Anesthesia, RectalAnalgesics, OpioidSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeInfusions, IntralesionalPain, PostoperativeAnalgesia, Patient-ControlledMorphinePain MeasurementReceptors, Opioid, muReceptors, OpioidReceptors, Opioid, deltaNarcotic AntagonistsNaloxoneTobacco Use DisorderMorphine DependenceReceptors, Opioid, kappaOpioid-Related DisordersSmoking CessationTobacco Use Cessation ProductsNicotineCannabisAlcohol Withdrawal DeliriumBuprenorphineOpioid PeptidesAlcohol Withdrawal SeizuresNicotinic AgonistsNarcoticsBupropionNeonatal Abstinence SyndromeNaltrexoneMarijuana AbuseBehavior, AddictiveDrug ToleranceMethadoneSmokingChlormethiazoleAlcoholismAnhedoniaHeroin DependenceOpiate Substitution TreatmentIrritable MoodAnxietyEthanolChewing GumSodium OxybateBenzodiazepinesTime FactorsClomipramineCotinineDouble-Blind MethodAdministration, CutaneousDose-Response Relationship, DrugCentral Nervous System DepressantsEnkephalinsTreatment OutcomeCarbon MonoxideQuestionnairesCarbamazepineAnti-Anxiety AgentsSubstance-Related DisordersEnkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-AffectRecurrencePsychiatric Status Rating ScalesDronabinolHypnotics and SedativesBehavior, AnimalSeverity of Illness IndexBenzazepinesCannabinoidsPainDynorphinsClonidineAnalysis of VarianceRats, Sprague-DawleyMotivationDopamine Uptake InhibitorsEnkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-EndorphinsValproic AcidDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersAnticonvulsantsQuinoxalinesDrug Administration ScheduleDrug InteractionsProspective StudiesEnkephalin, LeucineAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityPlacebosAnalgesicsStress, PsychologicalEnkephalin, Leucine-2-AlanineFollow-Up StudiesSelf ReportBrainDiprenorphinebeta-EndorphinPilot ProjectsDepressionBenzeneacetamides