Antietam: aspects of medicine, nursing and the civil war.
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Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia met the Army of the Potomac under George B. McClellan at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland on September 17, 1862. Before the day was done, nearly 23,000 men were killed, wounded, or missing, memorializing Antietam as the bloodiest single day in American military history. Dr. Jonathan Letterman, the Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac, Clara Barton, the "Angel of the Battlefield," and Dr. Hunter McGuire, Chief Surgeon to and Medical Director of General Stonewall Jackson's Corps, were among the nursing and medical personnel engaged on that historic day. These three individuals provided medical and nursing care to the casualties at Antietam (and other Civil War battles), but perhaps more importantly, developed systems of casualty management that brought order and humanity to the battlefield. These models of care continue today in modern military medicine. (+info)
Basal and suppressed salivary cortisol in female Vietnam nurse veterans with and without PTSD.
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"Alert to the necessities of the emergency": U.S. nursing during the 1918 influenza pandemic.
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In 1918, excellent nursing care was the primary treatment for influenza. The disease was not well understood, and there were no antiviral medications to inhibit its progression or antibiotics to treat the complicating pneumonia that often followed. The social, cultural, and scientific context of the times shaped the profession's response. The Great War created a severe civilian nursing shortage: 9,000 trained white nurses were sent overseas and thousands more were assigned to U.S. military camps. The shortage was intensified because the nursing profession failed to fully utilize African American nurses in the war effort, and refused to use nurses' aides in the European theater. Counterbalancing these problems, excellent nurse leaders, advanced preparations for a domestic emergency, infrastructure provided by the National Organization for Public Health Nurses and the Red Cross Town and Country Nurses, and a nationwide spirit of volunteerism enhanced the profession's ability to respond effectively to the emergency on the home front. (+info)
Determinants of burnout in acute and critical care military nursing personnel: a cross-sectional study from Peru.
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