Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus.
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BACKGROUND: Intracranial haemorrhage accounts for 30-60 % of all stroke admissions into a hospital, with hypertension being the main risk factor. Presence of intraventricular haematoma is considered a poor prognostic factor due to the resultant obstruction to CSF and the mass effect following the presence of blood resulting in raised intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus. We report the results following endoscopic decompression of obstructive hydrocephalus and evacuation of haematoma in patients with hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage. METHODS: During a two year period, 25 patients diagnosed as having an intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to hypertension were included in this study. All patients underwent endoscopic evacuation of the haematoma under general anaesthesia. Post operative evaluation was done by CT scan and Glasgow outcome scale. RESULTS: Of the 25 patients, thalamic haemorrhage was observed in 12 (48%) patients, while, 11 (44%) had a putaminal haematoma. Nine (36%) patients had a GCS of 8 or less pre-operatively. Resolution of hydrocephalus following endoscopic evacuation was observed in 24 (96%) patients. No complications directly related to the surgical technique were encountered in our study. At six months follow-up, a mortality rate of 6.3% and 55.5% was observed in patients with a pre-operative GCS of > or = 9 and < or = 8 respectively. Thirteen of the 16 (81.3%) patients with a pre-operative GCS >/= 9 had good recovery. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic technique offers encouraging results in relieving hydrocephalus in hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage. Final outcome is better in patient with a pre-operative GCS of >9. Future improvements in instrumentation and surgical techniques, with careful case selection may help improve outcome in these patients. (+info)
A female neonate was the first child of a 30-year-old mother, with unremarkable medical history. Prenatal ultrasonography performed at 36 weeks of gestation suggested intracranial mass lesion. The baby was delivered by cesarean section at 41 weeks of gestation because of bradycardia and asphyxia. The birth weight, height, and head circumference were within the normal ranges with soft fontanels. Congenital anomaly was not observed with normal neurological findings. She was referred to our department at age 5 months. Physical examination revealed normal developmental milestones and intact endocrinological function without macrocephaly. Cerebral magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed a unilocular huge cyst appearing as homogeneously hypointense on T(1)- and hyperintense on T(2)-weighted images, and extending into the basal, suprasellar, ambient, quadrigeminal, interpeduncular, prepontine, right cerebellopontine angle, and premedullary cisterns. The pituitary stalk was markedly stretched and displaced ventrally, and the brainstem was displaced dorsally by the cyst. No other brain anomalies, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, or ventriculomegaly were recognized. Neuroendoscopic cystocisternostomy was performed to form a communication between the cyst cavity and premedullary cistern. Pressurized watery fluid was released on puncturing the cyst wall which consisted of transparent membrane. Surveillance MR imaging at 2 and 9 months after the surgery revealed remarkable regression without regrowth of the cyst. She remained in good condition and showed normal development during the follow up for 1 year 9 months. Less invasive prophylactic surgery using the neuroendoscope may be beneficial for carefully selected cases of asymptomatic neonatal arachnoid cysts. (+info)
Influence of an increased intracranial pressure on cerebral and systemic haemodynamics during endoscopic neurosurgery: an animal model.
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Effectiveness of spinal endoscopic adhesiolysis in post lumbar surgery syndrome: a systematic review.
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BACKGROUND: Post lumbar surgery syndrome with persistent chronic low back and lower extremity pain is common in the United States. Epidural fibrosis may account for as much as 20% to 36% of all cases of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). Percutaneous adhesiolysis with a catheter or direct visualization of the spinal canal and the contents with an endoscope are techniques employed in resistant cases when patients fail to respond to conservative modalities of treatment, including fluoroscopically directed epidural injections. Some patients failing to respond to percutaneous adhesiolysis are candidates for spinal endoscopic adhesiolysis. However, literature evaluating the effectiveness of spinal endoscopic adhesiolysis is sparse and discussions continue about its effectiveness, utility, and complications. STUDY DESIGN: A systematic review of the available literature. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of spinal endoscopic adhesiolysis in the management of chronic low back and lower extremity pain in post surgical patients with chronic recalcitrant pain, non-responsive to conservative modalities of management and fluoroscopically directed epidural injections. METHODS: A search of relevant resources (PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database) was accomplished and the resulting publications were examined based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria set forth. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies were included in the search. Two reviewers assessed the studies' methodologies and outcomes. Randomized clinical trials were assessed and scored based on the criteria established by the Cochrane methodological assessment criteria of randomized clinical trials and the observational studies were assessed and scored based on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) criteria. Clinical relevance was evaluated utilizing Cochrane review criteria. Analysis was conducted using 5 levels of evidence, ranging from Level I to III, with 3 subcategories in Level II. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was pain relief (> or = 50%) in follow-up for at least 6 months. Pain relief for longer than 6 months was considered long-term and 6 months or less was considered short-term. The secondary outcome measures were functional and psychological status, return to work, patient satisfaction, and opioid intake. RESULTS: Of the 13 studies considered for inclusion, one randomized trial and 5 observational studies met inclusion criteria for evidence synthesis based on the inclusion criteria and methodologic quality scores of 50 or more. The indicated level of evidence for endoscopic adhesiolysis is Level II-1 or II-2 evidence for short- and long-term relief based on the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) criteria. LIMITATIONS: There was a paucity of literature for randomized trials. CONCLUSION: Spinal endoscopic adhesiolysis may be used as an effective treatment modality for chronic refractory low back pain and radiculopathy that is related to epidural adhesions. (+info)
Endoscopic treatment of trans-sellar trans-sphenoidal encephalocele associated with morning glory syndrome presenting with non-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.
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Basal encephaloceles are rare, accounting for about 1.5% of all encephaloceles. The trans-sellar trans-sphenoidal encephalocele variety is the rarest. Morning glory syndrome is often associated with basal encephalocele. Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrheas are the least common of these, accounting for only 3% to 5% of all CSF rhinorrheas. The authors describe the outcome of a 10-year follow-up study of a 26-year-old male patient with a spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea occurring trans-sphenoidal encephalocele associated with bilateral morning glory syndrome that was treated with an endoscopic endonasal approach. Endoscopic exploration of the sella floor was performed and closed with abdomen fat packing and muscle fascia. The postoperative course was uneventful. A follow-up magnetic resonance (MR) image at 6 months postoperatively showed extension of encephalocele in the sphenoidal sinus, which was repaired. The patient had no further CSF rhinorrhea and showed no ophthalmologic changes over a follow-up period of over 10 years. Ophthalmologic findings such as strabismus, in association with anomalies of the optic nerve, should alert the physician to the possible presence of an unrecognized skull base midline defect and encephalocele before CSF leakage is seen. The authors believe that a surgeon who has equal confidence in performing the endoscopic endonasal and conventional microscopic trans-sphenoidal approaches should choose the less invasive surgery. (+info)
Incidence and pattern of intraoperative hemodynamic response to endoscopic third ventriculostomy.
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Perioperative complications of intraventricular neuroendoscopy: a 7-year experience.
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AIM: Despite being a minimally invasive procedure, serious perioperative complications are reported during neuroendoscopy, largely generated by its unique surgical maneuvers. We report here the complications of elective neuroendoscopic surgery for the treatment of hydrocephalus and other intraventricular pathology in 298 patients over a 7-year period at our institute. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The complication rate was determined by recording intraoperative hemodynamic variables, core temperature, bleeding episodes, time to arouse from anesthesia, serum electrolytes and neurological deterioration in the immediate postoperative period. RESULTS: Intraoperative complications included hemodynamic alterations in the form of tachycardia (57 patients, 20.1%), bradycardia (35 patients, 12.4%) and hypertension. Bleeding episodes were major in 4 patients (1.4%) and minor in 32 patients (11.3%). Hypothermia occurred in 12 patients (4.2 %), delayed awakening in 3 patients (1.1%) and electrolyte imbalance in 3 patients (1.1%). Postoperatively, 2 patients each had convulsions, anisocoria and evidence of 3rd cranial nerve injury. Mortality from observed complications was 1.1% (3 patients). CONCLUSION: Complications during neuroendoscopy may adversely affect its perioperative outcome. Anticipation of these complications in relation to the different surgical maneuvers, their prompt detection by close perioperative monitoring and coordinated efforts of the anesthetist and surgeon in treating them can help minimise the risks associated with neuroendoscopic procedures. (+info)
Treatment of colloid cysts of the third ventricle through neuroendoscopic Nd: YAG laser stereotaxis.
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