Viral fusion proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

The overall objective of EuroNeut-41 was to design a vaccine that raises antibodies able to prevent HIV cell fusion by blocking the virus fusion protein gp41 in its pre-fusogenic conformation. (europa.eu)
We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
From monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins to the most advanced cell and gene therapies, our comprehensive set of products and services will accelerate your workflows, reduce risk, and get you to the finish line faster. (sigmaaldrich.com)
If it's not too important (people can live without it), we could possibly engineer cells that produce antibodies that bind to the active site of the CCR5 protein, but do not illicit an immune response from the host organism. (sciforums.com)
Moreover, the fusion glycoproteins are targets of neutralizing antibodies and represent exciting potential candidates for the rational design of new anti-HCMV therapies to prevent or disrupt viral cell entry. (databasefootball.com)
NIH research indicates that antibodies specific to the prefusion form had high efficacy preventing viral infection, which indicates that a prefusion F-based vaccine may provide optimal protection against RSV, according to Pfizer. (pharmacytimes.com)
We are studying the mechanism of viral membrane fusion and its inhibition by drugs and antibodies. (stanford.edu)
Some of our studies are aimed at creating an HIV vaccine that elicits antibodies against a transient, but vulnerable, intermediate in the membrane-fusion process, called the pre-hairpin intermediate. (stanford.edu)
and subsequent dissociation of the SU and TM subunits are important in ensuring that critical regions of Env are exposed for the briefest time possible during receptor binding and fusion, when retroviral Env proteins are vulnerable to neutralizing antibodies produced by the host organism. (tufts.edu)
In contrast, animals that received a sham DNA vaccine (n = 12) had no detectable neutralizing antibodies against IDV, and viral RNA was readily detectable in respiratory tract tissues after intranasal challenge [3 x 10(5) TCID50] with IDV D/OK (n = 6) or D/660 (n = 6). (cdc.gov)

Using the mutational analysis of recombinant subviral particles of tick-borne encephalitis virus, we provide direct experimental evidence that the initiation of fusion is crucially dependent on the protonation of one of the conserved histidines (His323) at the interface between domains I and III of E, leading to the dissolution of domain interactions and to the exposure of the fusion peptide. (rupress.org)
When recombinant SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Spike Protein S1 is immobilized at 2 μg/mL, recombinant human ACE2-Fc Chimera (Cat. (biolegend.com)
Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Spike Protein S1 was aliquoted in PBS at 0.2 mg/mL. (biolegend.com)
The 678 amino acid recombinant protein has a predicted molecular mass of approximately 76 kD. (biolegend.com)

Proteins that allow viral or cell membranes to overcome barriers to fusion are called fusogens. (wikipedia.org)
They form polymeric structures to induce fusion of membranes. (wikipedia.org)
Reoviruses do not have membranes themselves, so class IV fusogens are not usually involved in traditional virus-cell fusion. (wikipedia.org)
Enveloped viruses are released from infected cells after coalescence of viral components at cellular membranes and budding of membranes to release particles. (nih.gov)
Research at Harvard Medical School is shedding new light on the battle line where viral and cell membranes meet, and the key role of a protein grappling hook with which the influenza virus commandeers its prize-your cells. (harvard.edu)
To fuse the two membranes, the virus carries a protein called hemagglutinin (the "H" in H1N1). (harvard.edu)
Instead, they observed, the protein remains stretched between the two membranes, like a bridge. (harvard.edu)
The study also appears to settle a question about the nature of the hemagglutinin protein, and viral fusion: Are multiple hooks needed because they interact directly with each other to fuse the membranes, or because that's the number required to pull the somewhat elastic membranes together by brute force? (harvard.edu)
During fusion of viral and target intracellular membranes, the coiled coil regions (heptad repeats) assume a trimer-of-hairpins structure, positioning the fusion peptide in close proximity to the C-terminal region of the ectodomain. (antikoerper-online.de)
The formation of this structure appears to drive apposition and subsequent fusion of viral and target cell membranes. (antikoerper-online.de)
Membranes fusion leads to delivery of the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm (By similarity). (antikoerper-online.de)
The virus has a lipid envelope that contains viral glycoproteins that are involved in entry of the virus into cells and fusion of the viral envelope with cell membranes. (quidel.com)
The laboratory is also applying single molecule imaging to understand how conformational events in the HIV-1 envelope protein lead to fusion between viral and cellular membranes. (yale.edu)
The coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein is a class I viral fusion protein on the outer envelope of the virion that plays a critical role in viral infection by recognizing host cell receptors and mediating fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. (biolegend.com)
The trimeric SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) S glycoprotein consisting of three S1-S2 heterodimers binds the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and mediates fusion of the viral and cellular membranes through a pre- to post-fusion conformation transition. (biolegend.com)
As with all coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 cell entry is dependent on its 180-kDa spike (S) protein, which mediates two essential events: binding to ACE2 by the amino-terminal region, and fusion of viral and cellular membranes through the carboxyl-terminal region. (cdc.gov)

Viral fusion proteins are necessary for membrane fusion to take place. (wikipedia.org)
Class II fusogens have a structure distinct from Class I fusogens, but similarly lower the energy barrier for membrane fusion. (wikipedia.org)
However, the method they utilize to induce membrane fusion is mechanistically similar. (wikipedia.org)
2021). Ebola virus glycoprotein interacts with cholesterol to enhance membrane fusion and cell entry. (tcdb.org)
That notion is probably fundamental to all viral fusion proteins-or for that matter to most cellular membrane fusion events facilitated by proteins. (harvard.edu)
The flavivirus membrane fusion machinery, like that of many other enveloped viruses, is triggered by the acidic pH in endosomes after virus uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis. (rupress.org)
Entry starts with membrane attachment and ends with S protein-catalyzed membrane fusion releasing the viral contents into the cytosol. (phys.org)
Exposure of the virus to an acidic milieu is essential for membrane fusion, genome penetration, and productive infection. (phys.org)
The acidic environment allows enzymes in the endosome or on the cell surface-including TMPRSS2, a key enabler of SARS-CoV-2 infection-to cut the spike protein and facilitate membrane fusion, the team found. (phys.org)
Therefore, we herein established a SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated cell-cell fusion assay and found that SARS-CoV-2 showed a superior plasma membrane fusion capacity compared to that of SARS-CoV. (nature.com)
Here we generated a series of lipopeptides derived from EK1 and found that EK1C4 was the most potent fusion inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated membrane fusion and pseudovirus infection with IC50s of 1.3 and 15.8 nM, about 241- and 149-fold more potent than the original EK1 peptide, respectively. (nature.com)
EK1C4 was also highly effective against membrane fusion and infection of other human coronavirus pseudoviruses tested, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, as well as SARSr-CoVs, and potently inhibited the replication of 5 live human coronaviruses examined, including SARS-CoV-2. (nature.com)
Consequently, the mechanism underlying the process of receptor-triggered membrane fusion remains poorly understood for not only HCMV but also for other herpesviruses. (databasefootball.com)
Integration of these structures and our knowledge of class III viral fusion proteins has led to a working model of HCMV fusion: gH/gL receptor-binding triggers conformational changes of gB endodomain, which, in turn, triggers two essential steps to actuate virus-cell membrane fusion - exposure of gB fusion loops and unfurling of gB ectodomain. (databasefootball.com)

There is evidence that ancestral species of mammals may have incorporated these same proteins into their own cells as a result of infection. (wikipedia.org)
This class of fusogens contains some of the proteins utilized by influenza, HIV, coronaviruses, and Ebola during infection. (wikipedia.org)
We also provide and interpret evidence from studies that support a potential role for ADCP in either inhibiting or enhancing viral infection. (frontiersin.org)
Virus transmission to permissive T-cells occurs either in trans (without DCs infection, through viral capture and transmission), or in cis (following DCs productive infection, through the usual CD4-gp120 interaction), thereby inducing a robust infection. (antikoerper-online.de)
In trans infection, bound virions remain infectious over days and it is proposed that they are not degraded, but protected in non-lysosomal acidic organelles within the DCs close to the cell membrane thus contributing to the viral infectious potential during DCs' migration from the periphery to the lymphoid tissues. (antikoerper-online.de)
The virus then fuses with the endosome membrane and injects its genetic material (labeled blue) inside the cell-the steps necessary to kick off a cycle of viral infection and replication. (phys.org)
The findings, published Sept. 1 in PNAS , provide new insights into the fundamental mechanics of viral infection and could point the way to new methods for intervening before the onset of COVID-19. (phys.org)
It is also the major viral cause of hospital-acquired infection. (quidel.com)
To develop specific anti-coronavirus therapeutics and prophylactics, the molecular mechanism that underlies viral infection must first be defined. (nature.com)
We previously developed a pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor, EK1, which targeted the HR1 domain and could inhibit infection by divergent human coronaviruses tested, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. (nature.com)
A particle according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the heterologous polypeptide has specific binding affinity for a cognate receptor on die surface of an eukaryotic cell, binding to which does not allow infection of the cell by the viral particle. (sumobrain.com)
A DNA vaccine expressing consensus hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein protected guinea pigs from infection by two lineages of influenza D virus. (cdc.gov)
Morbidity may result directly from viral infection or may be indirect, due to exacerbation of underlying cardiopulmonary conditions or bacterial superinfection of the lung, paranasal sinuses, or middle ear. (msdmanuals.com)
Identification of the viral pathogen would prevent additional evaluation for or treatment of a bacterial infection. (msdmanuals.com)
genic models are inadequate for number of activated CD8-positive T LMP1 was strongly expressed in the understanding the cancer etiology in cells increased considerably in the lymphoma tissues but was hardly the context of natural viral infection. (who.int)

Virion capture also seems to lead to MHC-II-restricted viral antigen presentation, and probably to the activation of SIV-specific CD4+ cells (By similarity). (antikoerper-online.de)
For the rapid qualitative detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen (viral fusion protein), directly from nasopharyngeal swab, nasopharyngeal aspirate or nasal/nasopharyngeal wash specimens. (thomassci.com)

An analysis of the sequence an structure of major virion proteins has identified likely ancestors in cellular proteins. (virology.ws)
Unfortunately, progress has been hindered by a shortage of structural information of these proteins, particularly in their native environment of an infectious virion. (databasefootball.com)

It was found that M protein in the form of VLPs was only secreted from cells, with an efficiency comparable to authentic virus budding, when M protein was coexpressed with one of the two glycoproteins, HN or F, together with the nucleocapsid (NP) protein. (nih.gov)
CsCl density gradient centrifugation indicated that almost all of the NP protein in the cells had assembled into nucleocapsid-like structures. (nih.gov)
Retroviral structural proteins also appear to have originated from cell proteins, with clear homologies with matrix, capsid, and nucleocapsid proteins. (virology.ws)

A very common motif among viral capsid proteins is called the single jelly roll , made up of eight beta strands in two four-stranded sheets. (virology.ws)
The extra sequences at the N-termini of viral jelly roll capsid proteins, involved in recognizing the viral genome, likely evolved after the capture of these proteins from cells. (virology.ws)
Given this information on the origin of viral capsid proteins, we can modify the three hypotheses for the origin of viruses into one. (virology.ws)

Traditionally, laboratories used viral culture to detect influenza virus and improvements in virus culture techniques allowed for results within 48-72 hours. (quidel.com)

RSV has an RNA genome that encodes 10 viral proteins. (quidel.com)

Virus-cell fusions occur during infections of several viruses that are health concerns relevant today. (wikipedia.org)
For some negative-strand RNA viruses (e.g., vesicular stomatitis virus and Ebola virus), the viral matrix (M) protein contains all of the information needed for budding, since virus-like particles (VLPs) are efficiently released from cells when the M protein is expressed from cDNA. (nih.gov)
We have previously discussed the idea that viruses originated from selfish genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons when these nucleic acids acquired structural proteins (see A plasmid on the road to becoming a virus ). (virology.ws)
I want to explore in more detail the idea that the structural proteins of viruses likely originated from cell proteins ( link to paper ). (virology.ws)
The matrix Z proteins of arenaviruses are related to cellular RING domain proteins, and the matrix proteins of some negative strand RNA viruses are related to cellular cyclophilin. (virology.ws)
There are many more examples, providing support for the hypothesis that viruses evolved on multiple instances by recruiting different cell proteins. (virology.ws)
Now, the question if of course - is it of viral origin or is it a cellular protein co-opted by viruses? (virology.ws)
It has been hypothesized that conserved histidines in the class II fusion protein E of these viruses function as molecular switches and, by their protonation, control the fusion process. (rupress.org)
The entry of enveloped viruses into host cells involves a fusion step between the viral and a cellular membrane. (rupress.org)
a The emerging timeline for highly pathogenic viruses and the proposed Disease X. b Schematic representation of SARS-CoV-2 S protein. (nature.com)
Drugs that are designed to block the action of VIRAL FUSION PROTEINS and prevent VIRUSES from entering the cell. (bvsalud.org)
We have detected a leucine zipper-like motif in the ectodomain of Sendal virus fusion protein (a. a. 269-307) which is extremely conserved in the family of Sendal viruses. (tau.ac.il)

Coexpression of M protein with the viral hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) or fusion (F) glycoproteins also failed to result in significant VLP release. (nih.gov)
Among the tens of glycoproteins, three - glycoprotein B (gB), which functions as a fusion protein, and glycoprotein H/glycoprotein L (gH/gL) complex, which functions as a receptor-binding protein - are conserved across all herpesviruses, forming the core viral fusion machinery. (databasefootball.com)

A particle according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heterologous polypeptide sterically hinders binding of d e viral glycoprotein to its cognate receptor on the eukaryotic cell. (sumobrain.com)
A particle according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the heterologous polypeptide undergoes oligomerisation with die same stoichiometry as that with which the fused viral glycoprotein oligomerises. (sumobrain.com)
A particle according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the protease cleavage site becomes accessible after the viral glycoprotein has bound to its cognate receptor on the eukaryotic cell. (sumobrain.com)
The S glycoprotein is synthesized as a precursor protein consisting of ~1,300 amino acids that is then cleaved into an amino (N)-terminal S1 subunit (~700 amino acids) and a carboxyl (C)-terminal S2 subunit (~600 amino acids). (biolegend.com)
During entry of alphaviruses, the E1 glycoprotein molecules probably form two separate populations that generate either a fusion pore or ion-permeable pores. (ox.ac.uk)

The transmembrane protein gp41 (TM) acts as a class I viral fusion protein. (antikoerper-online.de)

Conversely, truncation of the F protein cytoplasmic tail was not inhibitory and did not affect the ability of coexpressed wt HN protein to direct the budding of particles. (nih.gov)
Missing from these hypothesis is how nucleic acids became virus particles - that is, how they acquired structural proteins. (virology.ws)
Many cell proteins have jelly role motifs, and some form 60-subunit virus-like particles in cells. (virology.ws)
At some point these genetic elements acquired structural proteins from the cells and became bona fide virus particles. (virology.ws)
In addition, 38 constructs were also created through a collaboration with Harvard university, aiming at mimicking the structure of the MPER on the surface of the viral particles. (europa.eu)
These interactions allow capture of viral particles at mucosal surfaces by these cells and subsequent transmission to permissive cells. (antikoerper-online.de)
Viral particles (red) walking across cellular bridges (blue). (yale.edu)

Furthermore, mRNA-based pharmaceuticals recently reached the market and CAR-T cells and viral-based gene therapy remain a major focus of biomedical research. (tu-darmstadt.de)
Assuming a person got the mRNA variety, the official narrative from the rulers has been that the spike proteins are harmless and only remain for a few days in the arm. (shtfplan.com)
The mRNA COVID vaccines contain genetic code to produce the so-called "spike protein," a component of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that allows the virus to penetrate and infect human cells. (shtfplan.com)
The Arc gene, which contains remnants of a structural GAG retrotransposon sequence, produces a protein that self-assembles into capsid-like structures harboring Arc mRNA. (lu.se)

We report viral sequences from 188 patients across the hospitals and associated clinics in Oregon dating back to the early days of the outbreak. (cdc.gov)

This class of fusogens also includes syncytins, which are utilized in mammalian cell fusions. (wikipedia.org)

These hydrophobic regions are known as fusion peptides or fusion loops, and they are responsible for causing localized membrane instability and fusion. (wikipedia.org)
When activated, all of these fusogens form elongated trimeric structures and bury their fusion peptides into the membrane of the target cell. (wikipedia.org)
2014). The three lives of viral fusion peptides. (tcdb.org)
AoproS8 showed optimal activity at pH 9.0 and 40 °C. It was used for the production of xanthine oxidase (XOD)-inhibitory peptides from eight food processing protein by-products. (bvsalud.org)

Viral infections commonly affect the upper or lower respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
Viral respiratory infections are typically diagnosed clinically based on symptoms and local epidemiology. (msdmanuals.com)

These changes are transmitted to the transmembrane protein gp41 and are thought to activate its fusogenic potential by unmasking its fusion peptide (By similarity). (antikoerper-online.de)
By proximity ligation assay (PLA), we demonstrated that the mCherry-Arc fusion protein retains the Arc function by interacting with the transmembrane protein stargazin in postsynaptic spines. (lu.se)

Both methods yield antibody in solution that is free of most other soluble proteins, lipids, etc. (bdbiosciences.com)

One example is syncytin , a retroviral protein used for the construction of the mammalian placenta. (virology.ws)
A major current interest of the laboratory is to monitor viral spread and aspects of retroviral pathogenesis directly in living animals using multi-photon laser scanning microscopy. (yale.edu)
Abstract: Among the five retroviral genera with Class I viral fusion proteins (lentiviruses and the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and deltaretroviruses) are found either of two mechanisms of Env subunit association - covalent association mediated by disulfide bonding between cysteines, or noncovalent interactions among various residues at the SU/TM interface. (tufts.edu)

Molecular cloning and viral gene delivery of fusion proteins are powerful tools to elucidate the role and regulation of proteins within the central nervous system. (gla.ac.uk)
Using a microscope developed by first author Tijana Ivanovic, a research fellow in the HMS Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , the team looked closely at changes in the protein throughout its assault on the endosome. (harvard.edu)
RSV has two molecular subtypes A and B and RSVpreF is bivalent vaccine based on the crystal structure of pre-fusion F and which is a vital form of the viral fusion protein (F) that RSV uses to attack human cells. (hospitalhealthcare.com)

EirGenix is the leading company in biologics development and GMP manufacturing and has solid experience in various biologics (mAb, bi-specific mAbs, r-proteins, COVID-19 Spike protein, fusion proteins, RNA, ADC, Viral Vector, etc. (bio.org)

Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (musc.edu)

Fifty-one vaccine candidates were designed mainly to mimic fusion intermediate conformations of gp41 and in some instance to increase exposure of the 2F5/4E10 epitopes. (europa.eu)
We use the HIV envelope protein (gp120/gp41) as a model system. (stanford.edu)
HIV Envelope Protein gp41" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (musc.edu)
The N-terminal part of gp41 is thought to be involved in CELL FUSION with the CD4 ANTIGENS of T4 LYMPHOCYTES, leading to syncytial formation. (musc.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "HIV Envelope Protein gp41" by people in this website by year, and whether "HIV Envelope Protein gp41" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (musc.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "HIV Envelope Protein gp41" by people in Profiles. (musc.edu)
Thymic pathogenicity of an HIV-1 envelope is associated with increased CXCR4 binding efficiency and V5-gp41-dependent activity, but not V1/V2-associated CD4 binding efficiency and viral entry. (musc.edu)

Dual mutation events in the haemagglutinin-esterase and F protein from an Infectious salmon anaemia virus HPR0 genotype promote viral fusion and activation by an ubiquitous host protease. (gov.scot)
Reducing viral risks through nents and products originated from several expansion of donor history screening, im- hundred donors, she did not contract any provements in testing for infectious disease transfusion-transmitted disease. (who.int)

It seems likely that viral structural proteins originated from cellular genes. (virology.ws)
The core proteins of alphaviruses (think Semliki Forest virus) has structural similarity with chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. (virology.ws)
SCOP: Structural Classification of Proteins and ASTRAL. (berkeley.edu)
The unusually large size of HCMV, its pleomorphic envelope, the irregularly organized proteins, and the metastable nature of the gB all pose significant technical challenges to high-resolution structural characterization. (databasefootball.com)

A fusion mechanism is any mechanism by which cell fusion or virus-cell fusion takes place, as well as the machinery that facilitates these processes. (wikipedia.org)
Perhaps attaching another protein group onto the heavy chain of the antibody, or some such mechanism. (sciforums.com)

In this study, we designed a DNA vaccine expressing consensus hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) protein (FluD-Vax) and tested its protective efficacy against two lineages of IDV (D/OK and D/660) in guinea pigs. (cdc.gov)

RSV] typically causes bronchiolitis), each can cause many of the viral respiratory syndromes. (msdmanuals.com)

RSV is a major viral pathogen causing severe lung disease in the adult population, particularly among the elderly and which constitutes a substantial disease burden. (hospitalhealthcare.com)

A new study has confirmed that half of the people who have been "vaccinated" for COVID-19 will make spike proteins in their bodies forever. (shtfplan.com)
Researchers out of Italy and the United Kingdom found that, contrary to government claims, the spike proteins from shots persist in recipients' arms for at least six months post-injection. (shtfplan.com)
The first part of the video shown here follows a virus engineered to sprout SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (labeled pink) as it is captured at a cell surface and engulfed by a cellular compartment called an endosome. (phys.org)

After observing the three groups, it was found that only the people in the vaccinated subgroup were carrying the vaccine-derived spike protein . (shtfplan.com)
Similarly, human cells with COVID vaccine genetic code reverse-transcribed into them may also endlessly produce the spike protein for the affected individuals' lives," Chudov says. (shtfplan.com)
The vaccine itself contains two preF proteins which protect against the two main form of RSV, A and B which actually have multiple genotypes within each of them . (hospitalhealthcare.com)

The virus undergoes clathrin-dependent internalization long before endosomal fusion, thus minimizing the surface exposure of conserved viral epitopes during fusion and reducing the efficacy of inhibitors targeting these epitopes. (antikoerper-online.de)
Attachment inhibitors bind to a specific protein on the outer surface of HIV. (medlineplus.gov)

The insights reported not only provide the structure-function relationship of these fusion proteins, but also highlight the potential for these proteins to advance the development of hMPV vaccines and therapeutics. (lightsources.org)

Cell fusion also occurs in a multitude of mammalian cells including gametes and myoblasts. (wikipedia.org)
To investigate the requirements for budding of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5), its M protein was expressed in mammalian cells, and it was found that SV5 M protein alone could not induce vesicle budding and was not secreted from cells. (nih.gov)

2011). Imaging single retrovirus entry through alternative receptor isoforms and intermediates of virus-endosome fusion. (tcdb.org)
The present study focused on two such proteins, the transmembrane receptor PAR2 and the nuclear epigenetic regulator MeCP2. (gla.ac.uk)
The sarbecovirus' spike protein specifically recognizes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 of R. cornutus , but not humans, as an entry receptor. (cdc.gov)
The surface protein gp120 (SU) attaches the virus to the host lymphoid cell by binding to the primary receptor CD4. (antikoerper-online.de)

Fusion and penetration occur only in acidic early and late endosomal/lysosomal compartments but not at the cell surface, even when the furin and TMPRSS2 cleavages have both occurred. (phys.org)
The fusion protein is activated in the endosome and for steric reasons only a fraction of the activated molecules can interact with the endosomal membrane. (ox.ac.uk)

The viral core protein retains protease activity, needed for cleavage from a protein precursor. (virology.ws)
Then, a high protease activity of 11,023.2 U/mL with a protein concentration of 10.8 mg/mL was obtained through fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L fermenter. (bvsalud.org)

One of human HCC cell lines, HepG2 cells, was transfected to stably express HBx protein (HBx(+)-HepG2). (nih.gov)
Flow cytometry and western-blot further demonstrated that B7-H1 protein synthesis was enhanced in HBx(+)-HepG2 cells. (nih.gov)
Cell fusion is the formation of a hybrid cell from two separate cells. (wikipedia.org)
There are three major actions taken in both virus-cell fusion and cell-cell fusion: the dehydration of polar head groups, the promotion of a hemifusion stalk, and the opening and expansion of pores between fusing cells. (wikipedia.org)
However, when they are expressed on the surface of cells, they can induce cell-cell fusion. (wikipedia.org)
We know that viral proteins can be returned to cells, where they serve useful functions. (virology.ws)
The surface protein gp120 is a ligand for CD209/DC-SIGN and CLEC4M/DC-SIGNR, which are respectively found on dendritic cells (DCs), and on endothelial cells of liver sinusoids and lymph node sinuses. (antikoerper-online.de)
Fusion and penetration can occur at the cell surface of cells expressing TMPRSS2 if the extracellular pH is ∼6.8. (phys.org)
d Images of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated cell-cell fusion on 293T/ACE2 cells at 2 h (left) and 24 h (right). (nature.com)
SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Spike Protein S1, amino acid Val16-Arg685 (Accession # QHD43416.1), with (HV69-70del, Y144del, N501Y, A570D, P681H) and a C-terminal 8-His tag was expressed in CHO cells. (biolegend.com)
According to Pfizer, RSVpreF is based on foundational basic science discoveries, such as findings from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), detailing the crystal structure of prefusion F, a vital form of the viral fusion protein (F) used by RSV to attack human cells. (pharmacytimes.com)
When inducing long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, we observed an increase of Arc protein highly correlated with an increase in fluorescent intensity and the number of mCherry-positive cells. (lu.se)

The lack of covalent bonding in the Env proteins of these two genera correlates with the lack of a particular cysteine in the TM ectodomain, as well as a couple of other TM sequence features that allow easy distinction between the two TM types--lack of an immunosuppressive domain (ISD) and a longer membrane proximal external region (MPER). (tufts.edu)

The cross-talk between the hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) and B7-H1 in hepatocarcinoma (HCC) is unclear. (nih.gov)
Fusogens involved in virus-to-cell fusion mechanisms were the first of these proteins to be discovered. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists have found the following four classes of fusogens to be involved with virus-cell or cell-cell fusions. (wikipedia.org)
Class III fusogens are involved with virus-cell fusions. (wikipedia.org)
Once free, the viral RNA is copied, and the hijacked cell begins to manufacture copies of the virus. (harvard.edu)
Surface protein gp120 (SU) may target the virus to gut- associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) by binding host ITGA4/ITGB7 (alpha-4/beta-7 integrins), a complex that mediates T-cell migration to the GALT. (antikoerper-online.de)
Fármacos diseñados para bloquear la acción de las PROTEÍNAS VIRALES DE FUSIÓN y evitan la entrada de los VIRUS en la célula. (bvsalud.org)
Studies using the alphavirus Semliki Forest virus have indicated that the viral E1 fusion protein forms two types of pore: fusion pores and ion-permeable pores. (ox.ac.uk)
The heptad repeat 2 domain is a major determinant for enhanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) fusion and pathogenicity of a highly pathogenic HIV-1 Env. (musc.edu)
Fusion-induced apoptosis contributes to thymocyte depletion by a pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope in the human thymus. (musc.edu)
Susceptibility of goldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris L. (Labridae), to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) genotype III: experimental challenge and pathology. (gov.scot)
The data suggest a possible rote of this putative leucine zipper motif in the assembly of the Sendal virus fusion protein in solution and membrane. (tau.ac.il)
To enable the tracking of Arc molecules from individual neurons in vivo, we devised an adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated approach to tag the N-terminal of the mouse Arc protein with a fluorescent reporter using CRISPR/Cas9 homologous. (lu.se)
To enable the tracking of Arc molecules from individual neurons in vivo, we devised an adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated approach to tag the N-terminal of the mouse Arc protein with a fluorescent reporter using CRISPR/Cas9 homologous independent targeted integration (HITI). (lu.se)

Antibody and protein technologies came a long way in recent years and new engineering approaches were applied to generate innovative therapeutic entities with novel mechanisms of action. (tu-darmstadt.de)

We solved the X-ray crystal structure of six-helical bundle (6-HB) core of the HR1 and HR2 domains in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein S2 subunit, revealing that several mutated amino acid residues in the HR1 domain may be associated with enhanced interactions with the HR2 domain. (nature.com)

We undertook to determine the nature of the subunit association in betaretroviral Env proteins and discovered that they share with lentiviruses an Env structure with noncovalently associated subunits. (tufts.edu)

For this reason, similar mechanisms and machinery are utilized in cell-cell fusion. (wikipedia.org)
During cell fusion the monomers of these proteins will dissociate but will return to a different trimeric structure after the fusion is complete. (wikipedia.org)
These reoviral cell-cell fusogens contain fusion loops that can induce cell fusion. (wikipedia.org)
Consequently, the viral membrane and the target cell membrane are also pulled close together. (wikipedia.org)
There is also the phenomenon of HAP2 - a fusion protein that is used by many different eucaryotic organisms "all over" the phylogenetic tree (from Chlamydomonas to Bees) for mediating cell-cell fusion, predominantley of gametes. (virology.ws)
Secondly, at the onset of the fusion process, these complexes get transferred into the target cell membrane and adopt specific conformations therein. (tcdb.org)
During the penetration process, called "fusion," the viral spike protein changes shape, becoming a spear of sorts, penetrating the cell surface. (shtfplan.com)
Complete fusion occurs in host cell endosomes. (antikoerper-online.de)
Fusion activity depends on two proteolytic cleavage steps, namely, one typically carried out by furin in the producing cell and the second by TMPRSS2 on the cell surface on in endosomes of the target cell. (phys.org)
Fig. 1: Establishment of SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated cell-cell fusion system. (nature.com)
A particle according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein heterologous polypeptide sterically hinders fusion of an enveloped viral particle with an eukaryotic cell to which it is bound. (sumobrain.com)
A particle according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the protease cleavage site is accessible to the relevant protease (i.e. that which recognises the cleavage site) before the viral particle becomes bound to an eukaryotic cell. (sumobrain.com)
A particle according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the protease cleavage site becomes accessible to die relevant protease only after the viral particle has become bound to an eukaryotic cell. (sumobrain.com)
In addition, treatment with an ERS inhibitor markedly suppressed FSK-treated cell fusion in a manner related to downregulation of HtrA4 expression. (bvsalud.org)
Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)

Thus, our work provides a useful way for efficient expression of proteases in A. niger and high-value utilization of protein by-products. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy8

Organisms14

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs34

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes25

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Antibodies10

Recombinant4

Membranes16

Membrane fusion14

Infection15

Antigen2

Virion2

Nucleocapsid3

Capsid Proteins3

Influenza1

Genome1

Viruses12

Glycoproteins2

Glycoprotein5

Class I viral fusion protein1

Particles7

MRNA4

Sequences1

Utilized in mammalian1

Peptides4

Infections2

Transmembrane protein2

Lipids1

Retroviral3

Molecular3

MAbs1

Gene1

Gp417

Infectious2

Structural4

Mechanism2

Hemagglutinin1

Respiratory1

Pathogen1

Spike proteins3

Vaccine3

Inhibitors2

Therapeutics1

Mammalian cells2

Receptor4

Endosomal2

Protease activity2

Cells12

Ectodomain1

Virus14

Antibody1

Interactions1

Subunit1

Cell15

Proteases1