Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), bovine viral diarrhoea (UK English) or mucosal disease, previously referred to as bovine virus diarrhea (BVD), is an economically significant disease of cattle that is found in the majority of countries throughout the world. (wikipedia.org)
The causative agent, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), is a member of the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. (wikipedia.org)
In 2003 the Center for Disease Control (CDC) put forth recommendations for the management of acute pediatric diarrhea in both the outpatient and inpatient settings including indication for referral. (medscape.com)
The report also includes information on assessment of dehydration and what steps should be taken to adequately treat acute diarrhea. (medscape.com)
The addition of zinc to oral rehydration solution has been proven effective in children with acute diarrhea in developing countries and is recommended by the WHO. (medscape.com)
Acute Diarrhea in Children: Oral Rehydration, Maint. (cdc.gov)
Diarrhoea can be either acute or chronic. (ndtv.com)
The acute form, which lasts less than 3 weeks, is usually related to a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. (ndtv.com)
The crude overall incidence rate of unspecified gastroenteritis/diarrhea among active component service members during 2010- 2019 was more than 75 times the combined overall rates of acute GI infections attributable to the 5 specific pathogens of interest. (health.mil)
Laboratory, reportable medical event, and medical encounter data were analyzed to identify incident cases of acute gastrointestinal (GI) infections caused by Campylobacter, nontyphoidal Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), or norovirus as well as cases of unspecified gastroenteritis/diarrhea among U.S. active component service members during 2010-2019. (health.mil)
In contrast to acute diarrhea that is often a self-limiting problem and does not typically require a comprehensive work-up of the animal, chronic diarrhea cases warrant a step-by-step approach to obtain a diagnosis and formulate an optimal therapeutic plan. (vin.com)
Diarrhea that has been present for more than 4 weeks may be a lingering case of acute diarrhea or the early stage of a disorder that causes chronic diarrhea. (msdmanuals.com)
Acute diarrhea in developed countries is almost invariably a benign, self-limited condition, subsiding within a few days. (medscape.com)
A prospective study conducted in the United States in 604 children aged 3-36 months in community settings before the introduction of rotavirus vaccine found that the highest incidence of acute diarrhea was in January and August, with an overall incidence of 2.21 episodes per person-year. (medscape.com)
BVDV2
The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence of antibodies and risk factors of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in non-vaccinated dairy cattle at the South of Ecuador. (uady.mx)
The cows with clinical signs (diarrhoea, abortions, and ocular and nasal discharge) were not predominantly positive to BVDV antibodies. (uady.mx)
Salmonella1
Crude annual rates of norovirus, E. coli, Campylobacter, and Salmonella infections and unspecified gastroenteritis/diarrhea increased between 2010 and 2019 while rates of Shigella infections were relatively stable. (health.mil)
Bacterial2
A few of the more common causes of diarrhoea are bacterial infections. (ndtv.com)
Medicines that stop diarrhoea may be helpful in some cases, but they are not recommended for people whose diarrhoea is from a bacterial infection or parasite, stopping the diarrhoea traps the organism in the intestines, prolonging the problem. (ndtv.com)
Diarrhoea may be caused by a temporary problem, like an infection, or a chronic problem, like an intestinal disease. (ndtv.com)
Infectious4
ABSTRACT A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out at Tikrit teaching hospital, Iraq, from October 2004 to September 2005, to identify the prevalence and etiology of nosocomial infectious diarrhoea among children under 5 years of age. (who.int)
Nosocomial diarrhoea can occur as a sporadic or an epidemic illness, and it can be due to infectious as well as noninfectious causes. (who.int)
A careful history should also indicate the presence of extraintestinal disease as the underlying cause of diarrhea and may identify important predisposing factors, such as diet, environmental influences, exposure to parasites, infectious agents, drugs or toxins. (vin.com)
Diarrhea is often accompanied by gas, cramping, an urgency to defecate, and, if the diarrhea is caused by an infectious organism or a toxic substance, nausea and vomiting. (msdmanuals.com)
Watery3
Blood or mucus in the diarrhea, significant abdominal pain, or high fever suggests a more serious cause, such as cholera , characterized by a rapid onset of weakness and torrents of watery diarrhea with flecks of mucus (described as "rice water" stools). (wikipedia.org)
Diarrhoea is the passage of loose, watery stools occurring more than three times in one day. (ndtv.com)
Diarrhea is frequent, loose, or watery bowel movements (BMs) that differ from a child's normal pattern. (msdmanuals.com)
Stool3
Diarrhea occurs when not enough water is removed from the stool, making the stool loose and poorly formed. (msdmanuals.com)
Diarrhea implies an increase in stool volume and diminished stool consistency. (medscape.com)
Adults3
In adults with diarrhoea, it may help to drink plenty of fluids to avoid becoming dehydrated. (ndtv.com)
In the United States, nosocomial diarrhoea has been reported to vary from less than 1 per 100 admissions among children to over 30 per 100 admissions for elderly adults. (who.int)
The clinical presentation and course of illness depend on the etiology of the diarrhea and on the host. (medscape.com)
Shigella1
Annual rates of unspecified gastroenteritis/diarrhea and all pathogen-specific GI infections except Shigella increased over the course of the 10-year period. (health.mil)
Abdominal pain1
Diarrhoea may be accompanied by cramping abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, or an urgent need to use the bathroom. (ndtv.com)
Antibiotics1
[3] [4] Antibiotics are recommended for significant or persistent symptoms, and can be taken with loperamide to decrease diarrhea. (wikipedia.org)
Dehydration1
Diarrhoea can cause dehydration , which means the body lacks enough fluid to function properly and it must be treated promptly to avoid serious health problems. (ndtv.com)
Clinical1
Diarrhea is generally regarded as the most consistent clinical sign of intestinal disease in the cat, and one of the most frustrating maladies for many veterinarians to diagnose and manage. (vin.com)
Chronic diarrhea1
Chronic diarrhea is characterized by persistent or relapsing diarrhea of 3-4 weeks duration or longer. (vin.com)
Stools2
In children younger than 2 years, diarrhea is defined as daily stools with a volume greater than 10 mL/kg. (medscape.com)
In children older than 2 years, diarrhea is defined as daily stools with a weight greater than 200 g. (medscape.com)
Cryptosporidium1
Parasites that cause diarrhoea include Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium. (ndtv.com)
Some people develop diarrhoea after stomach surgery or removal of the gallbladder. (ndtv.com)
Diseases2
Chronic diarrhoea lasts more than 3 weeks and is usually related to functional disorders like irritable bowel syndrome or diseases like coeliac disease or inflammatory bowel disease. (ndtv.com)
The history and physical examination are paramount for determining whether the diarrhea is due to primary disease of the gastrointestinal tract or secondary to extraintestinal diseases, such as hyperthyroidism (Table 1). (vin.com)
Mucus1
The history should also focus on the duration of the diarrhea, the appearance of the feces (color, volume, mucus, presence of fresh blood), worming and vaccination history, defecation frequency , aggravating or alleviating factors, and defecation urgency . (vin.com)
Bacteria2
Several types of bacteria, consumed through contaminated food or water, can cause diarrhoea. (ndtv.com)
People who visit foreign countries are at risk for traveller's diarrhoea, which is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with bacteria, viruses, or, sometimes, parasites. (ndtv.com)
Viruses1
In cp viruses the NS2/3 protein is either cleaved to NS2 and NS3 or there is a duplication of viral RNA containing an additional NS3 region. (wikipedia.org)
Virus4
Persistently infected animals are the most important source of the virus, continuously excreting a viral load one thousand times that shed by acutely infected animals. (wikipedia.org)
After 2-3 weeks, antibodies effectively neutralise viral particles, promote clearance of virus and prevent seeding of target organs. (wikipedia.org)
There are live virus vaccines and inactivated viral vaccines. (infonet-biovision.org)
Developing countries1
In developing countries, because diarrhoea is so common, even reasonable estimates are lacking [2]. (who.int)
Frequency2
Diarrhea is an increase in the volume, wateriness, or frequency of bowel movements. (msdmanuals.com)
The frequency of bowel movements alone is not the defining feature of diarrhea. (msdmanuals.com)
Problem1
Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) diarrhoea is a common problem in hospitals, child care facilities and nursing homes [1]. (who.int)
People1
At particular risk are the very young, the very old, the debilitated, and people with very severe diarrhea. (msdmanuals.com)
Body1
The fluid and electrolytes lost during diarrhoea need to be replaced promptly, the body cannot function properly without them. (ndtv.com)
Change1
Fasting tests: To find out if a food intolerance or allergy is causing the diarrhoea, the doctor may ask one to avoid lactose (found in milk products), carbohydrates, wheat, or other foods to see whether the diarrhoea responds to a change in diet. (ndtv.com)