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OtolithEpitheliumMechanoreceptorsMaculaSemicircularHorizontal planeInertiaSensoryStimulationWallIncreaseDirectionCochleaDetectMembraneReceptorSignalsStructuresHair cell

Otolith1

• The utricle and saccule are the two otolith organs in the vertebrate inner ear. (wikipedia.org)

Epithelium1

• The vestibule shelters two membranous elements: the saccule and the utricle, which contain, in a localised part of their wall, a sensory epithelium, the macula. (vestib.org)

Mechanoreceptors2

• The hair cells are mechanoreceptors which have 40 to 70 stereocilia and only one true cilium called a kinocilium. (wikipedia.org)
• The utricle contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that distinguish between degrees of tilting of the head, thanks to their apical stereocilia set-up. (wikipedia.org)

Macula1

• The otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi briefly lags behind the rest of the tissues, bends the stereocilia backward, and stimulates the cells. (wikipedia.org)

Semicircular1

• The cavity of the utricle communicates behind with the semicircular ducts by five orifices. (wikipedia.org)

Horizontal plane1

• The utricle detects linear accelerations and head-tilts in the horizontal plane. (wikipedia.org)

Inertia1

• The otolithic membrane adds weight to the tops of the hair cells and increases their inertia. (wikipedia.org)

Sensory1

• The kinocilium is the only sensory aspect of the hair cell and is what causes hair cell polarization. (wikipedia.org)

Stimulation2

• Any orientation of the head causes a combination of stimulation to the utricles and saccules of the two ears. (wikipedia.org)
• The hair cells convert this pattern of stimulation to nerve signals, and the brain is thus advised of changes in your linear velocity. (wikipedia.org)

Wall1

• The ductus utriculosaccularis comes off of the anterior wall of the utricle and opens into the ductus endolymphaticus. (wikipedia.org)

Increase1

• Depending on the direction of bending, the hair cells will either be excited or inhibited resulting in either an increase or decrease in firing frequency of the hair cells. (wikipedia.org)

Direction1

• Depending on whether the tilt is in the direction of the kinocilium or not, the resulting hair cell polarisation is excitatory (depolarising) or inhibitory (hyperpolarisation), respectively. (wikipedia.org)

Cochlea2

• Sound waves are captured by the outer ear which are funneled into the external auditory meatus which functions as an impedance transformer that facilitates transmission of airborne sound into vibrations of the fluid in the cochlea. (evokedpotential.com)
• The stapes performs like a piston with in and out motion that sets the fluid of the cochlea in motion. (evokedpotential.com)

Detect2

• They use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to detect motion and orientation. (wikipedia.org)
• Receptors are the cells or structures that detect sensations. (bccampus.ca)

Membrane6

• The otolithic membrane adds weight to the tops of the hair cells and increases their inertia. (wikipedia.org)
• The otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi briefly lags behind the rest of the tissues, bends the stereocilia backward, and stimulates the cells. (wikipedia.org)
• This occurs when a stimulus changes the cell membrane potential of a sensory neuron. (bccampus.ca)
• A transmembrane protein receptor is a protein in the cell membrane that mediates a physiological change in a neuron, most often through the opening of ion channels or changes in the cell signaling processes. (bccampus.ca)
• Relation of basilar membrane structure and hair cell tuning. (evokedpotential.com)
• Na+ channels in hair cells are localized in specific hair cell membrane subregions. (evokedpotential.com)

Receptor1

• A receptor cell is changed directly by a stimulus. (bccampus.ca)

Signals2

• The hair cells convert this pattern of stimulation to nerve signals, and the brain is thus advised of changes in your linear velocity. (wikipedia.org)
• H ydraulic transduction (middle ear to endolymph) converts mechanical signals to fluid displacement. (evokedpotential.com)

Structures1

• H air cell ciliary linkages are spring-like structures signaling length and displacement of hair cells. (evokedpotential.com)

Hair cell2

• Depending on whether the tilt is in the direction of the kinocilium or not, the resulting hair cell polarisation is excitatory (depolarising) or inhibitory (hyperpolarisation), respectively. (wikipedia.org)
• T he action potential (conversion of generator potential to action potential) is caused when mechanical shearing deforms hair cell cilia. (evokedpotential.com)