's important to note that excessive heating or application of heat to sensitive areas should be avoided, as it can lead to burns or other injuries.

Fossil fuels are not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of earth science and energy production. They refer to fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes even hundreds of millions of years.

There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal is primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, and it is formed from the remains of plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in swamps and peat bogs. Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, formed from the remains of marine organisms such as algae and zooplankton. Natural gas is primarily composed of methane and other light hydrocarbons, and it is found in underground reservoirs, often in association with petroleum deposits.

Fossil fuels are a major source of energy for transportation, heating, and electricity generation, but their combustion also releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change and air pollution.

I apologize for any confusion, but "coal" is not a medical term. Coal is a black or brownish-black sedimentary rock that is formed from the accumulation and preservation of plant materials, usually in a swamp environment. It is commonly used as a fuel source due to its high carbon content. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment.

The underlying cause of asthma involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors that result in hypersensitivity of the airways to certain triggers, such as allergens, irritants, viruses, exercise, and emotional stress. When these triggers are encountered, the airways constrict due to smooth muscle spasm, swell due to inflammation, and produce excess mucus, leading to the characteristic symptoms of asthma.

Asthma is typically managed with a combination of medications that include bronchodilators to relax the airway muscles, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and leukotriene modifiers or mast cell stabilizers to prevent allergic reactions. Avoiding triggers and monitoring symptoms are also important components of asthma management.

There are several types of asthma, including allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma, and nocturnal asthma, each with its own set of triggers and treatment approaches. Proper diagnosis and management of asthma can help prevent exacerbations, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

"Maternal exposure" is a medical term that refers to the contact or interaction of a pregnant woman with various environmental factors, such as chemicals, radiation, infectious agents, or physical environments, which could potentially have an impact on the developing fetus. This exposure can occur through different routes, including inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, or even transplacentally. The effects of maternal exposure on the fetus can vary widely depending on the type, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the stage of pregnancy at which it occurs. It is important to monitor and minimize maternal exposure to potentially harmful substances or environments during pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and developing fetus.

The Czech Republic is a country located in Central Europe. It is not a medical term or concept, so it does not have a specific medical definition. However, like any other country, the Czech Republic has its own healthcare system and medical facilities that provide various health services to its population. The Czech Republic is known for its high-quality healthcare and medical education, with many institutions being recognized worldwide.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Urban Population" is not a medical term. It is a demographic term used to describe the portion of a country's population that lives in areas classified as urban. The United Nations defines an urban area as a city, town, or other agglomeration with a population of 20,000 or more. However, the specific definition can vary by country and organization.

In contrast, medical terms typically refer to conditions, diseases, symptoms, treatments, or healthcare-related concepts. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to help if I can!

Acid rain is a form of precipitation, including rain, snow, and fog, that has a pH level less than 5.6 and contains high levels of sulfuric and nitric acids. These acidic compounds are formed primarily when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are emitted into the atmosphere from human sources such as coal-fired power plants, industrial processes, and transportation vehicles. When these pollutants mix with water, oxygen, and other chemicals in the atmosphere, they form acidic compounds that can fall to the earth as acid rain, harming both natural ecosystems and man-made structures.

The term "acid rain" was first coined in the 1960s by scientists studying the effects of air pollution on the environment. Acid rain can have a number of negative impacts on the environment, including damaging forests, lakes, and streams; harming aquatic life; eroding buildings, monuments, and sculptures; and contributing to respiratory problems in humans and animals.

To mitigate the effects of acid rain, many countries have implemented regulations aimed at reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from industrial sources and power plants. These efforts have helped to reduce the severity of acid rain in some areas, but the problem remains a significant concern in many parts of the world.

"Energy-generating resources" is a broad term that refers to various methods and technologies used to convert different forms of energy into electricity or other useful forms. While there isn't a specific medical definition for this term, it is often discussed in the context of public health and environmental medicine due to its impact on air quality, climate change, and human health. Here are some examples of energy-generating resources:

1. Fossil fuels: These include coal, oil, and natural gas, which are non-renewable resources. They are burned to produce heat, which is then converted into electricity. The combustion process releases greenhouse gases and pollutants, contributing to climate change and air pollution-related health issues.
2. Nuclear power: This energy source involves the fission of atomic nuclei to generate heat, which is used to produce steam and drive turbines for electricity generation. While nuclear power itself does not emit greenhouse gases, it poses potential risks associated with radioactive waste disposal, accidents, and proliferation.
3. Renewable resources: These are sustainable energy sources that can be replenished naturally over time. Examples include solar power (photovoltaic or concentrated), wind power, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, and biomass. These resources have lower environmental impacts and contribute less to air pollution and climate change compared to fossil fuels.
4. Hydrogen fuel cells: These devices convert chemical energy from hydrogen into electricity through an electrochemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. They are clean energy sources, as the only byproducts are water and heat. However, the production of hydrogen can have environmental impacts depending on the method used (e.g., steam methane reforming vs. electrolysis powered by renewable energy).
5. Energy storage systems: While not a primary source of energy generation, energy storage technologies like batteries and capacitors play an essential role in optimizing the use of energy-generating resources. They can store excess energy produced during periods of low demand or high resource availability (e.g., solar power during the day) and release it during peak demand or resource scarcity, improving overall system efficiency and reducing the need for backup generation from fossil fuels.

In summary, "energy-generating resources" refer to various methods used to convert different forms of energy into electricity or other useful forms. The environmental and health impacts of these resources vary significantly, with renewable sources generally having lower impacts compared to fossil fuel-based options.

Tobacco smoke pollution is not typically defined in medical terms, but it refers to the presence of tobacco smoke in indoor or outdoor environments, which can have negative effects on air quality and human health. It is also known as secondhand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). This type of smoke is a mixture of sidestream smoke (the smoke given off by a burning cigarette) and mainstream smoke (the smoke exhaled by a smoker).

The medical community recognizes tobacco smoke pollution as a serious health hazard. It contains more than 7,000 chemicals, hundreds of which are toxic and about 70 that can cause cancer. Exposure to tobacco smoke pollution can cause a range of adverse health effects, including respiratory symptoms, lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. In children, it can also lead to ear infections, asthma attacks, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Therefore, many laws and regulations have been implemented worldwide to protect people from tobacco smoke pollution, such as smoking bans in public places and workplaces.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but Poisson Distribution is actually a statistical concept rather than a medical term. Here's a general definition:

Poisson Distribution is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space, as long as these events occur with a known average rate and independently of each other. It is often used in fields such as physics, engineering, economics, and medical research to model rare events or low-probability phenomena.

In the context of medical research, Poisson Distribution might be used to analyze the number of adverse events that occur during a clinical trial, the frequency of disease outbreaks in a population, or the rate of successes or failures in a series of experiments.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Meteorological Concepts" is quite broad and can refer to various ideas and phenomena related to the study of meteorology, which is the scientific discipline that deals with the atmosphere and its processes. Here are a few examples of meteorological concepts:

1. Air pressure: The force exerted by the weight of the air above a given point. It's usually measured in hectopascals (hPa), inches of mercury (inHg), or millibars (mbar).
2. Temperature: A measure of the warmth or coldness of an object or environment, often reported in degrees Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F).
3. Humidity: The amount of water vapor present in the air. Relative humidity is the ratio of the current water vapor content to the maximum possible content at a given temperature.
4. Precipitation: Any form of water that falls from the atmosphere and reaches the ground, including rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
5. Wind: The horizontal movement of air relative to the surface of the Earth. It's usually described in terms of its speed (measured in knots, miles per hour, or meters per second) and direction (often given as a compass bearing).
6. Clouds: Visible masses of water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. They form due to the condensation of atmospheric water vapor and are classified based on their appearance, altitude, and other characteristics.
7. Fronts: Boundaries between different air masses that have distinct temperature and humidity properties. These boundaries can lead to various weather phenomena, such as precipitation and severe thunderstorms.
8. Air pollution: The presence of harmful substances in the atmosphere, often resulting from human activities like industrial processes or transportation.
9. Weather forecasting: The use of scientific principles, observations, and computer models to predict future weather conditions.
10. Climate: The long-term average of weather patterns and conditions in a specific region, typically over a period of 30 years or more.

These are just a few examples of meteorological concepts. There are many more aspects of atmospheric science that could be explored, such as the study of tornadoes, hurricanes, and other extreme weather events.

Epidemiologic studies are investigations that seek to understand the distribution, patterns, and determinants of health and disease within a population. These studies aim to identify the frequency and occurrence of diseases or health-related events, as well as the factors that contribute to their occurrence. This information is used to develop public health policies and interventions to prevent or control diseases and promote overall health.

There are several types of epidemiologic studies, including:

1. Descriptive studies: These studies describe the characteristics of a population and the distribution of a disease or health-related event within that population. They do not typically investigate causes or risk factors.
2. Analytical studies: These studies examine the relationship between exposures (risk factors) and outcomes (diseases or health-related events). There are two main types of analytical studies: observational studies and experimental studies.
3. Observational studies: In these studies, researchers observe and collect data on a population without intervening or manipulating any variables. There are several types of observational studies, including cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies.
4. Cohort studies: These studies follow a group of people (a cohort) over time to see if they develop a particular disease or health-related event. Researchers collect data on exposures and outcomes at multiple points in time.
5. Case-control studies: These studies compare people with a specific disease or health-related event (cases) to people without the disease or event (controls). Researchers then look back in time to see if there are any differences in exposures between the two groups.
6. Cross-sectional studies: These studies collect data on exposures and outcomes at a single point in time. They are useful for estimating the prevalence of a disease or health-related event, but they cannot establish causality.
7. Experimental studies: In these studies, researchers manipulate variables to see if they have an effect on a particular outcome. The most common type of experimental study is a randomized controlled trial (RCT), in which participants are randomly assigned to receive either the intervention being tested or a control group.

Epidemiologic studies can provide valuable insights into the causes and consequences of diseases and health-related events, as well as potential interventions to prevent or treat them. However, they must be carefully designed and conducted to minimize bias and confounding, and their results should be interpreted with caution.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds characterized by the presence of two or more fused benzene rings. They are called "polycyclic" because they contain multiple cyclic structures, and "aromatic" because these structures contain alternating double bonds that give them distinctive chemical properties and a characteristic smell.

PAHs can be produced from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources include wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and the decomposition of organic matter. Anthropogenic sources include the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gasoline, as well as tobacco smoke, grilled foods, and certain industrial processes.

PAHs are known to be environmental pollutants and can have harmful effects on human health. They have been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung, skin, and bladder cancers, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity. PAHs can also cause skin irritation, respiratory problems, and damage to the immune system.

PAHs are found in a variety of environmental media, including air, water, soil, and food. They can accumulate in the food chain, particularly in fatty tissues, and have been detected in a wide range of foods, including meat, fish, dairy products, and vegetables. Exposure to PAHs can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact.

It is important to limit exposure to PAHs by avoiding tobacco smoke, reducing consumption of grilled and smoked foods, using ventilation when cooking, and following safety guidelines when working with industrial processes that produce PAHs.

Chemical water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater) with harmful chemicals or substances that negatively impact water quality and pose a threat to human health, aquatic life, and the environment. These chemical pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural activities, waste disposal, oil spills, and chemical accidents. Examples of chemical pollutants include heavy metals (such as mercury, lead, and cadmium), pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other hazardous substances. These chemicals can have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on living organisms and can disrupt ecosystems, leading to decreased biodiversity and impaired ecological functions.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Industry" is a general term that refers to a specific branch of economic activity, or a particular way of producing goods or services. It is not a medical term with a defined meaning within the field of medicine.

However, if you are referring to the term "industrious," which can be used to describe someone who is diligent and hard-working, it could be applied in a medical context to describe a patient's level of engagement and effort in their own care. For example, a patient who is conscientious about taking their medications as prescribed, following through with recommended treatments, and making necessary lifestyle changes to manage their condition might be described as "industrious" by their healthcare provider.

Air microbiology is the study of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that are present in the air. These microorganisms can be suspended in the air as particles or carried within droplets of liquid, such as those produced when a person coughs or sneezes.

Air microbiology is an important field of study because it helps us understand how these microorganisms are transmitted and how they may affect human health. For example, certain airborne bacteria and fungi can cause respiratory infections, while airborne viruses can cause diseases such as the common cold and influenza.

Air microbiology involves various techniques for collecting and analyzing air samples, including culturing microorganisms on growth media, using molecular biology methods to identify specific types of microorganisms, and measuring the concentration of microorganisms in the air. This information can be used to develop strategies for controlling the spread of airborne pathogens and protecting public health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Wood" is not a medical term. It is a common name for various hard, fibrous tissues that make up the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, as well as a term used for a wide range of items made from these materials. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Ventilation, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the process of breathing, which is the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment. It involves both inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling). During inspiration, air moves into the lungs, delivering oxygen to the alveoli (air sacs) where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen is taken up by the blood and transported to the body's cells, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is expelled from the body during expiration.

In a medical setting, ventilation may also refer to the use of mechanical devices, such as ventilators or respirators, which assist or replace the breathing process for patients who are unable to breathe effectively on their own due to conditions like respiratory failure, sedation, neuromuscular disorders, or injuries. These machines help maintain adequate gas exchange and prevent complications associated with inadequate ventilation, such as hypoxia (low oxygen levels) and hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide levels).

'Incineration' is not typically used as a medical term, but it does have relevance to the field of medicine and public health. It generally refers to the process of destroying something, usually waste, through extreme heat and combustion. In the medical context, incineration is often discussed in relation to the disposal of healthcare waste, including infectious materials, sharps, and pharmaceutical products. Proper incineration can help reduce the volume of waste, destroy harmful components, and prevent the spread of infection. However, it's important to note that improper incineration practices can also release toxic emissions into the environment, posing risks to public health.

Regression analysis is a statistical technique used in medicine, as well as in other fields, to examine the relationship between one or more independent variables (predictors) and a dependent variable (outcome). It allows for the estimation of the average change in the outcome variable associated with a one-unit change in an independent variable, while controlling for the effects of other independent variables. This technique is often used to identify risk factors for diseases or to evaluate the effectiveness of medical interventions. In medical research, regression analysis can be used to adjust for potential confounding variables and to quantify the relationship between exposures and health outcomes. It can also be used in predictive modeling to estimate the probability of a particular outcome based on multiple predictors.

An air embolism is a medical condition that occurs when one or more air bubbles enter the bloodstream and block or obstruct blood vessels. This can lead to various symptoms depending on the severity and location of the obstruction, including shortness of breath, chest pain, confusion, stroke, or even death.

Air embolisms can occur in a variety of ways, such as during certain medical procedures (e.g., when air is accidentally introduced into a vein or artery), trauma to the lungs or blood vessels, scuba diving, or mountain climbing. Treatment typically involves administering oxygen and supportive care, as well as removing the source of the air bubbles if possible. In severe cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be used to help reduce the size of the air bubbles and improve outcomes.

"California" is a geographical location and does not have a medical definition. It is a state located on the west coast of the United States, known for its diverse landscape including mountains, beaches, and forests. However, in some contexts, "California" may refer to certain medical conditions or situations that are associated with the state, such as:

* California encephalitis: a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes that is common in California and other western states.
* California king snake: a non-venomous snake species found in California and other parts of the southwestern United States, which can bite and cause allergic reactions in some people.
* California roll: a type of sushi roll that originated in California and is made with avocado, cucumber, and crab meat, which may pose an allergy risk for some individuals.

It's important to note that these uses of "California" are not medical definitions per se, but rather descriptive terms that refer to specific conditions or situations associated with the state.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

In medical terms, "dust" is not defined as a specific medical condition or disease. However, generally speaking, dust refers to small particles of solid matter that can be found in the air and can come from various sources, such as soil, pollen, hair, textiles, paper, or plastic.

Exposure to certain types of dust, such as those containing allergens, chemicals, or harmful pathogens, can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory issues like asthma, allergies, and lung diseases. Prolonged exposure to certain types of dust, such as silica or asbestos, can even lead to serious conditions like silicosis or mesothelioma.

Therefore, it is important for individuals who work in environments with high levels of dust to take appropriate precautions, such as wearing masks and respirators, to minimize their exposure and reduce the risk of health problems.

Occupational air pollutants refer to harmful substances present in the air in workplaces or occupational settings. These pollutants can include dusts, gases, fumes, vapors, or mists that are produced by industrial processes, chemical reactions, or other sources. Examples of occupational air pollutants include:

1. Respirable crystalline silica: A common mineral found in sand, stone, and concrete that can cause lung disease and cancer when inhaled in high concentrations.
2. Asbestos: A naturally occurring mineral fiber that was widely used in construction materials and industrial applications until the 1970s. Exposure to asbestos fibers can cause lung diseases such as asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
3. Welding fumes: Fumes generated during welding processes can contain harmful metals such as manganese, chromium, and nickel that can cause neurological damage and respiratory problems.
4. Isocyanates: Chemicals used in the production of foam insulation, spray-on coatings, and other industrial applications that can cause asthma and other respiratory symptoms.
5. Coal dust: Fine particles generated during coal mining, transportation, and handling that can cause lung disease and other health problems.
6. Diesel exhaust: Emissions from diesel engines that contain harmful particulates and gases that can cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems.

Occupational air pollutants are regulated by various government agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States, to protect workers from exposure and minimize health risks.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Geographic Information Systems" (GIS) is not a medical term. GIS is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. It can be used in various fields, including public health and epidemiology, to map and analyze the spread of diseases, identify environmental risk factors, plan health services delivery, and inform evidence-based decision making.

The Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) is a term used in occupational health to refer to the highest concentration of a hazardous substance (usually in air) that should not cause harmful effects to most workers if they are exposed to it for a typical 8-hour workday, 5 days a week. It's important to note that MAC values are based on average population data and may not protect everyone, particularly those who are sensitive or susceptible to the substance in question.

It's also crucial to differentiate MAC from other similar terms such as the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) or Threshold Limit Value (TLV), which are used in different regulatory contexts and may have slightly different definitions and criteria.

Please consult with a certified industrial hygienist, occupational health professional, or other appropriate experts for specific guidance related to hazardous substance exposure limits.

Heavy metals are a group of elements with a specific gravity at least five times greater than that of water. They include metals such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb). These metals are considered toxic when they accumulate in the body beyond certain levels, interfering with various biological processes and causing damage to cells, tissues, and organs.

Heavy metal exposure can occur through various sources, including occupational exposure, contaminated food, water, or air, and improper disposal of electronic waste. Chronic exposure to heavy metals has been linked to several health issues, such as neurological disorders, kidney damage, developmental problems, and cancer. Monitoring and controlling exposure to these elements is essential for maintaining good health and preventing potential adverse effects.

The term "Theoretical Models" is used in various scientific fields, including medicine, to describe a representation of a complex system or phenomenon. It is a simplified framework that explains how different components of the system interact with each other and how they contribute to the overall behavior of the system. Theoretical models are often used in medical research to understand and predict the outcomes of diseases, treatments, or public health interventions.

A theoretical model can take many forms, such as mathematical equations, computer simulations, or conceptual diagrams. It is based on a set of assumptions and hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms that drive the system. By manipulating these variables and observing the effects on the model's output, researchers can test their assumptions and generate new insights into the system's behavior.

Theoretical models are useful for medical research because they allow scientists to explore complex systems in a controlled and systematic way. They can help identify key drivers of disease or treatment outcomes, inform the design of clinical trials, and guide the development of new interventions. However, it is important to recognize that theoretical models are simplifications of reality and may not capture all the nuances and complexities of real-world systems. Therefore, they should be used in conjunction with other forms of evidence, such as experimental data and observational studies, to inform medical decision-making.

Public health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts of society." It focuses on improving the health and well-being of entire communities, populations, and societies, rather than individual patients. This is achieved through various strategies, including education, prevention, surveillance of diseases, and promotion of healthy behaviors and environments. Public health also addresses broader determinants of health, such as access to healthcare, housing, food, and income, which have a significant impact on the overall health of populations.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:

1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.

If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

Risk assessment in the medical context refers to the process of identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing risks to patients, healthcare workers, or the community related to healthcare delivery. It involves determining the likelihood and potential impact of adverse events or hazards, such as infectious diseases, medication errors, or medical devices failures, and implementing measures to mitigate or manage those risks. The goal of risk assessment is to promote safe and high-quality care by identifying areas for improvement and taking action to minimize harm.

I'm not aware of any medical definition for the term "Boston." It is a city in the state of Massachusetts, USA, and is widely known for its cultural institutions, such as Boston Symphony Orchestra, Boston Ballet, and The Museum of Fine Arts. Additionally, it is home to many renowned medical institutions, including Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. However, "Boston" does not have a specific meaning or definition in the medical field.

In the context of medical definitions, 'carbon' is not typically used as a standalone term. Carbon is an element with the symbol C and atomic number 6, which is naturally abundant in the human body and the environment. It is a crucial component of all living organisms, forming the basis of organic compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with various elements, allowing for the creation of complex molecules that are essential to life. In this sense, carbon is a fundamental building block of life on Earth. However, it does not have a specific medical definition as an isolated term.

Lung diseases refer to a broad category of disorders that affect the lungs and other structures within the respiratory system. These diseases can impair lung function, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and wheezing. They can be categorized into several types based on the underlying cause and nature of the disease process. Some common examples include:

1. Obstructive lung diseases: These are characterized by narrowing or blockage of the airways, making it difficult to breathe out. Examples include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.
2. Restrictive lung diseases: These involve stiffening or scarring of the lungs, which reduces their ability to expand and take in air. Examples include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and asbestosis.
3. Infectious lung diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that infect the lungs. Examples include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza.
4. Vascular lung diseases: These affect the blood vessels in the lungs, impairing oxygen exchange. Examples include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
5. Neoplastic lung diseases: These involve abnormal growth of cells within the lungs, leading to cancer. Examples include small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
6. Other lung diseases: These include interstitial lung diseases, pleural effusions, and rare disorders such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).

It is important to note that this list is not exhaustive, and there are many other conditions that can affect the lungs. Proper diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases require consultation with a healthcare professional, such as a pulmonologist or respiratory therapist.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Fires" is not a medical term that I am aware of. In a general context, a fire refers to the rapid oxidation of a material in the chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. If you are asking about a specific medical term or condition, could you please provide more context or clarify your question? I'm here to help!

Humidity, in a medical context, is not typically defined on its own but is related to environmental conditions that can affect health. Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air. It is often discussed in terms of absolute humidity (the mass of water per unit volume of air) or relative humidity (the ratio of the current absolute humidity to the maximum possible absolute humidity, expressed as a percentage). High humidity can contribute to feelings of discomfort, difficulty sleeping, and exacerbation of respiratory conditions such as asthma.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Transportation noise is not a medical condition itself, but it is a significant environmental health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines transportation noise as noise produced by various transportation systems, including road traffic, railways, airports, and shipping.

Exposure to high levels of transportation noise can have adverse effects on human health, such as:

1. Sleep disturbance: Noise can interrupt sleep patterns, leading to difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and daytime sleepiness.
2. Cardiovascular disease: Prolonged exposure to high levels of transportation noise has been linked to an increased risk of hypertension, heart attack, and stroke.
3. Impaired cognitive function: Children exposed to high levels of transportation noise may experience impaired cognitive functioning, including difficulties with reading, memory, and attention.
4. Annoyance and stress: Exposure to transportation noise can cause annoyance, frustration, and stress, which can negatively impact quality of life.
5. Hearing loss: Long-term exposure to high levels of transportation noise can lead to hearing loss or tinnitus.

It is essential to minimize exposure to transportation noise through various measures such as noise barriers, land-use planning, and traffic management to protect public health.

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) is a measurement of how quickly a person can exhale air from their lungs. It is often used as a quick test to assess breathing difficulties in people with respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). PEFR is measured in liters per minute (L/min) and the highest value obtained during a forceful exhalation is recorded as the peak expiratory flow rate. Regular monitoring of PEFR can help to assess the severity of an asthma attack or the effectiveness of treatment.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a class of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels. They are the leading cause of death globally, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The term "cardiovascular disease" refers to a group of conditions that include:

1. Coronary artery disease (CAD): This is the most common type of heart disease and occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of cholesterol, fat, and other substances in the walls of the arteries. This can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, or a heart attack.
2. Heart failure: This occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by various conditions, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and cardiomyopathy.
3. Stroke: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, often due to a clot or a ruptured blood vessel. This can cause brain damage or death.
4. Peripheral artery disease (PAD): This occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the limbs become narrowed or blocked, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness in the legs or arms.
5. Rheumatic heart disease: This is a complication of untreated strep throat and can cause damage to the heart valves, leading to heart failure or other complications.
6. Congenital heart defects: These are structural problems with the heart that are present at birth. They can range from mild to severe and may require medical intervention.
7. Cardiomyopathy: This is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood efficiently. It can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, and certain medications.
8. Heart arrhythmias: These are abnormal heart rhythms that can cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly. They can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, or fainting.
9. Valvular heart disease: This occurs when one or more of the heart valves become damaged or diseased, leading to problems with blood flow through the heart.
10. Aortic aneurysm and dissection: These are conditions that affect the aorta, the largest artery in the body. An aneurysm is a bulge in the aorta, while a dissection is a tear in the inner layer of the aorta. Both can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

It's important to note that many of these conditions can be managed or treated with medical interventions such as medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes. If you have any concerns about your heart health, it's important to speak with a healthcare provider.

I'm happy to help, but I need to clarify that "residence characteristics" is not a commonly used medical term. It is more related to the field of public health or epidemiology. However, if you are asking for the characteristics of a residence that could be relevant to medical or health research, they might include:

1. Housing type (single-family home, apartment, mobile home, etc.)
2. Age and condition of the housing unit
3. Presence of environmental hazards (lead paint, asbestos, radon, etc.)
4. Quality of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems
5. Access to clean water and sanitation facilities
6. Safety features (smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, etc.)
7. Presence of pests (rodents, cockroaches, bed bugs, etc.)
8. Neighborhood characteristics (crime rates, access to healthy food options, walkability, etc.)

These factors can all have an impact on the health outcomes of individuals and communities, and are often studied in public health research.

Medical definitions typically focus on the relevance of a term to medicine or healthcare, so here's a medical perspective on polycyclic compounds:

Polycyclic compounds are organic substances that contain two or more chemical rings in their structure. While not all polycyclic compounds are relevant to medicine, some can have significant medical implications. For instance, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a type of polycyclic compound that can be found in tobacco smoke and certain types of air pollution. PAHs have been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer, due to their ability to damage DNA.

Another example is the class of drugs called steroids, which include hormones like cortisol and sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen. These compounds are polycyclic because they contain several interconnected rings in their structure. Steroid medications are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including inflammation, asthma, and Addison's disease.

In summary, while not all polycyclic compounds are relevant to medicine, some can have important medical implications, either as harmful environmental pollutants or as useful therapeutic agents.

A cross-over study is a type of experimental design in which participants receive two or more interventions in a specific order. After a washout period, each participant receives the opposite intervention(s). The primary advantage of this design is that it controls for individual variability by allowing each participant to act as their own control.

In medical research, cross-over studies are often used to compare the efficacy or safety of two treatments. For example, a researcher might conduct a cross-over study to compare the effectiveness of two different medications for treating high blood pressure. Half of the participants would be randomly assigned to receive one medication first and then switch to the other medication after a washout period. The other half of the participants would receive the opposite order of treatments.

Cross-over studies can provide valuable insights into the relative merits of different interventions, but they also have some limitations. For example, they may not be suitable for studying conditions that are chronic or irreversible, as it may not be possible to completely reverse the effects of the first intervention before administering the second one. Additionally, carryover effects from the first intervention can confound the results if they persist into the second treatment period.

Overall, cross-over studies are a useful tool in medical research when used appropriately and with careful consideration of their limitations.

Respiratory sounds are the noises produced by the airflow through the respiratory tract during breathing. These sounds can provide valuable information about the health and function of the lungs and airways. They are typically categorized into two main types: normal breath sounds and adventitious (or abnormal) breath sounds.

Normal breath sounds include:

1. Vesicular breath sounds: These are soft, low-pitched sounds heard over most of the lung fields during quiet breathing. They are produced by the movement of air through the alveoli and smaller bronchioles.
2. Bronchovesicular breath sounds: These are medium-pitched, hollow sounds heard over the mainstem bronchi and near the upper sternal border during both inspiration and expiration. They are a combination of vesicular and bronchial breath sounds.

Abnormal or adventitious breath sounds include:

1. Crackles (or rales): These are discontinuous, non-musical sounds that resemble the crackling of paper or bubbling in a fluid-filled container. They can be heard during inspiration and are caused by the sudden opening of collapsed airways or the movement of fluid within the airways.
2. Wheezes: These are continuous, musical sounds resembling a whistle. They are produced by the narrowing or obstruction of the airways, causing turbulent airflow.
3. Rhonchi: These are low-pitched, rumbling, continuous sounds that can be heard during both inspiration and expiration. They are caused by the vibration of secretions or fluids in the larger airways.
4. Stridor: This is a high-pitched, inspiratory sound that resembles a harsh crowing or barking noise. It is usually indicative of upper airway narrowing or obstruction.

The character, location, and duration of respiratory sounds can help healthcare professionals diagnose various respiratory conditions, such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and bronchitis.

I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question as "automobiles" is a general term used to describe wheeled motor vehicles for transportation, and it's not typically a medical term with its own specific definition. However, I can provide you with some automobile-related terms that have medical implications:

1. **Driving fitness**: This refers to the physical and mental abilities required to operate a vehicle safely. Various medical conditions or treatments can impact driving fitness, such as seizure disorders, sleep apnea, certain medications, or alcohol/substance use disorders.
2. **Driving simulator**: A device used in research and rehabilitation settings that presents a realistic driving environment for assessing and training individuals with various medical conditions or disabilities affecting their ability to drive.
3. **Adaptive automobile equipment**: Devices designed to assist people with disabilities in operating vehicles, such as hand controls, wheelchair lifts, or pedal extensions.
4. **Transportation disadvantage**: A situation where an individual's medical condition, disability, or lack of access to suitable transportation limits their ability to obtain necessary healthcare services.
5. **Motor vehicle crash (MVC) outcomes**: Medical consequences resulting from motor vehicle crashes, including injuries and fatalities. These outcomes are often studied in public health and injury prevention research.

If you have a specific medical term or concept related to automobiles that you would like me to define or explain, please provide more details, and I will be happy to help.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geography" is not a term that has a medical definition. Geography is a field of study that deals with the location and distribution of physical and cultural features on Earth's surface, as well as how humans interact with and affect those features. It is not a concept that is typically used in a medical context. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Climate, in the context of environmental science and medicine, refers to the long-term average of weather conditions (such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, and other meteorological elements) in a given region over a period of years to decades. It is the statistical description of the weather patterns that occur in a particular location over long periods of time.

In medical terms, climate can have significant impacts on human health, both physical and mental. For example, extreme temperatures, air pollution, and ultraviolet radiation levels associated with certain climates can increase the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, heat-related illnesses, and skin cancer. Similarly, changes in climate patterns can affect the distribution and prevalence of infectious diseases, such as malaria and Lyme disease.

Climate change, which refers to significant long-term changes in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years, can have even more profound impacts on human health, including increased rates of heat-related illnesses and deaths, worsening air quality, and altered transmission patterns of infectious diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rome" is not a medical term. It is the capital city of Italy and has great historical and cultural significance. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!

Sulfur oxides (SOx) are chemical compounds that contain sulfur and oxygen in various oxidation states. The term "sulfur oxides" is often used to refer specifically to sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3), which are the most common and widely studied SOx compounds.

Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. It is produced naturally by volcanic eruptions and is also released into the air when fossil fuels such as coal and oil are burned for electricity generation, industrial processes, and transportation. Exposure to high levels of sulfur dioxide can cause respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

Sulfur trioxide is a colorless liquid or solid with a pungent, choking odor. It is produced industrially for the manufacture of sulfuric acid and other chemicals. Sulfur trioxide is highly reactive and can cause severe burns and eye damage upon contact.

Both sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide contribute to air pollution and have been linked to a range of health and environmental effects, including respiratory problems, acid rain, and damage to crops and forests. As a result, there are regulations in place to limit emissions of these pollutants into the air.

Air conditioning is the process of controlling and maintaining a comfortable indoor environment through the regulation of temperature, humidity, air movement, and cleanliness. It typically involves the use of mechanical systems that circulate and treat air to meet specific comfort requirements. The goal of air conditioning is to provide a comfortable, healthy, and productive indoor environment while also saving energy and reducing environmental impact.

In medical terms, air conditioning can be particularly important in healthcare settings such as hospitals and clinics, where maintaining proper temperature and humidity levels is essential for the health and well-being of patients and staff. Proper air conditioning can help prevent the growth of bacteria, viruses, and mold, reduce the spread of airborne particles, and minimize the risk of infection and illness.

Air conditioning systems in healthcare facilities may include specialized components such as HEPA filters, UV germicidal irradiation, and humidity control to provide a higher level of air quality and protection against infectious diseases. Regular maintenance and testing of these systems is also critical to ensure their proper functioning and to maintain a safe and healthy indoor environment.

Statistical models are mathematical representations that describe the relationship between variables in a given dataset. They are used to analyze and interpret data in order to make predictions or test hypotheses about a population. In the context of medicine, statistical models can be used for various purposes such as:

1. Disease risk prediction: By analyzing demographic, clinical, and genetic data using statistical models, researchers can identify factors that contribute to an individual's risk of developing certain diseases. This information can then be used to develop personalized prevention strategies or early detection methods.

2. Clinical trial design and analysis: Statistical models are essential tools for designing and analyzing clinical trials. They help determine sample size, allocate participants to treatment groups, and assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions.

3. Epidemiological studies: Researchers use statistical models to investigate the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations. This includes studying patterns of disease transmission, evaluating public health interventions, and estimating the burden of diseases.

4. Health services research: Statistical models are employed to analyze healthcare utilization, costs, and outcomes. This helps inform decisions about resource allocation, policy development, and quality improvement initiatives.

5. Biostatistics and bioinformatics: In these fields, statistical models are used to analyze large-scale molecular data (e.g., genomics, proteomics) to understand biological processes and identify potential therapeutic targets.

In summary, statistical models in medicine provide a framework for understanding complex relationships between variables and making informed decisions based on data-driven insights.

"Otitis" is a general medical term that refers to inflammation or infection in the ear. It can be further classified into different types depending on the part of the ear affected:

1. Otitis externa, also known as swimmer's ear, affects the outer ear and ear canal.
2. Otitis media is an infection or inflammation of the middle ear.
3. Otitis interna, or labyrinthitis, refers to inflammation of the inner ear.

The symptoms of otitis can vary but often include pain, hearing loss, and discharge. The specific treatment will depend on the type and severity of the otitis.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "housing" is not a term that has a medical definition. In a general sense, housing refers to a place where someone lives, such as a house or apartment. If you have any questions related to healthcare, medicine, or health-related topics, I would be happy to try to help answer them.

Respiratory Function Tests (RFTs) are a group of medical tests that measure how well your lungs take in and exhale air, and how well they transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of your blood. They can help diagnose certain lung disorders, measure the severity of lung disease, and monitor response to treatment.

RFTs include several types of tests, such as:

1. Spirometry: This test measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can do it. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases.
2. Lung volume testing: This test measures the total amount of air in your lungs. It can help diagnose restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or sarcoidosis.
3. Diffusion capacity testing: This test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your bloodstream. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and other lung diseases that affect the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood.
4. Bronchoprovocation testing: This test involves inhaling a substance that can cause your airways to narrow, such as methacholine or histamine. It's often used to diagnose and monitor asthma.
5. Exercise stress testing: This test measures how well your lungs and heart work together during exercise. It's often used to diagnose lung or heart disease.

Overall, Respiratory Function Tests are an important tool for diagnosing and managing a wide range of lung conditions.

Biomass is defined in the medical field as a renewable energy source derived from organic materials, primarily plant matter, that can be burned or converted into fuel. This includes materials such as wood, agricultural waste, and even methane gas produced by landfills. Biomass is often used as a source of heat, electricity, or transportation fuels, and its use can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.

In the context of human health, biomass burning can have both positive and negative impacts. On one hand, biomass can provide a source of heat and energy for cooking and heating, which can improve living standards and reduce exposure to harmful pollutants from traditional cooking methods such as open fires. On the other hand, biomass burning can also produce air pollution, including particulate matter and toxic chemicals, that can have negative effects on respiratory health and contribute to climate change.

Therefore, while biomass has the potential to be a sustainable and low-carbon source of energy, it is important to consider the potential health and environmental impacts of its use and implement appropriate measures to minimize any negative effects.

Water pollutants refer to any substances or materials that contaminate water sources and make them unsafe or unsuitable for use. These pollutants can include a wide range of chemicals, microorganisms, and physical particles that can have harmful effects on human health, aquatic life, and the environment as a whole. Examples of water pollutants include heavy metals like lead and mercury, industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and microplastics. Exposure to water pollutants can cause a variety of health problems, ranging from minor irritations to serious illnesses or even death in extreme cases. Additionally, water pollution can have significant impacts on the environment, including harming or killing aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems, and reducing biodiversity.

Aerosols are defined in the medical field as suspensions of fine solid or liquid particles in a gas. In the context of public health and medicine, aerosols often refer to particles that can remain suspended in air for long periods of time and can be inhaled. They can contain various substances, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or chemicals, and can play a role in the transmission of respiratory infections or other health effects.

For example, when an infected person coughs or sneezes, they may produce respiratory droplets that can contain viruses like influenza or SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). Some of these droplets can evaporate quickly and leave behind smaller particles called aerosols, which can remain suspended in the air for hours and potentially be inhaled by others. This is one way that respiratory viruses can spread between people in close proximity to each other.

Aerosols can also be generated through medical procedures such as bronchoscopy, suctioning, or nebulizer treatments, which can produce aerosols containing bacteria, viruses, or other particles that may pose an infection risk to healthcare workers or other patients. Therefore, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and airborne precautions are often necessary to reduce the risk of transmission in these settings.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "industrial waste" is not a term that has a medical definition. Industrial waste is a term used to describe waste produced by industrial activities, such as manufacturing, mining, and construction. It can include a wide variety of materials, including chemicals, metals, soil, and water. Proper management and disposal of industrial waste are important for protecting the environment and public health. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terminology, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Europe" is a geographical and political designation, rather than a medical one. It refers to the continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Europe is made up of approximately 50 countries, depending on how one defines a "country."

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help answer them!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "spacecraft" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space. It may be used to transport humans or cargo to and from space stations, conduct scientific research, or explore other celestial bodies such as the moon, planets, and asteroids. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "London" is a place and not a medical term or condition. It is the capital city and largest metropolitan area in both England and the United Kingdom. If you have any questions related to medical definitions or health-related topics, I would be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kerosene" is not a medical term. It is a type of fuel that is commonly used in lamps, stoves, and heating systems. Medically, the term "kerosene sniffing" or "huffing" is used to describe the dangerous practice of inhaling kerosene vapors to get high, which can lead to serious health consequences, including death.

In medical terms, gases refer to the state of matter that has no fixed shape or volume and expands to fill any container it is placed in. Gases in the body can be normal, such as the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen that are present in the lungs and blood, or abnormal, such as gas that accumulates in the digestive tract due to conditions like bloating or swallowing air.

Gases can also be used medically for therapeutic purposes, such as in the administration of anesthesia or in the treatment of certain respiratory conditions with oxygen therapy. Additionally, measuring the amount of gas in the body, such as through imaging studies like X-rays or CT scans, can help diagnose various medical conditions.

Hospitalization is the process of admitting a patient to a hospital for the purpose of receiving medical treatment, surgery, or other health care services. It involves staying in the hospital as an inpatient, typically under the care of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The length of stay can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and the type of treatment required. Hospitalization may be necessary for a variety of reasons, such as to receive intensive care, to undergo diagnostic tests or procedures, to recover from surgery, or to manage chronic illnesses or injuries.

Coal ash, also known as coal combustion residuals (CCRs), is the waste that is produced when coal is burned to generate electricity. It is a fine-grained, powdery material that is left over after coal is burned in power plants. Coal ash contains a variety of substances, including heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury, and chromium, which can be harmful to human health and the environment if not properly managed.

Coal ash is typically stored in large ponds or landfills, but it can also be reused in a variety of applications, such as in concrete, wallboard, and other building materials. However, if coal ash is not handled and disposed of properly, it can pose serious risks to the environment and human health. For example, if coal ash ponds or landfills leak or burst, the toxic heavy metals they contain can contaminate water supplies and soil, posing a threat to both wildlife and humans.

It is important for coal ash to be managed in accordance with federal regulations to ensure that it is handled and disposed of in a way that protects public health and the environment. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established regulations governing the management of coal ash, including requirements for the location, design, and operation of coal ash disposal facilities, as well as standards for the monitoring and reporting of coal ash releases.

Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.

Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.

Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.

Bronchitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, which are the large airways that lead to the lungs. This inflammation can cause a variety of symptoms, including coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Bronchitis can be either acute or chronic.

Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu, and typically lasts for a few days to a week. Symptoms may include a productive cough (coughing up mucus or phlegm), chest discomfort, and fatigue. Acute bronchitis often resolves on its own without specific medical treatment, although rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to manage symptoms may be helpful.

Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, is a long-term condition that is characterized by a persistent cough with mucus production that lasts for at least three months out of the year for two consecutive years. Chronic bronchitis is typically caused by exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or occupational dusts and chemicals. It is often associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes both chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Treatment for chronic bronchitis may include medications to help open the airways, such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids, as well as lifestyle changes such as smoking cessation and avoiding irritants. In severe cases, oxygen therapy or lung transplantation may be necessary.

Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet odor. It has the molecular formula C6H6 and is composed of six carbon atoms arranged in a ring, bonded to six hydrogen atoms. Benzene is an important industrial solvent and is used as a starting material in the production of various chemicals, including plastics, rubber, resins, and dyes. It is also a natural component of crude oil and gasoline.

In terms of medical relevance, benzene is classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene can cause various health effects, including anemia, leukemia, and other blood disorders. Occupational exposure to benzene is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to protect workers from potential health hazards.

It's important to note that while benzene has legitimate uses in industry, it should be handled with care due to its known health risks. Exposure to benzene can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or accidental ingestion, so appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling this chemical.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Los Angeles" is not a medical term or concept. It is a city in the state of California, USA. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them!

Causality is the relationship between a cause and a result, where the cause directly or indirectly brings about the result. In the medical context, causality refers to determining whether an exposure (such as a drug, infection, or environmental factor) is the cause of a specific outcome (such as a disease or adverse event). Establishing causality often involves evaluating epidemiological data, laboratory studies, and clinical evidence using established criteria, such as those proposed by Bradford Hill. It's important to note that determining causality can be complex and challenging, particularly when there are multiple potential causes or confounding factors involved.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Linear Models" is actually a term from the field of statistics and machine learning, rather than medicine. A linear model is a type of statistical model that is used to analyze the relationship between two or more variables. In a linear model, the relationship between the dependent variable (the outcome or result) and the independent variable(s) (the factors being studied) is assumed to be linear, meaning that it can be described by a straight line on a graph.

The equation for a simple linear model with one independent variable (x) and one dependent variable (y) looks like this:

y = β0 + β1*x + ε

In this equation, β0 is the y-intercept or the value of y when x equals zero, β1 is the slope or the change in y for each unit increase in x, and ε is the error term or the difference between the actual values of y and the predicted values of y based on the linear model.

Linear models are widely used in medical research to study the relationship between various factors (such as exposure to a risk factor or treatment) and health outcomes (such as disease incidence or mortality). They can also be used to adjust for confounding variables, which are factors that may influence both the independent variable and the dependent variable, and thus affect the observed relationship between them.

Small-area analysis is a research method used in epidemiology and public health to examine health outcomes, healthcare utilization, and other health-related factors across small geographic areas or populations. This approach allows for the identification of spatial patterns, disparities, and clustering of health issues within communities, which can inform the development and targeting of interventions, policies, and resources to improve health outcomes and reduce inequalities.

Small-area analysis often involves the use of statistical techniques, such as spatial statistics and geographic information systems (GIS), to analyze data at a fine spatial resolution, typically at the level of census tracts, zip codes, or other small administrative units. This method can help identify areas with high rates of disease or poor health outcomes, as well as social determinants of health that may contribute to these disparities, such as poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and environmental exposures.

Overall, small-area analysis is a valuable tool for understanding the geographic distribution of health issues and developing targeted interventions to improve population health.

A Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a systematic process that uses an array of data sources and assessment tools to identify and evaluate potential beneficial and adverse health effects of a proposed policy, program, project, or plan (referred to as the "proposal") on a population's health. The primary goal of an HIA is to provide evidence-based recommendations to minimize negative health impacts and maximize positive impacts, contributing to more equitable, healthy, and sustainable outcomes for all affected communities.

HIA typically involves six main steps:

1. Screening: Determining whether an HIA is needed and feasible based on the potential health impacts of the proposal.
2. Scoping: Identifying the objectives, key stakeholders, and significant health issues to be addressed in the assessment.
3. Assessment: Gathering and analyzing data related to the determinants of health that may be affected by the proposal, including physical, social, cultural, and economic factors.
4. Recommendations: Developing evidence-based recommendations to address potential health impacts and integrating them into the decision-making process.
5. Reporting: Presenting the findings and recommendations in a clear and concise manner to key stakeholders, including policymakers, community members, and other interested parties.
6. Monitoring and evaluation: Tracking the implementation of HIA recommendations and evaluating their impact on health outcomes over time.

HIA can be applied to various sectors, such as transportation, land use planning, housing, energy, and agriculture, among others. It is a valuable tool for promoting health equity and ensuring that the social, economic, and environmental determinants of health are considered in decision-making processes.

The greenhouse effect is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of environmental science and meteorology. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you:

The greenhouse effect refers to the warming of Earth's surface and lower atmosphere caused by the trapping of heat by certain gases in the atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases. These gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases.

When sunlight reaches Earth's surface, it is absorbed and then re-emitted as heat energy, which would normally escape back into space. However, some of this heat is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, causing the planet to warm up. This process is essential for life on Earth, as it helps to maintain a stable temperature that supports plant and animal growth.

However, human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture have led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which has caused the natural greenhouse effect to become amplified. This has resulted in global warming and climate change, with potentially serious consequences for both human health and the environment.

The "cause of death" is a medical determination of the disease, injury, or event that directly results in a person's death. This information is typically documented on a death certificate and may be used for public health surveillance, research, and legal purposes. The cause of death is usually determined by a physician based on their clinical judgment and any available medical evidence, such as laboratory test results, autopsy findings, or eyewitness accounts. In some cases, the cause of death may be uncertain or unknown, and the death may be classified as "natural," "accidental," "homicide," or "suicide" based on the available information.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Household Articles" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to items or goods used in a household for everyday activities, such as cleaning supplies, dishes, furniture, and personal care products. However, in a medical context, it may refer to items that are commonly found in a household and could potentially pose a risk for injury or illness, such as medications, sharp objects, or cleaning products. It's always important to keep these items out of reach of children and pets, and to follow proper safety guidelines when using them.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

Environmental pollutants are defined as any substances or energy (such as noise, heat, or light) that are present in the environment and can cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damage the natural ecosystems. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, agriculture, and household activities. They can be in the form of gases, liquids, solids, or radioactive materials, and can contaminate air, water, and soil. Examples include heavy metals, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, and greenhouse gases.

It is important to note that the impact of environmental pollutants on human health and the environment can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) and it depends on the type, concentration, duration and frequency of exposure. Some common effects of environmental pollutants include respiratory problems, cancer, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and developmental delays in children.

It is important to monitor, control and reduce the emissions of these pollutants through regulations, technology advancements, and sustainable practices to protect human health and the environment.

"Public policy" is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of politics, government, and public administration. It refers to a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or organization to guide decisions and achieve specific goals related to public health, safety, or welfare.

However, in the context of healthcare and medicine, "public policy" often refers to laws, regulations, guidelines, and initiatives established by government entities to promote and protect the health and well-being of the population. Public policies in healthcare aim to ensure access to quality care, reduce health disparities, promote public health, regulate healthcare practices and industries, and address broader social determinants of health. Examples include Medicaid and Medicare programs, laws mandating insurance coverage for certain medical procedures or treatments, and regulations governing the safety and efficacy of drugs and medical devices.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is not a medical term or concept. However, I can provide you with a general definition:

The EPA is an independent agency of the federal government of the United States, responsible for protecting public health and the environment by enforcing regulations based on federal laws. The agency conducts environmental assessment, education, research, and regulation of various voluntary and compulsory programs in the US to address issues related to toxic substances, air and water quality, solid waste management, radiation protection, and hazardous waste management.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Patient admission in a medical context refers to the process by which a patient is formally accepted and registered into a hospital or healthcare facility for treatment or further medical care. This procedure typically includes the following steps:

1. Patient registration: The patient's personal information, such as name, address, contact details, and insurance coverage, are recorded in the hospital's system.
2. Clinical assessment: A healthcare professional evaluates the patient's medical condition to determine the appropriate level of care required and develop a plan for treatment. This may involve consulting with other healthcare providers, reviewing medical records, and performing necessary tests or examinations.
3. Bed assignment: Based on the clinical assessment, the hospital staff assigns an appropriate bed in a suitable unit (e.g., intensive care unit, step-down unit, general ward) for the patient's care.
4. Informed consent: The healthcare team explains the proposed treatment plan and associated risks to the patient or their legal representative, obtaining informed consent before proceeding with any invasive procedures or significant interventions.
5. Admission orders: The attending physician documents the admission orders in the medical chart, specifying the diagnostic tests, medications, treatments, and care plans for the patient during their hospital stay.
6. Notification of family members or caregivers: Hospital staff informs the patient's emergency contact or next of kin about their admission and provides relevant information regarding their condition, treatment plan, and any necessary follow-up instructions.
7. Patient education: The healthcare team educates the patient on what to expect during their hospital stay, including potential side effects, self-care strategies, and discharge planning.

The goal of patient admission is to ensure a smooth transition into the healthcare facility, providing timely and appropriate care while maintaining open communication with patients, families, and caregivers throughout the process.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mexico" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in North America. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Germany, East" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to a historical and geographical region that was known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR), existing from 1949 to 1990. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health sciences, I'd be happy to help with those!

The German Democratic Republic, colloquially known as East Germany, was a socialist state established in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany after World War II. It existed from 1949 to 1990, when it was dissolved and merged with the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) following the Peaceful Revolution. The term "East Germany" is often used to refer to this region during that time period in historical or geographical contexts, but it does not have any relevance to medical definitions or healthcare.

The odds ratio (OR) is a statistical measure used in epidemiology and research to estimate the association between an exposure and an outcome. It represents the odds that an event will occur in one group versus the odds that it will occur in another group, assuming that all other factors are held constant.

In medical research, the odds ratio is often used to quantify the strength of the relationship between a risk factor (exposure) and a disease outcome. An OR of 1 indicates no association between the exposure and the outcome, while an OR greater than 1 suggests that there is a positive association between the two. Conversely, an OR less than 1 implies a negative association.

It's important to note that the odds ratio is not the same as the relative risk (RR), which compares the incidence rates of an outcome in two groups. While the OR can approximate the RR when the outcome is rare, they are not interchangeable and can lead to different conclusions about the association between an exposure and an outcome.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New Jersey" is not a medical term or concept. It is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soil pollutants" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Soil pollution refers to the presence or accumulation of hazardous substances, chemicals, or other pollutants in soil that can have negative effects on plant life, human health, and the environment.

However, if you're asking about potential health effects of exposure to soil pollutants, it could include a variety of symptoms or diseases, depending on the specific pollutant. For example, exposure to lead-contaminated soil can lead to developmental delays in children, while exposure to certain pesticides or industrial chemicals can cause neurological problems, respiratory issues, and even cancer.

If you have more specific information about a particular substance or context, I may be able to provide a more precise answer.

In the context of medical definitions, "transportation" typically refers to the movement of patients from one location to another. This can include the transfer of patients between healthcare facilities (such as from a hospital to a long-term care facility), between departments within a healthcare facility (such as from the emergency department to an inpatient unit), or to and from medical appointments.

Transportation may also refer to the movement of medical equipment, supplies, or specimens between locations. In this context, transportation ensures that necessary items are delivered to the right place at the right time, which is critical for providing high-quality patient care.

It's important to note that safe and timely transportation is essential for ensuring positive patient outcomes, reducing the risk of adverse events, and improving overall healthcare efficiency.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Georgia" is not a medical term or condition. It is a place name, referring to either a state in the United States or a country in Eastern Europe. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help with those!

Chronic bronchitis is a long-term inflammation of the airways (bronchi) in the lungs. It is characterized by a persistent cough that produces excessive mucus or sputum. The cough and mucus production must be present for at least three months in two consecutive years to meet the diagnostic criteria for chronic bronchitis.

The inflammation of the airways can lead to narrowing, obstructing the flow of air into and out of the lungs, resulting in shortness of breath and wheezing. Chronic bronchitis is often associated with exposure to irritants such as tobacco smoke, dust, or chemical fumes over an extended period.

It is a significant component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which also includes emphysema. While there is no cure for chronic bronchitis, treatments can help alleviate symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and pulmonary rehabilitation. Quitting smoking is crucial in managing this condition.

A premature birth is defined as the delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation. This can occur spontaneously or as a result of medical intervention due to maternal or fetal complications. Premature babies, also known as preemies, may face various health challenges depending on how early they are born and their weight at birth. These challenges can include respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, issues with feeding and digestion, developmental delays, and vision problems. With advancements in medical care and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), many premature babies survive and go on to lead healthy lives.

In medical terms, the term "atmosphere" is not typically used as a standalone definition or diagnosis. However, in some contexts, it may refer to the physical environment or surroundings in which medical care is provided. For example, some hospitals and healthcare facilities may have different atmospheres depending on their specialties, design, or overall ambiance.

Additionally, "atmosphere" may also be used more broadly to describe the social or emotional climate of a particular healthcare setting. For instance, a healthcare provider might describe a patient's home atmosphere as warm and welcoming, or a hospital ward's atmosphere as tense or chaotic.

It is important to note that "atmosphere" is not a medical term with a specific definition, so its meaning may vary depending on the context in which it is used.

Air sacs, also known as alveoli, are tiny air-filled sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs during respiration. They are a part of the respiratory system in mammals and birds. In humans, the lungs contain about 300 million alveoli, which are clustered together in small groups called alveolar sacs. The walls of the air sacs are extremely thin, allowing for the easy diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the sacs and the blood in the capillaries that surround them.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rivers" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical term referring to large, flowing bodies of water that usually empty into a sea or an ocean. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams). It's often defined as a birth weight of 2,499 grams or less. This can be further categorized into very low birth weight (less than 1,500 grams) and extremely low birth weight (less than 1,000 grams). Low birth weight is most commonly caused by premature birth, but it can also be caused by growth restriction in the womb. These babies are at risk for numerous health complications, both in the short and long term.

Epidemiologic methods are systematic approaches used to investigate and understand the distribution, determinants, and outcomes of health-related events or diseases in a population. These methods are applied to study the patterns of disease occurrence and transmission, identify risk factors and causes, and evaluate interventions for prevention and control. The core components of epidemiologic methods include:

1. Descriptive Epidemiology: This involves the systematic collection and analysis of data on the who, what, when, and where of health events to describe their distribution in a population. It includes measures such as incidence, prevalence, mortality, and morbidity rates, as well as geographic and temporal patterns.

2. Analytical Epidemiology: This involves the use of statistical methods to examine associations between potential risk factors and health outcomes. It includes observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) and experimental studies (randomized controlled trials). The goal is to identify causal relationships and quantify the strength of associations.

3. Experimental Epidemiology: This involves the design and implementation of interventions or experiments to test hypotheses about disease prevention and control. It includes randomized controlled trials, community trials, and other experimental study designs.

4. Surveillance and Monitoring: This involves ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data for early detection, tracking, and response to health events or diseases.

5. Ethical Considerations: Epidemiologic studies must adhere to ethical principles such as respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. This includes obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality, and minimizing harm to study participants.

Overall, epidemiologic methods provide a framework for investigating and understanding the complex interplay between host, agent, and environmental factors that contribute to the occurrence of health-related events or diseases in populations.

Environmental policy refers to the regulations, guidelines, and practices established by federal, state, or local governments to protect natural resources, human health, and the environment from potential harm caused by human activities. These policies aim to balance economic development with environmental sustainability through various measures such as:

1. Setting standards for air and water quality, waste management, and hazardous substance handling.
2. Encouraging sustainable practices in industries, agriculture, transportation, and energy production.
3. Promoting conservation efforts, habitat restoration, and biodiversity preservation.
4. Implementing monitoring programs to assess environmental impacts and enforce regulations.
5. Providing education and awareness campaigns to engage the public in environmentally responsible behaviors.

Environmental policies can be mandatory or voluntary and may involve various stakeholders, including government agencies, businesses, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and communities. The primary goal of environmental policy is to minimize negative human impacts on ecosystems while promoting a healthy and sustainable environment for present and future generations.

Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.

Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.

An "aircraft" is not a medical term, but rather a general term used to describe any vehicle or machine designed to be powered and operated in the air. This includes fixed-wing aircraft such as airplanes and gliders, as well as rotary-wing aircraft such as helicopters and autogyros.

However, there are some medical conditions that can affect a person's ability to safely operate an aircraft, such as certain cardiovascular or neurological disorders. In these cases, the individual may be required to undergo medical evaluation and obtain clearance from aviation medical examiners before they are allowed to fly.

Additionally, there are some medical devices and equipment that are used in aircraft, such as oxygen systems and medical evacuation equipment. These may be used to provide medical care to passengers or crew members during flight.

Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:

Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

"Legislation as Topic" is a legal term that refers to laws, regulations, or statutes related to medicine, healthcare, and the medical field. This can include legislation regarding the practice of medicine, patient rights, healthcare financing, medical research, pharmaceuticals, and public health, among other things. Essentially, "Legislation as Topic" covers any law or regulation that impacts the medical community, healthcare system, or individual patients. It is a broad category that can encompass many different areas of law and policy.

A microclimate refers to a localized climate or weather conditions that differ from those in the surrounding areas. It is typically created by differences in terrain, vegetation, water bodies, or man-made structures that can affect temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation patterns. In medical terms, understanding microclimates can be important for studying the spread of diseases, air quality, and other environmental factors that may impact human health. For example, urban microclimates created by concrete and asphalt can retain heat and increase air pollution levels, which may exacerbate respiratory symptoms in individuals with lung disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Maps as Topic" is not a recognized medical term or concept in the field of medicine. The term "maps" can be used in a medical context to refer to visual representations of data, such as anatomical diagrams or genetic maps. However, without further context, it's difficult to provide a precise definition of "Maps as Topic" in a medical sense.

If you could provide more information about the context in which this term is being used, I may be able to give a more specific and accurate answer.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." This definition emphasizes that health is more than just the absence of illness, but a positive state of well-being in which an individual is able to realize their own potential, cope with normal stresses of life, work productively, and contribute to their community. It recognizes that physical, mental, and social factors are interconnected and can all impact a person's overall health. This definition also highlights the importance of addressing the social determinants of health, such as poverty, education, housing, and access to healthcare, in order to promote health and prevent disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Germany" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country in central Europe. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Carcinogens are agents that can cause cancer. According to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), environmental carcinogens refer to "cancer-causing agents that people encounter in their daily lives, including substances or exposures in air, water, food, and in the workplace." These carcinogens can increase the risk of cancer by damaging DNA or interfering with cellular processes that control growth.

Examples of environmental carcinogens include:

* Air pollution: Certain pollutants in the air, such as diesel exhaust particles and secondhand smoke, have been linked to an increased risk of lung cancer.
* Radon: A naturally occurring radioactive gas that can accumulate in homes and other buildings, radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States.
* UV radiation: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds can lead to skin cancer.
* Certain chemicals: Some chemicals found in the workplace or in consumer products, such as asbestos, benzene, and vinyl chloride, have been linked to an increased risk of cancer.
* Infectious agents: Certain viruses, bacteria, and parasites can increase the risk of cancer. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major cause of cervical cancer, and hepatitis B and C viruses are leading causes of liver cancer.

It's important to note that exposure to environmental carcinogens does not guarantee that a person will develop cancer. The risk depends on many factors, including the level and duration of exposure, as well as individual susceptibility. However, reducing exposure to these agents can help reduce the overall risk of cancer.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a low boiling point and easily evaporate at room temperature. They can be liquids or solids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde, which are found in many household products, including paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; cleaning supplies; pesticides; building materials and furnishings; office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper; and glues and adhesives.

VOCs can cause both short- and long-term health effects. Short-term exposure to high levels of VOCs can cause headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, and memory problems. Long-term exposure can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. Some VOCs are also suspected or known carcinogens.

It is important to properly use, store, and dispose of products that contain VOCs to minimize exposure. Increasing ventilation by opening windows and doors or using fans can also help reduce exposure to VOCs.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Spain" is not a medical term. It is a country located in southwestern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terms or topics, I would be happy to help answer them.

Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.

In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.

Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.

Temperature, in a medical context, is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. It is usually measured using a thermometer and reported in degrees Celsius (°C), degrees Fahrenheit (°F), or kelvin (K). In the human body, normal core temperature ranges from about 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) when measured rectally, and can vary slightly depending on factors such as time of day, physical activity, and menstrual cycle. Elevated body temperature is a common sign of infection or inflammation, while abnormally low body temperature can indicate hypothermia or other medical conditions.

The Extraction and Processing Industry, also known as the extraction industry or the mining sector, is a major category of businesses and economic activities involved in the removal of minerals and other natural resources from the earth. This industry includes several types of extraction operations, such as:

1. Oil and gas extraction: This involves the exploration, drilling, and pumping of crude oil and natural gas from underground reservoirs.
2. Mining: This includes the extraction of various minerals like coal, iron ore, copper, gold, silver, and other metals and non-metallic minerals. There are different methods used for mining, such as surface mining (open-pit or strip mining) and underground mining.
3. Support activities for mining: This category includes services and supplies needed for the extraction of minerals, like drilling, exploration, and mining support services.

After the extraction process, these raw materials undergo further processing to transform them into usable forms, such as refining crude oil into various petroleum products or smelting metals for manufacturing purposes. This processing stage is often included in the definition of the Extraction and Processing Industry.

The medical definition of this industry may not be explicitly stated; however, it indirectly impacts public health and the environment. For instance, mining activities can lead to air and water pollution, exposure to harmful substances, and increased risk of accidents and injuries for workers. Therefore, understanding the Extraction and Processing Industry is essential in addressing potential health hazards associated with these operations.

"Manure" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, it is commonly referred to in agriculture and horticulture. Manure is defined as organic matter, such as animal feces and urine, that is used as a fertilizer to enrich and amend the soil. It is often rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are essential for plant growth. While manure can be beneficial for agriculture and gardening, it can also pose risks to human health if not handled properly due to the potential presence of pathogens and other harmful substances.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "gasoline" is not a medical term. It is a petroleum-derived liquid used as fuel in internal combustion engines. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "power plants" is not a term used in medical definitions. It is a term commonly used to refer to industrial facilities that generate and distribute power, typically in the form of electricity. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tokyo" is not a medical term. It is the capital city of Japan and the country's largest metropolitan area. If you have any questions about medical terms or topics, I would be happy to help with those!

An Atmosphere Exposure Chamber (AEC) is a controlled environment chamber that is designed to expose materials, products, or devices to specific atmospheric conditions for the purpose of testing their durability, performance, and safety. These chambers can simulate various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and contaminants, allowing researchers and manufacturers to evaluate how these factors may affect the properties and behavior of the materials being tested.

AECs are commonly used in a variety of industries, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, and medical devices, to ensure that products meet regulatory requirements and industry standards for performance and safety. For example, an AEC might be used to test the durability of a new aircraft material under extreme temperature and humidity conditions, or to evaluate the performance of a medical device in a contaminated environment.

The design and operation of AECs are subject to various regulations and standards, such as those established by organizations like the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). These standards ensure that AECs are designed and operated in a consistent and controlled manner, allowing for accurate and reliable test results.

Pollen, in a medical context, refers to the fine powder-like substance produced by the male reproductive organ of seed plants. It contains microscopic grains known as pollen grains, which are transported by various means such as wind, water, or insects to the female reproductive organ of the same or another plant species for fertilization.

Pollen can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, particularly during the spring and summer months when plants release large amounts of pollen into the air. These allergies, also known as hay fever or seasonal allergic rhinitis, can result in symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, congestion, itchy eyes, and coughing.

It is important to note that while all pollen has the potential to cause allergic reactions, certain types of plants, such as ragweed, grasses, and trees, are more likely to trigger symptoms in sensitive individuals.

Petroleum is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of geology and petrochemicals. It refers to a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations, which is composed of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, organic compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen.

Petroleum is not typically associated with medical definitions; however, it's worth noting that petroleum and its derivatives are widely used in the production of various medical supplies, equipment, and pharmaceuticals. Some examples include plastic syringes, disposable gloves, catheters, lubricants for medical devices, and many active ingredients in medications.

In a broader sense, environmental or occupational exposure to petroleum and its byproducts could lead to health issues, but these are not typically covered under medical definitions of petroleum itself.

I must clarify that "Fuel Oils" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Fuel oils are types of oil used as fuel, and they include various distillates of petroleum. They are commonly used for heating purposes or to generate electricity in industrial plants and ships.

However, if you're asking about the medical implications of exposure to fuel oils, it can cause respiratory irritation, headaches, dizziness, and nausea, especially if inhaled in large quantities or in a poorly ventilated space. Long-term exposure may lead to more severe health issues, such as bronchitis, heart disease, and cancer.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Ecology is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of biology. It refers to the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment. This includes how organisms interact with each other and with their physical surroundings, such as climate, soil, and water. Ecologists may study the distribution and abundance of species, the flow of energy through an ecosystem, and the effects of human activities on the environment. While ecology is not a medical field, understanding ecological principles can be important for addressing public health issues related to the environment, such as pollution, climate change, and infectious diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guatemala" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Central America. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "steel" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe an alloy made primarily of iron and carbon. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.

In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.

Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.

In the context of medicine, risk is the probability or likelihood of an adverse health effect or the occurrence of a negative event related to treatment or exposure to certain hazards. It is usually expressed as a ratio or percentage and can be influenced by various factors such as age, gender, lifestyle, genetics, and environmental conditions. Risk assessment involves identifying, quantifying, and prioritizing risks to make informed decisions about prevention, mitigation, or treatment strategies.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air pollution. Wikivoyage has travel information for Air pollution. Air Pollution: ... Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 ... The risk of air pollution is determined by the pollutant's hazard and the amount of exposure to that pollutant. Air pollution ... Air pollution increases the risk of dementia in people over 50 years old. Childhood indoor air pollution may negatively affect ...
Air pollution in Malaysia, Health in Hong Kong, Health in Malaysia, Air pollution in China, Environment of Malaysia, Air ... The Air Pollution Index (API; Malay: Indeks Pencemaran Udara) is a simple and generalized way to describe the air quality, ... Pollution index based on index set 20 years ago, p. 5, South China Morning Post, 30 September 2007 "Air Pollution Index". ... Air pollution Air quality index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Emission standard European emission standards Haze Pollutant ...
... (HAP) is a significant form of indoor air pollution mostly relating to cooking and heating methods used ... "Household air pollution and health". who.int. Retrieved 16 July 2021. "Household air pollution and health: fact sheet". WHO. 8 ... World Health Organization Page on Indoor Air Pollution Washington Post Article on Indoor Air Pollution in Asia IPS story on the ... which causes harmful household air pollution and also contributes significantly to outdoor air pollution. The World Health ...
... is the process of collecting and measuring the components of air pollution, notably gases and ... "Impacts of air pollution on Lichens and Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts)". Air Pollution Information System. Centre for ... "Air Pollution Monitoring for Communities". Epa.gov. 26 March 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015. "Microsampling Air Pollution". The ... Air pollution can also be assessed more qualitatively by observing the effect of polluted air on growing plants such as lichens ...
An air pollution episode is an unusual combination of emissions and meteorology that gives rise to high levels of air pollution ... Examples of air pollution episodes include: 1930 Meuse Valley Episode 1939 Saint Louis Episode 1948 Donora Episode 1952 London ... Air Pollution, Inversion "Nov. 28 1939: The day 'Black Tuesday' rolled into St. Louis , Post-Dispatch Archives , stltoday.com ... ". "Smog Deaths in 1948 Led to Clean Air Laws". NPR.org. "The Great Smog of 1952 recalled". BBC News. "A nation of fire: What ...
... is the application of science and technology to predict the composition of the air pollution in the ... With the accurate method of forecasting air pollution, it becomes easier to manage and mitigate the risks of air pollution and ... and DRAXIS that provide air pollution forecasts. Air pollution is one of the world's biggest problems, and it causes ... By knowing the air quality forecast one can decide how to act, e.g. due to air pollution health effects, one can prepare ahead ...
The exposure of Canadians to air pollution is estimated by combining the air pollution and population maps. Health Canada uses ... "Canada Air Quality Index (AQI) and Air Pollution information , AirVisual". www.iqair.com. Retrieved 2021-04-08. "The results ... It works with a network of 38 ambient air monitoring stations across Ontario that collect real-time air pollution data. This ... Residential wood burning is also a significant contributor of air pollution in Nova Scotia. The province has air monitoring ...
This is the biggest cause[citation needed] of air pollution in Delhi and as can be seen from air pollution index data, the air ... On 19 November 2021, NASA released a report on the issue of pollution in Delhi. Air quality or ambient/outdoor air pollution is ... Louis, launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in India. On 15 November 2021, Delhi's air ... Global warming portal Environment portal Air pollution measurement Criteria air pollutants Air pollutant concentrations ...
Air Quality Guidelines, revised in October. Healthcare in Macau Air Pollution in China Air pollution in Hong Kong "Our air is ... Macau News article on air pollution levels] (Environment of Macau, Air pollution in China, Air pollution by region). ... Air pollution in Macau is considered a serious problem. Cases of asthma and bronchial infections have soared in recent years ... Factories in the Mainland are a significant cause of air pollution in Macau. The rapid industrialization of Shenzhen and the ...
... , Punjab, Pakistan is a recurring issue. Pakistan has blamed India for air pollution, however Pakistani ... "Lahore Air Quality Index (AQI) and Pakistan Air Pollution , AirVisual". "Pakistan: 'Find a solution,' say Lahore residents ... In January 2019 a smog wave prompted measures to reduce air pollution going forward. In April 2020 there was an outbreak of air ... While according to the latest statistics, Lahore is the number one in the world in terms of air pollution. The highest 680 AQI ...
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in 1981 to regulate air pollution but has failed to reduce ... "Air pollution law languishes toothless when air pollution surges". Mongabay-India. 2020-11-10. Archived from the original on ... Air pollution in Delhi List of Kerala cities by ambient air quality Hydrogen internal combustion engine auto rickshaw Air ... of the pollution is caused by industrial pollution, 27% by vehicles, 17% by crop burning and 5% by other sources. Air pollution ...
... is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the study of environmental pollution. It ... "Water, Air, & Soil Pollution". 2017 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate Analytics. 2018. Official ...
Although there is some monitoring of air pollution, many air pollution indicators are not available. The air quality index in ... Air pollution is particularly damaging to children's health. Researchers estimate that reducing air pollution to World Health ... Air Pollution Report 2018 (Report). Chamber of Environmental Engineers. Hava KirliliÄŸi Raporu 2019 [Air Pollution Report 2019 ... Air quality management practices will be enabled to prevent air pollution from production, heating and traffic, and air quality ...
The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the Air Pollution Index (API). Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e., ... Air pollution has been an ongoing problem in many countries in the Southeast Asia region, and Malaysia is one of the worst ... A state of emergency was announced in 2005 at Port Klang as the Air Pollution Index (API) went above 500. Malaysia has worked ... 1] at the Department Of Environment (Southeast Asian haze, Air pollution in Malaysia). ...
... as well as early climate change legislation including the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955. "The First National Air Pollution ... The National Air Pollution Symposium was held on November 10-11, 1949 in Pasadena, California by the Stanford Research ... SRI had performed much of the early research on air pollution and the formation of ozone in the lower atmosphere. About 400 ... ISBN 0-86576-103-5. (1949 in the environment, Air pollution, Environmental conferences, Conventions in California, SRI ...
... includes any air pollution emitted by motor vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, and other engines and ... OAR is concerned with pollution prevention and energy efficiency, indoor and outdoor air quality, industrial air pollution, ... There are a number of different mobile sources of air pollution, some contributing more to pollution than others. As mentioned ... Due to the large number of mobile sources of air pollution, and their ability to move from one location to another, mobile ...
Air pollution can be generated by both human activity and natural processes. An air pollutant is a substance in the air that ... Air pollution in Germany has significantly decreased over the past decade.[when?] Air pollution occurs when harmful substances ... This has now developed from controlling air pollution to being a leader in climate change politics. Air pollution may cause ... Air pollution began to be seen as a problem in Germany due to these three triggers, causing Germany to put policies into place ...
"World Air Quality Report: 35 Indian cities in top 50 of world's most polluted list; here's how you can fight air pollution". ... It is also the most polluted city in India whose pollution is more than air pollution in Delhi. The PM 2.5 of this city is ... The pollution level was ranked fourth in 2021. It has the air quality index of 106.2 in 2021 and 228 in 2022. ... "Air pollution: AQI of 9 Haryana cities reaches 'severe' level". The Times of India. Retrieved 2022-11-04. "Bhiwadi in Rajasthan ...
North-South divide in Taiwan Air Pollution in China Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law (Year 1911+64) Air Pollution ... Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law (Year 1911+81) Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law (Year 1911+88) Air Pollution ... Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law (Year 1911+94) Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law (Year 1911+95) Air Pollution ... Air pollution in Taiwan is serious! (12 March 2017). "United News". Phimedia (18 December 2017). "Anti-Air Pollution March for ...
Hong Kong portal Air Pollution in China Air pollution in Macau Barbecue , Barbecue restaurant Black carbon , Soot Bonfire , ... "Real Air Pollution Index" as part of a campaign to get the government to update the Air Pollution Index to match WHO guidelines ... Air Quality Objectives (AQOs) for seven widespread air pollutants were established in 1987 under the Air Pollution Control ... The Real Air Pollution Index reports hourly pollution levels from 15 monitoring stations across the region and compares them to ...
... "protects the health of millions of Americans by helping states reduce air pollution and attain clean air standards." The CSAPR ... The Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) is a rule by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that requires ... "Cross State Air Pollution Rule (tag)". Huffington Post. Retrieved June 28, 2014. Official ruling (CS1 maint: archived copy as ... "Cross-State Air Pollution Rule". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 4 November 2015. "Basic Information, Cross- ...
These locations reflect the most common air pollution situations in Switzerland, ranging from low to high levels of pollution. ... The National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL) is a joint project of the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU ... Station in Lausanne Reverse side Air pollution P. Lüscher: Overall Swiss classification of the three observation areas from a ... Within the framework of the research program "Forest Damage and Air Pollution in Switzerland" (NFP14), measurements were taken ...
... is an increasing threat to people and the environment. The air pollution comes from many sources, ... Lee, Wooyoung (November 27, 2018). "South Korea smothered in Chinese air pollution". "What are the main causes of air pollution ... Kim, Moon Joon (2019-12-01). "The effects of transboundary air pollution from China on ambient air quality in South Korea". ... Another solution is to inform citizens about current air quality through air pollution maps, smartphone apps, and text message ...
... air pollution dispersion is the distribution of air pollution into the atmosphere. Air pollution is the introduction of ... regarding air pollution control. Air pollution emission plume - flow of pollutant in the form of vapor or smoke released into ... Air pollution may come from anthropogenic or natural sources. Dispersion refers to what happens to the pollution during and ... There are three primary types of air pollution emission plumes: Buoyant plumes - Plumes which are lighter than air because they ...
He estimates that 71-110 deaths are attributable to air pollution. This figure excludes effects of indoor air pollution and ... Air pollution is a concern in British Columbia, Canada because of its effects on health and visibility. Air quality is ... Occasionally, when the amount of air pollution is abnormally high, the number may exceed 10. The AQHI provides a local air ... decisions to reduce short-term exposure to air pollution by adjusting activity levels during increased levels of air pollution ...
The quality of air is considered satisfactory and the air pollution poses minimal or no health risks. Fair - when the index is ... Perceived air pollution behavior modification was further separated by air quality index awareness status. It was found that ... Air pollution has been a major issue in Mexico City for decades. Alongside a doubling of the vehicle fleet in Mexico City from ... Air pollution is defined as the presence of substances in the atmosphere that can be harmful to life when they are found in ...
Air pollution can affect nearly every organ and system of the body, negatively affecting nature and humans alike. Air pollution ... Air pollution, Environment-related lists by country, Pollution-related lists). ... Air pollution is among the biggest health problems of modern industrial society and is responsible for more than 10 percent of ... The following list of countries by air pollution sorts the countries of the world according to their average measured ...
Official Ventura County Air Pollution Control District-VCAPCD website California Local Air District Directory (Air pollution in ... The Ventura County Air Pollution Control District (VCAPCD), formed in 1968, is the air pollution agency responsible mainly for ... They also appoint the Air Pollution Control Officer, the District Hearing Board, Advisory Committee, and Clean Air Fund ... National Ambient Air Quality Standards) NESHAP (National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants) Pollution in ...
Due to air pollution causing more than one effect it is hard to attribute a condition only to air pollution or to say how much ... Air pollution can derive from natural sources (like wildfires), or anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic air pollution has ... The strong relationship between AQI and ozone levels may be found on air pollution maps. Air pollution in Los Angeles has ... While the effects of air pollution on the respiratory diseases are well understood, air pollution also affects the ...
The battle to end air pollution". The Big Issue. Retrieved 23 December 2022. "Clean Air Day 2018: UK's largest air pollution ... ISBN 978-0-8214-4627-0. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air pollution. UK Air: Air Information Resource from UK ... "Air pollution may cause more UK deaths than previously thought, say scientists". Retrieved 24 August 2021. "Air pollution is ' ... The resulting air pollution was trapped by the inversion layer formed by the dense mass of cold air. Concentrations of ...
Read about the negative health effects of particle pollution - and find steps you can take to prevent them. ... Air Quality Index (AQI). The Air Quality Index (AQI) tells you when air pollution is likely to reach levels that could be ... When particle pollution levels are high, take steps to limit the amount of air you breathe in while youre outside. For example ... How can particle pollution affect my health?. Particle pollution can affect anyone, but it bothers some people more than others ...
Get the facts how air pollution effects your health. ... Did you know that air pollution can happen both inside ... older adults and children are at greater risk from air pollution. Air pollution isnt just outside - the air inside buildings ... Ozone, a gas, is a major part of air pollution in cities. When ozone forms air pollution, its also called smog. ... Air (Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Womens Health) * Health Effects of Air Pollution (Department of Health ...
Women exposed to air pollution before and after pregnancy are more likely to suffer postpartum depression, a large analysis of ... Ambient air pollution exposures were assessed based on maternal residential addresses using monthly averages of particulate ... New research suggests that long-term exposure to air pollution during and after pregnancy increases the risk of postpartum ... Cite this: Air Pollution Tied to Postpartum Depression - Medscape - Oct 20, 2023. ...
This page provides information about Air Pollution Odor Diaries. ... Odor diary used for air quality concerns within the city limits ... Sometimes people can smell certain chemicals in the air before they are at harmful levels. Community members have reported that ... Did odor diary results and sampling results both find high concentrations of the odor in the air? ... Odor diary used by the Michigan Department of Environmental Air Quality regarding a limestone quarry ...
World Health Statistics data visualizations dashboard , SDG Target 3.9 , Mortality from environmental pollution. ...
MAXIMUM 150 WORDS: Remember: front load your paragraphs! This content should include a strong opening sentence describing the health topic in the Eastern Mediterranean (include key words "Eastern Mediterranean" and health topic name for search engine optimization). You should focus on the issue as it relates to the Region and the magnitude of problem in the region, as well as a brief mention of current situation/problem.. ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air pollution. Wikivoyage has travel information for Air pollution. Air Pollution: ... Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the worlds worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 ... The risk of air pollution is determined by the pollutants hazard and the amount of exposure to that pollutant. Air pollution ... Air pollution increases the risk of dementia in people over 50 years old. Childhood indoor air pollution may negatively affect ...
Spatial and temporal variations of air pollution over 41 cities of India during the COVID‑19 lockdown period. Sci. Rep. 10, ... The instrument, designed to quantify the levels of various air pollutants, helped measure the atmospheric levels of nitrogen ... This study could help decision-makers arrive at efficient air-quality management plans involving local stakeholders, the ... The levels of various air pollutants, particularly that of nitrogen dioxide and aerosol particles, decreased considerably ...
... daily exposure to potentially hazardous particulate air pollution. Associations between indoor air pollutants and building ... In an Indoor Air study conducted in a suburb of the city of Kuopio, Finland, relatively short-lasting wood and candle burning ... Indoor exposure to air pollution studied. Date:. February 21, 2019. Source:. Wiley. Summary:. In an Indoor Air study conducted ... Clever Coating Turns Lampshades Into Indoor Air Purifiers. Aug. 16, 2023 Indoor air pollution may have met its match. ...
PM air pollution consists of small particles suspended in the air. Particles that are less than 2.5 microns in diameter, which ... Applied sciences and engineering/Environmental sciences/Pollution/Air pollution * /Physical sciences/Materials science/ ... Exposure to particulate air pollution is associated with cardiovascular risk, which itself may play a role in causing or ... There are few recent studies that analyze air pollution and cognitive function in older adults, but this is the first study to ...
Effects of Air Pollution and Other Environmental Exposures on Estimates of Severe Influenza Illness, Washington, USA Ranjani ... Effects of Air Pollution and Other Environmental Exposures on Estimates of Severe Influenza Illness, Washington, USA. ...
Ground-level ozone and other air pollutants can trigger asthma flare-ups. But there are steps you can take to minimize your ... Check the Air Quality Index. If you live in an area with poor air quality, pay attention to pollution levels. You can get daily ... Talk to your doctor about increasing medicine during times when air pollution is high. These changes can be included as part of ... Improving the air quality in your home is also wise. You can do this by using an air cleaner, venting all gas appliances to the ...
Creating a debate on air pollution BMJ 2018; 361 :k2590 doi:10.1136/bmj.k2590 ... Delhis air becomes dangerous to breathe as pollution season takes hold BMJ November 15, 2023, 383 p2688; DOI: https://doi.org/ ... Creating a debate on air pollution. BMJ 2018; 361 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2590 (Published 13 June 2018) Cite this as ... US expands testing of international air travellers to cover 30 respiratory viruses BMJ November 09, 2023, 383 p2630; DOI: https ...
Effects of air pollution on health outcomes. by A. H. Coulson, Naihua Duan, Emmett B. Keeler, Edward Lee Korn, Willard G. ... Coulson, A. H., Naihua Duan, Emmett B. Keeler, Edward Lee Korn, and Willard G. Manning, Effects of air pollution on health ... Coulson, A. H., Naihua Duan, Emmett B. Keeler, Edward Lee Korn, and Willard G. Manning, Effects of air pollution on health ... Effects of air pollution on health outcomes ...
What is the Air Quality Index? If youre seeing a thick haze outside your window, its likely air pollution. Heres how to find ... Air pollution may be to blame for thousands of dementia cases, researchers say Bad air from wildfires or agriculture were most ... Dirty air biggest external threat to human health, study finds Air pollution is even more dangerous than smoking or alcohol, ... Extreme heat, air pollution may double risk of heart attack death, study finds Heat waves and fine particulate pollution ...
New research points the finger at another possible culprit: air pollution. Meng Wang, Ph.D., an assistant professor of ...
At least 8,549 educational institutions in UK have background levels of a tiny particle pollution known as PM2.5 exceeding ... Air pollution contributes to tens of thousands of early deaths in the UK each year, is associated with lung disease and cancer ... "There are no safe levels for air pollution, we need to get levels as low as possible and its vital the government commits to ... A government spokesman said: "We are taking ambitious action to tackle air pollution across our communities - with emissions of ...
Air pollution control industry is a typical policy guidance industry whose trend and demand are depended on national... ... 1. Overview of Air Pollution Control in China 1.1 Background of Air Pollution Control 1.1.1 Definition of Air Pollution 1.1.2 ... 3.3 Technology Environment of Air Pollution Control Industry in China. 4. Market Status Quo of Air Pollution Control 4.1 ... 2. Market Development Overview of Air Pollution Control in Foreign Countries 2.1 Global Market of Air Pollution Control 2.2 ...
Copyright © The President and Fellows of Harvard College ...
A Review on the Relevance of COVID Paired with Air Pollution Are you aware of the link between COVID-19 and air pollution? ... Time-Lagged Relationships between Air Pollution Exposure & ADRD Hospitalization Did you know that air pollution exposure from ... Effect of Air Pollution & Ambient Temperature on CVD & Respiratory Disease in US In this study, Drs. Yazdi, Wei, Dominici, and ... Air pollution exposure disparities across US population and income groups Disparities in exposure relative to safety standards ...
This study is the first to show that exposure to air pollution among teen girls (ages 14-18) is associated with slightly ... Well documented negative health effects from air pollution exposure include infertility, metabolic syndrome and polycystic ... The air your teenage daughter breathes may be causing irregular menstrual cycles. ... Air Pollution During Pregnancy May Affect Growth of Newborn Babies. July 2, 2021 Maternal exposure to air pollution during ...
... but what impact does air pollution have on oceans? To help answer this question, this past August, researchers from Penn ... Scientists have a good understanding of how air pollution impacts human health and the terrestrial biosphere, ...
Poor air quality can make asthma worse. Heres what to do about it if you have asthma. ... You can track air quality at the website AIRNow. The EPA created the site to help people affected by air pollution decide ... How Can I Deal With Poor Air Quality?. If air pollution is a trigger for you, youll want to avoid it as much as possible. Talk ... Particle pollution also makes the air dirty. Particle pollution is created when tiny bits of dust, dirt, smoke, soot, and other ...
In this article, we will explore the impact of air pollution during and after Diwali on respiratory health and provide some ... However, along with the festivities, this vibrant festival also brings a spike in air pollution, which can have detrimental ... The combination of firecrackers, bonfires, and other festivities leads to a significant increase in air pollutants, posing a ... Use Air Purifiers:. Investing in a good quality air purifier with an HEPA filter can significantly reduce indoor air pollution ...
Urban trees and air pollution: Effect of drought and salt stress on the production of VOC and absorption of ozone by different ...
Climate and air quality *Particulate matter approach for greater health gains *Particulate matter and other air pollution ... Identifying the sources of air pollution. TOPAS (TNO Operational Source Apportionment Service) is based upon air quality ... UBA project about foreign contribution to air pollution in Germany. In this project the goal was to establish the impact of ... Concawe: contribution of shipping to air pollution in port cities. In this project, we investigated the contribution of both ...
Different environmental factors such as air pollution and household fuel use may predict peoples chances of dying, especially ... Air pollution surrounds people every day, both indoors and outdoors. Read about some common air pollutants and how they can ... For example, air filtration or facemasks to reduce the risk of air pollution exposures," he added. ... Air pollution may be a leading global cause of death. Recent research has used a mathematical model to estimate that ...
In a bid to fight air pollution, London has introduced one of the worlds toughest vehicle emissions standards, placing a tax ... In a bid to fight air pollution, London has introduced one of the world's toughest vehicle emissions standards, placing a ... Mayor Sadiq Khan says the Ultra-Low Emission Zone is necessary since thousands die annually in London alone from toxic air. He ...
Indoor Air Pollution Bjorn Lomborg, director of Copenhagen Consensus Center and adjunct professor at Copenhagen Business School ... Electrification has ended the scourge of indoor air pollution in the rich world, saving millions of lives. In the West, we take ... Air Pollution To Be Listed As Cause Of British Childs Death, Landmark Ruling Says ... Forbes: The Worlds Biggest Environmental Killer: Indoor Air Pollution. Bjorn Lomborg, director of Copenhagen Consensus Center ...
Globally some seven million people a year die prematurely due to indoor and outdoor pollution with about 70 per cent of those ... "Air pollution, air quality has to be one of the top priorities, said Zahedi. We know that well over 200 cities in Asia exceed ... says the costs from air pollution are rising for millions across the region, with hundreds of cities facing pollution levels ... The United Nations says the rising level of air borne pollution in Asia is extracting greater social and economic costs leading ...
  • Some air pollutants are poisonous. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases (including ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic), and biological molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, and the individual's health status and genetics. (wikipedia.org)
  • The scope of the air pollution crisis is large: In 2018, WHO estimated that "9 out of 10 people breathe air containing high levels of pollutants. (wikipedia.org)
  • In developing and poor countries, traditional biomass burning is the major source of air pollutants. (wikipedia.org)
  • The levels of various air pollutants, particularly that of nitrogen dioxide and aerosol particles, decreased considerably during the COVID-19 lockdown period in 41 Indian cities 1 . (nature.com)
  • The instrument, designed to quantify the levels of various air pollutants, helped measure the atmospheric levels of nitrogen dioxide and aerosol particles over major Indian cities. (nature.com)
  • Associations between indoor air pollutants and building ventilation or cooking were also observed. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The study found that the local outdoor levels of certain pollutants and ozone were the most important determinants of indoor levels of the same air pollutants. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Scientists have designed catalyst-coated lampshades that transform indoor air pollutants into harmless compounds. (sciencedaily.com)
  • 22, 2021 Having good room ventilation to dilute and disperse indoor air pollutants has long been recognized, and with the COVID-19 pandemic its importance has become all the more heightened. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Pollutants in the air can have the same effect on kids with asthma as other triggers. (kidshealth.org)
  • If allergens in the air are an asthma trigger, pollutants can make the lungs even more sensitive to them. (kidshealth.org)
  • China's major air pollutants: sulfur dioxide, soot, industrial dust and nitrogen oxides. (prweb.com)
  • During "12th Five-year" period, emission standards of major air pollutants, represented by soot, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides, will be further improved. (prweb.com)
  • The combination of firecrackers, bonfires, and other festivities leads to a significant increase in air pollutants, posing a serious threat to individuals, especially those with pre-existing respiratory conditions. (newkerala.com)
  • During the peak Diwali celebrations, it's advisable to reduce outdoor activities to minimize exposure to air pollutants. (newkerala.com)
  • However, a further ecological study should focus on the interactions among climate change, air pollutants and cardiovascular disease. (bmj.com)
  • EAQI combines information for five different air pollutants to show the current status of Europe's air quality. (europa.eu)
  • The EEA maintains a number of datasets containing officially-reported estimates of the amount of air pollutants emitted into the atmosphere from different sources. (europa.eu)
  • We found that all air pollutants had significant short-term impacts on non-accidental mortality. (nature.com)
  • In this study, we examined the association between daily air pollutants (PM 10 , O 3 and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 )) and mortality (non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases) in 18 Thailand provinces ( Figure 1 ). (nature.com)
  • Air pollution consists of many pollutants, among other particulate matter. (paho.org)
  • There are two major approaches to remediate air pollutants applying nanotechnology: nano-catalysts and nano-structured membranes. (bibalex.org)
  • In order to foster sustainable development and mitigate climate change, it is therefore important to provide national and regional authorities with appropriate measures to reduce criteria pollutants (PM 10, PM2.5, O3, CO2, SO2 and NOx) concentrations in air. (environmental-expert.com)
  • Both indices consider air pollutants frequently monitored at long-term stations within official air pollution control networks. (environmental-expert.com)
  • While emissions of some pollutants have declined sharply in Europe in recent decades, more diesel cars and a rise in wood burning by households as a cheap alternative to gas mean other types of harmful pollution are receding more slowly. (hurriyetdailynews.com)
  • Ground-level ozone pollution - formed indirectly by a combination of sunlight and mixtures of other pollutants in the atmosphere - inflicts huge damage on EU crop production, particularly in Mediterranean countries such as Italy, France and Spain. (hurriyetdailynews.com)
  • According to the WHO, children are more susceptible to pollution because they breathe more often, taking in more pollutants, and are closer to the ground, which is where some pollutants have higher concentrations. (cnn.com)
  • In a University of Auckland study on how lockdown impacted air quality in Auckland, Associate Professor Jenny Salmond and PhD candidate Hamesh Patel measured the top five pollutants associated with air quality: fine and coarse particulate (PM2.5 and PM10), black carbon (BC), ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). (auckland.ac.nz)
  • Indoor air pollution is also lethal like outdoor pollution and considering that many studies say that we spend most of our time indoors, improper ventilation and disposal of household pollutants may actually be worse. (deccanherald.com)
  • Levels of particle pollutants that can harm the human respiratory tract are at 72, on a scale of 1-500, in Dallas - meaning air quality levels Wednesday are unhealthy but not hazardous for high-risk populations, according the Environmental Protection Agency. (dallasnews.com)
  • The limited studies available indicate that at least half of air pollution in the Region occurs naturally from pollutants such as sand, dust and sea salt, and the rest is generated from human activities including transport and industry. (who.int)
  • The plan of action takes into consideration the regional context including climate and local air pollutants, availability of monitoring data and the status of national surveillance systems and policies for controlling air pollution. (who.int)
  • Particle pollution - also called particulate matter (PM) - is made up of particles (tiny pieces) of solids or liquids that are in the air. (cdc.gov)
  • Where does particle pollution come from? (cdc.gov)
  • Particle pollution can come from two different kinds of sources - primary or secondary. (cdc.gov)
  • Primary sources cause particle pollution on their own. (cdc.gov)
  • Some other common sources of particle pollution can be either primary or secondary - for example, factories, cars and trucks, and construction sites. (cdc.gov)
  • Breathing in particle pollution can be harmful to your health. (cdc.gov)
  • How can particle pollution affect my health? (cdc.gov)
  • Particle pollution can affect anyone, but it bothers some people more than others. (cdc.gov)
  • If you have asthma, particle pollution can make your symptoms worse. (cdc.gov)
  • If you have heart disease, breathing in particle pollution can cause serious problems like a heart attack. (cdc.gov)
  • The good news is there's a lot you can do to protect yourself and your family from the health effects caused by particle pollution. (cdc.gov)
  • You can use the AQI as a tool to help you avoid particle pollution. (cdc.gov)
  • When particle pollution levels are high, take steps to limit the amount of air you breathe in while you're outside. (cdc.gov)
  • Think about spending more time indoors, where particle pollution levels are usually lower. (cdc.gov)
  • Particle pollution also can cause breathing problems. (kidshealth.org)
  • At least 8,549 educational institutions in UK have background levels of a tiny particle pollution known as PM2.5 exceeding international guidelines. (theecologist.org)
  • Research found 8,549 educational institutions in England, Wales and Scotland - some 27 percent of the total - are in areas where the background level of tiny particle pollution known as PM2.5 exceeds international guidelines. (theecologist.org)
  • Particle pollution also makes the air dirty. (kidshealth.org)
  • From forest fires with their smoky haze over South East Asia, to China's smog-filled mega cites, to rural homes in South Asia choked by inefficient stoves, scientists say in Asia there are rising health and social costs from air borne particle pollution. (voanews.com)
  • A separate study in the US shows that even small "single-unit" increases in particle pollution in the years prior to the pandemic is linked with a 15% increase in deaths. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • Moderate Dallas-Fort Worth air quality levels Wednesday were caused by ash-related particle pollution and increased ozone. (dallasnews.com)
  • A combination of particle pollution and increased ozone levels are responsible for the current air quality. (dallasnews.com)
  • People especially sensitive to particle pollution are advised to limit their active time outdoors. (dallasnews.com)
  • The EPA has previously linked air particle pollution to health problems such as coughing and wheezing, as well as asthma attacks or strokes in extreme cases. (dallasnews.com)
  • People at a higher sensitivity risk for particle pollution typically include older adults, teenagers, children and people with lung or heart disease. (dallasnews.com)
  • Ambient air pollution exposures were assessed based on maternal residential addresses using monthly averages of particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ), PM ≤ 10 μm (PM 10 ), nitrogen dioxide, and ozone from Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) monitoring stations. (medscape.com)
  • While air pollution exposures have been linked to cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, this study suggests there may be other systems, such as the reproductive endocrine system, that are affected as well," said corresponding author Shruthi Mahalingaiah, MD, MS, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Boston University School of Medicine and a physician in obstetrics and gynecology at Boston Medical Center. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Air pollution exposures contributed a significant burden of cardiovascular disease, similar to tobacco smoke…The study demonstrates that environmental risk factors are present and evaluable in rural, low-resource settings. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Data on pregnancy outcomes, exposures and confounders will be compiled and epidemiological studies on the effect of outdoor and household air pollution on pregnancy complications will be done. (lu.se)
  • manufacturing facilities (factories) a 2014 study found that in China equipment-, machinery-, and devices-manufacturing and construction sectors contributed more than 50% of air pollutant emissions. (wikipedia.org)
  • A government spokesman said: "We are taking ambitious action to tackle air pollution across our communities - with emissions of fine particulate matter falling by nine percent since 2010 and £3.8 billion invested in ensuring our air is the cleanest in decades. (theecologist.org)
  • TOPAS (TNO Operational Source Apportionment Service) is based upon air quality modelling developed by TNO, as well as TNO's knowledge of emissions and atmospheric models. (tno.nl)
  • Air pollutant national emissions inventory and projections data reported by EU Member States. (europa.eu)
  • In a bid to fight air pollution, London has introduced one of the world's toughest vehicle emissions standards, placing a tax on older, more polluting cars that drive into the center of the British capital. (foxbusiness.com)
  • During his tenure, Wallerstein faced criticism from both sides, including businesses opposed to costly pollution regulations and environmentalists who have faulted him and his staff for not moving aggressively enough to clean the air and reduce health risks from emissions. (latimes.com)
  • Find out how and why we regulate emissions to air and monitor air quality. (newcastle.gov.uk)
  • In the last decade, tighter European regulations on power stations and other sources of pollution have seen a 50 percent cut in emissions of sulphur dioxide, which causes acid rain, while carbon monoxide emissions have fallen by a third. (hurriyetdailynews.com)
  • We knew that if you have more plants, if you have more emissions of VOCs, then you might have a substantial increase in pollution-in ozone-in a city that has high levels of NO x ," says Churkina. (popsci.com)
  • Worldwide, the WHO estimates that air pollution kills around seven million people a year and in the world's big cities, road traffic emissions have the biggest impact on air quality. (auckland.ac.nz)
  • But scientists have struggled to establish causal links between air pollution and vehicle emissions because things like weather, woodburners and sea salt also play a role. (auckland.ac.nz)
  • That meant that although we reduced traffic by up to 80 percent, pollution wasn't cut by the same amount and that's because buses and trucks account for a higher proportion of NO2 emissions. (auckland.ac.nz)
  • In 2008, coal plant emissions were the most harmful sources of PM 2.5 air pollution, but by 2017, the sum of emissions from gas, biomass, and wood burned in industrial boilers and buildings surpassed the impact from coal plants. (rmi.org)
  • This statistic is conservative, as it only includes health impacts from one outdoor pollutant and does not account for emissions generated by fuel extraction or the potentially significant health impacts from indoor air pollution generated by burning fuels. (rmi.org)
  • This is the result of industrial and automobile emissions that affect the air quality and these emissions cause higher levels of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, fine particulate matter and organic compounds like benzene. (springer.com)
  • Researchers found that the risk for cardiovascular-related death is linked to many factors, including ambient air and household air pollution. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Balakrishnan says in India alone some 3.5 million deaths a year are attributable to household air pollution. (voanews.com)
  • In 2016, air pollution account for 249 thousand premature deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution and another 83 thousand premature deaths attributed to household air pollution in the Americas. (paho.org)
  • Over one lakh children die in India annually because of household air pollution, says study. (deccanherald.com)
  • Household air pollution is also a major source of exposure, more knowledge on how different cook stoves, fuels and habits affect exposure is crucial. (lu.se)
  • Wildfires caused high levels of air pollution in San Francisco in November 2018. (npr.org)
  • Yet the number of people breathing air that is bad for their health is rising - the American Lung Association estimates that about 137 million people lived in places with unhealthy levels of ozone between 2016 and 2018. (npr.org)
  • Cite this: Air Pollution Tied to Postpartum Depression - Medscape - Oct 20, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • Aug. 16, 2023 Indoor air pollution may have met its match. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In 2016, outdoor air pollution, measure as the annual mean concentration of fine particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 micrometers in diameter) micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m 3 ) was 17.9 µg/m 3 in the Region of the Americas, which is 1.7 times the WHO air quality guideline of 10 µg/m 3 . (paho.org)
  • In 2016, 600,000 children were estimated to have died from acute lower respiratory infections caused by polluted air. (cnn.com)
  • The road map, which was adopted by the Health Assembly in May 2016, is intended as a tool to enable the health sector to take a leading role in raising awareness both of the impacts of air pollution on health and of opportunities for public health. (who.int)
  • The WHO global urban ambient air pollution database (2016 update) shows that levels of air pollution with particulate matter in the Region were the highest in the world during the period 2008-2015. (who.int)
  • Outdoor air pollution attributable to fossil fuel use alone causes ~3.61 million deaths annually, making it one of the top contributors to human death, with anthropogenic ozone and PM2.5 causing ~2.1 million. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mortality attributable to the joint effects of household and ambient air pollution can be expressed as number of deaths or death rates. (who.int)
  • 34% of deaths from stroke and 27% of deaths from heart disease are attributable to air pollution. (who.int)
  • When ozone forms air pollution, it's also called smog. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This "ozone pollution" is a main part of smog - the brownish-yellow haze often seen hanging over cities on the horizon. (kidshealth.org)
  • People with asthma are more likely to have trouble breathing in places with polluted air or smog. (kidshealth.org)
  • Your doctor might have more ideas on how to handle smog or poor air quality. (kidshealth.org)
  • Kalpana Balakrishnan, director of the WHO's Collaborating Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, says this indoor pollution is a major contributor to health problems that compares to the pollution faced by urban communities with traffic borne smog. (voanews.com)
  • Southern California's air quality board moved forcefully to weaken pollution regulation Friday, firing the agency's longtime leader and reaffirming new smog rules backed by oil refineries and other major polluters. (latimes.com)
  • Environmentalists said Friday that Southern California's progress in cleaning its once-notorious smog shows clean air and economic growth are not mutually exclusive. (latimes.com)
  • In few places is pollution more pertinent than India's most populous city, Delhi, where residents are bracing themselves for peak crop-burning season and the annual Hindu festival of Diwali, both of which add to a thick, toxic smog cast over the city. (cnn.com)
  • Most urban districts of the Chinese capital and other parts of northern China have been hit by smog which sent the air pollution index to "hazardous" levels in cities like Baoding and Shijiazhuang on Monday (Oct 15). (cnn.com)
  • A layer of pollution can be seen hovering over Los Angeles, California on October 17, 2017, where even though air quality has improved in recent decades, smog levels remain among the nations's worst, with wildfires in the region also contributing to poor air quality. (cnn.com)
  • But we know there is more to do, which is why through our landmark Environment Bill we are committed to setting an ambitious, legally binding target to reduce damaging fine particulate matter and ensure cleaner air for generations to come. (theecologist.org)
  • Fine particulate matter associated with pollution from burning solid fuels, known as PM2.5, recorded levels reaching almost 400 in Ringsend, and more than 300 in Rathmines last week. (rte.ie)
  • The analysis, carried out by Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants, highlights how many establishments are in areas where PM2.5 pollution exceeds World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline limits - which are stricter than UK rules. (theecologist.org)
  • Among low- and middle-income countries, 98% of all children under 5 are exposed to PM2.5 levels above WHO air quality guidelines, the report found. (cnn.com)
  • 14, 2022 A first-of-its-kind study examining the impact of air pollution on healthy teenagers found that air pollution may trigger an irregular heart rhythm within two hours after exposure. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In this article, we will explore the impact of air pollution during and after Diwali on respiratory health and provide some essential tips on how to take care of your lungs during this time. (newkerala.com)
  • In this Horizon 2020 project , we are collaborating in an international team to develop air quality services. (tno.nl)
  • Covid-19 has reinforced more than ever the importance of healthy lungs and it's our responsibility to ensure the next generation has clean air to breathe. (theecologist.org)
  • Air quality is the air we breathe. (europa.eu)
  • Around 93% of the world's children under 15 years of age breathe air that is so polluted it puts their health and development at serious risk, accounting for 1.8 billion children, according to a report published by the World Health Organization ahead of its first global conference on air pollution and health in Geneva. (cnn.com)
  • Every child should be able to breathe clean air so they can grow and fulfil their full potential" said WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus in a statement. (cnn.com)
  • And by pumping oxygen into the air-the same oxygen humans need to breathe- while also filtering out harmful air pollution, trees were supposed to help the eighty percent of Americans who live in urban areas breathe easy. (popsci.com)
  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 90% of the global population breathe filthy toxic air. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • One area in which there is an aim for improvement is the air we breathe. (lu.se)
  • Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke, and lung cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Poor air quality can cause flare-ups , and also may increase the chances of respiratory infections, like flu, that can make asthma symptoms worse. (kidshealth.org)
  • However, along with the festivities, this vibrant festival also brings a spike in air pollution, which can have detrimental effects on respiratory health. (newkerala.com)
  • Remember that respiratory problems can be aggravated by air pollution, so taking care of your lungs during Diwali is essential for a healthier and happier celebration. (newkerala.com)
  • O 3 air pollution is significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality, while PM 10 is significantly related to respiratory mortality. (nature.com)
  • Exposure to high levels of air pollution increases the risk of chronic respiratory diseases , cardiovascular diseases including stroke, and lung cancer. (paho.org)
  • Breathing polluted air is associated with shorter average life expectancies, and is a risk factor for heart and respiratory disease. (npr.org)
  • Breathing polluted air for long periods of time can damage a person's lungs and make it more difficult to fight respiratory disease. (npr.org)
  • Her medical cause of death was listed as acute respiratory failure, severe asthma and air pollution exposure. (cnn.com)
  • A previous inquest ruling from 2014, which concluded Ella died of acute respiratory failure, was quashed by the High Court following new evidence about the dangerous levels of air pollution close to her home, PA reported. (cnn.com)
  • Air pollution, particularly Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), as well as Particulate Matter (PM) - both of which are released by vehicles burning fossil fuels, causes and exacerbates respiratory complaints. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • Outdoor and indoor air pollution cause respiratory and other diseases, which can be fatal. (who.int)
  • Start by learning about the Air Quality Index. (cdc.gov)
  • The Air Quality Index (AQI) tells you when air pollution is likely to reach levels that could be harmful. (cdc.gov)
  • For more tools to help you learn about air quality, visit Tracking Air Quality . (cdc.gov)
  • Community members have reported that smelling odors in the air decreases their quality of life and sense of wellbeing. (cdc.gov)
  • Odor diary used for air quality concerns within the city limits of Houston, Texas. (cdc.gov)
  • Air quality is closely related to the earth's climate and ecosystems globally. (wikipedia.org)
  • Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report. (wikipedia.org)
  • Productivity losses and degraded quality of life caused by air pollution are estimated to cost the world economy $5 trillion per year but, along with health and mortality impacts, are an externality to the contemporary economic system and most human activity, albeit sometimes being moderately regulated and monitored. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study could help decision-makers arrive at efficient air-quality management plans involving local stakeholders, the researchers say. (nature.com)
  • But poor air quality can also trigger flare-ups , so it's important to know how to take precautions. (kidshealth.org)
  • How Does Air Quality Affect Asthma? (kidshealth.org)
  • If you live in an area with poor air quality, pay attention to pollution levels. (kidshealth.org)
  • On days when air quality is poor, run the air conditioning and limit your child's time outside. (kidshealth.org)
  • Plan any outdoor activities for early in the day - when air quality tends to be better - and avoid spending time in areas with a lot of traffic. (kidshealth.org)
  • Improving the air quality in your home is also wise. (kidshealth.org)
  • Harriet Edwards, senior policy and project manager for air quality at Asthma UK and the British Lung Foundation, said: "It's alarming that thousands of children are going into schools where dangerously high air pollution levels could be putting their health and futures at risk. (theecologist.org)
  • The researchers used health and location data gathered in the Nurses' Health Study 2 plus air pollution exposure metrics from the EPA air quality monitoring system to understand a participants' exposure during a particular time window. (sciencedaily.com)
  • How Does Air Quality Affect People With Asthma? (kidshealth.org)
  • What Makes Air Quality Poor? (kidshealth.org)
  • How Can I Deal With Poor Air Quality? (kidshealth.org)
  • You can track air quality at the website AIRNow . (kidshealth.org)
  • You can also get air quality information from weather reports and apps. (kidshealth.org)
  • Plan any outdoor activities for early in the day, when air quality tends to be better. (kidshealth.org)
  • During Diwali, the air quality in many parts of India deteriorates dramatically due to the widespread use of firecrackers. (newkerala.com)
  • Investing in a good quality air purifier with an HEPA filter can significantly reduce indoor air pollution. (newkerala.com)
  • Stay informed about local air quality levels during and after Diwali. (newkerala.com)
  • Many apps and websites provide real-time air quality data, allowing you to plan your activities accordingly. (newkerala.com)
  • TNO has extensive experience in the field of air quality. (tno.nl)
  • We make air quality predictions for the Netherlands and Europe as well as beyond (the United States, China and South America). (tno.nl)
  • In this way, TNO offers public authorities assistance in making strategic policy choices in the field of air quality and health. (tno.nl)
  • 4 inspiring air quality projects from the field. (tno.nl)
  • This includes forecasts of European Air Quality, Green Scenarios and their impact on European air quality and exceedances, and source apportionment to pin-point the origin and reason for exceedances of air quality limit values in cities. (tno.nl)
  • Explore and download EEA's air quality data via a range of interactive data viewers and services. (europa.eu)
  • Latest measurements from Europe's air quality monitoring network. (europa.eu)
  • EEA collects a range of information officially reported by countries following the requirements of the EU's Air Quality Directives ( 2004/107/EC and 2008/50/EC ) and Implementing Provisions ( 2011/850/EU ). (europa.eu)
  • The following link provides access to the data and information that accompanies the reported measurements of air quality. (europa.eu)
  • The following link provides access to the European Air Quality Portal . (europa.eu)
  • Information on the air quality situation in each of the 32 EEA member countries and 6 cooperating countries. (europa.eu)
  • James Allerton at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington, UK, says he read a report about harvesting eDNA with air filters and realised that it was remarkably similar to his own work monitoring air quality. (newscientist.com)
  • Air pollution, air quality has to be one of the top priorities,' said Zahedi. (voanews.com)
  • Southern California's air quality board's top executive, Barry R. Wallerstein, who is shown at a town hall meeting in Los Angeles in 2013. (latimes.com)
  • The South Coast Air Quality Management District board dismissed Barry Wallerstein in a 7-6 vote during a closed-door session, a month after Republicans took control of the panel vowing a friendlier approach to industry. (latimes.com)
  • The board's actions are expected to delay Southern California's progress toward achieving those standards by allowing industry to avoid costly air quality improvements. (latimes.com)
  • Dwight Robinson and other new board members have been outspoken about the need to shift the balance between air quality regulation and economic impacts on businesses. (latimes.com)
  • California legislators, state air quality officials and environmentalists criticize that vote as a violation of state law and harmful to public health. (latimes.com)
  • Systematic collection of long term meso- to large-scale datasets of ambient air quality provides an indispensible means for air pollution monitoring. (environmental-expert.com)
  • The methodology of the recently developed Daily Air Quality Index (DAQx) and Long-term Air Quality Index (LAQx) is explained. (environmental-expert.com)
  • The county Air Quality Program - whose origins date to just after World War II, when Pittsburgh was widely known as the "Smoky City" - has been criticized by the Allegheny Conference on Community Development, U.S. Steel Corp. and others for failing to process air pollution permits quickly enough and for driving business away from the county. (organicconsumers.org)
  • But Air Quality Program officials deny that allegation, and some environmental groups are worried that shutting it down and handing its duties to the state will reduce air monitoring, roll back regulations, decrease public access to regulators and lead to a general degradation of air quality. (organicconsumers.org)
  • The EPA's Air Quality Manager, Patrick Kenny, said air pollution also impacts the quality of life. (rte.ie)
  • What we've seen is that hot weather is making it more difficult to achieve health-based [air quality] standards," Billings explains. (npr.org)
  • 29 monitoring stations in the city on Monday recorded "very poor" air quality while four stations recorded air quality as "severe. (cnn.com)
  • Delhi is now the second most polluted major city in the world, according to air quality tracker AirVisual, second only to Lahore in Pakistan. (cnn.com)
  • A task force led by the country's Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has recommended a ban on all construction activities in the Delhi-NCR region for 10 days beginning November 1 to reduce dust as air quality is expected to deteriorate. (cnn.com)
  • This is important when make decisions about how to manage air quality in urban areas. (auckland.ac.nz)
  • If lockdown showed us one thing it was that we can make significant improvements in air quality by reducing traffic flows. (auckland.ac.nz)
  • Air quality in Dallas was moderate as of Wednesday afternoon. (dallasnews.com)
  • Unhealthy air quality alerts have been issued in several U.S. locations. (dallasnews.com)
  • Air quality forecasts are determined by a variety of factors, including the concentration of particles, such as ash, carried in wildfire smoke. (dallasnews.com)
  • Ozone pollution is expected to continue making air quality unhealthy for sensitive populations through Saturday. (dallasnews.com)
  • Dallas residents can check air quality levels and alerts at air now.gov or on the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality website. (dallasnews.com)
  • Regarding pollution, politicians have established some programs trying to improve air quality in Mexico. (springer.com)
  • That is, an individual living in a polluted city will prefer to move to another city with a better air quality, but in reality this person will face some mobility or migration costs to move there and this person must stay in the polluted city for personal, familial or economic reasons. (springer.com)
  • Women in areas with poor air quality ran almost double the risk of developing gestational diabetes compared to women in areas with better air quality. (lu.se)
  • The study did not show any clear link between poor air quality and premature birth or low birth weight, as has been found in areas where air quality is considerably worse, such as in Los Angeles. (lu.se)
  • You can see how polluted the air is by checking the Air Quality Index . (msdmanuals.com)
  • People, particularly children, older people, and people with heart or lung disorders, should limit their time outside when the air quality is poor. (msdmanuals.com)
  • No high quality study of the effect of outdoor and indoor air pollution on pregnant women in Africa has so far been conducted. (lu.se)
  • Outdoor air pollution will be assessed by high quality modelling which combines measurements with Geographical Information System tools and aerial and topographical imaging. (lu.se)
  • Some particles are big enough (or appear dark enough) to see - for example, you can often see smoke in the air. (cdc.gov)
  • Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. (medlineplus.gov)
  • PM air pollution consists of small particles suspended in the air. (eurekalert.org)
  • The mean annual concentration of fine suspended particles of less than 2.5 microns in diameters is a common measure of air pollution. (paho.org)
  • In certain swaths of China, where pollution has a stranglehold, human-made particles can spell losses of tens of billions of dollars every year due to solar-energy-collection dips, Bergin said. (livescience.com)
  • By contrast, the amount of harmful particles and ozone in the air has fallen only slightly. (hurriyetdailynews.com)
  • Particulate matter is a mixture of solid and liquid particles that are suspended in the air. (dallasnews.com)
  • PM 2.5 pollution is particularly dangerous due to its tiny size (2.5 microns or smaller), as the microscopic particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and even the bloodstream. (rmi.org)
  • It is not possible to say exactly how air pollution contributes to causing the three conditions, but experiments have shown that the small particles in polluted air can cause 'oxidative stress', which affects the immune system and leads to inflammation throughout the body. (lu.se)
  • We also know that many of the particles in polluted air are so small that they can travel from the lungs into the blood. (lu.se)
  • It's created when tiny bits of dust, dirt, smoke, soot, and other stuff hang in the air (for example, from wildfires ). (kidshealth.org)
  • Climate change is making wildfires and heat waves more likely, and driving more days of unhealthy air in many U.S. cities. (npr.org)
  • The group's 21st annual State of the Air report warns that climate change is undercutting decades of regulatory progress that has reduced pollution from factories, cars, power plants and other major air pollution sources, because more frequent and intense heat waves and wildfires are leading to more days with dangerously high levels of ozone and particulate matter. (npr.org)
  • Intense Canadian wildfires are blanketing the northeastern U.S. in a dystopian haze, turning the air acrid and the sky yellowish gray and prompting warnings for vulnerable people to stay inside. (dallasnews.com)
  • It has been estimated that ozone pollution resulted in production losses of 27 million tons of grain in Europe in 2000. (hurriyetdailynews.com)
  • During heat waves, the researchers found, trees can emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that help make air pollution , especially ground level ozone pollution, as much as sixty percent worse. (popsci.com)
  • To limit further ozone pollution, Air North Texas recommends Dallas and Fort-Worth residents take public transportation, bike or walk during their commute when possible. (dallasnews.com)
  • It is also the main source of particulate pollution in many developed areas including the UK & New South Wales. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the months after President Trump took office, the EPA prosecuted fewer alleged violations of air and water pollution regulations, and the amount of particulate pollution in the U.S. has risen slightly in recent years. (npr.org)
  • Various pollution control technologies and strategies are available to reduce air pollution. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, if researches want to know how much a citizen is willing to pay to reduce air pollution, they may use a hedonic approach. (springer.com)
  • Overall, there was a marked reduction in recorded levels of ambient air pollution during lockdown. (auckland.ac.nz)
  • Applying this fraction to the total burden of disease (e.g. cardiopulmonary disease expressed as deaths or DALYs), gives the total number of deaths or DALYs that results from exposure to that particular risk factor (in the example given above, to ambient air pollution). (who.int)
  • Some compounds like nitrogen oxygen and volatile organic compounds cause air pollution problems in stagnant air, as the reaction between these elements form ozone and other oxidants. (springer.com)
  • Scientists warn that without significant steps, the number of premature deaths from air borne pollution will double by 2050. (voanews.com)
  • Air pollution causes 1,300 premature deaths here each year, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. (rte.ie)
  • Air pollution is dangerously high across many parts of Europe, resulting in premature deaths, ill health and huge economic losses linked to reduced crop yields, Europe's environmental watchdog said yesterday. (hurriyetdailynews.com)
  • 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 10 ) is the most important air pollutant in both urban and rural areas, the concentration of which is as high as or higher than those in North America and European countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • Early deaths attributed to air pollution from stationary sources are between 48,000 and 64,000 a year. (rmi.org)
  • More than a quarter of British schools, nurseries and colleges are in areas with "dangerously high" levels of pollution, analysis suggests. (theecologist.org)
  • Mortality related to cold and air pollution in London after allowance for effects of associated weather patterns. (bmj.com)
  • This study highlights the effects of exposure to air pollution on mortality risks in Thailand. (nature.com)
  • Table 1 summarises mortality, air pollution, temperature and relative humidity data in the 18 Thailand provinces. (nature.com)
  • Multiple factors such as air pollution and fuel-burning methods can impact cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk at varying degrees, according to a new study. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Those in areas of high air pollution were 17% more likely to experience cardiovascular mortality and 20% more likely to experience all-cause mortality. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • July 2, 2021 Maternal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy has often been linked to adverse effects on the health of the newborn. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The thesis is entitled Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and health risks for mother and child. (lu.se)
  • Sometimes people can smell certain chemicals in the air before they are at harmful levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is increasing scientific evidence of the harmful effects of air pollution on health, especially particulate matter . (tno.nl)
  • Certain sectors are particularly responsible for components of air pollution that are relatively harmful to health, such as black carbon. (tno.nl)
  • Combined with recent WHO findings that lower concentrations of air pollution can be more harmful than previously thought, pressure is building on the European Union to do more. (hurriyetdailynews.com)
  • Air pollution can cause problems for many people-but it may be especially harmful in pregnant women. (medlineplus.gov)
  • London Mayor Sadiq Khan says the Ultra-Low Emission Zone is necessary since thousands die annually in London alone from toxic air. (foxbusiness.com)
  • Toxic air pollution is a public health crisis, especially for our children," he said in a statement . (cnn.com)
  • The level of air pollution is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. (paho.org)
  • In its report, the EEA said PM pollution, particularly in urban areas, posed the greatest risk to human health thanks to its ability to pass directly from the lungs into the bloodstream. (hurriyetdailynews.com)
  • This picture taken on October 19, 2017 shows Indian people using firecrackers celebrating Diwali Festival despite the ban imposed by the Supreme Court of India to control the air pollution in New Delhi. (cnn.com)
  • In addition, single-city studies have limited generalisability and it is difficult to combine their estimates of air pollution effects, because different modelling approaches have been used. (nature.com)
  • June 22, 2022 A new study finds that having a portable air cleaner in the home can reduce the negative impacts of air pollution on brain development in children. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Professor of Physical and Environmental Chemistry at University College Cork John Wenger said when they followed up from data recorded by the Environmental Protection Agency last week they found that air pollution had spiked in many towns outside of the capital too, including Ennis, Tralee, Macroom and Letterkenny to name but a few. (rte.ie)
  • In this programme, we are working on behalf of ECMWF and together with our international partners (INERIS, MetNorway and NILU) to provide information to policymakers in order to identify the main sources of air pollution and support the development of mitigation strategies. (tno.nl)
  • TOPAS gives policymakers much better insights than ever before into the sources of air pollution. (tno.nl)
  • Household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common sources of air pollution. (who.int)
  • Globally some seven million people a year die prematurely due to indoor and outdoor pollution with about 70 per cent of those deaths in the Asia Pacific. (voanews.com)
  • Outdoor air pollution has received much-required attention in popular media. (deccanherald.com)
  • Over the past decade, coal pollution dropped dramatically, but the public health burden of outdoor air pollution from other sources has not been well understood. (rmi.org)
  • In just a decade, the leading estimated cause of death from stationary source outdoor air pollution changed dramatically. (rmi.org)
  • Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. (who.int)
  • Both indoor and outdoor air pollution levels are quite high in many countries of the Region. (who.int)
  • EM/RC63/R.1 in which it requested WHO to submit to the 64th session of the Regional Committee an evidence-based plan of action for the regional implementation of the global road map to address the health impacts of indoor and outdoor air pollution. (who.int)
  • Satellite images indicate detrimental levels, but monitoring and high resolution outdoor air pollution modelling is lacking. (lu.se)
  • But once in the air, they undergo a chemical reaction with Nitrogen Oxides (NO x ) -a byproduct of burning fuel, like the gas that power our cars' engines-that adds more ozone to the mix. (popsci.com)
  • New research suggests that long-term exposure to air pollution during and after pregnancy increases the risk of postpartum depression (PPD), adding to prior research linking air pollution to mental health issues. (medscape.com)
  • Air pollution is one of the leading risk factors for the national burden of disease in India," the report states, adding that researchers tracked more than 1,000 women in India throughout pregnancy and found a direct correlation between increased exposure to pollution and premature, underweight babies. (cnn.com)
  • We will investigate consequences of air pollution in a prospective cohort of women recruited during pregnancy at public health facilities in Ethiopia. (lu.se)
  • The National Weather Service had determined that atmospheric conditions in the area were expected to be favorable for producing high levels of ozone air pollution. (dallasnews.com)
  • Therefore, if our findings are confirmed in other research, air pollution reduction is a potential means for reducing the future population burden of age-related cognitive decline, and eventually, dementia," said Weuve. (eurekalert.org)
  • in particular there has been a dramatic reduction in air pollution everywhere. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • This paper follows a residential sorting model to calculate marginal willingness to pay for a reduction in air pollution. (springer.com)
  • Exposure to particulate air pollution is associated with cardiovascular risk, which itself may play a role in causing or accelerating cognitive decline. (eurekalert.org)
  • Several international and national legislation and regulation have been developed to limit the negative effects of air pollution. (wikipedia.org)
  • Well documented negative health effects from air pollution exposure include infertility, metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Air pollution also effects neurological development and cognitive ability and can trigger asthma and childhood cancer, the report says. (cnn.com)
  • In May 2015 the Sixty-eighth World Health Assembly adopted resolution WHA68.8, in which the Director-General was requested, inter alia, to propose to the Sixty-ninth World Health Assembly a road map for an enhanced global response to the adverse effects of air pollution. (who.int)
  • The regional plan of action for implementation of the road map for an enhanced global health response to the adverse effects of air pollution is presented in Annex 1. (who.int)
  • Meanwhile, the decline of coal-fired power plants has led to cleaner air in some parts of the country, especially in southern and eastern states where plants have closed or been converted to cleaner fuels. (npr.org)
  • Half of those polled said they would walk more and 40% intended to drive less…to maintain the cleaner air of the lockdown and protect the environment. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • This is one of the questions that will be taken up in the discussion on how to achieve cleaner air. (lu.se)
  • While Diwali is a time of celebration and joy, it's crucial to be aware of the potential health risks associated with the increased air pollution during and after the festival. (newkerala.com)
  • Americans emit about 70% less air pollution today than they did in 1970, when the Clean Air Act was passed. (npr.org)
  • The UNEP this week brought together more than 120 scientists, government officials, academics and a range of international organizations aiming them to develop a joint program to tackle air pollution in the region. (voanews.com)
  • Did odor diary results and sampling results both find high concentrations of the odor in the air? (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to the TNO Operational Pollution Apportionment Service (TOPAS) that can be used globally, a prototype for a mitigation tool has been developed that allows policymakers to set certain emission reductions themselves to see how this would impact particulate matter concentrations. (tno.nl)
  • In an Indoor Air study conducted in a suburb of the city of Kuopio, Finland, relatively short-lasting wood and candle burning of a few hours increased residents' daily exposure to potentially hazardous particulate air pollution. (sciencedaily.com)
  • People with heart or lung disease, older adults and children are at greater risk from air pollution. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Air pollution contributes to tens of thousands of early deaths in the UK each year, is associated with lung disease and cancer and can trigger conditions such as asthma. (theecologist.org)
  • The latest data on the nation's air comes from the American Lung Association, a public health group. (npr.org)
  • Meanwhile, Thailand is also experiencing high ozone (O 3 ) pollution because of the intense emission of air pollution coupled with year-round sunlight 3 . (nature.com)
  • They say the challenge lies in ensuring there is the political will to enforce existing environmental laws and cooperate on cross border problems such as smoke haze and other atmospheric pollution. (voanews.com)
  • Board members heard testimony from residents of smoggy communities of the Inland Empire and near South Bay oil refineries and from people who struggle with asthma and other pollution-triggered health problems. (latimes.com)
  • Air pollution is one of the main environmental problems to be addressed by the EU. (environmental-expert.com)
  • The tighter proposed limits on PM could pose problems for EU governments, many of which have struggled to meet the existing limits in force since 2010, resulting in up to a third of Europeans being exposed to dangerous levels of PM pollution. (hurriyetdailynews.com)
  • But they do not know if Mexicans care about air pollution or they prefer that government faces other problems. (springer.com)
  • These levels of pollution affect residents with health problems and their negative externalities have an impact in the economy too. (springer.com)
  • Carefully follow your asthma management plan on days when pollution levels are high. (cdc.gov)
  • Coroner: Ella Kissi-Debrah died as a result of asthma worsened by exposure to excessive air pollution. (cnn.com)
  • The coroner's conclusion was that Ella "died of asthma contributed to by exposure to excessive air pollution. (cnn.com)
  • Assistant coroner Philip Barlow said that Ella's mother had not been given information about air pollution and asthma that could have led to her take steps which "might" have prevented her daughter's death, according to PA Media. (cnn.com)
  • Air pollution was a significant contributory factor to both the induction and exacerbation of her asthma," said Barlow as he gave his conclusions at Southwark Coroner's Court after a two-week inquest. (cnn.com)
  • This is a scale from the United States Environmental Protection Agency to rate how much pollution is in the air. (msdmanuals.com)