Prostaglandin E receptor subtypes in smooth muscle: agonist activities of stable prostacyclin analogues.
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The agonist activities of a range of prostaglandin analogues on smooth muscle preparations sensitive to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been investigated. When necessary thromboxane-like activity was eliminated using the thromboxane receptor antagonists EP 045 and EP 092. On the bullock iris sphincter, rat stomach fundus and guinea-pig trachea, (+/-) omega-tetranor-16-p-chlorophenoxy PGE2 (ICI 80205) and 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 were more active contractile agents than PGE2, whereas for relaxant activity on the cat trachea, guinea-pig trachea and dog hind limb arterial vessels in vivo the order of potency was reversed. 11-Deoxy PGE1 exhibited greater relaxant than contractile activity when compared to PGE2. Iloprost and 6a-carba-delta 6,6aPGI1 (potent mimetics of PGI2) showed high contractile activity on the PGE-sensitive preparations. PGI2 was less active and another potent PGI2 mimetic, ZK 96480, showed only very weak activity. When tested, the dibenzoxazepines SC 19220 and SC 25191 blocked the contractile actions of iloprost and 6a-carba-delta 6,6aPGI1 and those of PGE2 and 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 to similar extents. Each of the PGI2 analogues showed weak activity on the relaxant systems. On the proximal portion of the ascending colon of the rat, PGI2, iloprost, 6a-carba-delta 6,6aPGI1 and ZK 96480 always inhibited spontaneous activity at nanomolar concentrations. PGE2 and PGE1 showed weak contractile activity. The distal portion of the ascending colon was more responsive to the contractile action of PGE analogues: both iloprost and 6a-carba-delta 6,6aPGI1 showed evidence of contractile activity, whereas PGI2 and ZK 96480 always inhibited spontaneous activity. Evidence was obtained that the rat stomach fundus also contains a PGF receptor; (+/-) omega-tetranor-16-m-trifluoromethylphenoxy PGF2 alpha (ICI 81008) acted as a specific agonist. PGF2 alpha and its omega-tetranor-16-p-fluorophenoxy analogue produced a higher maximum response that ICI 81008 probably due to their additional agonist action at the PGE receptor. The data support the hypothesis that there are two subtypes of the PGE receptor. ZK 96480 has minimal activity on both receptor subtypes and appears to be a highly specific PGI2 mimetic. (+info)
Ocular surface evaluation in patients treated with a fixed combination of prostaglandin analogues with 0.5% timolol maleate topical monotherapy: a randomized clinical trial.
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Effects of endogenous and synthetic prostanoids, the thromboxane A2 receptor agonist U-46619 and arachidonic acid on [3H]-noradrenaline release and vascular tone in rat isolated kidney.
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1. Rat kidneys were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution and the perfusion pressure was monitored. After incubation with [3H]-noradrenaline the renal nerves were stimulated. The stimulation-induced (S-I) outflow of radioactivity was taken as an index of noradrenaline release. The effect of prostaglandins on perfusion pressure, pressor responses to renal nerve stimulation (RNS) and S-I outflow of radioactivity was assessed. 2. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 0.06 and 0.6 microM), PGF2 alpha (0.6 microM), PGI2 (0.6 and 3 microM) and iloprost (0.6 microM) increased perfusion pressure and enhanced pressor responses to RNS. These facilitatory effects of the prostaglandins were not a result of an enhanced transmitter release. In contrast, PGE2 dose-dependently inhibited, whereas the other prostaglandins failed to modulate S-I outflow of radioactivity. PGE2 (0.6 microM) also enhanced pressor responses to exogenous noradrenaline. 3. Arachidonic acid (1 microM) increased perfusion pressure and enhanced pressor responses to RNS. These effects were abolished in the presence of indomethacin (10 microM) suggesting that local production of prostaglandins from exogenous arachidonic acid was responsible for this facilitation. However, arachidonic acid (1 microM) did not modulate S-I outflow of radioactivity. Arachidonic acid (10 microM), despite causing a marked increase in perfusion pressure, failed to alter pressor responses to RNS and only slightly inhibited S-I outflow of radioactivity. 4. The thromboxane A2 (TxA2) receptor agonist U-46619 (0.1 microM) increased vascular tone and enhanced pressor responses to RNS. These effects were blocked by the newly developed selective TxA2 receptor antagonist, daltroban (BM 13505; 3 microM), suggesting that these facilitatory effects of U-46619 were due to activation of TxA2 receptors. However, U-46619 failed to alter the S-I outflow of radioactivity from rat isolated kidney. 5. The alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine (1 microM) also increased perfusion pressure and enhanced pressor responses to RNS without affecting the S-I outflow of radioactivity in the presence of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin (10 microM). 6. The results suggest that PGE2 modulates noradrenaline release through an inhibitory prejunctional receptor mechanism. There is no evidence for prejunctional PGF2 alpha, PGI2 or TxA2 receptors in the rat isolated kidney. All prostaglandins increased vascular tone in the rat isolated kidney and this alone may provide a condition for enhanced pressor responses to RNS since methoxamine also enhanced pressor responses to RNS without affecting S-I outflow of radioactivity. It is probable that postjunctionally active PGF2 and PGI2 is formed locally from exogenous arachidonic acid, but not enough prejunctionally active PGE2 is synthesized to modulate renal transmitter release. (+info)