Forensic medical examination of victims of trafficking in human beings.
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Trafficking in human beigns (THB) is recognized as a global public health issue as well as a violation of human rights. Trafficking has been identified to be associated with several health risks including psychological trauma, injuries from violence, and substance misuse. Public and media reports suggest that the morbidity and mortality associated with trafficking are substantial. The need of medico-legal healthcare for THB victims is being neglected. Forensic medical examination, as specific intervention, is a highly desirable element of ermegency health care provided for victims of tracking. Acting in such a way, the investigation should establish the facts related to the allegatation of trafficking, thereby assisting in identifying those responsible, but also contributing to the procedures designed to obtain redress for the victims. Local anti-trafficking policies and interventions, however, have not acknowledged these needs. Therefore, the agenda of anti-trafficking policies needs to be redrawn to include forensic medical assessment of victims for legal purposes. (+info)
Age estimation in the Mediterranean bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus (Montagu 1821) by bone density of the thoracic limb.
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The determination of age is an important step in defining the life history traits of individuals and populations. Age determination of odontocetes is mainly based on counting annual growth layer groups in the teeth. However, this useful method is always invasive, requiring the cutting of at least one tooth, and sometimes the results are difficult to interpret. Based on the concept that bone matrix is constantly deposited throughout life, we analysed the bone mineral density of the arm and forearm of a series of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821) stranded along the Italian coast of the Adriatic Sea or maintained in confined waters. The bone mineral density values we obtained were evaluated as possible age predictors of the Mediterranean population of this species, considering age as determined by counting growth layer groups in sections of the teeth and the total body length of the animal as references. Comparisons between left and right flipper showed no difference. Our results show that bone mineral density values of the thoracic limb are indeed reliable age predictors in Tursiops truncatus. Further investigations in additional odontocete species are necessary to provide strong evidence of the reliability of bone mineral density as an indicator of growth and chronological wear and tear in toothed-whales. (+info)
Skeletal immaturity in Perthes' disease.
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Skeletal age was estimated by examination of radiographs of the carpus in 182 children suffering from Perthes' disease after the reliability of the Greulich and Pyle Atlas had been checked for a control group of British children. A striking tendency to delayed skeletal maturation was shown in the children with Perthes' disease. This trait was also found in ninety-three unaffected siblings of the patients. The velocity of skeletal ageing as the disease progressed was estimated. In some patients the carpal skeleton failed to mature at all for periods of up to three years and the term "skeletal standstill" is applied to this phenomenon. The significance of these findings is discussed and it is suggested that the maturation defect may have aetiological significance. (+info)
Variables affecting the probability of complete fusion of the medial clavicular epiphysis.
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In this study, we have combined data on clavicle fusion from different studies and applied a binomial logistic regression analysis. As such, we aimed to assess whether or not variables such as sex, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity influence the probability of having mature, i.e., completely fused clavicles at a given age. We further explored whether the method of clavicle examination, i.e., diagnosis from either a dry bone specimen, an examination of X-rays, or an examination of computed tomography scans, affects the probability of being diagnosed with mature clavicles. It appeared that only ethnicity did not significantly affect this probability. Finally, we illustrated how the logit model may be used to predict the probability of being diagnosed with mature clavicles. (+info)
The effects of a 20-week nutritional insult on the skeletal development of Cebus albifrons during the 1st year of life.
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Using an atlas constructed from records of a group of normal monkeys in the same colony, the effects of a 20-week low-calorie or low-protein nutritional insult on skeletal development were determined. The most significantly retarded sites were the late-forming ossifications (epiphyses, sesamoids, and tuberosites). A general increase in ossification anomalies and in individual variation was evident. The similarity of these findings to studies previously reported for man indicates the utility of nonhuman primate models for the further study of nutritional deficiency. (+info)
New formula to objectively evaluate skeletal maturation using lateral cephalometric radiographs.
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The aim of this study was to establish two new formulas for objectively evaluating skeletal maturation of cervical vertebrae in female and male Brazilian subjects using lateral cephalometric radiographs. The sample included 128 girls and 110 boys, aged 7.0 to 15.9 years, from the files of the Oral Radiology Clinic, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (Unicamp), SP, Brazil. The cervical vertebral bodies of C3 and C4 were traced and measured and regression formulas were developed in order to determine cervical vertebral bone age. Another sample of lateral teleradiographs and hand-wrist radiographs of 55 girls and 54 boys (aged 7.0 to 15.9 years) was used to verify the reliability of the developed regression formulas, as compared with bone age assessed using the Tanner et al.15 (2001) Method (TW3) in hand-wrist radiographs. The analysis of both the boys and girls data (ANOVA) showed no statistical difference between cervical vertebral bone age, bone age, and chronological age, indicating that these formulas can be used in this population (p=0.5721 and p=0.6007 for girls and boys, respectively). Female cervical vertebral bodies of C3 and C4 increased in an accelerated manner from 10 to 13 years. Analysis of the male sample showed that C3 measurements increased in an accelerated manner from 12 to 15 years. The C4 measurements, however, did not increase at all. Using cervical vertebral bone age it is possible to evaluate skeletal maturation objectively in cephalometric radiographs. (+info)
Implications of mutations of activin receptor-like kinase 1 gene (ALK1) in addition to bone morphogenetic protein receptor II gene (BMPR2) in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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BACKGROUND: Mutations of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor II gene (BMPR2), and 1 mutation of the activin receptor-like kinase 1 gene (ALK1) have been reported in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). METHODS AND RESULTS: A genomic study of ALK1 and BMPR2 was conducted in 21 PAH probands under 16 years of age to study the relationship between the clinical features of the patients and these genes. In all 4 familial aggregates of PAH, 3 ALK1 or 1 BMPR2 mutations were identified. Among 17 probands aged between 4 and 14 years with idiopathic PAH, 2 ALK1 mutations (2/17: 11.8%) and 3 BMPR2 mutations (3/17: 17.6%; 5 mutations in total: 5/17: 29.4%) were found. CONCLUSION: Each proband with the ALK1 mutation developed PAH, as did the probands with the BMPR2 mutation. Hence, it is proposed that ALK1 plays as notable a role as BMPR2 in the etiology of PAH. Furthermore, asymptomatic carriers with the ALK1 mutation within the serine - threonine kinase domain are at risk of developing PAH and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, so close follow-up is recommended for those individuals. (+info)
Anastrozole increases predicted adult height of short adolescent males treated with growth hormone: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial for one to three years.
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