Stability of cough linctus (streptol) formulated from named medicinal plant extracts.
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Extracts of named medicinal herbs (Garcinia kola, Zingiber oificinale, Aframonum melequeta and Ocimum viride) were formulated into an antitussive preparation to alleviate cough. Some physical properties of the cough syrup formulation evaluated were: specific gravity, pH, viscosity, content uniformity, and shelf life. The specific gravity and viscosity of the formulations were stable on storage, with glycerin-based formulations having higher values. The pH of the formulation varied from 4.2 to 5.3 and was also stable on storage. Glycerin-based formulations had lower pH values. The total flavonoids content of Streptol was calculated based on GB1 and found to be 46 mg. The estimated shelf life of the Streptol cough syrup was 4.5 years. (+info)
Estimation of prepractice hydration status of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes.
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Antagonistic effects of atipamezole and yohimbine on medetomidine-induced diuresis in healthy dogs.
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This study aimed to investigate and compare the antagonistic effects of atipamezole and yohimbine on medetomidine-induced diuresis in healthy dogs. Five dogs were used repeatedly in each of 8 groups. One group was not medicated. Dogs in the other groups received 20 microg/kg of medetomidine intramuscularly and, 0.5 h later, saline (as the control injection), 50, 100, or 300 microg/kg of atipamezole, or 50, 100, or 300 microg/kg of yohimbine intramuscularly. Urine and blood samples were taken 11 times over 24 h for measurement of the following: urine volume, specific gravity, and creatinine concentration; urine and plasma osmolality; urine and plasma concentrations of electrolytes and arginine vasopressin (AVP); and the plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Both atipamezole and yohimbine antagonized the diuretic effect of medetomidine, inhibiting medetomidine-induced decreases in urine specific gravity, osmolality, and concentrations of creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, and AVP and reversing both the medetomidine-induced increase in plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride and the medetomidine-induced decrease in the plasma AVP concentration. Atipamezole significantly stimulated ANP release. The antidiuretic action of yohimbine was more potent than that of atipamezole but was not dose-dependent, in contrast to the action of atipamezole. The effects of these drugs may not be due only to actions mediated by alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. (+info)
Male ironman triathletes lose skeletal muscle mass.
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We investigated whether male triathletes in an Ironman triathlon lose body mass in the form of fat mass or skeletal muscle mass in a field study at the Ironman Switzerland in 27 male Caucasian non-professional Ironman triathletes. Pre- and post-race body mass, fat mass and skeletal muscle mass were determined. In addition, total body water, hematological and urinary parameters were measured in order to quantify hydration status. Body mass decreased by 1.8 kg (p< 0.05), skeletal muscle decreased by 1.0 kg (p< 0.05) whereas fat mass showed no changes. Urinary specific gravity, plasma urea and plasma volume increased (p< 0.05). Pre- to post-race change (Delta) in body mass was not associated with ? skeletal muscle mass. Additionally, there was no association between Delta plasma urea and Delta skeletal muscle mass; Delta plasma volume was not associated with Delta total body water (p< 0.05). We concluded that male triathletes in an Ironman triathlon lose 1.8 kg of body mass and 1 kg of skeletal muscle mass, presumably due to a depletion of intramyocellular stored glycogen and lipids. (+info)
The applicability of urinary creatinine as a method of specimen normalization in the cystic fibrosis population.
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Validation of urine density correction in cases of hippuric acid and un-metabolized toluene in urine of workers exposed to toluene.
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To investigate if it is appropriate to apply urine density correction when a urine sample is dense or dilute. Data on hippuric acid (HA-U), toluene (Tol-U), creatinine (CR) and specific gravity (SG) in end-of-shift urine samples and exposure to air-borne toluene were cited from previous publications. In practice, 837 cases were available, and they were classified into dense, intermediate and dilute groups taking 0.3 and 3.0 g/l of CR and 1.010 and 1.030 of SG as cut-off points. Lines of regression of HA-U and Tol-U (as observed, CR-corrected or SG-corrected) with air-borne toluene were calculated for each density groups, and correlation coefficients (CCs) were compared. The dense groups gave CCs similar to those of the intermediate groups. Dilute versus intermediate group comparison also gave promising results. These conclusions were however based primarily on the findings with observed values, because the numbers of cases in the dilute or dense group were limited when CR- or SG-correction was applied. Literature survey showed that urine density correction does not always improve the correlation between solvents in air and exposure makers in urine. It was concluded that no correction for urine density may be necessary in evaluating HA-U and Tol-U in dense (and probably also dilute) urine samples as markers of occupational toluene exposure. Just in case when correction for urine density is desired for any reason, SG-correction may be recommended. (+info)