Walls urine nephrons. Medical search. Frequent questions

The glomerulus is a bundled network of capillaries that increases the surface area of blood in contact the blood vessel walls. (innerbody.com)
Podocytes work with the endothelium of the capillaries to form a thin filter to separate urine from blood passing through the glomerulus. (innerbody.com)
Each of the nephrons contain a filter called the glomerulus (pronounced: gluh-MER-yuh-lus). (kidshealth.org)
Each nephron contains a glomerulus surrounded by a thin-walled, bowl-shaped structure (Bowman capsule). (msdmanuals.com)
A nephron is composed of a tubule and a filter, called a glomerulus. (lungcancertips.com)
The nephrons perform two important functions - the glomerulus acts as a filtration plant and purifies your blood, while the tubular part of nephron is designed to return the filtered (only needed) substances to your body. (lungcancertips.com)
The glomerulus is a cluster of tiny vessels at the end of each nephron. (lungcancertips.com)
Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube called a renal tubule. (onteenstoday.com)
The nephrons work through a two-step process: the glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes. (onteenstoday.com)
Each nephron has a glomerulus to filter your blood and a tubule that returns needed substances to your blood and pulls out additional wastes. (onteenstoday.com)
It consists of a knot of capillaries (glomerulus) surrounded by a double-walled capsule (Bowman's capsule) that opens into a tubule. (onteenstoday.com)
At the heart of each nephron is a microscopic bundle of blood vessels called the glomerulus. (marlerblog.com)
Glomerulus & Glomerular capsule, Renal tubules including proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of the loop of Nephron, loop of nephron, ascending limb of loop of nephron, distal convoluted tubule, followed by collecting ducts or tubules. (msudenver.edu)
Microscopic functional units known as nephrons filter the blood through a structure called the glomerulus, and this filtrate is then modified and concentrated as it moves through a complex tubular system. (lecturio.com)
The glomerulus of the cortical nephron is closer to the cortex-medulla junction. (studyhubpro.com)

The nephron is made of 2 main parts: the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. (innerbody.com)
A series of tubes called the renal tubule concentrate urine and recover non-waste solutes from the urine. (innerbody.com)
The renal tubule carries urine from the glomerular capsule to the renal pelvis. (innerbody.com)
The tubule cells that line the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorb much of the water and nutrients initially filtered into the urine. (innerbody.com)
Urine next passes through the loop of Henle, a long straight tubule that carries urine into the renal medulla before making a hairpin turn and returning to the renal cortex. (innerbody.com)
The tubule adjusts the level of salts, water, and wastes that will leave the body in the urine. (kidshealth.org)
A nephron is a tubule like structure of approximately 35-55 mm in length. (hope4kidneys.info)
The second part of the nephron, renal tubule consists of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and connecting tubule. (hope4kidneys.info)
The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct are the final sites of reabsorption in the nephron. (hope4kidneys.info)
Also in the nephron is a tiny tube (tubule) that drains fluid (that soon becomes urine) from the space in Bowman capsule (Bowman space). (msdmanuals.com)
A third part of the nephron is a collecting duct that drains the fluid from the tubule. (msdmanuals.com)
The thin holes in the walls of the glomerular arteries allow fluid (mostly water), waste products, and certain smaller molecules to pass into the tubule. (lungcancertips.com)
Urine is formed from the remaining fluid, by products, and wastes in the tubule. (lungcancertips.com)
Bowman's capsule also has a structural function and creates a urinary space through which filtrate can enter the nephron and pass to the proximal convoluted tubule. (marlerblog.com)
Whenever sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are A) reabsorbed by active transport. (studymoose.com)
C) distal convoluted tubule D) nephron loop. (studymoose.com)
The hormone ADH functions to promote water reabsorption through the walls of the A) distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. (studymoose.com)
Renal medullae are present interior to the renal cortex and possess a radial appearance, and comprise the nephron tubule, vasa recta and collecting duct. (biologyreader.com)
These are some cells of the wall of the distal convoluted tubule that make renin. (msudenver.edu)
The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct. (studyhubpro.com)
inhibit enzyme carbonic anhydrase in tubule wall cells. (freezingblue.com)

From here, urine continues its flow from the renal pelvis into the ureter, transporting urine into the urinary bladder. (wikipedia.org)
The renal pelvis exits the kidney at the renal hilus, where urine drains into the ureter. (innerbody.com)
The ureter can then become dilated and tortuous, with the inability to adequately propel urine forward. (medscape.com)
The excess water and waste from individual nephrons are collected in a collecting duct and are passed to ureter as a urine. (hope4kidneys.info)
Urine drains from the renal pelvis of each kidney into a ureter. (msdmanuals.com)
VUR is retrograde passage of urine from the bladder into the ureter and/or kidney. (medscape.com)
Excretory pathway in kidney - Blood is carried by the renal artery to the nephron from there to renal pyramid leading to pelvis to the ureter, then to the urinary bladder and finally to the urethra which passes it to outside. (onteenstoday.com)
During the procedure, the urologist passes a small scope through the urinary opening into the bladder and from there up into the ureter, the small tube that drains urine from the kidney to the bladder. (healthykidneyclub.com)
After your kidney creates urine, the liquid travels through the tube-shaped ureter to the bladder. (healthykidneyclub.com)
Like a ureter, your urethra is a tube through which urine passes. (healthykidneyclub.com)
The human urinary system includes kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra that collectively constitute urine excretion. (biologyreader.com)

During urination, the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. (wikipedia.org)
This expandable, muscular sac in the lower abdomen stores urine until is it passed (voided) from the body through the urethra. (kidshealth.org)
When a person needs to pee, the bladder walls tighten and a ring-like muscle that guards the exit from the bladder to the urethra, called the sphincter (pronounced: SFINK-tur), relaxes. (kidshealth.org)
It reabsorbs the necessary constituents into the blood and carries the waste to urethra in the form of urine. (hope4kidneys.info)
One urethra - through which the urine is excreted out of the body, allowing the bladder to empty and dispose of the waste. (onteenstoday.com)
The urine is expelled out from the urinary bladder out of the body through the urethra . (biologyreader.com)
Eventually, the urine is conducted to the body exterior by the urethra. (easynotecards.com)
The female urethra is 4 centimeters long and transports only urine. (easynotecards.com)
Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra. (biopassionate.net)

A kidney consists of almost 1 to 1.5 million nephrons, compacted in the medulla and cortex region. (hope4kidneys.info)
Each kidney contains about one million nephrons. (msdmanuals.com)
Each kidney contains approximately 1.2 million nephrons. (marlerblog.com)

Following filtration of blood and further processing, wastes (in the form of urine) exit the kidney via the ureters, tubes made of smooth muscle fibres that propel urine towards the urinary bladder, where it is stored and subsequently expelled from the body by urination (voiding). (wikipedia.org)
Their main function is to help the body eliminate waste in the form of urine. (lungcancertips.com)
The kidneys filter out the waste products and excess fluids from the body and dispose of them in the form of urine, via the bladder. (onteenstoday.com)
The kidneys filter the undesirable metabolic wastes from the blood in the form of urine. (biologyreader.com)

When urinary tract obstruction develops, subsequent accumulation of urine distends the urinary tract proximal to the point of obstruction and can result in pain, which may be the first symptom of obstruction. (medscape.com)

The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored. (wikipedia.org)
The bladder wall changes. (medlineplus.gov)
The bladder cannot hold as much urine as before. (medlineplus.gov)
This thin, tube-like structure carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. (kidshealth.org)
This single tube-like structure allows urine to exit the body from the bladder. (kidshealth.org)
When the bladder is full, nerve endings in its wall send messages to the brain. (kidshealth.org)
The kidneys filter up to 150 quarts of blood each day that may result in up 2 quarts of urine that ends up in the bladder to be flushed from the body. (clarysagecollege.com)
Two ureters - (tube-like features) which run from the kidneys to the bladder carrying urine. (onteenstoday.com)
One bladder - which collects urine from the kidneys, via the ureters, and stores it temporarily. (onteenstoday.com)
Between your hip bones is your bladder, an organ that stores urine. (healthykidneyclub.com)
The urinary bladder acts like a hollow and muscular organ that comprises an elastic wall, expanding or contracting accordingly. (biologyreader.com)
Urine drains from the nephrons into collecting ducts, and then to the bladder where it may be held prior to being excreted. (brainkart.com)
The urinary bladder may play an important role in salt and water balance by removing salts from the urine of freshwater fishes and removing water from and adding salts to the urine of saltwater fishes (Marshall& Grosell 2006). (brainkart.com)
The bladder is the reservoir for the output of urine from the kidneys, which is determined by fluid intake, the need to balance water, salt and toxins, and can be substantially affected by a wide range of diseases. (abdominalkey.com)

Urine then flows through the nephrons, through a system of converging tubules called collecting ducts. (wikipedia.org)
The urine drains from the collecting ducts of many thousands of nephrons into a cuplike structure (calix). (msdmanuals.com)
ADH, which is secreted by the pituitary gland, controls the ability of water to pass through the cells in the walls of the collecting ducts. (howstuffworks.com)

D) descending limb of the nephron loop. (studymoose.com)

The kidneys of mammals have a portion of the nephron called the loop of Henle or nephritic loop, which allows mammals to produce urine with a high concentration of solutes, higher than that of the blood. (edu.vn)

It causes water reabsorption in the nephron. (msudenver.edu)

The outer layer of the glomerular capsule holds the urine separated from the blood within the capsule. (innerbody.com)

Urine contains approximately 95% water and 5% nitrogenous wastes (urea, ammonia, creatinine). (hope4kidneys.info)
Alveoli of lungs remove CO 2 as a waste during exchange of gases and nephrons filter wastes from blood. (psebsolutions.com)
Urine contains toxic wastes like urea, uric acid and ammonia etc., that are formed by the metabolism of amino acids and proteins. (biologyreader.com)

The urinary system refers to the structures that produce and transport urine to the point of excretion. (wikipedia.org)
The ADA and the NIH recommend annual assessment of urine albumin excretion to assess kidney damage in all people with type 2 diabetes and people who have had type 1 diabetes for 5 years or more. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
In this post, we will mainly focus on the physiology of excretion via kidneys by understanding the urinary system and the mechanism of urine formation. (biologyreader.com)
As part of the urinary tract, the kidneys are responsible for blood filtration and excretion of water-soluble waste in the urine. (lecturio.com)
Testing stage, of clinical signiicance of malnutrition and has produced guidelines, on oral anticoagula tion, and excretion in the urine is normally Misoprostol from diclofenac for sale South Africa metabolised in the gut wall. (hybridnutrition.co.za)

Each kidney contains around 1 million individual nephrons, the kidneys' microscopic functional units that filter blood to produce urine. (innerbody.com)
Nephrons are microscopic units that filter the blood and produce urine. (msdmanuals.com)

In the first part of the nephron, Bowman's capsule filters blood from the circulatory system into the tubules. (wikipedia.org)
The filtered fluid which entered the Bowman's capsule is primary urine or glomerular filtrate which is hypotonic. (apboardsolutions.guru)
In the kidneys, blood pressure forces water and small ions across the walls of small capillary beds, called glomeruli, and into the surrounding Bowman's capsules, which are the beginning of the kidney tubules (nephrons). (brainkart.com)

Distinguish between cortical and juxta medullary nephrons. (apboardsolutions.guru)
Cortical nephrons have renal corpuscle in the superficial renal cortex. (apboardsolutions.guru)
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the cortical nephrons? (studyhubpro.com)

5.Medial indentation where blood vessels enter/exit kidney, cortex is outer portion of kidney, medulla is inner, medulla has triangular shaped regions called pyramids, the apex (point) of each pyramid is a papilla, the pelvis is a funnel-like structure inside the kidney in the region of the hilus collecting urine from the pyramids and has extensions into the pyramids called calyces. (msudenver.edu)
The cortex houses the glomeruli, which are responsible for filtering the blood, and the tubules, which alter the composition of the urine to meet the body's homeostatic needs. (abdominalkey.com)

The kidneys are excretory organs that perform three main functions to produce urine, filtration, reabsorption and secretion. (onteenstoday.com)
It has no role in the secretion of urine. (studyrate.in)
Explain the mechanism of tubular secretion, and explain its importance in the urine formation process? (easynotecards.com)
A recent study has implicated Lcn2 secretion from collecting duct (CD) α-intercalated cells as a bacteriostatic defense mechanism against pathogenic bacteria in the urine [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood. (wikipedia.org)
The first step in urine formation is the filtration of blood in the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. (wikipedia.org)
Nephrons filter waste material from the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Urine has salts, toxins, and water that need to be filtered out of the blood . (kidshealth.org)
The kidneys do a lot, but their most important job is to take waste out of the blood and make urine (pee). (kidshealth.org)
The artery then branches so blood can get to the nephrons (pronounced: NEH-fronz) - 1 million tiny filtering units in each kidney that remove the harmful substances from the blood. (kidshealth.org)
Let the doctor know if you have any swelling or puffiness, have pain with peeing, need to pee often, have foamy urine or blood in the urine , or are constipated . (kidshealth.org)
It is the structural and functional unit of the kidneys, termed as nephron (Figure 1), that filters the blood and removes the toxins. (hope4kidneys.info)
However, during major kidney problems or injuries, such proteins fail to be retained in the blood and are therefore detected in the urine. (hope4kidneys.info)
Because heart disease is a killer, and hypertension indicates that the heart is stressed because of constant pressure being put on blood vessel walls. (clarysagecollege.com)
These tubules then remove the waste products through urine and return the necessary products to your blood. (lungcancertips.com)
Over several years, people who are developing kidney disease will have small amounts of the blood protein albumin begin to leak into their urine. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. (onteenstoday.com)
Their main job is to cleanse the blood of toxins and transform the waste into urine. (onteenstoday.com)
The thrombotic microangiopathy that characterizes hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) occurs when platelet microthrombi (tiny clots) form in the walls of small blood vessels (arterioles and capillaries) causing platelet consumption. (marlerblog.com)
Kidneys have many jobs, from filtering blood and making urine to keeping bones healthy and making a hormone that controls the production of red blood cells. (kidshealth.org)
The basic process of urineformation in most fishes is similar to that of other vertebrates, but unlike most terrestrial vertebrates fishes cannot produce urine that is more concentrated than their blood. (brainkart.com)
As the filtrate travels along the nephron, water and important solutes are removed and added back to the blood. (brainkart.com)
As renal damage increases systemic blood pressure increases, causing increased glomerular pressure, which will damage more nephrons. (ukessays.com)
Urine color may change due to the presence of high levels of white and red blood cells and abnormal sugar or protein. (changingyourbusiness.com)
30% urine isomorphic red blood cells. (springer.com)
However, urine isomorphic red blood cells ≥ 70% could not predict the presence of end-stage kidney disease in multivariate Cox analysis. (springer.com)
Substances such as hydrogen and potassium ions and creatinine move either from the blood of the peritubular capillaries through the tubular cells or from the tubular cells into the filtrate to be disposed of in the urine. (easynotecards.com)
The diagnosis is established via clinical presentation, supported by laboratory findings (in blood and urine). (lecturio.com)
9.Nephrons filter blood to make liquid waste, or urine. (msudenver.edu)
When blood sugar levels go higher than 180 mg/dl , your kidneys will start to spill sugar into your urine. (stellarnourishment.com)
The higher your blood sugar goes, the more sugar comes out in your urine. (stellarnourishment.com)
Blood pressure is the force of your blood as it pushes against the walls of your arteries. (stellarnourishment.com)
Where does the efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron carry blood to? (studyhubpro.com)
The walls of ventricles are thicker than the walls of atria because to pump blood to various parts. (biopassionate.net)
Proven that Urine is actually a by product of blood it thus carries most of its characteristics. (resistance2010.com)

The urinary system, controlled by the nervous system, also stores urine until a convenient time for disposal and then provides the anatomical structures to transport this waste liquid to the outside of the body. (pressbooks.pub)

About 99% of this filtrate is reabsorbed as it passes through the nephron and the remaining 1% becomes urine. (wikipedia.org)
Waste products, excess ions, and other molecules that were not contained in the initial filtrate are added to the urine for elimination from the body. (brainkart.com)
If you remove water from the filtrate at this final stage, you can concentrate the urine. (howstuffworks.com)
Which of the following is true regarding the reduction in the neutrophil granulocyte count Concentration rises in tubular fluid as the glomerular filtrate passes down the nephron C. Most of the disorders displaying this type of expansion show an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. (spiritsong.org)

If ADH is present, you will have significant water reabsorption resulting in small amounts of highly concentrated urine. (msudenver.edu)

Along side of macula densa, the wall of the afferent arteriole contains the modified smooth muscle fibers called juxtaglomerular cells. (apboardsolutions.guru)

Your kidneys make one to two quarts of urine every day. (healthykidneyclub.com)

Apart from these, the potassium, sodium, and calcium ions are also excreted through the urine. (hope4kidneys.info)
It causes sodium reabsorption from the nephron and water passively follows. (msudenver.edu)

Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron? (studymoose.com)

In the human urinary system there are two kidneys that are located between the dorsal body wall and parietal peritoneum on both the left and right sides. (wikipedia.org)
Usually, when we think of the urinary system, we think about getting rid of waste products in our urine. (pressbooks.pub)

In the rare event that the results of renal biopsies are known, microthrombi have been identified in the glomerular capillaries, resulting in extensive endothelial damage and, frequently, death of the nephron. (marlerblog.com)
Deposition of pathological matrix in the walls of glomerular capillaries, the interstitial space, and around arterioles predicts and contributes to the functional demise of the nephron and its surrounding vasculature. (bvsalud.org)

The formation of urine begins within the functional unit of the kidney, the nephrons. (wikipedia.org)
The present blog explores in detail about the key structural component of the kidneys and the urine formation process. (hope4kidneys.info)
What is the role of atrial-natriuretic peptide in the regulation of urine formation? (apboardsolutions.guru)
Nephrons, along with the collecting duct, facilitate urine formation. (biologyreader.com)
The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron. (studyhubpro.com)

When kidney stones become too large to pass through the urinary tract, they may cause severe pain and may also block the flow of urine. (healthykidneyclub.com)

The color of urine changes when a person's kidneys fail. (changingyourbusiness.com)
14. Characteristics of normal color of urine is? (nursingipd.com)

Conditions involving low output of urine are oliguria ( (wikipedia.org)

This chapter introduces the fundamental structures of the lower urinary tract, and how they are regulated from all levels of the nervous system to ensure urine storage and voiding. (abdominalkey.com)

Damage to tubular cells results in electrolyte disturbances, acidosis and decreased urine production. (marlerblog.com)

The bean-shaped kidneys filter waste products out of the bloodstream and dispose of them by creating urine. (kidshealth.org)

Number of filtering units (nephrons) decreases. (medlineplus.gov)
B) the volume of urine decreases. (studymoose.com)

Juxta medullary nephrons re located near the renal medulla. (apboardsolutions.guru)
The cells of the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) are key elements of the nephron in the process of urinary concentration and dilution [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Each apex connects to a minor calyx, a small hollow tube that collects urine. (innerbody.com)

Urinary tract obstruction can have long-lasting effects on the physiology of the kidney, including its ability to concentrate urine. (medscape.com)

After the kidneys make urine, it leaves the body using the rest of the urinary tract as a pathway. (kidshealth.org)

A human kidney discards the common excretory products like amino acids, ammonia, urea, uric acid etc., through urine. (biologyreader.com)
Additionally, urea adds to the interstitial concentration, as does differential permeability of the different portions of the nephron. (msudenver.edu)
At the loop, urea enters the loop from the interstitial region & is recycled back into the urine. (msudenver.edu)

In the setting of an acute urinary tract obstruction, an increase in intraluminal pressure causes smooth muscle cells to increase contractions and ureteral wall pressure. (medscape.com)
As seen in other kidney diseases, in STEC-HUS patients the progression to CKD is the consequence of renal mass reduction due to the loss of nephrons during the acute stage. (marlerblog.com)

The kidneys are a pair of organs found along the posterior muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. (innerbody.com)
D) They are located against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity. (studymoose.com)

The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. (wikipedia.org)

Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning. (psebsolutions.com)

Consequently, the body does not produce large volumes of urine. (pressbooks.pub)
In contrast, if you don't drink for a while, such as overnight, you will not produce much urine and it will usually be very concentrated (i.e. darker). (howstuffworks.com)
They produce urine and remove the extra fluid and waste from your body. (changingyourbusiness.com)
In the presence of ADH (anti diuretic hormone) one would produce concentrated or diluted urine? (easynotecards.com)

Mammals also have a specialized group of cardiac fibers located in the walls of their right atrium called the sinoatrial node, or pacemaker, which determines the rate at which the heart beats. (edu.vn)

Urine albumin is measured by comparing the amount of albumin to the amount of creatinine in a single urine sample. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
When the kidneys are healthy, the urine will contain large amounts of creatinine but almost no albumin. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
Kidney disease is present when urine contains more than 30 milligrams of albumin per gram of creatinine, with or without decreased eGFR. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
The highest tertile of urine adenine/creatinine ratio (UAdCR) was associated with higher risk for end-stage kidney disease and mortality across independent cohorts, including participants with early DKD without macroalbuminuria. (bvsalud.org)
21 g/L). Urine analysis showed 3+ which is endemic in the subtropics, albumin, granular casts, no ova and affecting almost 200 million people urine protein/creatinine ratio of 3.5 worldwide. (who.int)

Each kidney consists of functional units called nephrons. (wikipedia.org)
Kidneys function at a very small level…microscopically, and are composed of around one million filtering units known as nephrons. (clarysagecollege.com)
About one million filtering units, or nephrons, are present in each kidney. (lungcancertips.com)
Renal corpuscle, also called malpighian body, filtration unit of vertebrate nephrons, functional units of the kidney. (onteenstoday.com)
Each kidney consists of millions of filtrating units called nephrons. (biopassionate.net)

When the urinary tract is obstructed, urine stasis can occur, predisposing to urine infection. (medscape.com)

The muscular walls of ventricles are thicker than auricles. (studyrate.in)

Anatomy17

Organisms3

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs19

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes14

Disciplines and Occupations1

Health Care1

Glomerulus15

Tubule21

Ureter11

Urethra9

Million nephrons3

Form of urine4

Proximal1

Bladder14

Collecting ducts3

Descending limb of the nephron1

Portion of the nephron1

Reabsorption in the nephron1

Layer of the glomerular capsule1

Wastes3

Excretion5

Microscopic2

Bowman's3

Cortical3

Cortex2

Secretion4

Blood32

Stores urine1

Filtrate4

Water reabsorption1

Macula densa1

Quarts of urine1

Sodium2

Flows1

Urinary system2

Capillaries2

Formation5

Flow of urine1

Color of urine2

Output of urine1

Structures1

Tubular cells1

Filter1

Decreases2

Medullary2

Collects urine1

Concentrate urine1

Kidneys make1

Urea3

Acute2

Abdominal cavity2

Functional unit1

Lungs1

Produce4

Cardiac1

Creatinine5

Units5

Stasis1

Ventricles are thicker1