Agouti Signaling Protein
Receptors, Melanocortin
Receptors, Corticotropin
Agouti-Related Protein
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1
alpha-MSH
Melanins
Proteins
Genes, Intracisternal A-Particle
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones
Rats, Inbred LEC
Hungary
Swine
Breeding
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Ohio
Testing of human homologues of murine obesity genes as candidate regions in Finnish obese sib pairs. (1/158)
The human homologues of recently discovered murine obesity genes provide relevant candidates to study the genetic component of obesity in humans. We analysed the human counterparts to murine obesity genes ob, db, agouti, tub, melanocortin 4-receptor (MC4-R) and mitochondrial uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 (UCP2 and UCP3), as well as two other chromosomal regions reported to be linked to obesity-related phenotypes in restricted populations. We found no significant evidence for linkage to any analysed loci in our total study material of 105 affected sib pairs collected from the genetically homogenous population of Finland. However, several markers on 14 cM chromosomal region flanking the MC4-R gene showed sharing of alleles identical-by-descent (IBD) more frequently than expected. A selected subset of non-diabetic obese sib pairs strengthened the P values down to 0.003 in this particular region. The smallest P value (P = 0.001) was obtained with a marker D18S487 in a subgroup containing only sib pairs with one lean and one obese parent. We therefore screened seven obese subjects included in our sib pair material for sequence changes in their MC4-R gene, but no mutations of apparent causal relationship were found. In conclusion, we could not find evidence for significant contribution of the chromosomal loci corresponding to the murine single gene obesity genes for human morbid obesity, but additional studies are still needed to clarify whether DNA alterations within or adjacent to the MC4-R gene play some role. (+info)A system for rapid generation of coat color-tagged knockouts and defined chromosomal rearrangements in mice. (2/158)
Gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells can be used to generate single gene mutations or defined multi-megabase chromosomal rearrangements when applied with the Cre- loxP recombination system. While single knockouts are essential for uncovering functions of cloned genes, chromosomal rearrangements are great genetic tools for mapping, mutagenesis screens and functional genomics. The conventional approach to generate mice with targeted alterations of the genome requires extensive molecular cloning to build targeting vectors and DNA-based genotyping for stock maintenance. Here we describe the design and construction of a two-library system to facilitate high throughput gene targeting and chromo-somal engineering. The unique feature of these libraries is that once a clone is isolated, it is essentially ready to be used for insertional targeting in ES cells. The two libraries each bear a complementary set of genetic markers tailored so that the vector can be used for Cre- loxP -based chromosome engineering as well as single knockouts. By incorporating mouse coat color markers into the vectors, we illustrate a widely applicable method for stock maintenance of ES cell-derived mice with single gene knockouts or more extensive chromosomal rearrangements. (+info)Down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling mediated by the amino terminus of Agouti protein in Xenopus melanophores. (3/158)
Agouti protein and Agouti-related protein (Agrp) regulate pigmentation and body weight, respectively, by antagonizing melanocortin receptor signaling. A carboxyl-terminal fragment of Agouti protein, Ser73-Cys131, is sufficient for melanocortin receptor antagonism, but Western blot analysis of skin extracts reveals that the electrophoretic mobility of native Agouti protein corresponds to the mature full-length form, His23-Cys131. To investigate the potential role of the amino-terminal residues, we compared the function of full-length and carboxyl-terminal fragments of Agrp and Agouti protein in a sensitive bioassay based on pigment dispersion in Xenopus melanophores. We find that carboxyl-terminal Agouti protein, and all forms of Agrp tested, act solely by competitive antagonism of melanocortin action. However, full-length Agouti protein acts by an additional mechanism that is time- and temperature-dependent, depresses maximal levels of pigment dispersion, and is therefore likely to be mediated by receptor down-regulation. Apparent down-regulation is not observed for a mixture of amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal fragments. We propose that the phenotypic effects of Agouti in vivo represent a bipartite mechanism: competitive antagonism of agonist binding by the carboxyl-terminal portion of Agouti protein and down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling by an unknown mechanism that requires residues in the amino terminus of the Agouti protein. (+info)NMR structure of a minimized human agouti related protein prepared by total chemical synthesis. (4/158)
The structure of the chemically synthesized C-terminal region of the human agouti related protein (AGRP) was determined by 2D 1H NMR. Referred to as minimized agouti related protein, MARP is a 46 residue polypeptide containing 10 Cys residues involved in five disulfide bonds that retains the biological activity of full length AGRP. AGRP is a mammalian signaling molecule, involved in weight homeostasis, that causes adult onset obesity when overexpressed in mice. AGRP was originally identified by homology to the agouti protein, another potent signaling molecule involved in obesity disorders in mice. While AGRP's exact mechanism of action is unknown, it has been identified as a competitive antagonist of melanocortin receptors 3 and 4 (MC3r, MC4r), and MC4r in particular is implicated in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. Full length agouti and AGRP are only 25% homologous, however, their active C-terminal regions are approximately 40% homologous, with nine out of the 10 Cys residues spatially conserved. Until now, 3D structures have not been available for either agouti, AGRP or their C-terminal regions. The NMR structure of MARP reported here can be characterized as three major loops, with four of the five disulfide bridges at the base of the structure. Though its fold is well defined, no canonical secondary structure is identified. While previously reported structural models of the C-terminal region of AGRP were attempted based on Cys homology between AGRP and certain toxin proteins, we find that Cys spacing is not sufficient to correctly determine the 3D fold of the molecule. (+info)An agouti mutation lacking the basic domain induces yellow pigmentation but not obesity in transgenic mice. (5/158)
Chronic antagonism of melanocortin receptors by the paracrine-acting agouti gene product induces both yellow fur and a maturity-onset obesity syndrome in mice that ubiquitously express wild-type agouti. Functional analysis of agouti mutations in transgenic mice indicate that the cysteine-rich C terminus, signal peptide, and glycosylation site are required for agouti activity in vivo. In contrast, no biological activity has been ascribed to the conserved basic domain. To examine the functional significance of the agouti basic domain, the entire 29-aa region was deleted from the agouti cDNA, and the resulting mutation (agoutiDeltabasic) was expressed in transgenic mice under the control of the beta-actin promoter (BAPaDeltabasic). Three independent lines of BAPaDeltabasic transgenic mice all developed some degree of yellow pigment in the fur, indicating that the agoutiDeltabasic protein was functional in vivo. However, none of the BAPaDeltabasic transgenic mice developed completely yellow fur, obesity, hyperinsulinemia, or hyperglycemia. High levels of agoutiDeltabasic expression in relevant tissues exceeded the level of agouti expression in obese viable yellow mice, suggesting that suboptimal activity or synthesis of the agoutiDeltabasic protein, rather than insufficient RNA synthesis, accounts for the phenotype of the BAPaDeltabasic transgenic mice. These findings implicate a functional role for the agouti basic domain in vivo, possibly influencing the biogenesis of secreted agouti protein or modulating protein-protein interactions that contribute to effective antagonism of melanocortin receptors. (+info)Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. (6/158)
Recent data from this laboratory demonstrate that increasing adipocyte intracellular Ca(2+) results in a coordinated stimulation of lipogenesis and inhibition of lipolysis. We have also noted that increasing dietary calcium of obese patients for 1 year resulted in a 4.9 kg loss of body fat (P<0.01). Accordingly, we tested the possibility that calcitrophic hormones may act on adipocytes to increase Ca(2+) and lipid metabolism by measuring the effects of 1, 25-(OH)(2)-D in primary cultures of human adipocytes, and found significant, sustained increases in intracellular Ca(2+) and a corresponding marked inhibition of lipolysis (EC(50) approximately 50 pM; P<0.001), suggesting that dietary calcium could reduce adipocyte mass by suppressing 1,25-(OH)(2)-D. To test this hypothesis, we placed transgenic mice expressing the agouti gene specifically in adipocytes on a low (0.4%) Ca/high fat/high sucrose diet either unsupplemented or with 25 or 50% of the protein replaced by non-fat dry milk or supplemented to 1.2% Ca with CaCO(3) for 6 wk. Weight gain and fat pad mass were reduced by 26-39% by the three high calcium diets (P<0.001). The high calcium diets exerted a corresponding 51% inhibition of adipocyte fatty acid synthase expression and activity (P<0.002) and stimulation of lipolysis by 3. 4- to 5.2-fold (P<0.015). This concept of calcium modulation of adiposity was further evaluated epidemiologically in the NHANES III data set. After controlling for energy intake, relative risk of being in the highest quartile of body fat was set to 1.00 for the lowest quartile of Ca intake and was reduced to 0.75, 0.40, and 0.16 for the second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively, of calcium intake for women (n=380;P<0.0009); a similar inverse relationship was also noted in men (n=7114; P<0.0006). Thus, increasing dietary calcium suppresses adipocyte intracellular Ca(2+) and thereby modulates energy metabolism and attenuates obesity risk. (+info)Relationship between human adipose tissue agouti and fatty acid synthase (FAS). (7/158)
The human homologue of the murine obesity gene, agouti, is expressed in adipose tissue. We have shown that recombinant agouti protein regulates adipocyte lipogenesis and lipolysis coordinately and promotes lipid storage via a Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism in vitro, which may contribute to agouti-induced obesity. However, little is known about agouti's physiologic function in humans. We first studied the agouti content in human mature adipocytes vs. preadipocytes. The agouti content of human mature adipocytes was five times as abundant as in preadipocytes (19.18 +/- 2.46 vs. 4.07 +/- 0.51 pg/microg protein, P: < 0.005), suggesting that agouti is up-regulated during adipocyte differentiation. We next studied the relationship of agouti mRNA and protein to fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA and activity in adipose tissue obtained from nonobese and mildly obese patients (body mass index range, 21-31 kg/m(2)). Agouti protein was correlated with FAS activity (r = 0.782, P: < 0.005). Similarly, human adipose tissue agouti mRNA level was also correlated with FAS mRNA level (r = 0.846, P: < 0.001). These data suggest that agouti may be another adipocyte-produced factor that modulates adipocyte lipid metabolism via a paracrine/autocrine mechanism. (+info)Common requirements for melanocortin-4 receptor selectivity of structurally unrelated melanocortin agonist and endogenous antagonist, Agouti protein. (8/158)
The activity of melanocortin receptors (MCR) is regulated by melanocortin peptide agonists and by the endogenous antagonists, Agouti protein and AgRP (Agouti-related protein). To understand how the selectivity for these structurally unrelated agonists and antagonist is achieved, chimeric and mutants MC3R and MC4R were expressed in cell lines and pharmacologically analyzed. A region containing the third extracellular loop, EC3, of MC4R was essential for selective Agouti protein antagonism. In addition, this part of MC4R, when introduced in MC3R, conferred Agouti protein antagonism. Further mutational analysis of this region of MC4R demonstrated that Tyr(268) was required for the selective interaction with Agouti protein, because a profound loss of the ability of Agouti protein to inhibit (125)I-labeled [Nle(4),d-Phe(7)]alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) binding was observed by the single mutation of Tyr(268) to Ile. This same residue conferred selectivity for the MC4R selective agonist, [d-Tyr(4)]MT-II, whereas it inhibited interaction with the MC3R-selective agonist, [Nle(4)]Lys-gamma(2)-MSH. Conversely, mutation of Ile(265) in MC3 (the corresponding residue of Tyr(268)) to Tyr displayed a gain of affinity for [d-Tyr(4)]MT-II, but not for Agouti protein, and a loss of affinity for [Nle(4)]Lys-gamma(2)-MSH as compared with wild-type MC3R. This single amino acid mutation thus confers the selectivity of MC3R toward a pharmacological profile like that observed for MC4R agonists but not for the antagonist, Agouti protein. Thus, selectivity for structurally unrelated ligands with opposite activities is achieved in a similar manner for MC4R but not for MC3R. (+info)Agouti signaling protein (ASP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASIP gene. It is a paracrine signaling molecule that regulates melanin synthesis in the hair follicle and plays a critical role in determining coat color in mammals. ASP binds to and antagonizes the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), which is a G protein-coupled receptor found on the surface of melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin.
When ASP binds to MC1R, it inhibits the activation of adenylyl cyclase and reduces the intracellular levels of cAMP, which in turn leads to a decrease in eumelanin (black or brown) production and an increase in pheomelanin (yellow or red) production. This switch in melanin synthesis results in a banded coat pattern, as seen in the agouti mouse and some other mammals.
In addition to its role in coat color determination, ASP has been implicated in various physiological processes, including energy homeostasis, appetite regulation, and inflammation. Dysregulation of ASP function has been associated with obesity, metabolic disorders, and certain types of cancer.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hair color" is not a term that has a medical definition in the same way that a term like "myocardial infarction" (heart attack) does. Hair color can be described in various ways, such as being a natural hair color (like blonde, brunette, red, or black) or describing a change in hair color due to factors like aging (gray or white hairs) or hair dye usage.
However, it's worth noting that changes in hair color can sometimes be associated with certain medical conditions. For example, premature graying of the hair before the age of 30 can be a feature of certain genetic disorders or vitamin B12 deficiency. Similarly, some skin conditions like alopecia areata or vitiligo can cause patchy changes in hair color. But these associations don't provide a medical definition for 'hair color'.
Melanocortin receptors (MCRs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors that bind melanocortin peptides, which include α-, β-, and γ-melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). These receptors are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including pigmentation, energy homeostasis, sexual function, and inflammation. There are five subtypes of melanocortin receptors (MCR1-5) that are expressed in different tissues and have distinct functions.
MCR1 is primarily expressed in melanocytes and plays a crucial role in skin and hair pigmentation. Activation of MCR1 by α-MSH leads to the production and distribution of eumelanin, which results in darker skin and hair.
MCR2 is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues, including the adrenal gland, testis, and ovary. It is involved in various functions such as sexual function, feeding behavior, and energy homeostasis.
MCR3 is primarily expressed in the adrenal gland and plays a critical role in the regulation of steroid hormone production and release. Activation of MCR3 by ACTH leads to the synthesis and secretion of cortisol and other steroid hormones.
MCR4 is widely expressed in the CNS, peripheral tissues, and immune cells. It is involved in various functions such as energy homeostasis, feeding behavior, sexual function, and inflammation.
MCR5 is primarily expressed in the testis and plays a role in spermatogenesis and fertility.
Overall, melanocortin receptors are important regulators of various physiological processes, and dysregulation of these receptors has been implicated in several diseases, including obesity, metabolic disorders, and skin disorders.
Corticotropin receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to the hormone corticotropin (also known as adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH). These receptors are found in various tissues throughout the body, including the adrenal glands.
There are two main types of corticotropin receptors, known as melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) and melanocortin receptor 2 (MC2R). MC2R is the primary receptor for corticotropin in the adrenal glands. When corticotropin binds to this receptor, it stimulates the production and release of steroid hormones, such as cortisol, which help regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response.
Abnormalities in corticotropin receptors have been implicated in several medical conditions, including certain endocrine disorders and skin pigmentation disorders.
Pigmentation, in a medical context, refers to the coloring of the skin, hair, or eyes due to the presence of pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. These cells produce a pigment called melanin, which determines the color of our skin, hair, and eyes.
There are two main types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin is responsible for brown or black coloration, while pheomelanin produces a red or yellow hue. The amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes can vary from person to person, leading to differences in skin color and hair color.
Changes in pigmentation can occur due to various factors such as genetics, exposure to sunlight, hormonal changes, inflammation, or certain medical conditions. For example, hyperpigmentation refers to an excess production of melanin that results in darkened patches on the skin, while hypopigmentation is a condition where there is a decreased production of melanin leading to lighter or white patches on the skin.
Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a neuropeptide that functions as an endogenous antagonist of melanocortin receptors, specifically MC3R and MC4R. It is expressed in the hypothalamus and plays a crucial role in regulating energy balance, body weight, and glucose homeostasis. AGRP increases food intake and decreases energy expenditure by inhibiting melanocortin signaling in the hypothalamus. Dysregulation of AGRP has been implicated in various metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins are molecules that mediate communication and interaction between different cells in living organisms. They play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). These signals can be released into the extracellular space, where they bind to specific receptors on the target cell's surface, triggering intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately lead to a response.
Peptides are short chains of amino acids, while proteins are larger molecules made up of one or more polypeptide chains. Both can function as intercellular signaling molecules by acting as ligands for cell surface receptors or by being cleaved from larger precursor proteins and released into the extracellular space. Examples of intercellular signaling peptides and proteins include growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, hormones, neurotransmitters, and their respective receptors.
These molecules contribute to maintaining homeostasis within an organism by coordinating cellular activities across tissues and organs. Dysregulation of intercellular signaling pathways has been implicated in various diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying intercellular signaling is essential for developing targeted therapies to treat these disorders.
A melanocortin receptor (MCR) is a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds melanocortin peptides. The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is one of five known subtypes of MCRs (MC1R-MC5R).
The MC1R is primarily expressed in melanocytes, which are pigment-producing cells located in the skin, hair follicles, and eyes. This receptor plays a crucial role in determining the type of melanin that is produced in response to environmental stimuli such as UV radiation.
Activation of the MC1R by its endogenous ligands, including α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), leads to the activation of adenylate cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels. This results in the activation of protein kinase A and the phosphorylation of key transcription factors, which ultimately promote the expression of genes involved in melanin synthesis.
Mutations in the MC1R gene have been associated with various pigmentation disorders, including red hair color, fair skin, and an increased risk of developing skin cancer. Additionally, polymorphisms in the MC1R gene have been linked to an increased risk of developing other diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Alpha-MSH (α-MSH) stands for alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. It is a peptide hormone that is produced in the pituitary gland and other tissues in the body. Alpha-MSH plays a role in various physiological processes, including:
1. Melanin production: Alpha-MSH stimulates melanin production in the skin, which leads to skin tanning.
2. Appetite regulation: Alpha-MSH acts as a appetite suppressant by signaling to the brain that the stomach is full.
3. Inflammation and immune response: Alpha-MSH has anti-inflammatory effects and helps regulate the immune response.
4. Energy balance and metabolism: Alpha-MSH helps regulate energy balance and metabolism by signaling to the brain to increase or decrease food intake and energy expenditure.
Alpha-MSH exerts its effects by binding to melanocortin receptors, specifically MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R. Dysregulation of alpha-MSH signaling has been implicated in various medical conditions, including obesity, anorexia nervosa, and certain skin disorders.
Melanin is a pigment that determines the color of skin, hair, and eyes in humans and animals. It is produced by melanocytes, which are specialized cells found in the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) and the choroid (the vascular coat of the eye). There are two main types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin is a black or brown pigment, while pheomelanin is a red or yellow pigment. The amount and type of melanin produced by an individual can affect their skin and hair color, as well as their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as skin cancer.
Proteins are complex, large molecules that play critical roles in the body's functions. They are made up of amino acids, which are organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. They are essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues, and they play a crucial role in many biological processes, including metabolism, immune response, and cellular signaling. Proteins can be classified into different types based on their structure and function, such as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural proteins. They are found in various foods, especially animal-derived products like meat, dairy, and eggs, as well as plant-based sources like beans, nuts, and grains.
An Intracisternal A-Particle (IAP) is a type of transposable element in the genome of mice and other rodents. Transposable elements are mobile pieces of DNA that can move or "jump" from one location in the genome to another. IAPs were first discovered in the 1970s and are named for their location within the cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum in the cell.
IAPs are typically several hundred to a few thousand base pairs in length and contain two main regions: a long terminal repeat (LTR) region at each end, which contains regulatory elements that control the transposition of the IAP, and an internal region that contains genes encoding proteins involved in the transposition process.
IAPs are thought to play a role in genome evolution and have been implicated in various genetic disorders in mice. They can also affect the expression of nearby genes by providing promoter or enhancer elements, or by interfering with normal gene function through insertion into or near a gene.
It's important to note that while IAPs are present in the genomes of many organisms, including humans, they are not typically referred to as "genes" in the traditional sense, as they do not encode functional proteins or RNA molecules that have a direct role in the organism's phenotype.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) are a group of peptide hormones that originate from the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC). They play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including pigmentation, energy balance, and appetite regulation.
There are several types of MSH, but the most well-known ones include α-MSH, β-MSH, and γ-MSH. These hormones bind to melanocortin receptors (MCRs), which are found in various tissues throughout the body. The binding of MSH to MCRs triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to changes in cell behavior.
In the context of skin physiology, α-MSH and β-MSH bind to melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) on melanocytes, which are the cells responsible for producing pigment (melanin). This binding stimulates the production and release of eumelanin, a type of melanin that is brown or black in color. As a result, increased levels of MSH can lead to darkening of the skin, also known as hyperpigmentation.
Apart from their role in pigmentation, MSH hormones have been implicated in several other physiological processes. For instance, α-MSH has been shown to suppress appetite and promote weight loss by binding to melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that regulates energy balance. Additionally, MSH hormones have been implicated in inflammation, immune response, and sexual function.
Overall, melanocyte-stimulating hormones are a diverse group of peptide hormones that play important roles in various physiological processes, including pigmentation, energy balance, and appetite regulation.
I'm happy to help! However, I believe there might be a slight error in the term you're looking for. "LEC" doesn't seem to be a recognized abbreviation for a specific rat strain. Instead, I believe you may be referring to "Lewis" rats, which are often used as an inbred strain in medical research.
Here is the definition of an inbred Lewis rat:
Inbred Lewis rats (Rattus norvegicus) are a strain of laboratory rats that have been brother-sister mated for over 20 generations, resulting in a high degree of genetic similarity among individuals within the strain. The Lewis rat strain was first developed at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in the 1920s by Dr. Leonell C. Strong.
Lewis rats are commonly used in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to various diseases and conditions, including autoimmune disorders, neurological disorders, and cancer. They are also known for their calm and passive behavior, making them useful for studies that require handling or surgery. Additionally, Lewis rats have been widely used as a model organism in preclinical research due to their similarities with humans in terms of genetics, anatomy, and physiology.
Skin pigmentation is the coloration of the skin that is primarily determined by two types of melanin pigments, eumelanin and pheomelanin. These pigments are produced by melanocytes, which are specialized cells located in the epidermis. Eumelanin is responsible for brown or black coloration, while pheomelanin produces a red or yellow hue.
The amount and distribution of melanin in the skin can vary depending on genetic factors, age, sun exposure, and various other influences. Increased production of melanin in response to UV radiation from the sun helps protect the skin from damage, leading to darkening or tanning of the skin. However, excessive sun exposure can also cause irregular pigmentation, such as sunspots or freckles.
Abnormalities in skin pigmentation can result from various medical conditions, including albinism (lack of melanin production), vitiligo (loss of melanocytes leading to white patches), and melasma (excessive pigmentation often caused by hormonal changes). These conditions may require medical treatment to manage or improve the pigmentation issues.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hungary" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Central Europe, known for its rich history, culture, and natural beauty. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help!
Litter size is a term used in veterinary medicine, particularly in relation to breeding of animals. It refers to the number of offspring that are born to an animal during one pregnancy. For example, in the case of dogs or cats, it would be the number of kittens or puppies born in a single litter. The size of the litter can vary widely depending on the species, breed, age, and health status of the parent animals.
"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
In medical terms, "breeding" is not a term that is commonly used. It is more frequently used in the context of animal husbandry to refer to the process of mating animals in order to produce offspring with specific desired traits or characteristics. In human medicine, the term is not typically applied to people and instead, related concepts such as reproduction, conception, or pregnancy are used.
Factor analysis is a statistical technique used to identify patterns or structures in a dataset by explaining the correlations between variables. It is a method of simplifying complex data by reducing it to a smaller set of underlying factors that can explain most of the variation in the data. In other words, factor analysis is a way to uncover hidden relationships between multiple variables and group them into meaningful categories or factors.
In factor analysis, each variable is represented as a linear combination of underlying factors, where the factors are unobserved variables that cannot be directly measured but can only be inferred from the observed data. The goal is to identify these underlying factors and determine their relationships with the observed variables. This technique is commonly used in various fields such as psychology, social sciences, marketing, and biomedical research to explore complex datasets and gain insights into the underlying structure of the data.
There are two main types of factor analysis: exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). EFA is used when there is no prior knowledge about the underlying factors, and the goal is to discover the potential structure in the data. CFA, on the other hand, is used when there is a theoretical framework or hypothesis about the underlying factors, and the goal is to test whether the observed data support this framework or hypothesis.
In summary, factor analysis is a statistical method for reducing complex datasets into simpler components called factors, which can help researchers identify patterns, structures, and relationships in the data.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ohio" is not a medical term or condition. It is the name of a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, I would be happy to help answer those!
'Sus scrofa' is the scientific name for the wild boar, a species of suid that is native to much of Eurasia and North Africa. It is not a medical term or concept. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those instead!
Agouti-signaling protein
Agouti coloration genetics
ACTH receptor
Proopiomelanocortin
Melanocortin 3 receptor
Melanocortin 5 receptor
Dog coat genetics
Amelanism
Human skin color
Skin whitening
Sinaloan pocket mouse
Equine coat color genetics
Ocular albinism type 1
Holland Lop
Inhibitor cystine knot
Pampas cat
Kodkod
Countershading
Cat coat genetics
MRAP2
Agouti-related peptide
Pangaré
Black squirrel
Gray horse
Melanocortin 1 receptor
SIM1
Neuromodulation
Labrador Retriever coat colour genetics
Ghrelin
Anorexia nervosa
Chestnut (horse color)
Agouti-signaling protein - Wikipedia
Gene interactions with Agouti Signaling Protein produce complex pigmentation phenotypes in the domestic dog
Zalfa A. Abdel-Malek, PhD
Melanocortin 3 receptor - wikidoc
KIT gene
Select Faculty Scholarship | College of Health Sciences and Technology | RIT
Bolaji Thomas | College of Health Sciences and Technology | RIT
Classic Mechanism of Epigenetic Inheritance Is Rare, Not the Rule | The Scientist Magazine®
![Mtmr9 myotubularin related protein 9 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBI](data:image/png;base64,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)
Mtmr9 myotubularin related protein 9 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBI
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- Agouti-signaling protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASIP gene. (wikipedia.org)
- The agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) is a competitive antagonist with alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) to bind with melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Alleles of the Agouti Signaling Protein (ASIP) gene control the temporal and spatial expression of red-based phaeomelanin and black-based eumelanin pigments. (usask.ca)
- Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Agouti Signaling Protein (ASIP) Gene in Some Goat Breeds in Tropical and Temperate Climates. (rit.edu)
- This locus, ASIP, encodes the agouti signalling protein, a peptide antagonist of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R), which is the product of the extension locus. (omia.org)
- Agouti revisited: transcript quantification of the ASIP gene in bovine tissues related to protein expression and localization. (omia.org)
- In the fourth investigation, the 5' sequence of Agouti Signalling Protein (ASIP) was identified. (edu.au)
- This dark orange colour is caused by the Agouti Signaling Protein (ASIP) mutation, which is quite uncommon among Holland Lops. (pestclue.com)
- Agouti Holland Lops are very rare and they are produced because of the presence of a genetic mutation known as Agouti Signaling Protein or (ASIP) for short. (luxurypetsource.com)
- In this aspect, humans also have an agouti gene that encodes for the agouti signaling protein (ASIP) that is expressed in fat tissue and pancreas, and there is some correlation that obese individuals exhibit greater expression of this gene compared to leaner individuals. (missouri.edu)
AGRP9
- GH activates agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons and GH receptor (GHR) ablation in AgRP cells mitigates highly characteristic hypothalamic and metabolic adaptations induced by weight loss. (nih.gov)
- Angiotensin II (Ang-II) type 1 (AT1A) receptors in Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons contribute to the integrative control of RMR, and deletion of AT1A from AgRP neurons causes RMR adaptation. (bvsalud.org)
- Following diet-induced obesity, a subset of Ang-II/AT1A-inhibited AgRP neurons undergo a spontaneous G-protein "signal switch," whereby AT1A stop inhibiting the cell via Gαi and instead begin stimulating the cell via Gαq. (bvsalud.org)
- More specifically, AT1R within Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) has been implicated in selected effects of DOCA-salt. (bvsalud.org)
- AgRP to Kiss1 neuron signaling links nutritional state. (ncsu.edu)
- Here, we find that starvation-activated agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons can inhibit the reproductive neuroendocrine circuit. (ncsu.edu)
- In the second study, the NIDDK researchers demonstrated that barr1 also modulated the activity of hypothalamic agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons, which regulate food intake and maintain proper blood-glucose concentrations. (nih.gov)
- In one study NIDDK researchers demonstrated that the signaling protein, barr1, modulates the activity of hypothalamic AgRP neurons, which regulate food intake and maintain proper blood-glucose levels. (nih.gov)
- In particular, they found it was expressed within cells called agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons, which are known to promote hunger. (yale.edu)
Melanocortin 1 recept3
- Agouti interacts with the melanocortin 1 receptor to determine whether the melanocyte (pigment cell) produces phaeomelanin (a red to yellow pigment), or eumelanin (a brown to black pigment). (wikipedia.org)
- My research is focused on investigating the function of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) , its agonists α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and ACTH, and antagonists agouti signaling protein and human β-defensin 3 in regulating cutaneous pigmentation and the response to UV radiation. (uc.edu)
- Linda is also concerned with the regulation of G-protein couple receptors and melanocortin 1 receptor signalling. (aru.ac.uk)
Peptides1
- Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. (curehunter.com)
Pathways6
- Endothelin-1 Protects Human Melanocytes from UV-Induced DNA Damage by Activating JNK and p38 Signaling Pathways. (uc.edu)
- This complex gene codes for a complex protein important in a number of pathways. (creation.com)
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to influence molecular and biochemical processes and signal transduction pathways, affecting cellular proliferation, differentiation and death in a variety of organisms. (i-scholar.in)
- He is concerned with both the physiological processes involved and the signalling pathways which direct them. (aru.ac.uk)
- This includes both transport processes and intracellular signalling pathways. (aru.ac.uk)
- Leptin-activated leptin receptor (LepRb) signals in hypothalamus via several pathways, in which JAK2-STAT3 pathway, the most extensively investigated one, is considered to mediate the major action of leptin in energy regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Neurons7
- Whereas the G s /G i -protein-dependent tuning of striatal neurons is fairly well known, the precise impact and underlying mechanism of G q -protein-dependent signals remain poorly understood. (jneurosci.org)
- Here, using different experimental approaches, especially designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug (DREADD) chemogenetic technology, we found that sustained activation of G q -protein signaling impairs the functionality of striatal neurons and we unveil the precise molecular mechanism underlying this process: a phospholipase C/Ca 2+ /proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2/cJun N -terminal kinase pathway. (jneurosci.org)
- To analyze this effect anatomically, we manipulated G q -protein-dependent signaling selectively in neurons belonging to the direct or indirect striatal pathway. (jneurosci.org)
- Acute G q -protein activation in direct-pathway or indirect-pathway neurons produced an enhancement or a decrease, respectively, of activity-dependent parameters. (jneurosci.org)
- In contrast, sustained G q -protein activation impaired the functionality of direct-pathway and indirect-pathway neurons and disrupted the behavioral performance and electroencephalography-related activity tasks controlled by either anatomical framework. (jneurosci.org)
- Signals from these neurons help to control glucose production in the liver. (nih.gov)
- Importantly, it appears that orexigenic neuropeptide Y agouti connected protein neurons come to be lively inside a low ROS situation, which can be the opposite of anorexigenic VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor pro opiomelanocortin cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript cells, which appear to rely a lot more on glucose and are much more lively at increased ROS levels. (wnt-signaling.com)
MC1R5
- Beyond Red Hair and Sunburns: Uncovering the Molecular Mechanisms of MC1R Signaling and Repair of UV-Induced DNA Damage. (uc.edu)
- We focused on two genes known to cause melanism in other taxa, Mc1r and its antagonist, the agouti signaling protein (Agouti). (gephebase.org)
- While variation in the Mc1r coding region does not correlate with melanism in any population, in a New Hampshire population, we find that a 125-kb deletion, which includes the upstream regulatory region and exons 1 and 2 of Agouti, results in a loss of Agouti expression and is perfectly associated with melanic color. (gephebase.org)
- Expression of surface transmembrane attractin profoundly impacts agouti regulation of pigmentation through Mc1R signaling. (dana-farber.org)
- As outlined in the panel at left (see credit below), a single amino acid alteration in agouti may affect the presentation mode of agouti to the Mc1R, leading to a reduction in pheomelanin production without a balancing increase in eumelanin production. (dana-farber.org)
Encodes4
- In mice, the agouti gene encodes a paracrine signalling molecule that causes hair follicle melanocytes to synthesize the yellow pigment pheomelanin instead of the black or brown pigment eumelanin. (wikipedia.org)
- This gene is highly similar to the mouse gene and encodes a secreted protein that may (1) affect the quality of hair pigmentation, (2) act as an inverse agonist of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, (3) play a role in neuroendocrine aspects of melanocortin action, and (4) have a functional role in regulating lipid metabolism in adipocytes. (wikipedia.org)
- The murine agouti gene locus is found on chromosome 2 and encodes a 131 amino acid protein. (wikipedia.org)
- This gene encodes MC 3 , a G-protein coupled receptor for melanocyte-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone that is expressed in tissues other than the adrenal cortex and melanocytes. (wikidoc.org)
Receptor3
- Melanocortin receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MC3R gene . (wikidoc.org)
- This complex organization of the gene reflects the complex nature of the protein receptor it produces. (creation.com)
- The protein is known to bind to and activate the anaplastic lymphoma kinase receptor (ALK), a molecule that, when mutated, drives a variety of human cancers, including pediatric neuroblastoma, B-cell lymphomas, and certain lung cancers. (yale.edu)
Pathway6
- Mutations in these genes affect proteins involved in the signaling pathway for pigment production and explain a large amount of the color variation in mammals. (creation.com)
- Recently, Notch signaling pathway has gained attention as a potential therapeutic target for chemotherapeutic intervention. (notchgene.com)
- Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the andrographolide constraints SW-480 cell growth through inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway. (notchgene.com)
- Treatment of RINm5F insulinoma Cells or isolated islets with IL-1 beta and IFN-gamma induced beta-cell damage through a NF-kappa B-dependent signaling pathway. (pdgfrinhibitors.com)
- The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN. (ouhsc.edu)
- Zinc protoporphyrin suppresses cancer cell viability through a heme oxygenase-1-independent mechanism: the involvement of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. (ouhsc.edu)
Intracellular1
- Moreover, engagement of this intracellular signaling route was functionally active in the mouse dorsal striatum in vivo , as proven by the disruption of neuronal integrity and behavioral tasks. (jneurosci.org)
Mutation4
- The most widely studied allele variants are the lethal yellow mutation (Ay) and the viable yellow mutation (Avy) which are caused by ectopic expression of agouti. (wikipedia.org)
- The lethal yellow (Ay) mutation is due to an upstream deletion at the start site of agouti transcription. (wikipedia.org)
- The viable yellow (Avy) mutation is due to a change in the mRNA length of agouti, as the expressed gene becomes longer than the normal gene length of agouti. (wikipedia.org)
- Holland Lops also can come in an unusual color called Agouti which blends color pigments delivering a dark orange shaded fur mutation. (luxurypetsource.com)
Leptin5
- Regulation of leptin by agouti. (nih.gov)
- Sex-Specific Associations between Adiponectin and Leptin Signaling and Pancreatic Cancer Survival. (harvard.edu)
- Current theories to interpret leptin resistance include the impairment of leptin transport, attenuation of leptin signaling, chronic inflammation, ER tress, deficiency of autophagy, as well as leptin itself. (biomedcentral.com)
- Animals without leptin signaling display severe metabolic imbalance. (biomedcentral.com)
- The circulating leptin signals the status of body energy stores to the brain and induces the satiety responses through neurotransmmiters. (biomedcentral.com)
Locus4
- Dogs with a k y k y result will show a coat color pattern based on the result they have at the A (Agouti) Locus. (embarkvet.com)
- A K B K B or K B k y result means the dog is dominant black, which overrides the fur pattern that would otherwise be determined by the A (Agouti) Locus. (embarkvet.com)
- These dogs will usually have solid black or brown coats, or if they have ee at the E (Extension) Locus then red/cream coats, regardless of their result at the A (Agouti) Locus. (embarkvet.com)
- locus makes long-range chromatin interactions with selected tissue-specific gene loci during adipocyte differentiation in a protein kinase A dependent manner. (umassmed.edu)
Mutations3
- In wild-type mice agouti is only expressed in the skin during hair growth, but these dominant yellow mutations cause it to be expressed in other tissues as well. (wikipedia.org)
- All of the mutant mice have a gene, Agouti , that influences coat color, and an adjacent transposable element-a DNA sequence that can move about the genome, creating or reversing mutations-that promotes the gene's expression. (the-scientist.com)
- Melanism in peromyscus is caused by independent mutations in agouti. (gephebase.org)
Regulation1
- Developmental Regulation of Genes Encoding Universal Stress Proteins in Schistosoma mansoni. (rit.edu)
Kinase1
- Lipid phosphatases identified by screening a mouse phosphatase shRNA library regulate T-cell differentiation and protein kinase B AKT signaling. (nih.gov)
Mice11
- Mice with wildtype agouti will be grey, with each hair being partly yellow and partly black. (wikipedia.org)
- In mice, the wild type agouti allele (A) presents a grey phenotype, however, many allele variants have been identified through genetic analyses, which result in a wide range of phenotypes distinct from the typical grey coat. (wikipedia.org)
- ABOVE: Agouti Viable Yellow mice share the same DNA sequence, but have different methylation patterns. (the-scientist.com)
- The mice are Agouti Viable Yellow, naturally occurring mutants, which, though genetically identical, have coats that vary in color-a phenomenon that researchers have long studied as an example of epigenetic inheritance. (the-scientist.com)
- But in the yellow mice, it isn't methylated, meaning that these animals overexpress Agouti signaling protein in many tissues, leading to their yellow hue. (the-scientist.com)
- In a series of experiments examining the T cells and B cells of multiple generations of Agouti Viable Yellow mice, the researchers screened the animals' genomes searching for transposable elements that were methylated similarly to the one that sits next to the Agouti gene. (the-scientist.com)
- Viral-mediated restoration of MC4R signaling in the vSUB partially restores obesity in MC4R-null mice without affecting anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. (bvsalud.org)
- This finding suggests that certain uterine environments may favor animals with a 'thrifty genotype' meaning that the agouti gene of mice may help them survive in unfavorable uterine environments over those mice devoid of this gene, Yet, the downside of this expression of the agouti during early development is that the animals may be at risk for later metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes" Rosenfeld said. (missouri.edu)
- Yale scientists have discovered that a protein known as augmentor-alpha regulates body weight in mice, an insight that could lead to new treatments for metabolic disorders. (yale.edu)
- The researchers then studied mice that lacked the protein altogether. (yale.edu)
- But during fasting, mice without augmentor-alpha were still very active, which suggests the protein is an important signal for energy conservation. (yale.edu)
Pigment1
- When agouti is expressed, production of pheomelanin dominates, a melanin pigment that produces yellow or red colored hair. (wikipedia.org)
Coat color1
- Researchers who conducted the original series of experiments, which Rosenfeld repeated, claimed that exposure to BPA and genistein resulted in yellow coat color, or agouti , offspring that were more susceptible to obesity and type 2 diabetes compared to their brown coat color, healthy siblings. (missouri.edu)
Tissues1
- Isolation of extracellular fluids reveals novel secreted bioactive proteins from muscle and fat tissues. (harvard.edu)
Insulin2
- In particular, she is interested in the impact of lipotoxicity on glucose metabolism and the resultant changes in cellular response to insulin signalling. (aru.ac.uk)
- It might also assistance the use of reduced carbohydrate diets, which can typically reverse quite a few symptoms on the metabolic syndrome, In summary, the over assistance the hypothesis that exces sive insulin signalling can maximize oxidative anxiety. (wnt-signaling.com)
MRNA1
- Regional differences between BDNF mRNA levels and protein concentrations in the CNS are often reported ( 7 , 51 , 192 , 193 ), which may be related to regulatory mechanisms, mRNA decay ( 164 ), or BDNF anterograde transport ( 7 ). (hyperthermicwellness.com)
Exons1
- The coding exons of agouti are placed under the control of the Raly promoter, initiating ubiquitous expression of agouti, increasing production of pheomelanin over eumelanin and resulting in the development of a yellow phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
Homologous1
- Along with the homologous Agouti-related peptide, these are the only known mammalian proteins to adopt this fold. (wikipedia.org)
Dorsal1
- This protein signals the distribution of melanin pigments in epithelial melanocytes located at the base of hair follicles with expression being more sensitive on ventral hair than on dorsal hair. (wikipedia.org)
MeSH1
- Wnt Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ouhsc.edu)
Transcriptional1
- The insertion of a full-length Bos taurus LINE element is responsible for a transcriptional deregulation of the Normande Agouti gene. (omia.org)
Genetic3
- Genetic Diversity and Allelic Frequency of Glutamate-Rich Protein (GLURP) in Plasmodium Falciparum Isolates from Sub-Saharan Africa. (rit.edu)
- Genetic Polymorphism of Plasmodium Falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein-1 and 2 and Diversity of Drug Resistance Genes in Blood Donors from Bamako, Mali. (rit.edu)
- To meet the growing demand for safe animal protein, genetic improvement of livestock must be done sustainably while minimizing negative environmental impacts. (biomedcentral.com)
Notch3
- The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of andrographolide in aberrantly activated Notch signaling in SW-480 cells in vitro. (notchgene.com)
- Furthermore, andrografolida suppress Notch signaling by reducing the expression of NOTCH 1 and jagged one. (notchgene.com)
- Increased Wnt and Notch signaling: a clue to the renal disease in Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia? (ouhsc.edu)
Eumelanin1
- Research Links tab) leads to a complete block of agouti signaling permitting alpha-MSH-induced eumelanin production. (dana-farber.org)
Deficiency1
- Our findings indicate GH as a starvation signal that alerts the brain about energy deficiency, triggering key adaptive responses to conserve limited fuel stores. (nih.gov)
Regulates2
Obesity1
- This ectopic expression of the agouti gene is associated with the yellow obese syndrome, characterized by early onset obesity, hyperinsulinemia and tumorigenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Genes1
- We obtained copy number estimates of all protein-coding genes with copy number variation carried by individuals, and further confirmed two genes with high copy numbers in Meishan pigs through an enlarged population. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanisms1
- Dr Nicholas Pugh focuses his research interests on the signalling mechanisms used by platelets during pathophysiological thrombus formation. (aru.ac.uk)
Expression5
- and protein expression was determined by western blot analysis. (notchgene.com)
- Widespread expression of the bovine Agouti gene results from at least three alternative promoters. (omia.org)
- The protein expression study revealed that T 3 administration in fish creates hypermetaolic state. (i-scholar.in)
- DOCA-salt treatment caused subtype-specific changes in gene expression patterns associated with AT1R and G protein signaling, neurotransmitter uptake, synapse functions, and hormone secretion. (bvsalud.org)
- Therefore, the agouti gene may have evolved to permit humans the ability to survive famine, but its enhanced expression may also potentiate metabolic diseases under bountiful food conditions. (missouri.edu)
Species1
- In other species such as horses, agouti signalling is responsible for determining which parts of the body will be red or black. (wikipedia.org)
Fibroblasts2
- catenin signaling in cancer-associated fibroblasts. (uc.edu)
- Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family. (bvsalud.org)
Upstream1
- This is caused by the insertion of a single intracisternal A particle (IAP) retrotransposon upstream to the start site of agouti transcription. (wikipedia.org)
Sequence1
- This deletion causes the genomic sequence of agouti to be lost, except the promoter and the first non-encoding exon of Raly, a ubiquitously expressed gene in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
Activation1
- Drug-mediated activation of Gi signaling in fat tissue may prove beneficial for reducing elevated blood-glucose levels in type 2 diabetes," said Wess. (nih.gov)
Metabolic1
- In the first two papers, the researchers discovered two new roles that the signaling protein beta-arrestin-1 (barr1), plays in regulating important metabolic functions. (nih.gov)
Cells3
- Agouti is not directly secreted in the melanocyte as it works as a paracrine factor on dermal papillae cells to inhibit release of melanocortin. (wikipedia.org)
- In the third study, Wess's group demonstrated that the presence of Gi-type G proteins expressed by fat cells is essential for maintaining normal blood-glucose concentrations. (nih.gov)
- A family of cell-surface proteins found on ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS. (jefferson.edu)
Hairs2
- This interaction is responsible for making distinct light and dark bands in the hairs of animals such as the agouti, which the gene is named after. (wikipedia.org)
- Agouti or Wolf Sable dogs have red hairs with black tips, mostly on their head and back. (embarkvet.com)
Regulate1
- Complementary Wnt Sources Regulate Lymphatic Vascular Development via PROX1-Dependent Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling. (ouhsc.edu)
Researchers2
- In the past, researchers suggested that the epigenetically regulated Agouti trait was the tip of the iceberg for DNA methylation-based epigenetic inheritance, he says. (the-scientist.com)
- To better understand this protein and the role it plays in the body, Yale researchers first wanted to pinpoint where it is commonly located. (yale.edu)
Tissue1
- Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. (ouhsc.edu)
