The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule.
A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds.
A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.
Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.
A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
14-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide.
S-Acyl coenzyme A. Fatty acid coenzyme A derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation.
The smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. C3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. It induces smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and HISTAMINE RELEASE from MAST CELLS and LEUKOCYTES. C3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with COMPLEMENT C4A; COMPLEMENT C5A; and COMPLEMENT C5A, DES-ARGININE.
Organic compounds that contain the (-NH2OH) radical.
An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.
A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.
An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
An enzyme localized predominantly within the plasma membrane of lymphocytes. It catalyzes the transfer of long-chain fatty acids, preferentially unsaturated fatty acids, to lysophosphatides with the formation of 1,2-diacylglycero-3-phosphocholine and CoA. EC 2.3.1.23.
Salts and esters of the 14-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--myristic acid.
Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Salts and esters of the 16-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--palmitic acid.
"Esters are organic compounds that result from the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, playing significant roles in various biological processes and often used in pharmaceutical synthesis."
Any salt or ester of glycerophosphoric acid.
Coenzyme A is an essential coenzyme that plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes, particularly in the transfer and activation of acetyl groups in important biochemical reactions such as fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.
Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
An enzyme that transfers acyl groups from acyl-CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate to form monoglyceride phosphates. It acts only with CoA derivatives of fatty acids of chain length above C-10. Also forms diglyceride phosphates. EC 2.3.1.15.
The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.
An enzyme that plays a role in the VALINE; LEUCINE; and ISOLEUCINE catabolic pathways by catalyzing the oxidation of 2-methyl-3-oxopropanate to propanoyl-CoA using NAD+ as a coenzyme. Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by elevated BETA-ALANINE and 3-hydropropionic acid.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water.
The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.
A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed) It counteracts the effects of urea on enzymes and other macromolecules.
Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS.
A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
Consists of a polypeptide chain and 4'-phosphopantetheine linked to a serine residue by a phosphodiester bond. Acyl groups are bound as thiol esters to the pantothenyl group. Acyl carrier protein is involved in every step of fatty acid synthesis by the cytoplasmic system.
Bacterial proteins that share the property of binding irreversibly to PENICILLINS and other ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS derived from LACTAMS. The penicillin-binding proteins are primarily enzymes involved in CELL WALL biosynthesis including MURAMOYLPENTAPEPTIDE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; PEPTIDE SYNTHASES; TRANSPEPTIDASES; and HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES.
Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES obtained by their partial hydrolysis which removes one of the fatty acid moieties.
An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.
The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
A subclass of anhydrides with the general structure of dihydrofurandione. They can be substituted on any carbon atom. They modify and inhibit proteins and enzymes and are used in the acylation of amino- and hydroxyl groups.

Microbial and chemical transformations of some 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9,10-enes. (1/1855)

Resting cells of Streptomyces griseus, Mucor mucedo, and a growing culture of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus when mixed with compounds related to 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-4beta,15-diacetoxy-3alpha-ol(anguidine) produced a series of derivatives that were either partially hydrolyzed or selectively acylated. These derivatives showed marked differences in activities as assayed by antifungal and tissue culture cytotoxicity tests.  (+info)

Activity in saline of phthalylated or succinylated derivatives of mycobacterial water-soluble adjuvant. (2/1855)

A water-soluble fraction (WSA) of the cell wall can substitute for mycobacterial cells in Freund complete adjuvant. However, when WSA is administered in saline instead of in a water-in-oil emulsion, its adjuvant activity is very weak, and under certain experimental conditions it can even inhibit the humoral immune response. The data reported in the present study show that after treatment by phthalic or succinic anhydride the adjuvant activity of WSA was markedly changed, since high levels of circulating antibodies were produced when these derivatives were administered with an antigen in an aqueous medium. Moreover, the antigenic determinants of WSA were modified and acylated WSA had no tuberculin-like activity.  (+info)

Gas-liquid chromatography of the heptafluorobutyrate derivatives of the O-methyl-glycosides on capillary columns: a method for the quantitative determination of the monosaccharide composition of glycoproteins and glycolipids. (3/1855)

We have developed a method involving the formation of hepta-fluorobutyrate derivatives of O-methyl-glycosides liberated from glycoproteins and glycolipids following methanolysis. The stable derivatives of the most common monosaccharides of these glycoconjugates (Ara, Rha, Xyl, Fuc, Gal, Man, Glc, GlcNAc, GalNAc, Neu5Ac, KDN) can be separated and quantitatively and reproducibly determined with a high degree of sensitivity level (down to 25 pmol) in the presence of lysine as an internal standard. The GlcNAc residue bound to Asn in N-glycans is quantitatively recovered as two peaks. The latter were easily distinguished from the other GlcNAc residues of N-glycans, thus allowing a considerable improvement of the data on structure of N-glycans obtained from a single carbohydrate analysis. The most common contaminants present in buffers commonly used for the isolation of soluble or membrane-bound glycoproteins (SDS, Triton X-100, DOC, TRIS, glycine, and polyacrylamide or salts, as well as monosaccharide constituents of proteoglycans or degradation products of nucleic acids) do not interfere with these determinations. A carbohydrate analysis of glycoproteins isolated from a SDS/PAGE gel or from PDVF membranes can be performed on microgram amounts without significant interferences. Since fatty acid methyl esters and sphingosine derivatives are separated from the monosaccharide peaks, the complete composition of gangliosides can be achieved in a single step starting from less than 1 microg of the initial compound purified by preparative Silicagel TLC. Using electron impact ionization mass spectrometry, reporter ions for the different classes of O-methyl-glycosides (pentoses, deoxy-hexoses, hexoses, hexosamines, uronic acids, sialic acid, and KDN) allow the identification of these compounds in very complex mixtures. The mass of each compound can be determined in the chemical ionization mode and detection of positive or negative ions. This method presents a considerable improvement compared to those using TMS derivatives. Indeed the heptafluorobutyrate derivatives are stable, and acylation of amino groups is complete. Moreover, there is no interference with contaminants and the separation between fatty acid methyl-esters and O-methyl glycosides is achieved.  (+info)

The dually acylated NH2-terminal domain of gi1alpha is sufficient to target a green fluorescent protein reporter to caveolin-enriched plasma membrane domains. Palmitoylation of caveolin-1 is required for the recognition of dually acylated g-protein alpha subunits in vivo. (4/1855)

Here we investigate the molecular mechanisms that govern the targeting of G-protein alpha subunits to the plasma membrane. For this purpose, we used Gi1alpha as a model dually acylated G-protein. We fused full-length Gi1alpha or its extreme NH2-terminal domain (residues 1-32 or 1-122) to green fluorescent protein (GFP) and analyzed the subcellular localization of these fusion proteins. We show that the first 32 amino acids of Gi1alpha are sufficient to target GFP to caveolin-enriched domains of the plasma membrane in vivo, as demonstrated by co-fractionation and co-immunoprecipitation with caveolin-1. Interestingly, when dual acylation of this 32-amino acid domain was blocked by specific point mutations (G2A or C3S), the resulting GFP fusion proteins were localized to the cytoplasm and excluded from caveolin-rich regions. The myristoylated but nonpalmitoylated (C3S) chimera only partially partitioned into caveolin-containing fractions. However, both nonacylated GFP fusions (G2A and C3S) no longer co-immunoprecipitated with caveolin-1. Taken together, these results indicate that lipid modification of the NH2-terminal of Gi1alpha is essential for targeting to its correct destination and interaction with caveolin-1. Also, a caveolin-1 mutant lacking all three palmitoylation sites (C133S, C143S, and C156S) was unable to co-immunoprecipitate these dually acylated GFP-G-protein fusions. Thus, dual acylation of the NH2-terminal domain of Gi1alpha and palmitoylation of caveolin-1 are both required to stabilize and perhaps regulate this reciprocal interaction at the plasma membrane in vivo. Our results provide the first demonstration of a functional role for caveolin-1 palmitoylation in its interaction with signaling molecules.  (+info)

S-myristoylation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C in Trypanosoma brucei. (5/1855)

Covalent modification with lipid can target cytosolic proteins to biological membranes. With intrinsic membrane proteins, the role of acylation can be elusive. Herein, we describe covalent lipid modification of an integral membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (GPI-PLC) from the kinetoplastid Trypanosoma brucei. Myristic acid was detected on cysteine residue(s) (i.e. thiomyristoylation). Thiomyristoylation occurred both co- and post-translationally. Acylated GPI-PLC was active against variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). The half-life of fatty acid on GPI-PLC was 45 min, signifying the dynamic nature of the modification. Deacylation in vitro decreased activity of GPI-PLC 18-30-fold. Thioacylation, from kinetic analysis, activated GPI-PLC by accelerating the conversion of a GPI-PLC.VSG complex to product. Reversible thioacylation is a novel mechanism for regulating the activity of a phospholipase C.  (+info)

Redundant systems of phosphatidic acid biosynthesis via acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (6/1855)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae lipid particles harbor two acyltransferases, Gat1p and Slc1p, which catalyze subsequent steps of acylation required for the formation of phosphatidic acid. Both enzymes are also components of the endoplasmic reticulum, but this compartment contains additional acyltransferase(s) involved in the biosynthesis of phosphatidic acid (K. Athenstaedt and G. Daum, J. Bacteriol. 179:7611-7616, 1997). Using the gat1 mutant strain TTA1, we show here that Gat1p present in both subcellular fractions accepts glycerol-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate as a substrate. Similarly, the additional acyltransferase(s) present in the endoplasmic reticulum can acylate both precursors. In contrast, yeast mitochondria harbor an enzyme(s) that significantly prefers dihydroxyacetone phosphate as a substrate for acylation, suggesting that at least one additional independent acyltransferase is present in this organelle. Surprisingly, enzymatic activity of 1-acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase, which is required for the conversion of 1-acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate to 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid), is detectable only in lipid particles and the endoplasmic reticulum and not in mitochondria. In vivo labeling of wild-type cells with [2-3H, U-14C]glycerol revealed that both glycerol-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate can be incorporated as a backbone of glycerolipids. In the gat1 mutant and the 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase slc1 mutant, the dihydroxyacetone phosphate pathway of phosphatidic acid biosynthesis is slightly preferred as compared to the wild type. Thus, mutations of the major acyltransferases Gat1p and Slc1p lead to an increased contribution of mitochondrial acyltransferase(s) to glycerolipid synthesis due to their substrate preference for dihydroxyacetone phosphate.  (+info)

Accumulation of N-acyl-ethanolamine phospholipids in rat brains during post-decapitative ischemia: a 31p NMR study. (7/1855)

Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectroscopy has been used to study accumulation of N-acyl-ethanolamine phospholipids in rat brains during post-decapitative ischemia. Lipids were extracted from rat brain homogenates and the extracts were thoroughly washed with aq. potassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The lower organic phases were isolated and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen and the lipids were redissolved in CDCl3-CH3OH-H2O 100.0:29.9:5.2 (v/v/v) for NMR analysis. Increasing the period of post-decapitative ischemia resulted in an accumulation of two signals in the NMR spectra at 0.18 and 0.22 ppm (relative to the chemical shift of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PCDIACYL) at -0.84 ppm). These signals were identified as originating from 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(N-acyl)-ethanolamine (NAPEDIACYL) and 1-(1'-alkenyl)-2-acyl-sn -glycero-3-phospho-(N-acyl)-ethanolamine (NAPEPLAS), respectively, by spiking with authentic materials. Additionally, the identification was verified by thin-layer chromatography, which also showed the accumulation of N-acyl-ethanolamine phospholipids. The use of K-EDTA instead of the commonly used Cs-EDTA in the preparation of the NMR samples allowed the separation of the chemical shifts of N-acyl-ethanolamine phospholipids from those of the ethanolamine phospholipids. Moreover, the chemical shift of cardiolipin was moved from 0.15 ppm observed with Cs-EDTA to about 0.31 ppm with K-EDTA. The present study demonstrates that it is possible to detect and quantify post-decapitative accumulation of NAPE subclasses (NAPEDIACYL and NAPEPLAS) in rat brains by the use of 31P NMR spectroscopy.  (+info)

Surfactant protein A enhances the binding and deacylation of E. coli LPS by alveolar macrophages. (8/1855)

Surfactant protein (SP) A and SP-D are involved in multiple immunomodulatory functions of innate host defense partly via their interaction with alveolar macrophages (AMs). In addition, both SP-A and SP-D bind to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To investigate the functional significance of this interaction, we first tested the ability of SP-A and SP-D to enhance the binding of tritium-labeled Escherichia coli LPS to AMs. In contrast to SP-D, SP-A enhanced the binding of LPS by AMs in a time-, temperature-, and concentration-dependent manner. Coincubation with surfactant-like lipids did not affect the SP-A-mediated enhancement of LPS binding. At SP-A-to-LPS molar ratios of 1:2-1:3, the LPS binding by AMs reached 270% of control values. Second, we investigated the role of SP-A in regulating the degradation of LPS by AMs. In the presence of SP-A, deacylation of LPS by AMs increased by approximately 2.3-fold. Pretreatment of AMs with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C had no effect on the SP-A-enhanced LPS binding but did reduce the amount of serum-enhanced LPS binding by 50%, suggesting that a cell surface molecule distinct from CD14 mediates the effect of SP-A. Together the results for the first time provide direct evidence that SP-A enhances LPS binding and degradation by AMs.  (+info)

Acylation is a medical and biological term that refers to the process of introducing an acyl group (-CO-) into a molecule. This process can occur naturally or it can be induced through chemical reactions. In the context of medicine and biology, acylation often occurs during post-translational modifications of proteins, where an acyl group is added to specific amino acid residues, altering the protein's function, stability, or localization.

An example of acylation in medicine is the administration of neuraminidase inhibitors, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu), for the treatment and prevention of influenza. These drugs work by inhibiting the activity of the viral neuraminidase enzyme, which is essential for the release of newly formed virus particles from infected cells. Oseltamivir is administered orally as an ethyl ester prodrug, which is then hydrolyzed in the body to form the active acylated metabolite that inhibits the viral neuraminidase.

In summary, acylation is a vital process in medicine and biology, with implications for drug design, protein function, and post-translational modifications.

Palmitic acid is a type of saturated fatty acid, which is a common component in many foods and also produced by the body. Its chemical formula is C16:0, indicating that it contains 16 carbon atoms and no double bonds. Palmitic acid is found in high concentrations in animal fats, such as butter, lard, and beef tallow, as well as in some vegetable oils, like palm kernel oil and coconut oil.

In the human body, palmitic acid can be synthesized from other substances or absorbed through the diet. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including energy storage, membrane structure formation, and signaling pathways regulation. However, high intake of palmitic acid has been linked to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases due to its potential to raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in the blood.

It is essential to maintain a balanced diet and consume palmitic acid-rich foods in moderation, along with regular exercise and a healthy lifestyle, to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

Palmitic acid is a type of saturated fatty acid, which is a common component in many foods and also produced naturally by the human body. Its chemical formula is C16H32O2. It's named after palm trees because it was first isolated from palm oil, although it can also be found in other vegetable oils, animal fats, and dairy products.

In the human body, palmitic acid plays a role in energy production and storage. However, consuming large amounts of this fatty acid has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease due to its association with elevated levels of bad cholesterol (LDL). The World Health Organization recommends limiting the consumption of saturated fats, including palmitic acid, to less than 10% of total energy intake.

Acyltransferases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an acyl group (a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydrogen atom) from one molecule to another. This transfer involves the formation of an ester bond between the acyl group donor and the acyl group acceptor.

Acyltransferases play important roles in various biological processes, including the biosynthesis of lipids, fatty acids, and other metabolites. They are also involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics (foreign substances) by catalyzing the addition of an acyl group to these compounds, making them more water-soluble and easier to excrete from the body.

Examples of acyltransferases include serine palmitoyltransferase, which is involved in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), which facilitates the transfer of cholesteryl esters between lipoproteins.

Acyltransferases are classified based on the type of acyl group they transfer and the nature of the acyl group donor and acceptor molecules. They can be further categorized into subclasses based on their sequence similarities, three-dimensional structures, and evolutionary relationships.

Myristic acid is not typically considered a medical term, but it is a scientific term related to the field of medicine. It is a type of fatty acid that is found in some foods and in the human body. Medically, it may be relevant in discussions of nutrition, metabolism, or lipid disorders.

Here's a definition of myristic acid from a biological or chemical perspective:

Myristic acid is a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)12CO2H. It is a 14-carbon atom chain with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other. Myristic acid occurs naturally in some foods, such as coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and dairy products. It is also found in the structural lipids of living cells, where it plays a role in cell signaling and membrane dynamics.

Myristic acid is not typically considered in the context of medical definitions, but it is instead more commonly referred to in the fields of chemistry and biochemistry. However, I can provide you with some relevant information about myristic acid that may be helpful.

Myristic acid is a type of saturated fatty acid, which means it contains no double bonds between its carbon atoms. The chemical formula for myristic acid is CH3(CH2)12COOH. It has a 14-carbon chain and is named after the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans), from which it was first isolated. Myristic acid occurs naturally in various plant and animal sources, including coconut oil, palm kernel oil, butterfat, and breast milk.

In a medical context, myristic acid is sometimes discussed due to its potential role in health and disease. For instance, some studies have suggested that high intake of myristic acid may contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, as it can raise levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as "bad" cholesterol. However, more research is needed to fully understand the health implications of myristic acid consumption.

It's worth noting that medical definitions typically focus on specific substances or processes related to human health, disease, and treatment. Myristic acid, while an essential component in biochemistry, may not have a direct medical definition due to its broader relevance in chemistry and food science.

Hydroxylamine is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with the formula NH2OH. It's used in some industrial processes and can also be found as a byproduct of certain metabolic reactions in the body. In a medical context, exposure to high levels of hydroxylamine may cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract, and it may have harmful effects on the nervous system and blood if ingested or absorbed in large amounts. However, it is not a substance that is commonly encountered or monitored in medical settings.

Acyl Coenzyme A (often abbreviated as Acetyl-CoA or Acyl-CoA) is a crucial molecule in metabolism, particularly in the breakdown and oxidation of fats and carbohydrates to produce energy. It is a thioester compound that consists of a fatty acid or an acetate group linked to coenzyme A through a sulfur atom.

Acyl CoA plays a central role in several metabolic pathways, including:

1. The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle): In the mitochondria, Acyl-CoA is formed from the oxidation of fatty acids or the breakdown of certain amino acids. This Acyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle to produce high-energy electrons, which are used in the electron transport chain to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main energy currency of the cell.
2. Beta-oxidation: The breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the mitochondria through a process called beta-oxidation, where Acyl-CoA is sequentially broken down into smaller units, releasing acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid cycle.
3. Ketogenesis: In times of low carbohydrate availability or during prolonged fasting, the liver can produce ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA to supply energy to other organs, such as the brain and heart.
4. Protein synthesis: Acyl-CoA is also involved in the modification of proteins by attaching fatty acid chains to them (a process called acetylation), which can influence protein function and stability.

In summary, Acyl Coenzyme A is a vital molecule in metabolism that connects various pathways related to energy production, fatty acid breakdown, and protein modification.

Complement C3a is a protein fragment that is generated during the activation of the complement system, which is a part of the immune system. The complement system helps to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells from the body by marking them for destruction and attracting immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

C3a is produced when the third component of the complement system (C3) is cleaved into two smaller fragments, C3a and C3b, during the complement activation cascade. C3a is a potent anaphylatoxin, which means it can cause the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils, leading to inflammation, increased vascular permeability, and smooth muscle contraction.

C3a also has chemotactic properties, meaning it can attract immune cells such as neutrophils and monocytes to the site of complement activation. Additionally, C3a can modulate the activity of various immune cells, including dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells, and play a role in the regulation of the adaptive immune response.

It's important to note that while C3a has important functions in the immune response, uncontrolled or excessive activation of the complement system can lead to tissue damage and inflammation, contributing to the pathogenesis of various diseases such as autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and allergies.

Hydroxylamines are organic compounds that contain a hydroxy group (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2) in their structure. More specifically, they have the functional group R-N-OH, where R represents a carbon-containing radical. Hydroxylamines can be considered as derivatives of ammonia (NH3), where one hydrogen atom is replaced by a hydroxy group.

These compounds are important in organic chemistry and biochemistry due to their ability to act as reducing agents, nitrogen donors, and intermediates in various chemical reactions. They can be found in some natural substances and are also synthesized for use in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other industrial applications.

Examples of hydroxylamines include:

* Hydroxylamine (NH2OH) itself, which is a colorless liquid at room temperature with an odor similar to ammonia.
* N-Methylhydroxylamine (CH3NHOH), which is a solid that can be used as a reducing agent and a nucleophile in organic synthesis.
* Phenylhydroxylamine (C6H5NHOH), which is a solid used as an intermediate in the production of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and other chemicals.

It's important to note that hydroxylamines can be unstable and potentially hazardous, so they should be handled with care during laboratory work or industrial processes.

Acetylthiocholine is a synthetic chemical compound that is widely used in scientific research, particularly in the field of neuroscience. It is the acetylated form of thiocholine, which is a choline ester. Acetylthiocholine is often used as a substrate for enzymes called cholinesterases, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE).

When Acetylthiocholine is hydrolyzed by AChE, it produces choline and thioacetic acid. This reaction is important because it terminates the signal transduction of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the synapse between neurons. Inhibition of AChE can lead to an accumulation of Acetylthiocholine and acetylcholine, which can have various effects on the nervous system, depending on the dose and duration of inhibition.

Acetylthiocholine is also used as a reagent in the Ellman's assay, a colorimetric method for measuring AChE activity. In this assay, Acetylthiocholine is hydrolyzed by AChE, releasing thiocholine, which then reacts with dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) to produce a yellow color. The intensity of the color is proportional to the amount of thiocholine produced and can be used to quantify AChE activity.

Palmitoyl Coenzyme A, often abbreviated as Palmitoyl-CoA, is a type of fatty acyl coenzyme A that plays a crucial role in the body's metabolism. It is formed from the esterification of palmitic acid (a saturated fatty acid) with coenzyme A.

Medical Definition: Palmitoyl Coenzyme A is a fatty acyl coenzyme A ester, where palmitic acid is linked to coenzyme A via an ester bond. It serves as an important intermediate in lipid metabolism and energy production, particularly through the process of beta-oxidation in the mitochondria. Palmitoyl CoA also plays a role in protein modification, known as S-palmitoylation, which can affect protein localization, stability, and function.

Cerulenin is a fungal metabolite that inhibits the enzyme delta-9-desaturase, which is involved in fatty acid synthesis. This compound is often used in research to study the biology and function of fatty acid synthase and lipid metabolism. It has been investigated for its potential as an anti-cancer agent, but its clinical use is not approved due to its limited specificity and potential toxicity.

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain, which are important components of lipids and are widely distributed in living organisms. They can be classified based on the length of their carbon chain, saturation level (presence or absence of double bonds), and other structural features.

The two main types of fatty acids are:

1. Saturated fatty acids: These have no double bonds in their carbon chain and are typically solid at room temperature. Examples include palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0).
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: These contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain and can be further classified into monounsaturated (one double bond) and polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds) fatty acids. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (C18:1, monounsaturated), linoleic acid (C18:2, polyunsaturated), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, polyunsaturated).

Fatty acids play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as energy storage, membrane structure, and cell signaling. Some essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources.

1-Acylglycerophosphocholine O-Acyltransferase is an enzyme that belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. It is responsible for catalyzing the reaction that transfers an acyl group from an acyl-CoA to the sn-2 position of 1-acylglycerophosphocholine, resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholine, which is a major component of biological membranes. This enzyme plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism and has been implicated in various diseases, including atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer.

Myristates are fatty acid molecules that contain fourteen carbon atoms and are therefore referred to as myristic acid in its pure form. They are commonly found in various natural sources, including coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and butterfat. Myristates can be esterified with glycerol to form triglycerides, which are the main constituents of fat in animals and plants.

In a medical context, myristates may be relevant in the study of lipid metabolism, membrane biology, and drug delivery systems. For instance, myristoylation is a post-translational modification where myristic acid is covalently attached to proteins, which can affect their function, localization, and stability. However, it's important to note that direct medical applications or implications of myristates may require further research and context.

Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It is responsible for the endotoxic activity of LPS and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of gram-negative bacterial infections. Lipid A is a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, consisting of a glucosamine disaccharide backbone with multiple fatty acid chains and phosphate groups attached to it. It can induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines, fever, and other symptoms associated with sepsis when introduced into the bloodstream.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

"Palmitates" are salts or esters of palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid that is commonly found in animals and plants. Palmitates can be found in various substances, including cosmetics, food additives, and medications. For example, sodium palmitate is a common ingredient in soaps and detergents, while retinyl palmitate is a form of vitamin A used in skin care products and dietary supplements.

In a medical context, "palmitates" may be mentioned in the results of laboratory tests that measure lipid metabolism or in discussions of nutrition and dietary fats. However, it is important to note that "palmitates" themselves are not typically a focus of medical diagnosis or treatment, but rather serve as components of various substances that may have medical relevance.

Esters are organic compounds that are formed by the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. They are widely found in nature and are used in various industries, including the production of perfumes, flavors, and pharmaceuticals. In the context of medical definitions, esters may be mentioned in relation to their use as excipients in medications or in discussions of organic chemistry and biochemistry. Esters can also be found in various natural substances such as fats and oils, which are triesters of glycerol and fatty acids.

Glycerophosphates are esters of glycerol and phosphoric acid. In the context of biochemistry and medicine, glycerophosphates often refer to glycerol 3-phosphate (also known as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or glycerone phosphate) and its derivatives.

Glycerol 3-phosphate plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism, particularly in the process of energy production and storage. It is an important intermediate in both glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose to produce energy) and gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors).

In addition, glycerophosphates are also involved in the formation of phospholipids, a major component of cell membranes. The esterification of glycerol 3-phosphate with fatty acids leads to the synthesis of phosphatidic acid, which is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of other phospholipids.

Abnormalities in glycerophosphate metabolism have been implicated in various diseases, including metabolic disorders and neurological conditions.

Coenzyme A, often abbreviated as CoA or sometimes holo-CoA, is a coenzyme that plays a crucial role in several important chemical reactions in the body, particularly in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. It is composed of a pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) derivative called pantothenate, an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule, and a terminal phosphate group.

Coenzyme A functions as a carrier molecule for acetyl groups, which are formed during the breakdown of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and some amino acids. The acetyl group is attached to the sulfur atom in CoA, forming acetyl-CoA, which can then be used as a building block for various biochemical pathways, such as the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and fatty acid synthesis.

In summary, Coenzyme A is a vital coenzyme that helps facilitate essential metabolic processes by carrying and transferring acetyl groups in the body.

Post-translational protein processing refers to the modifications and changes that proteins undergo after their synthesis on ribosomes, which are complex molecular machines responsible for protein synthesis. These modifications occur through various biochemical processes and play a crucial role in determining the final structure, function, and stability of the protein.

The process begins with the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into a linear polypeptide chain, which is then subjected to several post-translational modifications. These modifications can include:

1. Proteolytic cleavage: The removal of specific segments or domains from the polypeptide chain by proteases, resulting in the formation of mature, functional protein subunits.
2. Chemical modifications: Addition or modification of chemical groups to the side chains of amino acids, such as phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate group), glycosylation (addition of sugar moieties), methylation (addition of a methyl group), acetylation (addition of an acetyl group), and ubiquitination (addition of a ubiquitin protein).
3. Disulfide bond formation: The oxidation of specific cysteine residues within the polypeptide chain, leading to the formation of disulfide bonds between them. This process helps stabilize the three-dimensional structure of proteins, particularly in extracellular environments.
4. Folding and assembly: The acquisition of a specific three-dimensional conformation by the polypeptide chain, which is essential for its function. Chaperone proteins assist in this process to ensure proper folding and prevent aggregation.
5. Protein targeting: The directed transport of proteins to their appropriate cellular locations, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or plasma membrane. This is often facilitated by specific signal sequences within the protein that are recognized and bound by transport machinery.

Collectively, these post-translational modifications contribute to the functional diversity of proteins in living organisms, allowing them to perform a wide range of cellular processes, including signaling, catalysis, regulation, and structural support.

Substrate specificity in the context of medical biochemistry and enzymology refers to the ability of an enzyme to selectively bind and catalyze a chemical reaction with a particular substrate (or a group of similar substrates) while discriminating against other molecules that are not substrates. This specificity arises from the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme, which has evolved to match the shape, charge distribution, and functional groups of its physiological substrate(s).

Substrate specificity is a fundamental property of enzymes that enables them to carry out highly selective chemical transformations in the complex cellular environment. The active site of an enzyme, where the catalysis takes place, has a unique conformation that complements the shape and charge distribution of its substrate(s). This ensures efficient recognition, binding, and conversion of the substrate into the desired product while minimizing unwanted side reactions with other molecules.

Substrate specificity can be categorized as:

1. Absolute specificity: An enzyme that can only act on a single substrate or a very narrow group of structurally related substrates, showing no activity towards any other molecule.
2. Group specificity: An enzyme that prefers to act on a particular functional group or class of compounds but can still accommodate minor structural variations within the substrate.
3. Broad or promiscuous specificity: An enzyme that can act on a wide range of structurally diverse substrates, albeit with varying catalytic efficiencies.

Understanding substrate specificity is crucial for elucidating enzymatic mechanisms, designing drugs that target specific enzymes or pathways, and developing biotechnological applications that rely on the controlled manipulation of enzyme activities.

Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase (GPAT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids, which are major components of cellular membranes and energy storage molecules. The GPAT enzyme catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in the glycerolipid synthesis pathway, specifically the transfer of an acyl group from an acyl-CoA donor to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, forming lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). This reaction is essential for the production of various glycerolipids, including phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol. There are four isoforms of GPAT (GPAT1-4) in humans, each with distinct subcellular localizations and functions. Dysregulation of GPAT activity has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers.

Catalysis is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst, which remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. A catalyst lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, thereby allowing the reaction to proceed more quickly and efficiently. This can be particularly important in biological systems, where enzymes act as catalysts to speed up metabolic reactions that are essential for life.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Anhydrides are chemical compounds that form when a single molecule of water is removed from an acid, resulting in the formation of a new compound. The term "anhydride" comes from the Greek words "an," meaning without, and "hydor," meaning water.

In organic chemistry, anhydrides are commonly formed by the removal of water from a carboxylic acid. For example, when acetic acid (CH3COOH) loses a molecule of water, it forms acetic anhydride (CH3CO)2O. Acetic anhydride is a reactive compound that can be used to introduce an acetyl group (-COCH3) into other organic compounds.

Inorganic anhydrides are also important in chemistry and include compounds such as sulfur trioxide (SO3), which is an anhydride of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Sulfur trioxide can react with water to form sulfuric acid, making it a key intermediate in the production of this important industrial chemical.

It's worth noting that some anhydrides can be hazardous and may require special handling and safety precautions.

Hydrolysis is a chemical process, not a medical one. However, it is relevant to medicine and biology.

Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a chemical compound due to its reaction with water, often resulting in the formation of two or more simpler compounds. In the context of physiology and medicine, hydrolysis is a crucial process in various biological reactions, such as the digestion of food molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Enzymes called hydrolases catalyze these hydrolysis reactions to speed up the breakdown process in the body.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Cysteine is a semi-essential amino acid, which means that it can be produced by the human body under normal circumstances, but may need to be obtained from external sources in certain conditions such as illness or stress. Its chemical formula is HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH, and it contains a sulfhydryl group (-SH), which allows it to act as a powerful antioxidant and participate in various cellular processes.

Cysteine plays important roles in protein structure and function, detoxification, and the synthesis of other molecules such as glutathione, taurine, and coenzyme A. It is also involved in wound healing, immune response, and the maintenance of healthy skin, hair, and nails.

Cysteine can be found in a variety of foods, including meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, eggs, legumes, nuts, seeds, and some grains. It is also available as a dietary supplement and can be used in the treatment of various medical conditions such as liver disease, bronchitis, and heavy metal toxicity. However, excessive intake of cysteine may have adverse effects on health, including gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, vomiting, and headaches.

Glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) is not typically considered a medical term, but it is a choline-containing phospholipid that can be found in various tissues and fluids within the human body. It is also available as a dietary supplement. Here's a definition of Glycerylphosphorylcholine:

Glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) is a natural choline-containing compound that is present in various tissues and fluids within the human body, including neural tissue, muscle, and blood. It plays an essential role in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is involved in memory, learning, and other cognitive functions. GPC can also be found in some foods, such as egg yolks and soybeans, and is available as a dietary supplement. In the body, GPC can be converted to phosphatidylcholine, another important phospholipid that is necessary for maintaining cell membrane structure and function.

Lipoylation is the post-translational modification of proteins by attaching lipoic acid (also known as α-lipoic acid or octanoic acid) to specific lysine residues in the protein. This process plays a crucial role in mitochondrial energy metabolism, particularly in the functioning of multi-enzyme complexes involved in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

The lipoic acid cofactor is covalently attached to the target proteins by enzymes called lipoyltransferases. Once attached, lipoic acid can undergo reversible oxidation-reduction reactions, which facilitate the transfer of electrons and acetyl groups during metabolic processes. These redox reactions are essential for the proper functioning of critical mitochondrial enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC), and branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC).

Dysregulation of lipoylation has been implicated in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic conditions, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying lipoylation is important for developing potential therapeutic strategies to target these diseases.

Butyrylthiocholine is a synthetic chemical compound that is often used in scientific research, particularly in the study of enzymes and neurotransmitters. It is the substrate for the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase, which is found in the blood and helps to break down certain types of drugs and neurotransmitters.

In biochemical terms, butyrylthiocholine is a choline ester of butyric acid, with a thio (sulfur) group replacing one of the oxygen atoms in the ester linkage. This structural feature makes it an excellent substrate for butyrylcholinesterase, as the sulfur atom can form a covalent bond with the enzyme's active site, leading to rapid and specific catalysis.

It is important to note that butyrylthiocholine itself does not have any direct medical relevance, but rather serves as a tool for studying the mechanisms of enzymes and other biological processes.

Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.

Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) is a small, acidic protein that plays a crucial role in the fatty acid synthesis process. It functions as a cofactor by carrying acyl groups during the elongation cycles of fatty acid chains. The ACP molecule has a characteristic prosthetic group known as 4'-phosphopantetheine, to which the acyl groups get attached covalently. This protein is highly conserved across different species and is essential for the production of fatty acids in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.

Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs) are essential bacterial enzymes that play a crucial role in the synthesis and maintenance of the bacterial cell wall. They are called "penicillin-binding" because they possess the ability to bind to penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics, which subsequently inhibits their function and leads to the death of the bacteria. PBPs are primary targets for many clinically important antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. Inhibition of these proteins interferes with the cross-linking of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall, causing structural weakness and osmotic lysis of the bacteria.

Lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) are a type of glycerophospholipids, which are major components of cell membranes. They are formed by the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholines, another type of glycerophospholipids, catalyzed by the enzyme phospholipase A2. LPCs contain a single fatty acid chain attached to a glycerol backbone and a choline headgroup.

In medical terms, LPCs have been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, such as cell signaling, membrane remodeling, and inflammation. Elevated levels of LPCs have been found in several diseases, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. They can also serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of these conditions.

Inositol is not considered a true "vitamin" because it can be created by the body from glucose. However, it is an important nutrient and is sometimes referred to as vitamin B8. It is a type of sugar alcohol that is found in both animals and plants. Inositol is involved in various biological processes, including:

1. Signal transduction: Inositol phospholipids are key components of cell membranes and play a crucial role in intracellular signaling pathways. They act as secondary messengers in response to hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors.
2. Insulin sensitivity: Inositol and its derivatives, such as myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol, are involved in insulin signal transduction. Abnormalities in inositol metabolism have been linked to insulin resistance and conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
3. Cerebral and ocular functions: Inositol is essential for the proper functioning of neurons and has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. It also plays a role in maintaining eye health.
4. Lipid metabolism: Inositol participates in the breakdown and transport of fats within the body.
5. Gene expression: Inositol and its derivatives are involved in regulating gene expression through epigenetic modifications.

Inositol can be found in various foods, including fruits, beans, grains, nuts, and vegetables. It is also available as a dietary supplement for those who wish to increase their intake.

A cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells in animals, plants, and microorganisms. It functions as a barrier to control the movement of substances in and out of the cell, allowing necessary molecules such as nutrients, oxygen, and signaling molecules to enter while keeping out harmful substances and waste products. The cell membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, which have hydrophilic (water-loving) heads and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails. This unique structure allows the membrane to be flexible and fluid, yet selectively permeable. Additionally, various proteins are embedded in the membrane that serve as channels, pumps, receptors, and enzymes, contributing to the cell's overall functionality and communication with its environment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Succinic Anhydrides" is not a recognized medical term. Succinic anhydride is a chemical compound with the formula (CH2)2(CO)2O. It is used in organic synthesis as a dehydrating agent and acylating agent. If you're asking about a medical application or effect of succinic anhydride or its derivatives, I would need more specific information to provide an accurate and helpful response.

... can be used to prevent rearrangement reactions that would normally occur in alkylation. To do this an acylation ... Protein acylation has been observed as a mechanism controlling biological signaling. One prominent type is fatty acylation, the ... ketones A particularly common type of acylation is acetylation, the addition of the acetyl group. Closely related to acylation ... Different types of fatty acids engage in global protein acylation. Palmitoleoylation is an acylation type where the ...
The Kostanecki acylation is a method used in organic synthesis to form chromones or coumarins by acylation of O-hydroxyaryl ... The mechanism consists of three well-differentiated reactions: Phenol O-acylation with formation of a tetrahedral intermediate ...
Protein S-acylation is a sub-type of S-acylation where the first of those molecules is a protein, and connected to the second ... S-acylation is the process of chemically linking a molecule to another molecule via a thioester bond. ... A prominent type of protein S-acylation is palmitoylation, which promotes lipid membrane association of the protein, for ... "Site-specific analysis of protein S-acylation by resin-assisted capture". The Journal of Lipid Research. 52 (2): 393-398. doi: ...
The view of C3a/C3adesArg as an acylation stimulating activity is not universally accepted. The evidence is discussed in a ... C3adesArg is more commonly named ASP or acylation-stimulating-protein due to its marked stimulating action on triacylglycerol ... Maslowska, M; Vu, H; Phelis, S; Sniderman, AD; Rhode, BM; Blank, D; Cianflone, K (1999). "Plasma acylation stimulating protein ... Cianflone, K.; Zhang, XJ; Genest Jr, J; Sniderman, A (July 1997). "Plasma acylation-stimulating protein in coronary artery ...
See Kostanecki acylation.) The o-hydroxyaryl ketone first undergoes tautomerization to form the respective enol. The pi ... Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement Kostanecki acylation Robert Robinson (organic chemist) Allan, J.; Robinson, R. J. Chem. Soc. ...
Friedel-Crafts acylation involves the acylation of aromatic rings. Typical acylating agents are acyl chlorides. Acid anhydrides ... In the related Nenitzescu reductive acylation (1936) a saturated hydrocarbon is added making it a reductive acylation to ... Friedel-Crafts Acylation. Organic-chemistry.org. Retrieved 2014-01-11. Fuson, R. C.; Weinstock, H. H.; Ullyot, G. E. (1935). "A ... Acylations: R. E. Lutz (1940). "trans-dienzoethylene" (PDF). Organic Syntheses. 20: 29. L. F. Fieser (1940). "β-(3-Acenaphthoyl ...
Friedel-Crafts Acylation. Organic-chemistry.org. Retrieved on 2014-01-11. (Articles with short description, Short description ... A similar mechanism occurs in the Friedel-Crafts acylation. "electrophilic substitution - the alkylation of benzene". www. ...
See Friedel-Crafts acylation. carboxylic acids to form an organic acid anhydrides. In the above reactions, HX (hydrogen halide ... For example, chloroformylation, a specific type of Friedel-Crafts acylation which uses formaldehyde as a reagent[citation ...
Vedejs E, Daugulis O, Diver ST (26 January 1996). "Enantioselective Acylations Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphines". The Journal of ... Vedejs E, Diver ST (1 April 1993). "Tributylphosphine: a remarkable acylation catalyst". Journal of the American Chemical ... acylation and alkylation of achiral and prochiral nucleophiles, parallel kinetic resolution, and control of configuration by ...
Nile, Aaron H.; Hannoush, Rami N. (February 2016). "Fatty acylation of Wnt proteins". Nature Chemical Biology. 12 (2): 60-69. ... Lanyon-Hogg, Thomas; Faronato, Monica; Serwa, Remigiusz A.; Tate, Edward W. (2017). "Dynamic Protein Acylation: New Substrates ...
Ma BJ, Taylor WA, Dolinsky VW, Hatch GM (1999). "Acylation of monolysocardiolipin in rat heart". J Lipid Res. 40 (10): 1837-45 ...
Polgár, L. (1979). "Deuterium isotope effects on papain acylation. Evidence for lack of general base catalysis and for enzyme- ...
Van Den Bosch H, Van Golde MG, Slotboom AJ, Van Deenen LL (1968). "The acylation of isomeric monoacyl phosphatidylcholines". ...
It also undergoes Friedel-Crafts acylation. Whereas pyridine does not normally undergo a Diels-Alder reaction, arsabenzene ...
... enzymes involved in protein/peptide acylation; enzymes involved in phospholipid re-modelling. The structure for one MBOAT ... "The ghrelin O-acyltransferase structure reveals a catalytic channel for transmembrane hormone acylation". The Journal of ...
Ma BJ, Taylor WA, Dolinsky VW, Hatch GM (October 1999). "Acylation of monolysocardiolipin in rat heart". Journal of Lipid ...
Known for Kostanecki acylation name reactions. In 1896, he developed the theory of dyes and studied the natural vegetable dyes ...
Polgár L (August 1979). "Deuterium isotope effects on papain acylation. Evidence for lack of general base catalysis and for ...
Jul 1968). "The acylation of isomeric monoacyl phosphatidylcholines". Biochim Biophys Acta. 152 (4): 694-703. doi:10.1016/0005- ... Arthur, G. (Jul 1989). "Acylation of 2-acyl-glycerophosphocholine in guinea-pig heart microsomal fractions". Biochem J. 261 (2 ... 2-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase, an enzyme purified in liver microsomes, catalyzes specifically the acylation of ...
Polgar, L (1979). "Deuterium isotope effects on papain acylation. Evidence for lack of general base catalysis and for enzyme- ...
Polgár L (August 1979). "Deuterium isotope effects on papain acylation. Evidence for lack of general base catalysis and for ...
The reaction mechanism involves the acylation and activation of the acid 1 to the mixed anhydride 3. The amide will serve as a ... Höfle, Gerhard; Steglich, Wolfgang; Vorbrüggen, Helmut (1978). "4-Dialkylaminopyridines as Highly Active Acylation Catalysts. [ ... nucleophile for the cyclization forming the azlactone 4. Deprotonation and acylation of the azlactone forms the key carbon- ...
Acylation with succinic acid is called succination. Oversuccination occurs when more than one succinate adds to a substrate.[ ...
Shemyakin MM, Antonov VK, Shkrob AM (1963). "Activation of the amide group by acylation". Peptides, Proc. 6th Europ. Pept. Symp ...
... aromatic sulfonation and acylation and alkylating Friedel-Crafts reactions. It further consists of alkylation and acylation. In ...
Greaves J, Chamberlain LH (April 2010). "S-acylation by the DHHC protein family". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 38 (2): 522-4. doi: ...
Acylation gives esters such as vinyl acetate. In general, enols are less stable than their keto equivalents because of the ...
Gerhard Höfle, Wolfgang Steglich, Helmut Vorbrüggen (1978). "4-Dialkylaminopyridines as Highly Active Acylation Catalysts. [New ...
Thompson, W.; Zuk, R. T. (1983-08-25). "Acylation of CDP-monoacylglycerol cannot be confirmed". The Journal of Biological ...
A C-C acylation reaction can occur with a malonic ester-type compound, in the following scheme useful for syntheses of ... 1979). "C-Acylation under Virtually Neutral Conditions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 18: 72-74. doi: ... Yet another reaction involves the acylation of triphenylalkelynephosphoranes. (C6H5)3P=CHR + R'-CO-Im → (C6H5)3P+-CHR-COR' + Im ...
Acylation can be used to prevent rearrangement reactions that would normally occur in alkylation. To do this an acylation ... Protein acylation has been observed as a mechanism controlling biological signaling. One prominent type is fatty acylation, the ... ketones A particularly common type of acylation is acetylation, the addition of the acetyl group. Closely related to acylation ... Different types of fatty acids engage in global protein acylation. Palmitoleoylation is an acylation type where the ...
It has also characterized Spike acylation and has also identified other acylated viral proteins and host enzymes involved in ... Further, it has also revealed the importance of acylation in viral biogenesis and infection. ... A new study published on the bioRxiv server focuses on the role of S-acylation in the SARS-CoV-2 infection cycle. ... both S and E proteins undergo S-acylation. S-acylation is regarded as a hallmark of viral envelope proteins. It chemically ...
Learn Advantages of Friedel-Crafts Acylation with free step-by-step video explanations and practice problems by experienced ... There are no additional practice problems for Advantages of Friedel-Crafts Acylation ...
The formal acylation of the benzothiazoles is achieved through a sequence involving formation of an aryl glyoxal, ring-opening ... Iodine- and TBHP-Promoted Acylation of Benzothiazoles under Metal-Free Conditions. Bin Wang, Qianwei Zhang, Zhongqi Guo, Keyume ...
Friedel Crafts acylation. How effective is anhydrous zinc chloride as a FC condensing agent? Everyone seems to use AlCl3, but ... Ive determined that ZnCl2 is a good catalyst for some FC acylations ( a whole day surfing.....) but the question now is, ... For example, under the right set of conditions, even something as mild as iodine can induce a Friedel-Crafts acylation [See, ... There are seriously dozens if not hundreds of references for friedel crafts acylations using different lewis acids. Its ...
Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene derivatives in tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids (TAAILs) ... Bromobenzene, which is electron poor and less reactive towards acylation, was also used as a substrate in the acylation ... Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene derivatives in tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids (TAAILs). * Swantje Lerch. , ... The acylation of the electron-rich benzene derivative anisole with acetic anhydride (Ac2O) to acetanisole 7 was chosen as the ...
Characterizing RNA structures in vitro and in vivo with selective 2-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension sequencing ... Characterizing RNA structures in vitro and in vivo with selective 2-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension sequencing ... Characterizing RNA structures in vitro and in vivo with selective 2-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension sequencing ... Characterizing RNA structures in vitro and in vivo with selective 2-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension sequencing ...
Because protein acylation might be a sequel of cytosolic long-chain acyl-CoA accumulation, we examined if this reaction is ... The finding is consistent with a prominent role of protein acylation in the process of beta-cell nutrient sensing. ... Cerulenin, an inhibitor of protein acylation, selectively attenuates nutrient stimulation of insulin release: a study in rat ... an inhibitor of protein acylation, selectively attenuates nutrient stimulation of insulin release: a study in rat pancreatic ...
Wilkinson B. 1-(Acyloxy)benzotriazoles: useful reagents for the regioselective acylation of diols. Australian Journal of ... 1-(Acyloxy)benzotriazoles: useful reagents for the regioselective acylation of diols. In: Australian Journal of Chemistry. 2013 ... Wilkinson, B. (2013). 1-(Acyloxy)benzotriazoles: useful reagents for the regioselective acylation of diols. Australian Journal ... Wilkinson, B 2013, 1-(Acyloxy)benzotriazoles: useful reagents for the regioselective acylation of diols, Australian Journal ...
Racemisation and acylation of secondary alcohols: redox versus elimination mechanism. D Klomp, JA Peters, U Hanefeld, T ... Racemisation and acylation of secondary alcohols: redox versus elimination mechanism. / Klomp, D; Peters, JA; Hanefeld, U et al ... Klomp, D., Peters, JA., Hanefeld, U., & Maschmeyer, T. (2003). Racemisation and acylation of secondary alcohols: redox versus ... Klomp D, Peters JA, Hanefeld U, Maschmeyer T. Racemisation and acylation of secondary alcohols: redox versus elimination ...
Acylation-stimulating protein (ASP) acts as a paracrine signal to increase triglyceride synthesis in adipocytes. In mice, C3 ( ... Acylation-stimulating protein (ASP) acts as a paracrine signal to increase triglyceride synthesis in adipocytes. In mice, C3 ( ...
This study aimed to develop a method for protein fatty acylation research. ... A method for the gross analysis of global protein acylation by gas-liquid chromatography. , IUBMB Life, November 2018, Wiley, ... Its intended for detection of gross changes in protein acylation profile through gas liquid chromatography-based analysis. ... This study aimed to develop a method for protein fatty acylation research. ...
Acylation type determines Ghrelins effects on energy homeostasis in rodents. In: Endocrinology. 2012 ; Vol. 153, No. 10. pp. ... Acylation type determines Ghrelins effects on energy homeostasis in rodents. Kristy M. Heppner, Nilika Chaudhary, Timo D. ... Acylation type determines Ghrelins effects on energy homeostasis in rodents. Endocrinology. 2012 Oct 1;153(10):4687-4695. doi ... However, little is known about the role that the type of FA used for acylation plays in the biological action of ghrelin. We ...
Selective Acylation of Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Glycerol-3- phosphocholine in Water. Synlett , 28 (1) pp. 78-83. 10.1055/s ... Selective Acylation of Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Glycerol-3- phosphocholine in Water. Open access status:. An open access ... prebiotic chemistry, nucleotides, lipids, water, acylation. UCL classification:. UCL. UCL , Provost and Vice Provost Offices. ... Importantly, this reac- tion may indicate a prebiotically plausible reaction pathway for the se- lective acylation of key ...
Acylation of arenes: substitution of an acyl group onto a benzene ring and how to form the electrophile in the mechanism. ... Acylation of benzene refers to the substitution of an acyl group (RCO-) onto a benzene ring. ... Acylation of benzene involves the substitution of an acyl group onto a benzene ring: ...
Đud, Mateja; Briš, Anamarija; Jušinski, Iva; Gracin, Davor; Margetić, Davor (2019) Mechanochemical Friedel-Crafts acylations. ... Friedel-Crafts (FC) acylation reactions were exploited in the preparation of ketone- functionalized aromatics. Environmentally ... It was shown that certain FC-reactive aromatics could be effectively functionalized by FC acylations carried out under ball- ... of the reaction was explored by employment of different aromatic hydrocarbons in conjunction with anhydrides and acylation ...
Acylation Reagents. Fluorinated Anhydrides : TFAA TFAA is an Acylation Reagent for GC Derivatization that is most commonly used ...
Acylation kit. Which is the proper reagent for acylation?. Test kit for determination of the optimum acylation. ...
Find Meaning Of Acylation?. What Is Meaning Of Acylation?. Meaning Of Acylation In English,. The meaning of the term acylation ... The term acylation is studied deeply in the subject of chemistry.. Acylation is generally used to prevent rearrangement ... The difference between acylation and acetylation is that introducing an acyl group to an organic compound is known as acylation ... The most common acylation reaction is a Friedel-Crafts acylation, named after the scientist who discovered it. ...
Regioselective, directed meta acylation of aromatic compounds S. Akai, Peat, A. J. , and Buchwald, S. L. "Regioselective, ... A new method for the directed meta acylation of aromatic compounds is described. This method involves an ortho lithiation ... directed meta acylation of aromatic compounds", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120(36), 9119-9125. ...
The application of 1H13C inversely correlated NMR spectroscopy to the determination of acylation and glycosylation sites in the ... The application of 1H13C inversely correlated NMR spectroscopy to the determination of acylation and glycosylation sites in the ... of 1H13C inversely correlated NMR spectroscopy to the determination of acylation and glycosylation sites in the O-specific ...
Dive into the research topics of Assessment of 6′- and 6′′′-N-acylation of aminoglycosides as a strategy to overcome bacterial ... Assessment of 6′- and 6′′′-N-acylation of aminoglycosides as a strategy to overcome bacterial resistance. ...
... a novel site of S-acylation on histone H3.2. This newly discovered modification of histone H3 variants could have implications ... Bioorthogonal Chemical Reporters Reveal Fatty-Acylation of Histone H3 Variants and Cholesterol Modification of Proteins and ... Wilson, John P., "Bioorthogonal Chemical Reporters Reveal Fatty-Acylation of Histone H3 Variants and Cholesterol Modification ... lipids, cholesterol, lipid-modified proteins, histone H3 variants, fatty-acylation, az-chol ...
Chua, Lee Suan and Sarmidi, Mohamad Roji (2005) Enzymatic enantioselective acylation of sterically aromatic secondary alcohol. ...
Acylation. Aniline reacts with carboxylic acids[1] or more readily with acyl chlorides such as acetyl chloride to give amides. ...
The catalytic behaviour of hierarchical BEA zeolites with Si/Al ratio of 12.5 and 32 was studied in Friedel-Crafts acylation ... Zooming in with QSPR on Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions over modified BEA zeolites Aleixo, O; Elvas-Leitao, R; Martins, F; ... Exploring the Effect of Hierarchical Porosity in BEA Zeolite in Friedel-Crafts Acylation of Furan and Benzofuran Nunes, N; ... The catalytic behaviour of hierarchical BEA zeolites with Si/Al ratio of 12.5 and 32 was studied in Friedel-Crafts acylation ...
Dynamics of CLIMP-63 S-acylation control ER morphology. P. A. Sandoz; R. A. Denhardt-Eriksson; L. Abrami; L. A. Abriata; G. ...
Polymyxin B Resistance in El Tor Vibrio cholerae Requires Lipid Acylation Catalyzed by MsbB Article (Web of Science) ...
So with acylation, you dont get rearrangement. But you need one equivalent, not just a catalytic amount, of aluminum ... Or you could use the Friedel-Crafts acylation and make a ketone, or alkylation and make an alkyl compound- as long as it ... Chapter 1. Discovery of Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Acylation [00:00:00]. Professor J. Michael McBride: OK, so were ... How about if you wanted to make acylation? There, you dont get rearrangement. Why not? Because when youre making this cation ...
  • Wilkinson, B 2013, ' 1-(Acyloxy)benzotriazoles: useful reagents for the regioselective acylation of diols ', Australian Journal of Chemistry , vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 910 - 912. (monash.edu)
  • The scope of the reaction was explored by employment of different aromatic hydrocarbons in conjunction with anhydrides and acylation reagents. (irb.hr)
  • Different derivatization reagents in a kit for development of a suitable derivatization method (acylation). (mn-net.com)
  • Protein acylation is the post-translational modification of proteins via the attachment of functional groups through acyl linkages. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein acylation has been observed as a mechanism controlling biological signaling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Different types of fatty acids engage in global protein acylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, researchers have used two assays to monitor protein acylation. (news-medical.net)
  • Further, this research has also shown that following synthesis, acylation of the S protein takes place in the ER by ZDHHC20. (news-medical.net)
  • Cerulenin, an inhibitor of protein acylation, selectively attenuates nutrient stimulation of insulin release: a study in rat pancreatic islets. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Because protein acylation might be a sequel of cytosolic long-chain acyl-CoA accumulation, we examined if this reaction is engaged in nutrient stimulation of insulin release, using cerulenin, an inhibitor of protein acylation. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The finding is consistent with a prominent role of protein acylation in the process of beta-cell nutrient sensing. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Acylation-stimulating protein (ASP) acts as a paracrine signal to increase triglyceride synthesis in adipocytes. (escholarship.org)
  • This study aimed to develop a method for protein fatty acylation research. (growkudos.com)
  • It's intended for detection of gross changes in protein acylation profile through gas liquid chromatography-based analysis. (growkudos.com)
  • This study investigated variations in the potent lipogenic factor acylation-stimulating protein (ASP), and examined its association with hormonal and lipid profile alterations across the menstrual cycle. (elsevierpure.com)
  • S-acylation is a common post-translational modification of membrane protein cysteine residues with many regulatory roles. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • S-acylation adjacent to transmembrane domains has been described in the literature as affecting diverse protein properties including turnover, trafficking and microdomain partitioning. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • For example, Friedel-Crafts acylation uses acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) as the agent and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as a catalyst to add an acetyl group to benzene: This reaction is an example of electrophilic aromatic substitution. (wikipedia.org)
  • An iron(III) chloride hexahydrate-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene derivatives in tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids (TAAILs) has been developed. (beilstein-journals.org)
  • The Friedel-Crafts acylation is one of the oldest metal-catalyzed reactions in organic chemistry [1] and allows for the synthesis of a broad range of diverse compounds [2-5] . (beilstein-journals.org)
  • In this contribution, we present the use of imidazolium-based tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids (TAAILs) in a catalytic Friedel-Crafts acylation. (beilstein-journals.org)
  • The most common acylation reaction is a Friedel-Crafts acylation, named after the scientist who discovered it. (whatismeaningof.com)
  • The Friedel crafts alkylation generally gives polyalkylated products, so the Friedel crafts acylation is a valuable alternative. (whatismeaningof.com)
  • You can also state the example as, Friedel-Crafts acylation utilizes acetyl chloride (ethanoyl chloride), CH3COCL, as the medium and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as an activator to substitute an ethanoyl (acetyl) group to benzene. (whatismeaningof.com)
  • The catalytic behaviour of hierarchical BEA zeolites with Si/Al ratio of 12.5 and 32 was studied in Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions using furan, anisole and pyrrole as substrates and acetic anhydride as acylating agent. (ua.pt)
  • The substrate to be acylated and the product include the following: alcohols, esters amines, amides arenes, ketones A particularly common type of acylation is acetylation, the addition of the acetyl group. (wikipedia.org)
  • TFAA is an Acylation Reagent for GC Derivatization that is most commonly used for ECD and reacts with alcholos, amines, and phenols. (aurora-borealis.nl)
  • The significance of the acylation reaction of amines is presented in the literary reference information. (edu.ua)
  • Acylation of benzene refers to the substitution of an acyl group (RCO-) onto a benzene ring. (chemistrystudent.com)
  • Which is the proper reagent for acylation? (gwb.ee)
  • To do this an acylation reaction is performed, then the carbonyl is removed by Clemmensen reduction or a similar process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Importantly, this reac- tion may indicate a prebiotically plausible reaction pathway for the se- lective acylation of key metabolites to facilitate their incorporation into protometabolism. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • In the procedure of acylation , the electrophilic aromatic substitution permits the coalescence of monoacylated products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides. (whatismeaningof.com)
  • In simpler words, you can also define the term acylation as it is an organic chemical reaction used to add an acyl group to a compound. (whatismeaningof.com)
  • The process of acylation can be explained more easily with the help of reaction. (whatismeaningof.com)
  • To determine the optimal conditions for the acylation reaction of AP with the help of AcOH in a pilot plant, the effects of temperature, molar ratio of initial compounds, reaction time on the yield and selectivity of the target product were studied. (neftemir.ru)
  • The study of the acylation reaction was carried out in the temperature range of 120-1600C, the reaction time was 20-50 minutes, the molar ratio of AP:AcOH was within 1:0.5÷3. (neftemir.ru)
  • I've determined that ZnCl2 is a 'good' catalyst for some FC acylations ( a whole day surfing. (sciencemadness.org)
  • Thus, we were in need of an alternative and practical method for the preparation of com- pound A . The use of TFAA (trifluoroacetic anhydride)/H 3 PO 4 as an e ffi cient catalyst system for C-acylation of various aromatic compounds is reported in the literature. (dokumen.tips)
  • A similar C - N bond formation under acidic conditions is not common in the literature and to the best of our knowledge the use of TFAA/H 3 PO 4 for the N-acylation purpose has not been explored earlier. (dokumen.tips)
  • Starting from electron-rich aromatic compounds, acylation is possible by an organic acid chloride/acid anhydride and a Lewis acid [6,7] . (beilstein-journals.org)
  • A new method for the directed meta acylation of aromatic compounds is described. (mit.edu)
  • One prominent type is fatty acylation, the addition of fatty acids to particular amino acids (e.g. myristoylation, palmitoylation or palmitoleoylation). (wikipedia.org)
  • Palmitoleoylation is an acylation type where the monounsaturated fatty acid palmitoleic acid is covalently attached to serine or threonine residues of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Histones H3.1, H3.2 and H3.3 were demonstrated to be modified with fatty acid chemical reporters on the conserved cysteine 110, a novel site of S-acylation on histone H3.2. (rockefeller.edu)
  • Wilson, John P., "Bioorthogonal Chemical Reporters Reveal Fatty-Acylation of Histone H3 Variants and Cholesterol Modification of Proteins and Trafficking in Cells" (2011). (rockefeller.edu)
  • It may be related to changes in fatty acylation of platelet structural proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Scientists have reported that in viruses such as SARS-CoV-1 and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), both S and E proteins undergo S-acylation. (news-medical.net)
  • S-acylation is regarded as a hallmark of viral envelope proteins. (news-medical.net)
  • It has also characterized Spike acylation and has also identified other acylated viral proteins and host enzymes involved in the process of infection. (news-medical.net)
  • Researchers have also studied how S-acylation modifies the turnover rate of proteins. (news-medical.net)
  • This suggests that ERECTA S-acylation occurred when ERECTA emerged during the evolution of angiosperms and may have contributed to the neo-functionalisation of ERECTA from ERECTA-like proteins. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • While studying the importance of these cysteine residues, researchers found that these are targets of S-acylation and lipidation of those closest to the membrane required to bring the distal cysteines closer to the membrane, making it more accessible to the ZDHHC active site. (news-medical.net)
  • This suggests that S-acylation of receptor-like kinases at this site is likely the result of chance mutation leading to cysteine occurrence. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • As transmembrane domains followed by cysteine residues are common motifs for S-acylation to occur, and many S-acyl transferases appear to have lax substrate specificity, we propose that many receptor-like kinases are fortuitously S-acylated once chance mutation has introduced a cysteine at this site. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • Pays, E. / A role for the dynamic acylation of a cluster of cysteine residues in regulating the activity of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol- specific phospholipase C of Trypanosoma brucei . (itg.be)
  • N-glycosylation, also occur on their luminal domains and S-acylation on the cytosolic domains. (news-medical.net)
  • They also show diversified specificity for substrates and reactions under anhydrous conditions to synthesize new molecules by esterification, alcoholysis, transesterification and acylation. (novozymes.com)
  • In chemistry, acylation is a broad class of chemical reactions in which an acyl group (R−C=O) is added to a substrate. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term acylation is studied deeply in the subject of chemistry. (whatismeaningof.com)
  • The meaning of the term acylation is that it is a process of adding an acyl group to a compound. (whatismeaningof.com)
  • Their ability to catalyze the acylation of ethanol with acetic anhydride at 303K has been proven. (niscpr.res.in)
  • Determining the theoretical optimal conditions for the acylation of para-(1-methylcyclohexyl) phenol with acetic acid creates the basis for evaluating the prospects of this process. (neftemir.ru)
  • For the carring out the acylation process, para-(1-methylcyclohexyl) phenol (AP) and acetic acid (AcOH) were used as a feedstock. (neftemir.ru)
  • Acylation can be used to prevent rearrangement reactions that would normally occur in alkylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • S-acylation controls SARS-CoV-2 membrane lipid organization and enhances infectivity. (news-medical.net)
  • Test kit for determination of the optimum acylation. (gwb.ee)
  • The authors have developed an approach to the synthesis of a number of N-acylated amino-9,10-anthraquinones, which is based on the use of a new acylation system consisting of a strong organic acid and ammonium thiocyanate. (edu.ua)
  • However, little is known about the role that the type of FA used for acylation plays in the biological action of ghrelin. (uni-luebeck.de)
  • A new study published on the bioRxiv * server focuses on the role of S-acylation in the SARS-CoV-2 infection cycle. (news-medical.net)
  • Here we examine the role of S-acylation adjacent to the transmembrane domain of the plant pathogen perceiving receptor-like kinase FLS2. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • Interestingly some receptor-like kinases show conservation of S-acylation sites between orthologues suggesting that S-acylation has come to play a role and has been positively selected for during evolution. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • The MSA format therefore allows direct and real-time fluorescence-based measurement of acylation and represents a powerful alternative technique in the study of N-lipidation. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • It was shown that certain FC-reactive aromatics could be effectively functionalized by FC acylations carried out under ball-milling conditions without the presence of a solvent. (irb.hr)
  • Expanding this analysis to the wider plant receptor-like kinase family we find that S-acylation adjacent to receptor-like kinase domains is common, affecting ~25% of Arabidopsis receptor-like kinases, but poorly conserved between orthologues through evolution. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • Thereby, this research shows acylation is vital for efficient Spike biogenesis. (news-medical.net)
  • Additionally, we found that acylation of ghrelin with a long-chain FA (C16) delays the acute central stimulation of food intake. (uni-luebeck.de)
  • Lastly, we found that, depending on acylation length, systemic and central chronic actions of ghrelin on adiposity can be enhanced or reduced. (uni-luebeck.de)
  • A highly enantioselective acylation of silyl ketene acetals with acyl fluorides was developed to generate useful α,α-disubstituted butyrolactone products in high yield and excellent enantioselectivities. (harvard.edu)