• Vpr stands for "Viral Protein R". Vpr, a 96 amino acid 14-kDa protein, plays an important role in regulating nuclear import of the HIV-1 pre-integration complex, and is required for virus replication and enhanced gene expression from provirus in dividing or non-dividing cells such as T cells or macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lack of an in vitro cell culture system that demonstrated a deficit in replication upon infection with viruses in the absence of Vpr has led to some mystery in the function of Vpr. (wikipedia.org)
  • These infected human dendritic cells showed a slower rate of replication when deprived of the Vpr protein in HIV-1 cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings suggest that the evolutionarily secured G2 cell cycle arrest function of Vpr (Viral Protein R) is essential for HIV-1 replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, this innovative in-vitro culture system will allow researchers to address mechanisms underlying Vpr-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Natural HIV-1 Nef accelerates virus replication in primary human lymphocytes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Replication is constant following infection, and although some infected cells may harbor nonreplicating virus for years, in the absence of treatment there generally is no true period of viral latency following infection. (mhmedical.com)
  • HIV persistence may arise from ongoing residual virus replication and/or from latently-infected cells defined as the cellular reservoir in which long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells harbouring an integrated but transcriptionally silent provirus represent the largest pool in the blood (Chomont et al. (europa.eu)
  • Viruses have optimized their evading tactics for superior replication and spreading to counteract host immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Once replication has been completed and the host cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by several methods [1] . (bionity.com)
  • The human lymphoid aggregate culture (HLAC) from tonsil maintains the cell populations and cytokine milieu found in vivo , supports a productive infection without exogenous stimulation, and Nef contributes to efficient HIV-1 replication as well as CD4 + T cell depletion in this experimental ex vivo -model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Determination of HIV-1 replication revealed that enhancement of the virus spread by Nef is governed by a complex set of protein interaction surfaces. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consistently, in HLAC from 9 out of 14 donors, Nef enhanced CD4 + T cell depletion in the absence of a significant effect on virus replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While the tat and rev genes encode regulatory proteins absolutely required for virus replication, nef, vif, vpr, vpx and vpu encode for small proteins referred to "auxiliary" (or "accessory"), since their expression is usually dispensable for virus growth in many in vitro systems. (hal.science)
  • In this review, we will mainly focus on vpr from HIV-1 and discuss the most recent developments in our understanding of Vpr functions and its role during the virus replication cycle. (hal.science)
  • Characterization of the replication defects of class II IN mutant viruses. (elifesciences.org)
  • Vpr is a Human immunodeficiency virus gene and protein product. (wikipedia.org)
  • HIV-2 contains both a Vpr protein and a related (by sequence homology) Vpx protein (Viral Protein X). Two functions of Vpr in HIV-1 are split between Vpr and Vpx in HIV-2, with the HIV-2 Vpr protein inducing cell cycle arrest and the Vpx protein required for nuclear import. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vpr-binding protein (VprBP) is a 1,507-amino-acid human protein that contains conserved domains, including YXXY repeats, the Lis homology motif, and WD40 repeats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Effects of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein on the expression of inflammatory cytokines. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus Vpr product is a virion-associated regulatory protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Abbie works in an HIV lab and has a few things to say about Behe's argument in_The Edge of Evolution_that evolution hasn't/can't produced any novel adaptations, genes, or protein-protein binding sites during the evolution of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, unless you are one of the several Discovery Institute fellows who denies this along with denying evolution. (pandasthumb.org)
  • The Vpr protein from HIV-1: distinct roles along the viral life cycle. (hal.science)
  • Here, we report that the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor-activated WD-repeat Gβ interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), comigrates with it into the nucleus and suppresses GR-induced transactivation of the glucocorticoid-responsive genes. (rupress.org)
  • At least one of these genes, flavin-monooxygenase-2, is a well-conserved protein known to be involved in xenobiotic metabolism. (uw.edu)
  • Several small genes encode regulatory proteins that enhance virion production or combat host defenses. (mhmedical.com)
  • For instance, due to their genetic flexibility, viruses have developed various viral proteins and non-coding RNAs to interrupt several checkpoints of cGAS-STING. (frontiersin.org)
  • D ) A representative growth curve of HIV-1 NL4-3 IN D116N viruses trans-complemented with class II mutant IN proteins in cell culture. (elifesciences.org)
  • Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) are lentiviruses, a family of retroviruses evolved to establish chronic persistent infection with gradual onset of clinical symptoms. (mhmedical.com)
  • Cognitive disorder in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has long been recognized as an important and disabling aspect of the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Virus infection has been consistently threatening public health. (frontiersin.org)
  • HIV is an example of an enveloped virus that exhibits this process for the infection of macrophages [5] . (bionity.com)
  • This specificity is particularly important to explain the infection of terminally differentiated cells, including macrophages and microglia that constitute an important reservoir of virus in infected individuals [ 35 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among these, ex vivo -cultures of human tonsils proved particularly valuable as HIV readily replicates to high titers in these cultures that maintain cell composition and cytokine milieu of a primary target organ of in vivo HIV infection [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is a good way for a virus to get into macrophages either to infect them or simply travel to other tissues in the body. (bionity.com)
  • HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the HIV-1 NL4-3 IN D116N proviral plasmid along with Vpr-IN expression plasmids encoding for the indicated IN substitutions or an empty vector control. (elifesciences.org)
  • Vpr also induces G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in proliferating cells, which can result in immune dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Induces Apoptosis through Caspase Activation. (bionity.com)
  • Vpr+Gene+Products,+Human+Immunodeficiency+Virus at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Genes,+Vpr at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Bhardwaj V, Singh A, Choudhary A, Dalavi R, Ralte L, Chawngthu RL, et al. (wikipedia.org)
  • pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
  • Systemic expression of HIV-1 tat gene in transgenic mice induces endothelial proliferation and tumors of different histotypes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • HIV-1 Nef critically contributes to AIDS in part by augmenting virus titers in infected individuals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Knowing the essential features of the pathophysiology of this disease and how chemotherapeutic agents affect the virus and the host is critical in developing a rational approach to therapy. (mhmedical.com)
  • This is contrary to humans, where VHL-1 mutations cause a disease characterized by angiomas, renal carcinomas and various other tumors as a direct result of aberrant HIF-1 activation. (uw.edu)
  • In order to better understand how HIF-1 increases longevity and to relate these findings to mammals, our project aims to find the specific genes and tissues downstream of HIF-1 that benefit worm longevity without the consequences of VHL disease. (uw.edu)
  • Vpr is also immunosuppressive due to its ability to sequester a proinflammatory transcriptional activator in the cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are members of the Retrovirus family comprising the closely related Visna/Maedi Virus (VMV) and the Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus (CAEV), which infect sheep and goats. (mdpi.com)
  • The two vpr- and vpx-related genes are found only in members of the HIV-2/SIVsm/SIVmac group, whereas primate lentiviruses from other lineages (HIV-1, SIVcpz, SIVagm, SIVmnd and SIVsyk) contain a single vpr gene. (hal.science)
  • Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. (medscape.com)
  • A ) Immunoblot analysis of Gag and Gag-Pol products in cell lysates and virions. (elifesciences.org)
  • HIV-associated nephropathy in transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 genes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Using the results of this screen, we are creating transgenic worms that overexpress these genes under specific nematode promoters. (uw.edu)
  • At the first stage of viral invasion, virus-derived double-stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) trigger the conformational change and activation of cGAS. (frontiersin.org)
  • Viral shedding refers to the successful production of virus progeny and that the progeny is leaving the cell to infect other host cells. (bionity.com)
  • Prior to budding, the virus may put its own receptor onto the surface of the cell in preparation for the virus to bud through, forming an envelope with the viral receptors already on it. (bionity.com)
  • Viral progeny are synthesized within the cell and the host cell's transport system is used to enclose vacuoles of virus progeny for release into the extracellular space. (bionity.com)
  • An example is the use of recycling viral particle receptors in the enveloped varicella-zoster virus [6] . (bionity.com)
  • Integration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into a host cell chromosome is an essential step under the control of the viral integrase (IN). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most of the mutant viruses were essentially impaired for the integration step whereas the amount of 2-LTR circles, reflecting the nuclear import of the viral DNA, was not significantly affected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Though distinct from its CD4 degradation function, it is not clear whether Vpu enhances virus release through modification of the cellular environment or specific interactions with cellular or viral factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ex vivo -cultures of lymphoid organs (human lymphoid histoculture, HLH) were therefore established as surrogate experimental systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other proposed mechanisms include passage of cell-free virus into the brain and release of the virus from the infected endothelial cells. (medscape.com)
  • Mechanisms of enveloped RNA virus budding. (bionity.com)
  • Humans and nonhuman primates are the only natural hosts for these viruses. (mhmedical.com)
  • The association between HLA-B 2705 and the immune control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has previously been linked to the targeting of the HLA-B 2705-restricted Gag epitope KRWIILGLNK (KK10) by CD8(+) T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, viruses have evolved numerous strategies to hinder the cGAS-STING signal transduction, promoting their immune evasion. (frontiersin.org)
  • Lentiviral CRISPR vector encoding a Cas9 nickase mutant and a puromycin resistance marker expressed from the human CMV promoter. (snapgene.com)
  • The end results of such manipulations on antidepressant connection between ECT have been assessed from the pushed frolic in the water make certain you through sucrose preference measurements, along with BDNF expression levels have been assessed inside some other reward-related human brain parts. (tgf-betasignal.com)
  • This results in inhibition of NFκB activity and the NFκB-dependent expression of anti-apoptotic genes of the Bcl-2 family [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is also how antiviral responses are able to detect virus infected cells [4] . (bionity.com)
  • B ) Infectious titers of WT or IN mutant HIV-1 NL4-3 viruses in cell culture supernatants were determined on TZM-bl indicator cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • HIV-1 NL4-3 IN D116N viruses that were trans-complemented with WT IN, class II mutant INs, IN D116N , or an empty vector are denoted as red, black, dark blue, and light blue lines respectively. (elifesciences.org)
  • Trans-complementation of the HIV-1 NL4-3 IN D116N virus with mutant IN molecules restored particle release to levels comparable to WT IN (red), partially restored particle release (gray) or could not restore particle release (blue). (elifesciences.org)
  • When bound to Vpr, VprBP allows Vpr to modulate the catalytic activity of the CUL4-DDB1 complex, inducing G2 cell cycle arrest in infected cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway is a critical defender to sense various pathogens and trigger innate immunity of mammalian cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • These include enveloped viruses such as HSV , SARS or smallpox. (bionity.com)
  • Removing CD4 from the cell surface prevents superinfection (more than one virus infecting the same cell) and helps prevent newly released viruses from turning around and infecting the same cell (also prevented by an HIV maturation step involving protease). (pandasthumb.org)
  • The term is used to refer to shedding from a single cell, shedding from one part of the body into another part of the body, [2] and shedding from bodies into the environment where the viruses may infect other bodies. (bionity.com)
  • Budding" through the cell envelope, in effect using the cell's membrane for the virus itself is most effective for viruses that need an envelope in the first place. (bionity.com)
  • B ) A representative immunoblot analysis of Vpr-IN fusion constructs in cell lysates. (elifesciences.org)
  • HLH cultures were also instrumental for the functional analysis of the HIV accessory gene product Nef. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In humans, there are two functions of Vpu 5 - one is inducing the degradation of CD4 molecules. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Endocytosis and recycling of varicella-zoster virus Fc receptor glycoprotein gE: internalization mediated by a YXXL motif in the cytoplasmic tail. (bionity.com)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus" by people in this website by year, and whether "pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)
  • in fetal sheep shares many anatomical and physiological similarities with humans. (nartsignaling.com)
  • we have found two genes downstream of HIF-1 that when overexpressed increase nematode longevity. (uw.edu)
  • We are neither an agent for these third parties nor do we endorse or guarantee their products. (hivreagentprogram.org)
  • Shedding - The release of rabies virus from the salivary glands into the saliva. (bionity.com)