• List the differences between a provirus and a retrovirus. (indeed.com)
  • Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are members of the Retrovirus family comprising the closely related Visna/Maedi Virus (VMV) and the Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus (CAEV), which infect sheep and goats. (mdpi.com)
  • XMRV, or xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus, is a retrovirus that was first reported in 2006 as a potential cause of prostate cancer. (meassociation.org.uk)
  • A retrovirus is a type of virus that has RNA instead of DNA as its genetic material. (meassociation.org.uk)
  • A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell.This state can be a stage of virus replication, or a state that persists over longer periods of time as either inactive viral infections or an endogenous retrovirus. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • John Coffin, the senior author, adds, "We have found that nearly all normal human tissues express, in their RNA, one or another of about three dozen endogenous proviruses, remnants of widespread retrovirus infection of our distant ancestors. (scienceblog.com)
  • If a germline cell is infected by a retrovirus, the integrated provirus can become established as an endogenous retrovirus that is transmitted to offspring. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Una característica fundamental de la biología de los retrovirus es la síntesis de una copia de ADN del genoma que se integra en el ADN celular. (bvsalud.org)
  • The replication error rate for HIV is such that viral particle derive from the same parent each newly synthesized HIV genome carries on provirus. (cdc.gov)
  • CRISPR/Cas9 editing of endogenous banana streak virus in the B genome of Musa spp. (nature.com)
  • Presence of the integrated endogenous banana streak virus (eBSV) in the B genome of plantain (AAB) is a major challenge for breeding and dissemination of hybrids. (nature.com)
  • It is an unenveloped, non-covalently closed, bacilliform double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus with a monopartite genome of ~7.2-7.8 kb encoding three open-reading frames (ORFs). (nature.com)
  • It also restricts germplasm movement of genotypes with the B genome worldwide due to this potential activation of eBSV into the episomal infectious form of virus. (nature.com)
  • The new DNA is then incorporated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme, at this point the retroviral DNA is referred to as a provirus. (geneticpcr.com)
  • as such their proviruses are passed on to the next generation and now remain in the genome. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • The integrated viral genome (or provirus) instructs the cell to produce new viral gemomes (RNA) and new viral proteins. (rkm.com.au)
  • Remnants of ancient viruses in the human genome are active in healthy tissues as well as diseased ones, limiting their utility as disease biomarkers, according to a study by Aidan Burn at Tufts University in Boston, USA and colleagues, publishing October 18th in the open access journal PLOS Biology . (scienceblog.com)
  • Viral infection of sperm or egg cells can result in viral genes being permanently incorporated into the host genome, and the genetic remnants of ancient viruses - known as human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) - make up about 8% of the human genome. (scienceblog.com)
  • Snippets of ancient viruses are embedded in the human genome and active in many healthy tissues. (livescience.com)
  • Traces of ancient viruses are littered throughout the human genome, embedded within the DNA's structure. (livescience.com)
  • Within the vast GTEx database, the study authors looked for evidence of active "human endogenous retroviruses" (HERVs), meaning bits of ancient viruses woven into the genome. (livescience.com)
  • Some of the youngest examples of HML-2 viruses are mere hundreds of thousands of years old and are only found in the human genome, meaning they're not seen in any of our primate relatives, Bendall said. (livescience.com)
  • Provirus" refers to a remnant of viral genetic material embedded in the genome. (livescience.com)
  • Classification of viruses is principally according to their genome sequence taking into consideration nature and structure of their genome and their method of replication, but not according to the diseases they cause (see International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2021 release ). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Positive-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome that can serve as messenger RNA (mRNA) that can be directly translated to produce an amino acid sequence. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Negative-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded negative-sense genome that first must synthesize a complementary positive-sense antigenome, which is then used to make genomic negative-sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Retroviruses use reverse transcription to create a double-stranded DNA copy (a provirus) of their RNA genome, which is inserted into the genome of their host cell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • the genome of RNA viruses ranges from 3.5 kilobases (some retroviruses) to 27 kilobases (some reoviruses), and the genome of DNA viruses ranges from 5 kilobases (some parvoviruses) to 280 kilobases (some poxviruses). (msdmanuals.com)
  • This manageable size together with the current advances in nucleotide sequencing technology means that partial and whole virus genome sequencing will become an essential component in epidemiologic investigations of disease outbreaks. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The fraction of cells within clones that contained HIV-1 RNA was not different in clones with intact (median 2.3%) versus defective (median 3.5%) proviruses ( p = 0.2). (frontiersin.org)
  • The data indicate that dividing clonally expanded T cells contain defective proviruses and that the replication-competent reservoir is primarily found in CD4(+) T cells that remain relatively quiescent. (nih.gov)
  • Most proviruses persisting in people living with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are defective. (nature.com)
  • Neither assay suggested defective proviruses decay over 10 years. (nature.com)
  • To reconcile this difference, we modeled additional longitudinal IPDA data and showed that decelerating intact decay could arise from very long-lived intact proviruses and/or misclassified defective proviruses: slowly decaying defective proviruses that are intact in IPDA probe locations (estimated up to 5%, in agreement with sequence library based predictions). (nature.com)
  • If both regions are amplified within a single provirus, the sequence is said to be intact, and if only one of the two probes is positive the provirus is determined to be defective 17 . (nature.com)
  • Senior study investigator Robert Siliciano, M.D., Ph.D., who in 1995 first showed that reservoirs of dormant HIV were present in immune cells, says that while the latest study results show most proviruses in the latent reservoir are defective, curing the disease will depend on finding a way to target all proviruses with the potential to restart the infection. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Siliciano says that all of these non-induced proviruses had previously been thought to be defective, with no possible role in resumption of the disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Analysis of the remaining (88 percent of) non-induced proviruses showed that all were defective, possessing genetic deletions and mutations that would forestall viral replication. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Second, we seek to target different regions of HIV-1 to excise crucial viral genes and/or to introduce mutations to render the provirus replication defective. (usz.ch)
  • They were also encouraged to target both fully functional proviruses and the vast majority that are defective, since these can lead to inflammation that causes serious health conditions, even if they can't produce new viruses. (amfar.org)
  • These findings show that the vast majority of HIV-1 proviruses within expanded T cell clones, including intact proviruses, may be transcriptionally silent at any given time, implying that infected T cells may be able to be activated to proliferate without inducing the expression of the integrated provirus or, alternatelively, may be able to proliferate without cellular activation. (frontiersin.org)
  • HIV persistence may arise from ongoing residual virus replication and/or from latently-infected cells defined as the cellular reservoir in which long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells harbouring an integrated but transcriptionally silent provirus represent the largest pool in the blood (Chomont et al. (europa.eu)
  • Latent HIV-1 proviruses are transcriptionally silent. (usz.ch)
  • was also a source of persistent viremia on ART, begging the question of how the AMBI-1 clone can survive despite infection with a replication-competent, actively-expressing provirus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although HIV infection can be suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART), latent HIV-1 proviruses persist in the genomes of long-lived CD4+ T cells in people living with HIV 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • The usual tests for HIV such as the ELISA or rapid tests depend upon finding HIV antibodies that have been produced in response to the infection by the virus. (ndtv.com)
  • If antiretroviral therapy is stopped or interrupted, some proviruses can reactivate, allowing HIV to make copies of itself and resume infection of other immune cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Study results showed that among 213 HIV proviruses isolated from the reservoirs of eight patients and initially unresponsive to highly potent biological stimuli, some 12 percent could later still become active, and were capable of replicating their genetic material and transmitting infection to other cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Infection might be diagnosed after an attempted blood donation, a familial history of the infection, or workup of a disease caused by the virus (eg, a recent diagnosis of ATL or HAM/TSP). (medscape.com)
  • This virus infection is responsible for a majority of deaths in household cats, affecting all breeds. (geneticpcr.com)
  • Antiretroviral therapy cannot cure HIV-1 infection due to the persistence of a small number of latently infected cells harboring replication-competent proviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection is manifested clinically as polysynovitis-arthritis in adult goats and less commonly as leukoencephalomyelitis (progressive weakness, ataxia, proprioceptive deficits) in kids. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Subclinical or clinical interstitial pneumonia, indurative mastitis ("hard udder"), and chronic wasting have also been attributed to infection with this virus. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • CAR T cells have proven highly effective against certain blood cancers, but less so against HIV-partly because they are susceptible to infection and destruction by the virus. (amfar.org)
  • However, rarer intact proviruses almost always reinitiate viral rebound if ART stops. (nature.com)
  • Therefore, assessing therapies to prevent viral rebound hinges on specifically quantifying intact proviruses. (nature.com)
  • Both assays admitted similar ratios of intact to total HIV DNA, but IPDA found ~40-fold more intact proviruses. (nature.com)
  • The model also demonstrates how misclassification can lead to underestimated efficacy of therapies that exclusively reduce intact proviruses. (nature.com)
  • The hidden HIV, researchers say, is part of the so-called latent reservoir of functional proviruses that remains long after antiretroviral drug therapy has successfully brought viral replication to a standstill. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • One strategy under study would deplete the HIV reservoir by prodding the virus out of its latent state so that an enhanced immune system or administered therapies can target and eliminate HIV-infected cells. (nih.gov)
  • The disappointing finding comes after a three-year series of lab experiments, which they say represents the most detailed and comprehensive analysis to date of the latent reservoir of HIV proviruses. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Lead study investigator and Johns Hopkins postdoctoral fellow Ya-Chi Ho, M.D., Ph.D., says the team's investigation of "the true size" of the latent reservoir was prompted by a large discrepancy between the two established techniques for measuring how much provirus is in immune system cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • In this project, we will investigate in detail low level virus replication and clonal expansion of persistently HIV-1 infected cells from HIV-1 infected individuals, two potential driving forces of viral reservoir stability. (usz.ch)
  • The main hurdle towards a cure of HIV-1 is the presence of the HIV-1 latent reservoir, which is defined as transcriptionally inactive, integrated HIV-1 proviruses that persist life-long in the human body, hidden from the immune system. (usz.ch)
  • In its request for proposals, amfAR charged researchers with devising creative ways of using the provirus-HIV that has integrated into a host cell's DNA-to flag the presence of HIV and to zero in on reservoir cells. (amfar.org)
  • A quantitative approach for measuring the reservoir of latent HIV-1 proviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • To date, few examples of an expanded clones containing replication-competent proviruses exist, although it is suspected to be common. (frontiersin.org)
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV-1 replication but does not eradicate the virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although antiretroviral therapy is able to suppress HIV replication in infected patients, the virus persists and rebounds when treatment is stopped. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A subset of HERV-K(HML-2) proviruses has some or all genes intact, and even encodes functional proteins, though a replication competent copy has yet to be observed. (tufts.edu)
  • Between January 1986 and April 1994, in the setting of continuous and unambiguous Western blot HIV-specific antibodies and intermittently positive low-level HIV DNA signal after polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, more than 30 separate cell cocultures performed in several independent laboratories failed to yield evidence of infectious virus, despite special efforts to induce and detect HIV replication. (duke.edu)
  • Cyclophilin A is required for the replication of group M human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(CPZ)GAB but not group O HIV-1 or other primate immunodeficiency viruses. (umassmed.edu)
  • We'd like to look at an individual cell and correlate where the virus integrated with whether or not that virus is replication competent. (treatmentactiongroup.org)
  • This previously unknown and unsuspected aspect of enterovirus replication provides an explanation for reports of enteroviral RNA detected in diseased tissue in the apparent absence of virus particles" (Journal of IiME 2009:3:1). (investinme.org)
  • Some viruses have an outer envelope consisting of protein and lipid, surrounding a protein capsid complex with genomic RNA or DNA and sometimes enzymes needed for the first steps of viral replication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Certain single-strand, (+) sense RNA viruses termed retroviruses use a very different method of replication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • HIV-1 proviruses can persist during ART in clonally-expanded populations of CD4+ T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Moreover, recent research has shown that even viruses which were hitherto believed not to persist after an acute infectious episode are capable of long-term viral persistence. (investinme.org)
  • That approach refers to forcing dormant proviruses to "turn back on," making them "visible" and vulnerable to the immune system's cytolytic "killer" T cells, and then eliminating every last infected cell from the body while antiretroviral drugs prevent any new cells from becoming infected. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Thereby, we want to favor subsequent elimination of formerly latently infected cells and also of the reactivated virus by cytopathic viral effects, immune surveillance mechanisms, and antiretroviral therapy. (usz.ch)
  • McManus M, Henderson J, Gautam A, Brody R, Weiss ER, Persaud D, Mick E, Luzuriaga K, Investigators P. Quantitative Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Antibodies Correlate With Plasma HIV-1 RNA and Cell-associated DNA Levels in Children on Antiretroviral Therapy. (umassmed.edu)
  • They are different from the human immunodeficiency viruses that cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • They are only distantly related to the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2), which belong to the lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses and which cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (cdc.gov)
  • Examples of retroviruses are the human immunodeficiency viruses and the human T-cell leukemia viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, none of the 75 expanded T cell clones assayed contained intact virus. (nih.gov)
  • After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES). (bvsalud.org)
  • The FeLVp dtec-qPCR comprises a series of specific targeted reagents designed for Feline leukemia provirus detection by using qPCR. (geneticpcr.com)
  • Feline leukemia virus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Retroviridae family. (geneticpcr.com)
  • Feline leukemia virus infects cats and can be transmitted through the transfer of saliva or nasal secretions. (geneticpcr.com)
  • Cellular segregation of feline leukemia provirus and viral RNA in leukocyte subsets of long-term experimentally infected cats. (southernbiotech.com)
  • However, higher fractions and levels of RNA were found in cells with proviruses containing multiple drug resistance mutations, including those contributing to rebound viremia. (frontiersin.org)
  • This project involves the examination of HIV-1 integration sites in search of factors that govern the transcriptional activity of HIV-1 proviruses. (usz.ch)
  • Primate immunodeficiency virus proteins Vpx and Vpr counteract transcriptional repression of proviruses by the HUSH complex. (umassmed.edu)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, like and 3) subsequent offspring carry genetic all retroviruses, is "diploid. (cdc.gov)
  • The human T-lymphotropic viruses, type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II), are closely related but distinct retroviruses that can infect humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Human T-lymphotropic viruses, type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II), were the first human retroviruses discovered (1,2). (cdc.gov)
  • When retroviruses infect germ cells (sperm or egg), heritable forms of the viruses can arise. (meassociation.org.uk)
  • Because RNA transcription does not involve the same error-checking mechanisms as DNA transcription, RNA viruses, particularly retroviruses, are particularly prone to mutation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Additional screens for MMTV provirus entry sites in tumors revealed several other upregulated genes that are associated with other gene development pathways such as INT2, INT3, and INT4 [4,5,6]. (chemdiv.com)
  • Reverse transcription of HIV-1 results in the generation of a linear cDNA that serves as the precursor to the integrated provirus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the first approach, we aim to activate the latent proviruses by using a CRISPR activation system. (usz.ch)
  • Jori Symons, Ph.D. , of University Medical Center Utrecht , and colleagues plan to test whether this explains the resistance of some viruses to excision by CRISPR/Cas. (amfar.org)
  • Reverse transcription is accomplished using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which the virus carries with it inside its shell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. (bvsalud.org)
  • We hypothesized that only a small fraction of cells within the AMBI-1 clone are activated to produce virus particles during cell division while the majority remain latent despite division, ensuring their survival. (frontiersin.org)
  • According to Bandea's hypothesis, the infected cell is the virus, while the virus particles are 'spores' or reproductive forms. (virology.ws)
  • If the viral DNA is expressed inside a host cell, the resulting RNA and protein molecules can be used to generate new virus particles. (meassociation.org.uk)
  • These viral proteins and viral genomic RNA raft together just beneath the cell membrane and assemble spontaeously into new virus particles. (rkm.com.au)
  • As they bud from the host cell surface, the virus particles become cloaked in cell membrane and so are known as enveloped viruses. (rkm.com.au)
  • The released virus particles can now land and dock with other cells that have the appropriate receptors on their plasma membranes. (rkm.com.au)
  • By themselves, viruses are lifeless particles incapable of reproduction, but once they enter the cell of another living thing they become active organisms that can multiply hundreds of times. (investinme.org)
  • to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS. (umassmed.edu)
  • These viruses do not induce cellular factories, and disappear (the eclipse phase) early after cell entry. (virology.ws)
  • one can conclude that infected eukaryotic cells in which viral factories have taken control of the cellular machinery became viruses themselves, the viral factory being in that case the equivalent of the nucleus. (virology.ws)
  • By adopting this viewpoint, one should finally consider viruses as cellular organisms. (virology.ws)
  • This argument leads to the assumption that viruses are living, according to the classical definition of living organisms as cellular organisms. (virology.ws)
  • Once the provirus is integrated into the host cell DNA, it is transcribed using typical cellular mechanisms to produce viral proteins and genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Increased expression of the most recent HML-2 proviruses has been observed in tissues and cell lines from several types of cancer, including breast cancer, for which expression may provide a meaningful marker of the disease. (tufts.edu)
  • More evolutionarily ancient HML-2 viruses showed the highest expression levels in human tissues, which may indicate that the activity of younger, less-degraded HERV fragments containing complete protein-coding sequences may be repressed by cells to prevent production of harmful viral proteins, the authors say. (scienceblog.com)
  • RNA from many organs in the body suggests that the ancient viruses in our DNA are active in many healthy tissues. (livescience.com)
  • Scientists already knew that some of these viral artifacts can "activate" in cancer cells and potentially contribute to the disease's progression - but now, a new study reveals that the viruses are active in dozens of healthy tissues, too. (livescience.com)
  • If the integrated DNA can't make a fully competent virus, can it still make HIV proteins that have toxic effects on their own? (treatmentactiongroup.org)
  • But most recent studies have only focused on ancient virus activation in cancerous tumors and in a small amount of healthy tissue near those tumors. (livescience.com)
  • We conclude that sensitive multi-probe assays combined with specific nfl-verified assays would be optimal to document absolute and changing levels of intact HIV proviruses. (nature.com)
  • It is closely related to murine leukemia viruses, which cause a wide variety of cancers as well as immunological and neurological diseases in mice. (meassociation.org.uk)
  • This high taneously harbors two different proviruses, one mutation rate, common to most RNA viruses, RNA transcript from each provirus can be encap- permits rapid exploration of nucleotide sequence sidated into a single "heterozygous" virion. (cdc.gov)
  • The barrier to curing HIV-1 is thought to reside primarily in CD4(+) T cells containing silent proviruses. (nih.gov)
  • Quantitative viral outgrowth assays (QVOAs) are the gold standard for identification of rebound-competent sequences, because they measure the number of cells that can be reactivated in vitro to produce infectious virus 4 , 16 . (nature.com)
  • However, some people living with HIV maintain low levels of virus in the blood-or viral load-even without therapy, indicating that their immune cells are protected from HIV. (nih.gov)
  • Pizzato M, McCauley SM, Neagu MR, Pertel T, Firrito C, Ziglio S, Dauphin A, Zufferey M, Berthoux L, Luban J. Lv4 Is a Capsid-Specific Antiviral Activity in Human Blood Cells That Restricts Viruses of the SIVMAC/SIVSM/HIV-2 Lineage Prior to Integration. (umassmed.edu)
  • I believe that the main reason (ME)CFS patients are symptomatic is due to continuing inflammatory response toward viruses living within the cells, enteroviruses in most of the cases I see. (investinme.org)
  • A virus is a microscopic organism that lives within the cells of another living organism. (investinme.org)
  • Viruses cause disease at the most basic level, by damaging the cells of living things. (investinme.org)
  • Viruses depend completely on cells (bacterial, plant, or animal) to reproduce. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To address this question, we determined the fraction of HIV-1 proviruses within the AMBI-1 clone that expresses unspliced cell-associated RNA during ART and compared this fraction to 33 other infected T cell clones within the same individual. (frontiersin.org)
  • Others believe that the virus is actually the infected host cell. (virology.ws)
  • In the vegetative phase, considered herein to be the ontogenetically mature phase of viruses, their component molecules are dispersed within the host cell. (virology.ws)
  • If we accept that the virus is the infected cell, then it becomes clear that most virologists have confused the virion and the virus. (virology.ws)
  • Those who consider the virus to be the infected cell also believe that viruses are alive. (virology.ws)
  • Just a cell showing provirus integration and perhaps some viral mRNA's being transcribed? (virology.ws)
  • Thus, the cell is permanently infected, and the progeny of that cell also contain proviruses so that the individual animal or human is permanently infected. (hstalks.com)
  • Background: Integration of retroviral DNA into a germ cell can result in a provirus that is transmitted vertically to the host's offspring. (tufts.edu)
  • The uncertainty regarding the identity of the infecting virus and the differing epidemiologic and clinical correlates of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections have complicated counseling of HTLV-I/II-infected persons. (cdc.gov)
  • We have clearly documented certain enterovirus infections triggering autoimmune responses in some patients…Can you imagine how we would feel if there are viruses surviving in our muscles, brains, hearts and gastrointestinal tracts triggering ongoing immune responses? (investinme.org)
  • Virus Integration" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Virus Integration" by people in this website by year, and whether "Virus Integration" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Virus Integration" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
  • More than 10% of HML-2 proviruses are human-specific, having integrated subsequent to the Homo-Pan divergence, and, of these, 11 are currently known to be polymorphic in integration site with variable frequencies among individuals. (tufts.edu)
  • Long-range mapping of Mis-2, a common provirus integration site identified in murine leukemia virus-induced thymomas and located 160 kilobase pairs downstream of Myb. (taconic.com)
  • In the latest study, researchers sequenced, or spelled out, the entire genetic code of HIV proviruses that reactivated and those that could not be induced to do so. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The cerebellum and testis also supported the widest range of provirus expression of any tissue, with 17 and 19 proviruses expressed, respectively," the researchers wrote in their report. (livescience.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a diploid virus: each virion carries two complete RNA genomic strands. (cdc.gov)
  • A virion is not the same as a virus. (virology.ws)
  • The idea that virus and virion are distinct was first proposed by Bandea in 1983. (virology.ws)
  • But virologists are not the only ones at fault - the media writes about the AIDS virus while showing an illustration of the virion. (virology.ws)
  • doctor i want to know how to detect the quantity of H1N1 virus when it influenze and proliferate in the cells,and is it a right method to use FCM for detection? (virology.ws)
  • Viruses are presented as organisms which pass in their ontogenetic cycle through two distinctive phenotypic phases: (1) the vegetative phase and (2) the phase of viral particle or nucleic acid. (virology.ws)
  • In this phase the virus shows the major physiological properties of other organisms: metabolism, growth, and reproduction. (virology.ws)
  • Raoult and Forterre have therefore proposed that the living world should be divided into two major groups of organisms, those that encode ribosomes (archaea, bacteria and eukarya), and capsid-encoding organisms (the viruses). (virology.ws)
  • Other viruses might play a role in prostate cancer since it is known that a variety of viruses contribute to the causation of about 15 percent of known human cancers (Question 6). (meassociation.org.uk)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a blood-borne virus typically transmitted via sexual intercourse, shared intravenous drug paraphernalia, and during the birth process or via human milk (vertical transmission). (medscape.com)
  • Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. (medscape.com)
  • Translation elongation factor 1-alpha interacts specifically with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag polyprotein. (umassmed.edu)
  • In relation to "CFS", the most-studied viruses have been the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and the Human Herpes Virus-6 (HHV-6). (investinme.org)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a blood-borne virus typically transmitted via sexual intercourse, shared intravenous drug paraphernalia, and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), which can occur during the birth process or during breastfeeding. (medscape.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Absence of recoverable infectious virus and unique immune responses in an asymptomatic HIV+ long-term survivor. (duke.edu)
  • We have studied a woman with transfusion-acquired HIV who appears to have contained infectious virus to consistently undetectable levels over a 13-year period without antiviral treatment. (duke.edu)
  • XMRV is a virus that is closely related to viruses known to cause cancer and other diseases in laboratory mice. (meassociation.org.uk)
  • McCauley SM, Kim K, Nowosielska A, Dauphin A, Yurkovetskiy L, Diehl WE, Luban J. Intron-containing RNA from the HIV-1 provirus activates type I interferon and inflammatory cytokines. (umassmed.edu)
  • It is known that XMRV is not spread in the air like influenza virus. (meassociation.org.uk)
  • Rapid molecular tests for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other respiratory viruses: a systematic review of diagnostic accuracy and clinical impact studies. (cdc.gov)