Quantitative analysis of methacycline hydrochloride by direct potentiometry using the internal solid contact sensor.
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An internal solid contact sensor (ISCS) for the determination of methacycline hydrochloride (MC.Cl), Pt/PPy/PVC(MC-PT), is described, based on the use of conducting poly(pyrrole) (PPy) as solid contact material and MC-phosphotungstate (PT) as the ion exchanger and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as the plasticizer. A direct potentiometric method for the quantitative analysis of MC.Cl is also described. Under the condition of pH 2.7, the linear concentration range, slope (25 degrees C) and detection limit of the sensor are 6.4 x 1.0(-6) - 3.0 x 1.0(-3) M, 52.4 +/- 0.2 mV/decade and 4.4 x 1.0(-6) M, respectively. The response time is <5 s. The determinations of MC.Cl in tablets were carried out by direct potentiometry. The average recovery and relative standard deviation are 100.1 and 0.7% (n = 4), respectively. (+info)
Spontaneous rhabdomyosarcoma in a young Sprague-Dawley rat.
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Comparison of pre-stain suspension liquids in the contrasting ability of neutralized potassium phosphotungstate for negative staining of bacteria.
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Image contrast of whole bacteria was compared in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli depending on pre-stain suspension liquids by energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy. The two bacterial strains were suspended in three most commonly used liquids for negative staining (triple distilled water [DW], phosphate-buffered saline [PBS], and nutrient broth [NB]) and directly observed without staining or stained with neutralized potassium phosphotungstate (PTA), respectively. Even though in low contrast, unstained bacteria were observed owing to their inherent electron density and cell shape in zero-loss (elastic scattering) images. After being suspended in PBS, unstained bacteria appeared to have higher contrast and more refined periphery than DW-suspended ones, and extracellular appendage structures such as fimbriae and flagella could be discerned. The unstained bacteria appeared to be invariably surrounded with electron-lucent precipitates, possibly from PBS. As far as delineation of the structures, the combination of DW or PBS suspension with subsequent staining provided the most satisfactory results, as evidenced by high contrast of bacterial morphology and appendage structures. However, after being suspended in NB and stained with PTA, bacteria often had too high contrast or poor staining, with electrondense aggregates around the bacteria. These results suggest that suspension with concentrated organic aliquots including broth media before PTA staining could deteriorate image contrast, and should be used only in dilute form for visualizing bacterial morphology and appendage structures. moreover the contrast enhancement of unstained bacteria by salt granules would be advantageous in demonstrating bacterial sorption of environmental particles like heavy metals, maintaining minimal contrast for cell imaging. (+info)
Oxidative cleavage with hydrogen peroxide: preparation of polycarboxylic acids from cyclic olefins.
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Oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds of cyclic olefins with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of heteropolyacids has been investigated as a clean and environmentally friendly preparation of polycarboxylic acids. In the presence of 12-tungstophospholic acid (H(3)PW(12)O(40)), adipic acid was obtained in 95% yield from cyclohexene in lipophilic phase and hydrogen peroxide in aqueous phase. In addition, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid was also obtained in 87% yield from 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophtharic acid anhydride, while endic acid anhydride did not afford corresponding 2,3,6-cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid but only lactone compound was obtained. In this oxidation process, oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds would proceed as the sequential reactions in which the rate determining step is oxidative cleavage of vicinal-diol compounds. (+info)
Cholesterol determination in high-density lipoproteins separated by three different methods.
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We describe a simplified method for measuring high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum after very-low- and low-density lipoproteins have been precipitated from the specimen with sodium phosphotungstate and Mg2+. Values so obtained correlate well with values obtained with the heparin-Mn2+ precipitation technique (r = 0.95, CV less than 5% in 66% of the subjects studied and between 5 and 10% in the remaining ones) or by ultracentrifugal separation (r = 0.82, CV less than 5% in 80% of the subjects studied and between 5 and 10% in the remaining ones). Our precipitation technique is more appropriate for routine clinical laboratory use. (+info)
Phosphotungstic acid: an efficient, cost-effective and recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of polysubstituted quinolines.
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11-Tungstophosphate with iron(II) and hydrogen peroxide efficiently detached bacterial biofilm.
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An attempt was made to detach bacterial biofilm, formed by Staphylococcus epidermidis, by using hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and tungsten compounds. When iron(II) (Fe(2+)) was mixed with undecatungstophosphate ([PW(11)O(39)](7-)) and then H(2)O(2), the resulting mixture was able to totally remove the biofilm probably because of co-generation of (1)O(2) and .OH. A mixture of undecatungstosilicate ([SiW(11)O(39)](8-)) and Fe(2+) (or Cu(2+)) also gave a good result, but their catalytic activities for producing .OH (or (1)O(2)) were rather weak. An electron microscopic study showed that almost nothing was visible on the surface of a biofilm-coated glass after treatment with 1mM [PW(11)O(39)](7-)+1 mM Fe(2+) and 500 mM H(2)O(2) (incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees C). (+info)