DehydrogenaseRiboseFructoseMetabolismEnzymesSucrosePentose sugarsPyruvateEncodesRibuloseFermentationConvertsStrainsEnzymeEthanolEscherichiaOxidativeSynthesisInhibitorGlycogenRecombinantNADPHBiosynthesisCerevisiaeConsumption rateMonosaccharideGeneticsMoleculeMetabolicBiotechnology1961CarbohydratesSubunitStereoisomersLiverFluxRegulationKineticProteinConsistsNaturallyMolecular
Dehydrogenase3
- The pentose phosphate pathway was blocked either by disruption of the GND1 gene, one of the isogenes of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, or by disruption of the ZWF1 gene, which encodes glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. (lu.se)
- Altered activity of the P2 isoform of plastidic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. (mpg.de)
- A genetic aberration in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a pivotal enzyme in the PPP, can disrupt this biochemical harmony, underscoring the pathway's indispensability in cellular metabolism and defense mechanisms. (microbiologynote.com)
Ribose3
- In scientific terms, the PPP is an essential metabolic pathway that functions concurrently with glycolysis , presenting itself as a quintessential player in maintaining cellular homeostasis through its diligent role in generating NADPH, pentoses, and ribose 5-phosphate. (microbiologynote.com)
- The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that produces NADPH, pentoses (5-carbon sugars), and ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
- 1. Ashwell, G. and Hickman, J. Enzymatic formation of xylulose 5-phosphate from ribose 5-phosphate in spleen. (qmul.ac.uk)
Fructose9
- In contrast, l-fructose (a ketohexose) and l-glucose turn linearly polarized light to the left. (wikipedia.org)
- High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a product of maize (corn) that has been processed into a sugar syrup with a higher than normal fructose-glucose ratio. (rationalwiki.org)
- In other countries, particularly those countries where "corn" is a generic term for any cereal crop, HFCS is called " glucose-fructose syrup . (rationalwiki.org)
- This converts some of the glucose into fructose. (rationalwiki.org)
- The result is HFCS 42, which is 42% fructose and 58% glucose (not including the portion that's water). (rationalwiki.org)
- The result is HFCS 90, which is 90% fructose and 10% glucose. (rationalwiki.org)
- Plants use glucose and fructose to synthesize vitamin C. Vitamin C is abundant in plant leaves and in chloroplasts, and it may have a role in photosynthesis, stress resistance, plant growth, and development. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- As yet, feed in the industry relies mainly on glucose and fructose [ 8 ], which also have competing uses in the food industry. (springeropen.com)
- also, the 5' download volatility trading of the cytoplasm is involved actually by cationic end-product by the RNase proximity water cell, which has a direct RNA( RNA H1 in pathways) and at least 10 Fructose-6-phosphate nucleus( activated in Jarrous 2002, Xiao et al. (evakoch.com)
Metabolism6
- In energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- Glucose for metabolism is stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as starch and amylopectin, and in animals as glycogen. (wikipedia.org)
- For the discovery of the metabolism of glucose Otto Meyerhof received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1922. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1947, Bernardo Houssay (for his discovery of the role of the pituitary gland in the metabolism of glucose and the derived carbohydrates) as well as Carl and Gerty Cori (for their discovery of the conversion of glycogen from glucose) received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. (wikipedia.org)
- Expression of a bacterial xylose isomerase in potato tubers results in an altered hexose composition and a consequent induction of metabolism. (mpg.de)
- Embarking on an exploration into cellular metabolism, the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) commands particular attention, not merely for its role in glucose metabolism but also for its crucial involvement in cellular biosynthesis and antioxidant defenses. (microbiologynote.com)
Enzymes4
- This is facilitated by glycolytic enzymes such as the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) which diverts metabolites into PPP [ 6 ]. (degruyter.com)
- An expression cassette containing 13 genes including Clostridium phytofermentans XylA , encoding D-xylose isomerase (XI), and enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway was inserted in two copies in the genome of Ethanol Red. (biomedcentral.com)
- Which of the following enzymes incorporates inorganic phosphate into the substrate? (medquizzes.net)
- protein_coding" "AAC74185","ptsG","Escherichia coli","fused glucose-specific PTS enzymes: IIB component/IIC component [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Sucrose1
- Glucose was discovered in grapes by another German chemist - Johann Tobias Lowitz - in 1792, and distinguished as being different from cane sugar (sucrose). (wikipedia.org)
Pentose sugars2
- Unfortunately, baker's yeast is unable to efficiently metabolize pentose sugars, particularly D-xylose, which accounts for up to 35% of total sugars in xylan-rich lignocellulosic biomass such as hard woods and straw [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- First, hydrolysates made from lignocellulosic sources contain high levels of pentose sugars, particularly xylose, which native S. cerevisiae consumes poorly or not at all [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Pyruvate1
- The AOR/AdhA pathway also converts exogenously added aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids to the corresponding alcohol using glucose, pyruvate, and/or hydrogen as the source of reductant. (brenda-enzymes.info)
Encodes1
- Neither aldohexuronic acid supported growth of C. glutamicum as sole or combined carbon source, although its genome encodes a putative uronate isomerase sharing 28% identical amino acids with UxaC from Escherichia coli . (springeropen.com)
Ribulose1
- The PPP showcases its role by executing two meticulously orchestrated phases: the oxidative phase, where glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose 5-phosphate, and the non-oxidative phase, which is engaged in the synthesis of 5-carbon sugars, contributing significantly to the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. (microbiologynote.com)
Fermentation6
- The low xylose fermentation rate is probably due to limited NADPH-mediated xylose reduction. (lu.se)
- Subsequent EMS mutagenesis, genome shuffling and selection in D-xylose-enriched lignocellulose hydrolysate, followed by multiple rounds of evolutionary engineering in complex medium with D-xylose, gradually established efficient D-xylose fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)
- In separate hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulose hydrolysates of Arundo donax (giant reed), spruce and a wheat straw/hay mixture, the maximum specific D-xylose consumption rate was 0.36, 0.23 and 1.1 g/g DW inoculum/h, and the final ethanol titer was 4.2, 3.9 and 5.8% (v/v), respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
- In simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of Arundo hydrolysate, GS1.11-26 produced 32% more ethanol than the parent strain Ethanol Red, due to efficient D-xylose utilization. (biomedcentral.com)
- The high D-xylose fermentation capacity was stable after extended growth in glucose. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cell extracts of strain GS1.11-26 displayed 17-fold higher XI activity compared to the parent strain, but overexpression of XI alone was not enough to establish D-xylose fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)
Converts2
- The enzyme also converts D -erythrose 4-phosphate into D -erythrulose 4-phosphate and D -threose 4-phosphate. (qmul.ac.uk)
- The engineered strain converts glucose to ethanol via acetate and acetaldehyde, catalyzed by the host-encoded aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase AOR and heterologously expressed AdhA, in an energy-conserving, redox-balanced pathway. (brenda-enzymes.info)
Strains6
- Reduced oxidative pentose phosphate pathway flux in recombinant xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains improves the ethanol yield from xylose. (lu.se)
- The inherently higher robustness and tolerance of S. cerevisiae to various inhibitors gives it a head start in programs aimed at developing strains with extreme inhibitor tolerance, able to efficiently ferment hexoses and pentoses in concentrated lignocellulose hydrolysates [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- When present in mixtures with glucose, the recombinant C. glutamicum strains co-utilized D-galacturonate with glucose and D-glucuronate with glucose, respectively. (springeropen.com)
- Pathogenic strains then produce two toxins (TcdA and TcdB), which are considered as the major virulence factors, that lead to the disruption of the actin cytoskeleton of intestinal epithelium cells (6,7), therefore, conferring the CDI symptoms (diarrhoea, epithelial apoptosis and ulceration). (studyres.com)
- To investigate the efficacy of this approach for traits relevant to lignocellulosic biofuel production, we generated synthetic hybrids by crossing engineered xylose-fermenting strains of S. cerevisiae with wild strains from various Saccharomyces species. (biomedcentral.com)
- Notably, Saccharomyces mikatae strains have high innate tolerance to hydrolysate toxins, while some Saccharomyces species have a robust native capacity to consume xylose. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzyme1
- Vitamin C is not synthesized by humans and nonhuman primates because of their lack of gulonolactone oxidase, the terminal enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C from glucose. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Ethanol7
- Glucose forms white or colorless solids that are highly soluble in water and acetic acid but poorly soluble in methanol and ethanol. (wikipedia.org)
- In this study we increased the ethanol yield and decreased the xylitol yield by lowering the flux through the NADPH-producing pentose phosphate pathway. (lu.se)
- TMB3255, carrying a disruption of ZWF1, gave the highest ethanol yield (0.41 g g(-1)) and the lowest xylitol yield (0.05 g g(-1)) reported for a xylose-fermenting recombinant S. cerevisiae strain, but also an 84% lower xylose consumption rate. (lu.se)
- The strain uses glucose and D-xylose with high consumption rates and partial cofermentation in various lignocellulose hydrolysates with very high ethanol yield. (biomedcentral.com)
- Only a few exceptions have been reported as in the case of glucose-ethanol or acetate-ethanol mixtures, where preferential substrate utilization was observed [ 8 ]. (springeropen.com)
- Most projects have taken synthetic biological approaches or have explored naturally occurring diversity in S. cerevisiae to enhance stress tolerance, xylose consumption, or ethanol production. (biomedcentral.com)
- Saccharomyces ( S. ) cerevisiae is the workhorse of the incipient lignocellulosic biofuel industry [ 5 ] due to its robustness, stress-tolerance compared to bacteria and other fermenting microbes [ 6 ], and the established infrastructure for production by the sugarcane and starch ethanol industries. (biomedcentral.com)
Escherichia1
- protein_coding" "AAC74850","yeaD","Escherichia coli","D-hexose-6-phosphate epimerase-like protein [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Oxidative1
- These results indicate that xylitol production is strongly connected to the flux through the oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway. (lu.se)
Synthesis3
- The synthesis of glucose established the structure of organic material and consequently formed the first definitive validation of Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff's theories of chemical kinetics and the arrangements of chemical bonds in carbon-bearing molecules. (wikipedia.org)
- Orsellinic acid (2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, OA) and its structural analog o -Orsellinaldehyde, have become widely used intermediates in clinical drugs synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
- production of (4S,6S)-5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-4H-thieno[2,3b]thiopyran-7,7dioxide, which is an intermediate in the synthesis of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor trusopt. (brenda-enzymes.info)
Inhibitor1
- The production of bioethanol from lignocellulose hydrolysates requires a robust, D-xylose-fermenting and inhibitor-tolerant microorganism as catalyst. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycogen1
- In animals, glucose is released from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis. (wikipedia.org)
Recombinant1
- In recombinant, xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae, about 30% of the consumed xylose is converted to xylitol. (lu.se)
NADPH1
- Metabolic flux modeling of TMB3255 confirmed that the NADPH-producing pentose phosphate pathway was blocked and that xylose reduction was mediated only by NADH, leading to a lower rate of xylose consumption. (lu.se)
Biosynthesis1
- In 1970, Luis Leloir was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of glucose-derived sugar nucleotides in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates. (wikipedia.org)
Cerevisiae1
- Although there are various species of bacteria, filamentous fungi and other yeast species that are naturally capable of efficiently metabolizing D-xylose, they lack the other crucial advantages of the yeast S. cerevisiae , which have made it the most prominent industrial microorganism. (biomedcentral.com)
Consumption rate2
- The best-performing strain, GS1.11-26, showed a maximum specific D-xylose consumption rate of 1.1 g/g DW/h in synthetic medium, with complete attenuation of 35 g/L D-xylose in about 17 h. (biomedcentral.com)
- The high D-xylose consumption rate was due to synergistic interaction between the high XI activity and one or more mutations in the genome. (biomedcentral.com)
Monosaccharide2
- Glucose is overall the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. (wikipedia.org)
- Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group, and is therefore an aldohexose. (wikipedia.org)
Genetics1
- 6 Department of Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico. (jci.org)
Molecule1
- The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) as well as ring (cyclic) form. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolic3
- Cancer cells also enhance glucose-uptake to fuel these enhanced metabolic activities [ 2 ]. (degruyter.com)
- High abundance of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cancer cell also increases flux into other metabolic pathways such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
- The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) primarily resides within the cytosol of cells, which is the aqueous component of the cytoplasm, a matrix in which various cellular organelles are suspended and numerous metabolic reactions transpire. (microbiologynote.com)
Biotechnology1
- World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 17 (6). (cftri.res.in)
19611
- 1961 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconateDelta-isomerase CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0003 1966. (go.jp)
Carbohydrates1
- Accepted August 23, 2012 ABSTRACT The catabolite control protein CcpA is a pleiotropic regulator that mediates the global transcriptional response to rapidly catabolizable carbohydrates, like glucose in Gram-positive bacteria. (studyres.com)
Subunit1
- 18874) imidazoleglycerol phosphate synthase%2C cyclase subunit CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0021 19046. (go.jp)
Stereoisomers1
- d-Glucose is one of the sixteen aldohexose stereoisomers. (wikipedia.org)
Liver1
- Most mammals synthesize vitamin C from glucose in the liver, whereas some birds, reptiles, and amphibians synthesize the vitamin in the kidney ( 5 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
Flux1
- Decreasing the phosphoglucose isomerase activity by 90% also lowered the pentose phosphate pathway flux. (lu.se)
Regulation1
- About 18% of all C. difficile genes are regulated by glucose, for which 50% depend on CcpA for regulation. (studyres.com)
Kinetic1
- These interspecies hybrids retained important parental traits, such as xylose consumption and stress tolerance, while displaying intermediate kinetic parameters and, in some cases, heterosis (hybrid vigor). (biomedcentral.com)
Protein1
- The AceA/ICL protein family shares the catalytic domain I, triosephosphate isomerase barrel (TIM-barrel). (bvsalud.org)
Consists1
- Corn syrup consists almost entirely of glucose. (rationalwiki.org)
Naturally2
- The naturally occurring form of glucose is d-glucose, while its stereoisomer l-glucose is produced synthetically in comparatively small amounts and is less biologically active. (wikipedia.org)
- Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in its free state in fruits and other parts of plants. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular2
- Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. (wikipedia.org)
- This list contains a list of EC numbers for the fifth group, EC 5 , isomerases , placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . (wikidoc.org)