Vitro astrocytes. Medical search. Frequent questions

We demonstrate that pretreatment with γ-GC increases the ratio of reduced:oxidized GSH levels in both neurons and astrocytes and increases total GSH levels in neurons. (elsevierpure.com)
In addition, γ-GC pretreatment decreases isoprostane formation both in neurons and astrocytes, as well as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation in astrocytes in response to H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress. (elsevierpure.com)
Primary cultures of cortical neurons and astrocytes were treated with EO (0-25%) for up to 90 min. (hindawi.com)
Our lab has been using RTT induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and neurons and astrocytes differentiated from iPSC as a platform to understand RTT disease mechanisms and develop treatment. (wisc.edu)
Building transformers from neurons and astrocytes. (harvard.edu)
In contrast, BMSCs are capable of differentiating into mesenchymal lineages such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and even neurons and astrocytes [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
In their study, they examined hypothalamic NPCs in the brains of pups born to food restricted and unrestricted mice and showed that the LBW offspring born to the former had impaired in vivo evidence of NPC division and migration, and reduced in vitro evidence of proliferation and differentiation to neurons and astrocytes, under basal and when stimulated with the appetite-regulating hormones insulin and leptin. (drsharma.ca)
Our main focus is neural lineage (e.g. neurons and astrocytes), but other cell types can also be recorded (e.g. cardiomyocytes, β cells). (lu.se)

However, the effects of GATA3 in human astrocytes after injury are not known. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, in this report, we investigated how overexpression of GATA3 in primary human astrocytes would affect the neurogenic potential before and after injury in 2D and 3D cultures. (frontiersin.org)
We found that primary human astrocytes are unable to induce GATA3 after injury. (frontiersin.org)
Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of GATA3 significantly increased the number of GFAP/SOX2 double positive astrocytes and expression of pro-neural factor ASCL1, but failed to induce neurogenesis, suggesting that GATA3 is required for enhancing the neurogenic potential of primary human astrocytes and is not sufficient to induce neurogenesis alone. (frontiersin.org)
Primary human astrocytes do not induce GATA3 after injury. (frontiersin.org)
Supporting the hypothesis of astrocyte infection, neural stem cell-derived human astrocytes in vitro are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection through a noncanonical mechanism that involves spike-NRP1 interaction. (hindustantimes.com)
Human brain vascular pericytes treated with either scrambled or RGS5 targeting siRNA, will be co-cultured in a spheroid model of the BBB together with human brain endothelial cells and human astrocytes. (lu.se)

Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the mammalian central nervous system and they serve essential functions in brain development and homoeostasis. (nature.com)
Astrocytes are glial cells that are abundant in the central nervous system (CNS) and that have important homeostatic and disease-promoting functions 1 . (nature.com)
Emerging evidence illustrates that astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell type, are the functional determinants for fates of neurons and other glial cells in the central nervous system. (jneurosci.org)
The in vitro model consists of a coculture of bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BBCEC) and rat glial cells. (aspetjournals.org)
Astrocytes are specialized glial cells ubiquitously distributed throughout the spinal cord and brain. (news-medical.net)
The lead author recently provided ATLA with an update on the project: "In the submitted paper, we set up and characterised 20 different BBB in vitro models, based on the combination of epithelial or endothelial cell lines and primary or immortalised astrocytes/ glial cells or their derivatives. (frame.org.uk)
Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. (harvard.edu)

Therefore, a plausible regenerative therapeutic option is to coax the endogenous reactive astrocytes to a pre-neurogenic progenitor state and use them as an endogenous reservoir for repair. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, finding out molecular mechanisms by which reactive astrocytes can be coaxed into neurons will be of utmost importance for regenerative therapies as these astrocytes are the imminent cell types around the lesion site. (frontiersin.org)
Under pathological conditions, such as infection, injury, or neurodegeneration, reactive astrocytes in combination with microglia contribute to the inflammatory response, playing a vital part in advancing neurodegenerative diseases. (news-medical.net)
They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury. (harvard.edu)
Reactive astrocytes prevent maladaptive plasticity after ischemic stroke. (gu.se)

The described in vitro model consists of primary astrocyte cultures exposed to ethanol in sealed chambers and of astrocyte/neuron co-cultures in which neurons are in contact with astrocytes previously exposed to ethanol. (elsevierpure.com)
Furthermore, GSH and isoprostane levels significantly correlate with increased neuron and astrocyte viability in cells pretreated with γ-GC. (elsevierpure.com)
Whereas astrocytes favored neuron adhesion and neurite outgrowth, oligodendrocytes differed markedly in their properties as neuronal substrates. (nih.gov)
Copper induces neuron-sparing, ferredoxin 1-independent astrocyte toxicity mediated by oxidative stress. (harvard.edu)

Therefore, extrinsic signals orchestrate the expression of multiple intrinsic regulators, which in turn induce in a modular manner the transcriptional and chromatin changes underlying astrocyte maturation. (nature.com)
We show that astrocyte maturation is promoted by extrinsic signals that induce multiple transcription factors that act largely independently to regulate distinct gene expression modules that together promote a mature astrocytic phenotype. (nature.com)
We also stimulated astrocyte cultures with either transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, shown to induce reactive astrogliosis in rodent cortical astrocytes in vitro, or TGF-β3, shown to dampen reactivity markers in astrocytes in vitro. (mendeley.com)
In vitro, serum from MWCNT exposed mice was able to induce expression of adhesion molecules at both the gene and protein level. (cdc.gov)
Hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction results in hyperammonemia, which is thought to induce astrocyte edema, resulting in cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure (ICP). (medscape.com)

Astrocytes have essential functions in brain homeostasis that are established late in differentiation, but the mechanisms underlying the functional maturation of astrocytes are not well understood. (nature.com)
In contrast, little is known of the mechanisms controlling the later step of maturation of immature postnatal astrocytes into fully mature adult astrocytes. (nature.com)
Although the functions of astrocytes change profoundly during their maturation, the regulatory mechanisms underlying these changes have only begun to be examined. (nature.com)
To gain insights into the mechanisms driving astrocyte maturation, we have characterised acutely isolated murine astrocytes at both postnatal and adult stages, as well as in vitro differentiated astrocytes. (nature.com)
In this unit, we describe in vitro and in vivo models of developmental ethanol exposure in which to investigate mechanisms of ethanol-induced alterations in the astrocyte ECM leading to abnormal neuronal development. (elsevierpure.com)
In this study, we newly identified the pivotal role of hypothalamic ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) astrocytes in the sleep regulation, and provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the astrocyte-mediated sleep regulation. (jneurosci.org)
Mechanisms of astrocyte-mediated cerebral edema. (benthamscience.com)
Although the non-cell-autonomous effect of RTT astrocytes on neurons was documented, cell-autonomous phenotypes and mechanisms within RTT astrocytes are not well understood. (wisc.edu)
Many of the ed either from external sources or excitation events are much closer in vitro and in vivo studies investi- through internal exposure as a re- together for low-energy charged par- gating the mechanisms underlying sult of ingestion, inhalation, dermal ticles, which are considered to be cancer risk from exposure to ionizing absorption, or injection of radionu- high-LET radiation. (who.int)
The material from each step isscreened using acellular and in vitro assays for evaluating general toxicity, mechanisms of toxicity, and macrophage function. (cdc.gov)

Astrocytes in the Optic Nerve Are Heterogeneous in Their Reactivity to Glaucomatous Injury. (harvard.edu)
Bioengineers designed numerous instructive brain extracellular matrix (ECM) environments that have tailored and tunable protein composition and biomechanics in vitro to study astrocyte reactivity during trauma and inflammation. (biorxiv.org)

PD-L1 positive astrocytes attenuate inflammatory functions of PD-1 positive microglia in models of autoimmune neuroinflammation. (harvard.edu)

In the present study, we analyzed the percent immunopositive cells in astrocyte-enriched, microglia-enriched, and oligodendrocyte-enriched cultures isolated from the cortex or spinal cord of neonatal rats for six markers that have been previously used to label astrocytes: GFAP, GLAST, GLT-1, GS, ALDH1L1, and SOX9. (mendeley.com)
Markers were evaluated based on the following criteria: (1) ability to stain all astrocytes in a given culture, (2) resistance to changes in the percentage of positively stained astrocytes after stimulation with either TGF-β1 or TGF-β3, and (3) no positive staining of microglia and oligodendrocytes in cultures isolated from the same region in the CNS (cortex or spinal cord). (mendeley.com)
We found that only SOX9 in cortical cultures and ALDH1L1 in spinal cord cultures labeled more than 75% of the cells in naïve and stimulated astrocyte cultures and stained less than 5% of the cells in microglia and oligodendrocyte cultures. (mendeley.com)
Further, significantly more cortical than spinal cord astrocytes stained for GFAP, GLAST, ALDH1L1, and SOX9 in naïve cultures, whereas significantly more spinal cord than cortical astrocytes stained for GLAST, GS, and ALDH1L1 in TGF-β1-treated cultures. (mendeley.com)
The first sheet in the excel file shows the number of CD68+ microglia and MBP+ oligodendrocytes in each culture condition (naïve or stimulated with TGF-β1 or TGF-β3 in cultures derived from either rat cortex or spinal cord), which was used to calculate the percentage of astrocytes in the cultures. (mendeley.com)
This work focuses on the evaluation of the potential use of electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) micrometric and/or sub-micrometric fibrous membranes for rat hippocampal astrocyte (HA) and rat cerebro-microvascular endothelial cell (CEC) cultures. (unipd.it)
For this aim, the group has selected different cell lines and primary cultures of microvascular, perivascular endothelial and astroglia cells, to perform and compare different in vitro BBB models to select the most reliable model. (frame.org.uk)
Located on B10 , inside the cell culture laboratory, this set-up is ideal for , but not restricted to, investigation of in vitro generated and expanded cell lines and cultures. (lu.se)
Patch clamp recording in vitro (cell cultures) and, to some extent, ex vivo (tissue preparations) to study intrinsic electrical properties of single cells, such as resting membrane potential, membrane resistance, action potential parameters, presence and function of various channels and receptors as well as synaptic connectivity, and to identify, characterize and quantify synaptic transmission. (lu.se)

8 Astrocytes interact with blood vessels, pericytes, and epithelial cells to organize CNS flow and modulate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). (news-medical.net)
We have established a method allowing to study the cell-specific secretome of pericytes in vitro-using Turbo-ID, a mutant non-toxic biotin ligase (6). (lu.se)
Our strategy is to investigate the effect of AD risk factors like stress, inflammation, metabolic changes, and amyloidogenesis, on different types of brain cells including pericytes, astrocytes, neurons, and NG2 cells. (lu.se)

In this review, we discuss the various factors of BNNT production that can influence its toxicity followed by summarizing the toxicity findings from in vitro and in vivo studies conducted to date, including a review of particle clearance observed with various exposure routes. (cdc.gov)

In doing so, we aimed to investigate protein expression differences between cortical and spinal cord astrocytes and changes in marker expression with TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 stimulation in vitro. (mendeley.com)

TRAIL expression in astrocytes is repressed by molecules produced by T cells and microglia in the context of inflammation. (nature.com)

In the second application of this endothelial cell biosensor paradigm, WT and MMP-9-/- mice were again exposed to MWCNT-7 via pharyngeal aspiration, leading to enhanced hippocampal and cerebellar GFAP staining, indicative of astrocyte activation. (cdc.gov)

Astrocytes influence axonal migration during development and aid the production and function of developing synapses. (news-medical.net)
Regional islands of non-overlapping astrocytes consisting of thousands of synapses are formed. (news-medical.net)
Astrocytes on steroids binge on synapses to cope with stress. (harvard.edu)

A lately developed and validated immunotagging technique makes use of three transcription issue antibodies to concurrently isolate enriched neuronal (NeuN+), astrocyte (paired field protein 6 (PAX6)+NeuN-), and oligodendrocyte progenitor ( OLIG2 +NeuN-) nuclei populations from non-diseased, recent (unfixed) snap-frozen postmortem human temporal neocortex tissue. (aetox.com)
Scientists have coaxed differentiated cells to become neuronal progenitor cells many times in vitro. (the-scientist.com)

Astrocytes are abundant cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system and can act as neural stem cells in specialized niches where they constitutively generate new neurons. (frontiersin.org)

Historically, astrocytes have been considered supporters of neuronal function, but increasing evidence suggests that they directly contribute to and support neuronal activity. (news-medical.net)

Ethanol affects the levels of neuritogenic ECM proteins release by astrocytes and inhibits neuronal plasticity. (elsevierpure.com)
A description of how to determine changes in ECM proteins after in vitro and in vivo ethanol exposure will also be provided, as well as procedures for assessing neurite outgrowth in the in vitro model and dendrite arborization in the in vivo model. (elsevierpure.com)
BMSCs can also be engineered to secrete a variety of different proteins in vitro and in vivo that could potentially treat a variety of serum protein deficiencies and other genetic or acquired diseases [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
SARS-CoV-2-infected astrocytes manifested changes in energy metabolism and in key proteins and metabolites used to fuel neurons, as well as in the biogenesis of neurotransmitters. (hindustantimes.com)
With this synthetic brain hydrogel, we show the brain-specific integrin-binding and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-degradable domains of proteins control astrocyte star-shaped morphologies, and we can achieve an ECM condition that maintains astrocyte quiescence with minimal activation. (biorxiv.org)

Low concentrations significantly inhibited GABA uptake, especially in astrocytes, suggesting an accumulation of endogenous GABA in the synaptic cleft. (hindawi.com)

Fig. 1: Profiling astrocyte surface markers in EAE. (nature.com)
Transcriptomic analyses confirmed that PAX6+NeuN- sorted populations are robustly enriched for pan-astrocyte markers and seize astrocytes in each resting and reactive situations. (aetox.com)

Rat primary astrocytes were isolated from different brain regions (cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus) and grown in vitro to demonstrate the utilization of live-cell analysis for monitoring and comparing the diversity of cultured astroglia phenotypes. (news-medical.net)

The research group specialises in the development of in vitro models of different physiological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), pulmonary barrier and intestinal barrier, with a clear orientation toward the development of robust in vitro models according to the 3Rs principles. (frame.org.uk)
We envision this synthetic brain hydrogel as a new tool to study the physiological role of astrocytes in health and disease. (biorxiv.org)

Astrocytes play a major role in neuritogenesis and neurite outgrowth by modulating neuronal plasticity through the regulation of the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is involved in the extension of neurites and the formation and remodeling of synaptic connections. (elsevierpure.com)

Forced expression of these factors in vitro induces distinct sets of mature astrocyte-specific transcripts. (nature.com)
Culturing astrocytes in a three-dimensional matrix containing FGF2 induces expression of Rorb , Dbx2 and Lhx2 and improves astrocyte maturity based on transcriptional and chromatin profiles. (nature.com)
Fig. 4: IFNγ induces TRAIL expression in astrocytes. (nature.com)

Although injuries in the mammalian central nervous system lead to profound proliferation of astrocytes, which cluster at the lesion site to form a gliotic scar, neurogenesis does not take place. (frontiersin.org)

Fibrous astrocytes are present in white matter. (news-medical.net)

Neuroinflammation: An astrocyte perspective. (harvard.edu)

We have sucessfully designed communication system models using in-silico and in-vitro models of different types of biological systems including, neurons, astrocytes, smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells as well as bacteria. (essex.ac.uk)

However, a major limitation of both protein-based and model microenvironments is that astrocytes within fail to retain their characteristic stellate morphology and quiescent state without becoming activated under "normal" culture conditions. (biorxiv.org)
Treated cells undergo a remarkable shift in structure, acquiring an astrocyte-like morphology with star-shaped bodies and radial branched processes. (lu.se)

In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that γ-GC pretreatment in cultured astrocytes and neurons protects against hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-induced oxidative injury. (elsevierpure.com)

We demonstrate here the transcytosis ability of aprotinin and peptides derived from Kunitz domains using an in vitro model of the BBB and in situ brain perfusion. (aspetjournals.org)
We report that spontaneous calcium activity is abnormal in RTT astrocytes in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. (wisc.edu)

These findings are important as variability in marker staining may lead to misinterpretation of the astrocyte response in cocultures, migration assays, or engineered disease models. (mendeley.com)

Morphological variation is best characterized using in vivo imaging, but more development is required for in vitro replication. (news-medical.net)
Brain tissue samples from these five patients also exhibited foci of SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication, particularly in astrocytes. (hindustantimes.com)

In vivo reprogramming of astrocytes to neuroblasts in the adult brain," Nat Cell Biol , 15:1164-75, 2013. (the-scientist.com)
In the mouse brain, we found that the plasticity inhibitors Nogo-A and Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) are differentially expressed in the SVZ-OB system, in which Nogo-A identifies immature neuroblasts and NgR1 germinal astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)

Here, we used optogenetic tools to identify the key roles of VLPO astrocytes in sleep promotion. (jneurosci.org)
Optogenetic targeting of astrocytes restores slow brain rhythm function and slows Alzheimer's disease pathology. (harvard.edu)

The results obtained with in vitro and in vivo models provided evidence for greater passage of aprotinin across the BBB than of holo-transferrin. (aspetjournals.org)

Transcription Factor SP2 Regulates Ski-mediated Astrocyte Proliferation In Vitro. (nih.gov)
Using pharmacological approaches along with in vitro and in vivo experiments, we found that Nogo-A/NgR1 signaling regulates the pace of neuronal neogeneration by reducing NSC proliferation. (jneurosci.org)

פרוטוקול זה מתאר את coculture נוירון astrocyte עקיפות ניתוח מידור של נוירון, גליה אינטראקציות. (jove.com)

Here we identify extensive transcriptional changes that occur during murine astrocyte maturation in vivo that are accompanied by chromatin remodelling at enhancer elements. (nature.com)

Astrocytes are a heterogeneous population of cells with distinguishing functional and morphological characteristics and are specialized to their different brain regions and locations. (news-medical.net)

However, little is known about the homeostatic anti-inflammatory activities of astrocytes and their regulation. (nature.com)
The present study was implemented to develop a novel, translational in vitro model to assess systemic inflammatory changes caused by inhaled ENMs. (cdc.gov)

Maturing astrocytes then acquire new functions required for adult brain homoeostasis. (nature.com)
These two models are instrumental to the investigation of how ethanol, during brain development, alters the composition of astrocyte-secreted ECM leading to altered brain development. (elsevierpure.com)
Astrocytes bear multiple vital functions such as maintaining the ion homeostasis, contributing to the blood-brain barrier, restoring synaptic integrity, regulating immune response, and acting as neural stem cells ( Kettenmann and Ransom, 2012 ). (frontiersin.org)
Time-course profile compares growth across brain regions and reveals cortical astrocytes have the fastest rate of growth. (news-medical.net)
Their paper, ' Evaluation of the influence of astrocytes on in vitro blood-brain barrier models ', was published in ATLA 48(4), 184-200. (frame.org.uk)
An In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model to Study Firm Shear Stress-Resistant Leukocyte Adhesion to Human Brain Endothelial Cells. (open.ac.uk)
Mitochondria dysregulation contributes to secondary neurodegeneration progression post-contusion injury in human 3D in vitro triculture brain tissue model. (harvard.edu)
A study shows how SARS-COV-2 infects brain cells called astrocytes, causing structural changes in the brain. (hindustantimes.com)
Further analysis of damaged brain samples revealed that astrocytes, which are brain cells that sustain neuronal metabolism, were particularly likely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and that the virus enters these cells through the NRP1 receptor. (hindustantimes.com)
In this study, we provide evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is found in the human brain, where it infects astrocytes and to a lesser extent, neurons. (hindustantimes.com)
Astrocytes in the adult mouse brain can be reprogrammed into neuronal precursors, then neurons, in vivo. (the-scientist.com)
REBIRTH: Astrocytes (green) in the mouse brain can be reprogrammed into neuronal precursors (red), which can then develop into neurons (nuclei in blue). (the-scientist.com)
Our work also spans from human brain tissue and cohort studies to in vitro and animal studies which is line with Multiparks translational initiative. (lu.se)
Histologic changes include cytoplasmic fatty vacuolization in hepatocytes, astrocyte edema and loss of neurons in the brain, and edema and fatty degeneration of the proximal lobules in the kidneys. (medscape.com)

First, a 'gliogenic switch' enables NSCs to progress from neurogenesis to the generation of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. (nature.com)

Investigating astrocyte maturation in a cell culture model revealed that in vitro-differentiated astrocytes lack expression of many mature astrocyte-specific genes, including genes for the transcription factors Rorb, Dbx2, Lhx2 and Fezf2. (nature.com)
Our research group continues its work on the development and improvement of in vitro models of the BBB, levelling up to a tri-culture model. (frame.org.uk)
On one hand, we are assessing the permeability of new drugs against prion diseases in a high-throughput screening study with the in vitro EPA BBB model. (frame.org.uk)
Neuroprotective in an in vitro model of excitotoxicity. (tocris.com)
A human-derived neurovascular unit in vitro model to study the effects of cellular cross-talk and soluble factors on barrier integrity. (open.ac.uk)

The altered secretory phenotype of infected astrocytes then impairs neuronal viability. (hindustantimes.com)
Moreover, human astrocyte infection elicits a secretory phenotype that reduces neuronal viability. (hindustantimes.com)

During a subsequent phase of maturation in the first few postnatal weeks, immature astrocytes exit the cell cycle and aquire a fully mature phenotype 1 . (nature.com)

We also show that astrocytes are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection through a noncanonical mechanism that involves spike-NRP1 interaction and respond to the infection by remodeling energy metabolism, which in turn, alters the levels of metabolites used to fuel neurons and support neurotransmitter synthesis. (hindustantimes.com)

Metabolic control of astrocyte pathogenic activity via cPLA2-MAVS. (nature.com)
Moreover, metabolic inhibition of VLPO astrocytes reduced ATP levels ( n = 4) and diminished sleep duration ( n = 4). (jneurosci.org)
A large number in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the activation of Sirt1 enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and augments oxidative metabolic capacity through different pathways ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)

Considering that PTZ blocks the chloride channel coupled to the GABA A receptor complex, the present study aimed to analyze the possible modulation of GABAergic homeostasis within synaptic clefts in vitro . (hindawi.com)

Primary neuronal culture from mouse embryo after 7 days in vitro. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

4 Regional populations of astrocytes also seem to demonstrate local heterogeneity. (news-medical.net)

These are followed up by in vitro experiments and studies on human CSF and plasma. (lu.se)

Astrocytes are generated from neural stem cells (NSCs) during late embryonic and early postnatal stages. (nature.com)
In homeostatic conditions, the expression of TRAIL in astrocytes is driven by interferon-γ (IFNγ) produced by meningeal natural killer (NK) cells, in which IFNγ expression is modulated by the gut microbiome. (nature.com)
Altogether, we show that LAMP1 + TRAIL + astrocytes limit CNS inflammation by inducing T cell apoptosis, and that this astrocyte subset is maintained by meningeal IFNγ + NK cells that are licensed by the microbiome. (nature.com)
Fig. 5: Meningeal IFNγ + NK cells promote homeostatic astrocyte TRAIL expression. (nature.com)
Fig. 6: The microbiome modulates LAMP1 + TRAIL + astrocytes through meningeal IFNγ + NK cells. (nature.com)
Once infected, astrocytes exhibited altered levels of metabolites used to fuel neurons and neurotransmitter production, and the infected cells secreted neurotoxic molecules. (hindustantimes.com)
They are required to support the endothelial cells and to maintain the BBB together with endothelial cells and astrocytes. (lu.se)

In vitro and molecular surveillance for antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum parasites in western Kenya reveals sustained artemisinin sensitivity and increased chloroquine sensitivity. (cdc.gov)

Sofroniew, M. V. Astrocyte barriers to neurotoxic inflammation. (nature.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms6

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs14

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes8

Disciplines and Occupations1

Neurons and astrocytes8

Human astrocytes7

Glial7

Reactive astrocytes5

Neuron4

Induce5

Mechanisms10

Reactivity2

Positive astrocytes1

Cultures9

Pericytes3

Toxicity1

Spinal cord1

Microglia1

GFAP1

Synapses3

Progenitor2

Abundant1

Neuronal activity1

Proteins5

Uptake1

Markers2

Astroglia1

Physiological2

Neurite outgrowth1

Induces3

Mammalian central nervou1

Fibrous1

Neuroinflammation1

Epithelial cells1

Morphology2

Hypothesis1

Situ2

Assays1

Replication2

Neuroblasts2

Optogenetic2

Vivo models1

Proliferation2

Coculture1

Chromatin1

Functional1

Inflammatory2

Brain14

Neurogenesis1

Model5

Viability2

Immature1

Infection1

Metabolic3

Synaptic1

Primary1

Populations1

Experiments1

Cells7

Molecular1

Barriers1