• A/crow/Kyoto/53/04 (H5N1) was recombined with the neuraminidase or hemagglutinin gene of A/Duck/Hong Kong/820/80 (H5N3), and the recombinant viruses were designated as rH5N1-H5N3-NA or rH5N1-H5N3-HA. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, A/Duck/Hong Kong/820/80 (H5N3) was recombined with the neuraminidase, nonstructural protein, matrix protein, or hemagglutinin gene of A/crow/Kyoto/53/04 (H5N1), and the recombinant viruses were designated as rH5N3-H5N1-NA, rH5N3-H5N1-NS, rH5N3-H5N1-M, or rH5N3-H5N1-HA. (cdc.gov)
  • In late December, a sick cat in the Deux-Sèvres département tested positive for the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. (anses.fr)
  • ANSES, the national reference laboratory, confirmed the contamination of a cat by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in late 2022. (anses.fr)
  • The initial spread of H5N1 in poultry, which saw the death or destruction of more than 120 million birds, was accompanied by 35 human cases, of which 24 were fatal. (who.int)
  • As of 5 January 2005, the H5N1 virus has caused 45 confirmed human cases, of which 32 were fatal. (who.int)
  • 10. Evidence indicates that H5N1 virus is now endemic in parts of Asia, having established a permanent ecological niche in poultry. (who.int)
  • Studies comparing virus samples over time show that the H5N1 strain has become progressively more pathogenic for poultry, and is now hardier than in the past, surviving several days longer in the environment. (who.int)
  • While H9N2's involvement can be traced back two decades to the emergence of H5N1, since 2013 we've seen a sudden surge in the number of new avian reassortants appearing in China - nearly all carrying the incriminating fingerprints of H9N2. (flutrackers.com)
  • Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
  • The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype CH (H5N1 A/Eurasian wigeon/Netherlands/3/2022-like). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Influenza A(H5N1) viruses from cats possessed two amino acid substitutions in the PB2 protein (526R and 627K) which are two molecular markers of virus adaptation in mammals. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The scale of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in cats in Poland is worrying. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • According to wikipedia H5N1 is an avian influenza virus subtype. (theos.in)
  • avian influenza virus (H5N1) can excrete virus while remaining free of severe disease, thereby potentially playing a role in virus dispersal. (cdc.gov)
  • The Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population has announced two new human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. (citizen-news.org)
  • The widespread persistence of H5N1 in poultry populations poses two main risks for human health. (citizen-news.org)
  • Of the few avian influenza viruses that have crossed the species barrier to infect humans, H5N1 has caused the largest number of cases of severe disease and death in humans. (citizen-news.org)
  • Unlike normal seasonal influenza, where infection causes only mild respiratory symptoms in most people, the disease caused by H5N1 follows an unusually aggressive clinical course, with rapid deterioration and high fatality. (citizen-news.org)
  • Since the first occurrence of HPAI H5N1 human cases in Hong Kong in 1997, the public health threat of high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a major global issue [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, HPAI H5N1 viruses reappeared in 2003, spread across continents, and sickened 826 patients from 2003 to March 31, 2015 [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The avian H5N1 and swine H1N1 influenza virus HA structures have been determined as well as mutations that enhance binding to human receptors that may allow the virus to cross the species barrier into humans and be transmissible. (scripps.edu)
  • However, recent outbreaks of bird flu in Southeast Asia were caused by a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain and there is increasing evidence that this strain can jump the species barrier and cause severe disease and mortality in humans. (scienceblog.com)
  • Genetic interactions between avian H5N1 influenza and human seasonal influenza viruses have the potential to create hybrid strains combining the virulence of bird flu with the pandemic ability of H1N1, according to a new study. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • In laboratory experiments in mice, a single gene segment from a human seasonal flu virus, H3N2, was able to convert the avian H5N1 virus into a highly pathogenic form. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • Some hybrids between H5N1 virus and seasonal influenza viruses were more pathogenic than the original H5N1 viruses. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • The H5N1 bird flu virus has spread worldwide through bird populations and has caused 442 confirmed human cases and 262 deaths, according to the World Health Organization. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • H5N1 virus has never acquired the ability to transmit among humans, which is why we haven't had a pandemic. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • The worry is that the pandemic H1N1 virus may provide that nature in the background of this highly pathogenic H5N1 virus," says Kawaoka, a professor of pathobiological sciences at the UW-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • However, the new findings raise concerns that H5N1 and pandemic H1N1 viruses could reassort in individuals exposed to both viruses and generate an influenza strain that is both highly virulent and contagious. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • When tested in mice, the human virus version of PB2 swapped into H5N1 converted the avian virus to a highly pathogenic form. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • With the new pandemic H1N1 virus, people sort of forgot about H5N1 avian influenza. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • But the reality is that H5N1 avian virus is still out there," Kawaoka says. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • Our data suggests that it is possible there may be reassortment between H5 and pandemic H1N1 that can create a more pathogenic H5N1 virus. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
  • Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
  • Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • FAQS: H5N1 influenza. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • H5N1, H5N8 and H7N9) can infect humans with lethal consequences (up to 60% mortality) and are potential pandemic threats for humanity if they develop human-to-human transmissability 2 . (nature.com)
  • Human ANP32A ( h ANP32A) lacks an insertion of 33 disordered residues compared to av ANP32A, restricting av H5N1 polymerase activity in mammalian cells. (nature.com)
  • H5N1 is a viral strain that causes bird flu. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPol A from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Ã…, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 1: Structures of human H3N2 and avian H5N1 FluPol A . (nature.com)
  • As of 2019, 2,644 human cases of avian influenza, mainly H7N9 or H5N1 subtypes have been reported. (qld.gov.au)
  • The World Health Organization is concerned about the highly virulent strains of IAV, such as H5N1 avian viruses which has about 60% lethality rate [ 1 ]. (omicsonline.org)
  • Increasing numbers of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A (H5N1) were reported to WHO between 2003 and 2011. (omicsonline.org)
  • NS1 of H5N1/04, H5N1/97 and H7N9 was very effective at suppressing interferon type I promoter, which correlates with the severity of the infection in humans. (helsinki.fi)
  • As the world grapples with one of the largest recorded outbreaks of bird flu (H5N1 avian influenza) concerns have been raised in the media about the potential risks to human health and whether this is the next pandemic we should be preparing for. (lshtm.ac.uk)
  • There is an ongoing outbreak of Ebola Sudan virus in Uganda at the moment that most people are completely unaware of and at home we have been suffering from a major outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza (bird flu) for over a year now. (lshtm.ac.uk)
  • There have only been two documented human infections with this strain of H5N1 - one here in the UK and one in the US. (lshtm.ac.uk)
  • Supported by the Cambodian National Animal Health and Production Research Insititute, the researchers pay frequent visits to the live poultry markets to monitor the circulation of avian influenza viruses, in particular highly pathogenic A(H5N1) viruses. (pasteur.fr)
  • From a virological standpoint, we have an exclusive circulation of the same variant of the influenza A(H5N1) virus since March 2014. (pasteur.fr)
  • Their reasoning is simple: the influenza A(H5N1) virus is highly pathogenic in poultry, meaning once infected they usually die within 24 to 72h. (pasteur.fr)
  • Neumann G, Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • This product has demonstrated effectiveness against Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Influenza A virus and is expected to inactivate all Influenza A viruses including 2009 (H1N1) pandemic Influenza A virus. (drugs.com)
  • Antiviral therapy and outcomes of patients with pneumonia caused by influenza A pandemic (H1N1) virus. (thieme-connect.de)
  • The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
  • In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
  • Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
  • 2 Instead, in 2009 the H1N1 influenza pandemic struck viciously. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • However, in addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, we've also experienced another pandemic relatively recently: the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. (healthline.com)
  • Let's look at some of the similarities between the 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics. (healthline.com)
  • Both 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 can be transmitted in similar ways. (healthline.com)
  • Both 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 are respiratory infections that share many symptoms in common. (healthline.com)
  • The 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 can range from mild to severe. (healthline.com)
  • The groups at risk for complications from 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 have significant overlap. (healthline.com)
  • In the current study, we collected high-throughput gene expression data related to human lung epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 or other respiratory viruses (SARS, H1N1, rhinovirus, avian influenza, and Dhori) and compared the effect of these viruses on the human transcriptome. (biorxiv.org)
  • The 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain is a reassortant of avian, human, and swine influenza viruses. (virology.ws)
  • The most recent 2009 H1N1 outbreak was a result of an antigenic shift and re-assortment between human, avian, and swine viruses. (opednews.com)
  • On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and no human cases of H7N9 virus infection have been detected outside China, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
  • As of April 29, 2013, China had reported 126 confirmed H7N9 infections in humans, among whom 24 (19%) died ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Chinese public health officials have investigated human contacts of patients with confirmed H7N9. (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, we aimed to assess host differentially expressed gene signatures in respiratory tract epithelial cells after influenza A virus pdmH1N1 or H7N9 infection. (aacc.org)
  • To gain global and dynamic gene expression profiles, the NHBE cells cultured from a 24 year old donor were challenged by 3.0 m.o.i. avian H7N9 virus (A/Taiwan/4-CGMH/2014), H1N1pdm virus (A/California/07/2009), or mock control. (aacc.org)
  • Furthermore, canonical signaling pathway analysis results showed that the interferon signaling and apoptosis pathways were highly activated in avian H7N9 infected NHBE cells compared with the pdmH1N1 infected cells. (aacc.org)
  • H7N9 virus infection induced strong immune response, however cellular repair mechanisms were inhibited at the same time. (aacc.org)
  • Differential expression of specific factors observed between avian H7N9 and pdmH1N1 influenza virus strains could explain the variation in disease pathogenicity. (aacc.org)
  • These findings provide a framework for future studies examining the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of avian H7N9 virus. (aacc.org)
  • The study results provide valuable viral-host interaction between H7N9 and NHBE cells, which improves our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to severe complications. (aacc.org)
  • Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. (aacc.org)
  • Seit März 2013 wurden aus der VR China die ersten Fälle einer aviären Influenza-Infektion beim Menschen durch Influenza A(H7N9) der Weltgesundheitsorganisation gemeldet. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Schon bei Verdacht auf eine Influenza A(H7N9)-Infektion sollte eine Therapie mit Neuraminidase-Inhibitoren eingeleitet werden, selbst wenn schon mehr als 48 h seit Symptombeginn vergangen sind. (thieme-connect.de)
  • This influenza A(H7N9) virus comprises genes of at least four different avian influenza viruses, some segments mimicking human-like influenza-signatures. (thieme-connect.de)
  • The detection of influenza A(H7N9) is based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (thieme-connect.de)
  • Number of confirmed cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) reported to WHO. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Preliminary report: epidemiology of the avian influenza A (H7N9) outbreak in China. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Origin and diversity of novel avian influenza A H7N9 viruses causing human infection: phylogenetic, structural, and coalescent analyses. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical and characterisation of viral genome. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Global concerns regarding novel Influenza A (H7N9) virus infections. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Genomic signature and protein sequence analysis of a novel influenza A (H7N9) virus that causes an outbreak in humans in China. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Clinical findings in 111 cases of influenza A (H7N9) virus infections. (thieme-connect.de)
  • January 26 and February 6, Yueyang City Miluo City, the emergence of avian influenza H7N9 confirmed cases of human infection case. (flutrackers.com)
  • January 28 was held in Yueyang City, Yueyang city government quickly people infected H7N9 avian flu prevention and control leadership team meetings and prevention and control of the city's health system conference, informed the epidemic situation, the specific arrangements for the prevention and control of the city. (flutrackers.com)
  • Since the first outbreak of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in humans was identified in 2013, there have been five seasonal epidemics observed in China. (who.int)
  • An earlier start and a steep increase in the number of humans infected with H7N9 virus was observed between September and December 2016, raising great public concern in domestic and international societies. (who.int)
  • 2,3 However, since September 2016, not only has the fifth outbreak started earlier than usual, but a steep increase in the number of humans infected with H7N9 virus has also been observed, causing domestic and international concern. (who.int)
  • 4 An analysis of recently reported human cases with H7N9 was conducted to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the current epidemic. (who.int)
  • In addition, suspected H7N9 cases with mild or moderate illness are identified from the Chinese sentinel surveillance system for influenza-like illness (ILI). (who.int)
  • Each clinically diagnosed H7N9 case is confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), conventional RT-PCR, virus isolation, or a four-fold rise in H7N9 antibody titres in serology using laboratory methods and procedures as previously described. (who.int)
  • For the first time ever, a comprehensive genetic analysis of the H7N9 bird flu virus has been carried out by scientists in China. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The first case of the novel avian influenza A H7N9 virus was identified on March 30, 2013. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The team used the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) database to gather as much information as possible about the H7N9 virus genome sequences. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In conclusion, they believe that the influenza A H7N9 virus might have originated from duck avian influenza viruses as well as chicken avian influenza viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In particular, this novel H7N9 virus has diversified into different lineages since its emergence several months ago. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • And for good reason, since 2013, China has suffered five successive epidemic waves of A (H7N9) virus. (pasteur.fr)
  • Genotype VI-Avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (GVI-PMV1) is a virus that arose through cross-species transmission events from Galliformes (i.e. chicken) to Columbiformes, and has become prevalent in the poultry industry. (wikipedia.org)
  • A large dependence on poultry as the main form of animal protein consumption in the normal diet means that highly pathogenic avian influenza also poses a significant threat to food security. (who.int)
  • WHO works with the MoHP to provide seasonal influenza vaccines to vulnerable groups, including health workers in fever and chest hospitals, people working in poultry farms, rapid response teams, veterinarians and pilgrims going to Saudi Arabia for Hajj. (who.int)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
  • However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
  • However, it is important to verify that these phenomena remain sporadic and that the viruses that have acquired this ability to cross into mammals are not detected on poultry farms. (anses.fr)
  • Epidemiological investigations, conducted with WHO support, linked most human cases to direct contact with diseased poultry in household, as opposed to commercial, flocks. (who.int)
  • Massive control efforts were introduced in most countries with the aim of eliminating the virus from its poultry host. (who.int)
  • Although the number of affected poultry has been much smaller in this second wave (less than one million), there have again been human cases. (who.int)
  • Aiding and abetting H9N2 in the creation of new viable avian reassortant viruses has been the common practice of housing together many different species of birds and poultry at live bird markets ( LBMs ), where viruses that might never meet up normally in the wild are provided an ideal environment to reassort. (flutrackers.com)
  • Add in transport and trade of poultry between markets ( LPTs ), and what might have remained local, isolated, outbreaks of a novel avian virus are provided additional opportunities to become regional - or even international - threats. (flutrackers.com)
  • Dr. King] We've all heard a lot in the news over the last few years about avian influenza in humans, poultry, and in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. (thieme-connect.de)
  • NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: Avian influenza is one of the most important diseases of poultry. (usda.gov)
  • In domestic poultry, infection with avian influenza viruses causes two main forms of disease, distinguished by low and high extremes of virulence. (citizen-news.org)
  • However, not all viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are highly pathogenic and not all will cause severe disease in poultry. (citizen-news.org)
  • On present understanding, H5 and H7 viruses are introduced to poultry flocks in their low pathogenic form. (citizen-news.org)
  • When allowed to circulate in poultry populations, the viruses can mutate, usually within a few months, into the highly pathogenic form. (citizen-news.org)
  • This is why the presence of an H5 or H7 virus in poultry is always a cause for concern, even when the initial signs of infection are mild. (citizen-news.org)
  • The first is the risk of direct infection when the virus passes from poultry to humans, resulting in very severe disease. (citizen-news.org)
  • Direct contact with infected poultry, or surfaces and objects contaminated by their faeces, is presently considered the main route of human infection. (citizen-news.org)
  • To date, most human cases have occurred in rural or periurban areas where many households keep small poultry flocks, which often roam freely, sometimes entering homes or sharing outdoor areas where children play. (citizen-news.org)
  • Fully understanding the different awareness, attitudes and protective behaviors adopted by workers in live-poultry markets (LPMWs) and local community residents (CRs) to face the challenges of LPAI and HPAI is very important to minimize viral adaptations to human populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This was quite different from the avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in Europe and Africa, which occurred mostly in poultry farms where migratory birds played an important role [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
  • While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)
  • surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
  • We believe that the estimated times to most recent common ancestor for the eight genomic fragments and the frequent poultry transportation in China account for the increased number of confirmed sporadic cases of human infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Combined vet and medical teams examining crow deaths in 2017 at live bird poultry markets noted workers there were exposed to aerosolised viable avian influenza A viruses . (lshtm.ac.uk)
  • Other recent work has also highlighted moderate year round transmission of avian influenza in poultry in live bird markets. (lshtm.ac.uk)
  • There is a massive influx of poultry to markets and up to 80% of these poultry can be infected with avian influenza," explains Dr. Philippe Dussart, head of the Virology Unit at the Institut Pasteur du Cambodge . (pasteur.fr)
  • Up to 80% of poultry can be infected with avian influenza. (pasteur.fr)
  • WHO supports the implementation of the National Plan through building capacity in surveillance and monitoring of human cases of avian influenza and ensuring a rapid response. (who.int)
  • In March 2013, the first cases of avian influenza virus infections in humans were reported by the authorities of the PR of China to the World Health Organization. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Human cases of avian influenza are usually associated with direct or indirect exposure to live or dead infected birds or their contaminated environment. (qld.gov.au)
  • Pandemic influenza, and primarily avian influenza, is a serious concern for Egypt. (who.int)
  • The Government of Egypt has taken the threat of pandemic influenza seriously and developed the National Influenza Pandemic Executive Committee (NIPEC). (who.int)
  • WHO offers technical support to the NIPEC and participated in the development of the Integrated National Plan for avian and pandemic influenza in response to the rapid spread of avian influenza and pandemic influenza, in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (who.int)
  • This represents one possible obstacle to the emergence of new pandemic influenza A viruses in humans, namely, the presence of avian-human influenza gene constellations that restrict viral replication in primates. (wiktionary.org)
  • Meeting the challenge of pandemic influenza: ethical guidance for leaders and health care professionals in the Veterans Health Administration. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • https://www.ethics.va.gov/activities/pandemic_influenza_preparedness.asp. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
  • An example of the evolutionary importance of reassortment is the exchange of RNA segments between mammalian and avian influenza viruses that give rise to pandemic influenza. (virology.ws)
  • Although there were different timings in peaks of viral activity compared to seasonal influenza in humans, there is still the risk of influenza viral reassortment leading to possible pandemic influenza strains, adding to the evidence supporting the urgent need for large scale improvements in live animal markets. (lshtm.ac.uk)
  • The Mexican Avian Influenza (H5N2) Outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • The Avian Influenza H7N3 Outbreak in South Central Asia. (cdc.gov)
  • The chaotic breakdown of public health as World War I dragged on is widely recognized as exacerbating the disease burden of the pandemic outbreak of influenza in 1918. (wiktionary.org)
  • In the present outbreak, more than half of those infected with the virus have died. (citizen-news.org)
  • Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
  • A doctor is more likely to do this during an outbreak or epidemic of a specific virus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
  • arrier to infect humans. (citizen-news.org)
  • Wild birds are the natural hosts of many influenza viral strains that normally do not infect humans. (scienceblog.com)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • Influenza viruses mutate and evolve rapidly and the more this virus spreads the greater the chances that it can acquire the ability to infect humans. (lshtm.ac.uk)
  • Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
  • Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
  • On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
  • The susceptibility of cats to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has been known since 2004, and had already been demonstrated in Thailand and Germany in 2006. (anses.fr)
  • Infection in Red Foxes Fed Infected Bird Carcasses," the authors discuss that eating infected wild birds may put wild carnivores at risk for infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • So to determine whether foxes were susceptible to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, the investigators infected three foxes intratracheally. (cdc.gov)
  • The current outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, which began in South-East Asia in mid-2003, are the largest and most severe on record. (citizen-news.org)
  • Outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI, HPAI) H5N2 in chickens have occurred in Taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Description: This kit is an in vitro immunoassay membrane test (Dot-ELISA) for the direct rapid and qualitative detection of hemagglutinin (HA) of Influenza A Virus, H5 strain(also known as highly pathogenic avian influenza) in avian excretes, human nasopharyngeal aspirates, swabs, nasal wash, chicken embryo whole virus inoculation or viral lysates, etc. (iowaodes.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is associated with severe disease and mortality in birds. (qld.gov.au)
  • Viruses that cause only mild disease are called low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). (qld.gov.au)
  • Avian influenza, commonly called bird flu, is an infectious viral disease of birds. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza, or "bird flu", is a contagious disease of animals caused by viruses that normally infect only birds and, less commonly, pigs. (citizen-news.org)
  • Alaska is at the intersection of the Asian and North American flyways for migratory birds and scientists say that could provide an unusual mixing ground for the evolution of new strains of bird flu - strains that could spread to lower latitudes and possibly jump to other species, including humans. (scienceblog.com)
  • We knew about (bird) flu because Kevin Winker has been talking about flu for years," said George Happ, Director of the IDeA Networks for Biomedical Research Excellence (INBRE) at UAF, which is funding the UA avian influenza program. (scienceblog.com)
  • The increased virulence seen in the new study seems to arise from one of the eight genes in the viral genome, called PB2, which is known to affect how well the bird flu virus grows in mammalian hosts, including humans. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • Avian influenza, or 'bird flu', is an infectious viral disease caused by influenza type A viruses. (qld.gov.au)
  • As a hub for slaughter and sale as well as transit, this market fuels the circulation of the viruses that cause « bird flu. (pasteur.fr)
  • Cross-species transmission is the most significant cause of disease emergence in humans and other species. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is because simultaneous infection with an avian influenza virus and a human influenza virus could lead to the emergence of a new influenza virus that is potentially highly contagious to humans. (anses.fr)
  • Conditions favouring the emergence of a pandemic virus are, however, well known, and are increasingly being met. (who.int)
  • The researchers say surveillance of viral populations is critical to monitor the potential emergence of highly pathogenic viral variants due to reassortment of avian and human influenza viruses. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • In terms of public health, this is a strategic location to quickly detect any viral emergence in order to alert the authorities to prevent the spread in animals and potentially in humans. (pasteur.fr)
  • Viral infections like Ebola, MERS, SARS and Zika continue to be among the leading causes of illness and death across the world. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • SARS coronavirus, Ebola, Nipah virus, avian influenza, and perhaps most importantly, HIV, are all recently emergent zoonotic viruses that originated in wild animal populations and have caused significant morbidity and mortality in human, and in some cases, animal populations. (cdc.gov)
  • This COCA Call will use Nipah virus and Ebola virus as case studies and discuss effective interventions that reduce the risk of spillover of both known and unknown pathogens from wildlife. (cdc.gov)
  • Many of the viral pathogenic agents that have emerged in humans in recent decades are of animal origin - including SARS coronavirus, avian influenza virus, hantaviruses, Ebola virus, Marburg virus and Nipah virus. (pasteur.fr)
  • What do Ebola, Dengue Fever, Lassa Fever, or other hemorrhagic fevers, that often inspire Hollywood productions, have in common with respiratory viruses, such as influenza or Sars-Cov2? (eswi.org)
  • 3 In between, there were periodic eruptions of the deadly Ebola virus in Africa. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • With the on-going European outbreaks of HPAI there is a risk of moving these viruses to North America as well. (usgs.gov)
  • Regardless of novel LPAI or HPAI virus reassortants that pose public health risks, prompt and clear risk communication focusing on both correct information about AIVs and the most appropriate preventive measures are important for effective prevention of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
  • The potential exists for coinfection of multiple subtypes of influenza virus and with genetic reassortment and the creation of possible new strains of influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The researchers set out to identify potential origins of the virus as well as "possible routes of reassortment events" by correlating the genomic sequences from avian influenza viruses with ecological information. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • I think beside the benefit of genetic reassortment, having a segmented genome in influenza would probably mean all 8 segments can be made into proteins at the same time, shortening replication time. (virology.ws)
  • The source of the human infections remains under investigation. (cdc.gov)
  • Our mission is to limit the clinical and public outcomes of high-impact virus infections through an integrated field-to-bench-to-bedside research program. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • is an international centre of excellence for multidisciplinary, basic, translational and clinical research of viruses and virus infections at the molecular, patient and population level. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • However, there is no report of human infections so far. (theos.in)
  • Our mission is to reduce the burden of major acute respiratory virus infections by fostering stakeholder communication and cross-disciplinary research in Europe. (eswi.org)
  • In this fascinating episode pathomechanism is explained and we learn how recent research has shown that acute virus infections may cause long-term health impairments. (eswi.org)
  • The symptoms of viremia often depend on the cause of the infection, but many viral infections cause a similar set of symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Blood tests and blood cultures may also be necessary to determine or confirm the specific cause of viral infections and viremia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In some cases, a doctor may diagnose viremia by comparing a person's symptoms with those of other viral infections that someone has potentially been exposed to. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • For most viral infections, treatment involves dealing with the symptoms of the infection rather than the virus itself. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Almost all confirmed cases have been sporadic, with no epidemiologic link to other human cases, and are presumed to have resulted from exposure to infected birds ( 3,4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
  • In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic AI viruses have been frequently found in wild and domestic European birds, significantly in 2006, and annually since then. (usgs.gov)
  • The increase in such viral transfers from birds to mammals in different countries calls for vigilance, as they could facilitate the possible transfer to humans. (anses.fr)
  • Some observations on the circulation of influenza viruses in domestic and wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Haemagglutination-inhibiting activity to type a influenza viruses in the sera of wild birds from the far east of the USSR. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2014, in PLoS Path: Genetics, Receptor Binding, and Transmissibility Of Avian H9N2 researchers found evidence of Chinese H9N2 viruses binding preferentially to alpha 2,6 receptor cells - the type commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract - rather than to alpha 2,3 receptor cells which are found in the gastrointestinal tract of birds. (flutrackers.com)
  • Within each experimental group, some individuals experienced more severe disease than others but line 15I birds experienced milder disease based on average clinical scores, percentage of birds with gross pathology, average bursal lesion scores and average peak bursal virus titre. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Birds are one of the most interesting and most colourful groups of animals, but they can also be a source of zoonotic factors dangerous for humans. (sciendo.com)
  • As infected birds shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, opportunities for exposure to infected droppings or to environments contaminated by the virus are abundant under such conditions. (citizen-news.org)
  • While Alfred Hitchcock's "The Birds" made many of us uneasy at the sight of amassing gulls years ago, today public health officials around the world are beginning to cast an equally uneasy eye toward migratory birds, especially in Alaska, following recent outbreaks of avian influenza in Southeast Asia and, last week, in Siberia. (scienceblog.com)
  • University of Alaska (UAF) scientists and state and federal biologists from across Alaska have joined forces and formed the University of Alaska Program on the Biology and Epidemiology of Avian Influenza in Alaska to study migratory birds in Alaska and determine how many are infected and how strains of influenza virus jump from one species to another. (scienceblog.com)
  • The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Most influenza strains evolve exclusively in the large reservoir of water birds, but some highly pathogenic avian strains (e.g. (nature.com)
  • The HA and NA genes might originate from duck avian influenza viruses, which might have obtained the viral genes from migratory birds a year previously, whereas the internal genes might come from chicken avian influenza viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The virus can pass from birds to humans and, very rarely, from person to person. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Influenza A viruses are pathogens infecting birds and selected mammals. (helsinki.fi)
  • Major difficulties with this expression exist, largely because it is ambiguous, and because all influenza A viruses have a host in birds. (bvsalud.org)
  • The expression is not always used consistently by authors: sometimes it (correctly) describes the disease in birds, while other times it refers to a disease and potential pandemic in humans. (bvsalud.org)
  • The number of upregulated genes was larger than the numbers of downregulated genes in both groups of virus-infected NHBE cells at both time points. (aacc.org)
  • DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • These four viruses have been selected because they have NS1 genes that belong to the A and B alleles, respectively. (usda.gov)
  • We anticipate that NS1 mediates the effects of AIV on macrophages and would like to test viruses with different NS1 alleles to determine if it mediates the downregulation of immune function genes as we described in the Prelimiary Results. (usda.gov)
  • Reverse genetics: NS1 genes will be altered through site mutagenesis and mutated viruses will be generated through co-transfection of macropahges with a reverse genetics system to determine which part of the NS1 genes is responsible for the observed differences in cytopathogenic effect (apoptosis) and the modulation of the immnue genes detected by microarray analysis. (usda.gov)
  • 1. Extensive Regulations of immune genes in chicken macrophages and lungs infected with influenza virus H9N2. (usda.gov)
  • We also found that interferon (IFN) and IFN-inducible genes were regulated differentially in A/ph/CA/2373/98 (H9N2) virus infected Macrophages. (usda.gov)
  • The analyses showed that genes involved in the Type1 interferon signaling pathway and the apoptosis process are commonly altered by infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. (biorxiv.org)
  • For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but [additional genes] from the avian virus. (opednews.com)
  • Mutinelli F, Capua I, Terregino C, Cattoli G. Clinical, gross, and microscopic findings in different avian species naturally infected during the H7N1 low- and high-pathogenicity avian influenza epidemics in Italy during 1999 and 2000. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Zoonotic viruses-those which are transmitted between animals and people, represent an important group of pathogens that are responsible for a growing number of significant epidemics. (cdc.gov)
  • Professor Gabriel's main research interest is to understand how avian influenza viruses cross species barriers and transmit to humans causing large epidemics and eventually pandemics. (eswi.org)
  • the main characteristics remained unchanged and the genetic characteristics of virus strains that were isolated in this epidemic remained similar to earlier epidemics. (who.int)
  • There are four classes of influenza viruses (A-D), with influenza A and B causing most seasonal epidemics. (scienceboard.net)
  • A, B) Survival times (A) and half-lives (B) of various subtypes of influenza viruses on a plastic surface ( Table 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • C, D) Survival times (C) and half-lives (D) of various subtypes of influenza viruses on the surface of human skin ( Table 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Cross-species transmission (CST), also called interspecies transmission, host jump, or spillover, is the transmission of an infectious pathogen, such as a virus, between hosts belonging to different species. (wikipedia.org)
  • for example, a reservoir species may transfer the virus to a vector species, which in turn transfers the virus to humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • for example, most human zoonotic transmissions come from other species of mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pathogens of more distantly related species, on the other hand, such as plant viruses, may not be capable of infecting humans at all. (wikipedia.org)
  • A large proportion of viral pathogens that have emerged recently in humans are considered to have originated from various animal species. (wikipedia.org)
  • CST of rabies virus variants between many different species populations is a major concern of wildlife management. (wikipedia.org)
  • When scant information is available about a novel emerging virus, understanding it within a framework of evolutionary relationships can help characterize it in the context of its most closely related species and their known hosts and vectors. (springer.com)
  • Here, we suggest that examining the biology and ecology of related viral species provides predictions about characteristics of emerging understudied viruses. (springer.com)
  • The virus detected in the white stork presented one of those mutations (627K), which suggests that the virus that had spilled over to cats was already partially adapted to mammalian species. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • It is a viral disease that causes illness in many species including humans and is a pandemic threat. (theos.in)
  • After the initial contact between species, some of these viruses used a variety of evolutionary mechanisms to adapt to their new human host. (pasteur.fr)
  • With gene sequences, bird species, geographic location and capture information in hand, Tom Marr, UA president's professor of bioinformatics, Jim Long, biotechnology computing technical leader, and Buck Sharpton, UA president's professor of remote sensing plan to create the first Web site of georeferenced avian influenza data. (scienceblog.com)
  • Viruses by species are the most numerous of any biological entity on earth. (opednews.com)
  • AI strains are divided into two groups based on the pathogenicity of the virus, or the ability of the virus to produce disease. (usgs.gov)
  • Avian Influenza (including infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses). (cdc.gov)
  • Collectively, our data provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms of the differential pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses. (aacc.org)
  • PB1-F2 is a small, 90 amino acid long polypeptide expressed in influenza A viruses, which generally exacerbate virus pathogenicity. (omicsonline.org)
  • To be able to minimize the impact of emerging viral zoonoses requires an understanding of the viral diversity within key wildlife reservoirs, the types of human behaviors that increase exposure to an infection with zoonotic viruses, and the ability to rapidly identify the etiologic agent behind clusters of human or domestic animal disease so that effective interventions can be implemented. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. Gabriel is head of the research department Viral Zoonoses - One Health at the Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology in Hamburg and professor for virology at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover. (eswi.org)
  • Antibodies to influenza viruses (including the human A2-Asian-57 strain) in sera from Australian shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus). (cdc.gov)
  • Given the constantly changing nature of influenza viruses, the occurrence of pandemics defies precise predictions concerning timing, causative strain, and severity of the disease and its international impact. (who.int)
  • In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The scientists also discovered that one of the two new strains is divergent from the previously known strain of HTLV-4, highlighting the genetic diversity of this human virus. (pasteur.fr)
  • Their results, including identification of the PB2 segment as a key to enhanced virulence, offer information likely to be useful in the event of a pandemic caused by a hybrid avian-human influenza strain. (healthnewstrack.com)
  • The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
  • The aim of this study was evaluating the effect of NS1 of five different avian influenza strains and one seasonal influenza strain on activation of type I and III interferon gene promoters. (helsinki.fi)
  • Most current influenza vaccines target the immunodominant head domain of the viral HA and therefore antibodies produced by these vaccines are strain specific. (scienceboard.net)
  • An influenza virus vaccine that results in broad immunity would likely protect against any emerging influenza virus subtype or strain and would significantly enhance our pandemic preparedness, avoiding future problems with influenza pandemics as we see them now with COVID-19," said author Florian Krammer, PhD, professor of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, in a statement. (scienceboard.net)
  • Analysis of cellular receptors shows that raccoons have avian and human type receptors with a similar distribution as found in human respiratory tracts. (cdc.gov)
  • ESWI organises exciting scientific webinars featuring distinguished guests and experts in their field throughout the year on current, relevant respiratory viral topics of interest and new breakthroughs. (eswi.org)
  • Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
  • Respiratory droplets containing virus can land on things like countertops and doorknobs. (healthline.com)
  • This virus causes a severe respiratory tract infection in high-risk populations such as elderly people, young children and patients with chronic lung and heart diseases. (omicsonline.org)
  • The final objective is to propose prevention and awareness strategies for the most exposed populations," comments Dr. Erik Karlsson, Senior Research Fellow in charge of respiratory virus surveillance and research programs in the Virology Unit. (pasteur.fr)
  • Fifty Years of influenza A(H3N2) following the pandemic of 1968. (cdc.gov)
  • The NS1 of seasonal virus H3N2 shown the highest suppression of both interferon I and III promoters, while NS1 originating from avian H9N2 and H7N7 strains had limited effect on interferon promoter activation. (helsinki.fi)
  • The detection of aerosolized viruses can serve as an important surveillance and control tool in agricultur e, human health, and environmental settings. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, influenza surveillance systems in China have identified no sign of increased community transmission of this virus. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC, along with state and local health departments, is continuing epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance for influenza in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • WHO and FAO have established a platform for joint risk assessment on avian influenza where both epidemiological and virological surveillance data are shared regularly and a risk assessment report is developed. (who.int)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), the University of Iceland, and other partners, has explored the ecology and movement of AI viruses in the North Atlantic region since 2010. (usgs.gov)
  • The resolution urged Member States to draw up and implement national preparedness plans, and requested the Director-General to continue to provide leadership in pandemic preparedness, particularly by strengthening global influenza surveillance. (who.int)
  • Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • LPAI generally does not pose a significant health threat to humans. (usgs.gov)
  • Influenza causes significant loss of workdays, human suffering, and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • Human infection of H5 or H7 subtypes are more commonly associated with severe disease and mortality. (qld.gov.au)
  • 5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
  • However, LPM-workers protected themselves less from AI viruses (AIVs) and had lower acceptance of human or avian influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Various research groups are working toward development of vaccines and drugs, and many have published genomic and transcriptomic data related to this viral infection. (biorxiv.org)
  • When developing influenza vaccines, researchers are forced to predict the genetic makeup of the virus some months in advance, and mismatches occur relatively frequently as strains become antigenically diverse. (scienceboard.net)
  • This genetic change, or shift, in the virus results in immunity to only specific strains of the influenza virus, requiring frequent re-formulation and re-administration of seasonal vaccines. (scienceboard.net)
  • Our chimeric hemagglutinin vaccine is a major advance over conventional vaccines which are often mismatched to the circulating strains of virus, impacting their effectiveness. (scienceboard.net)
  • As noted previously, the avian influenza virus can occasionally infect mammals due to genomic mutations. (anses.fr)
  • The cloacal samples will be screened for the avian influenza virus, positive samples will be identified and sent to The Institute of Genomic Research (TIGR) for sequencing of the entire viral RNA genome which will then be published in GenBank, the National Institutes of Health collection of all publicly available RNA and DNA sequences. (scienceblog.com)
  • These foxes excreted virus pharyngeally for three to seven days, and they became ill with severe pneumonia, myocarditis, and even encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
  • These foxes excreted virus pharyngeally for three to five days, but only mild or no pneumonia developed. (cdc.gov)
  • Primary viral pneumonia and multi-organ failure are common. (citizen-news.org)
  • The Zika virus (ZIKV) is just the latest in a growing list of pathogens [e.g. (springer.com)
  • The development of the virus concept as reflected in corpora of studies on individual pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)
  • These strategies are presented, along with background information on the biology, ecology, and epidemiology of avian influenza, by David Swayne and David Suarez of the USDA. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Viruses can be highly contagious and work by hiding from the immune system, taking over host cells and forcing them to produce more of the virus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • We use a combination of cell-based and in vitro assays to show that the interface of the FluPol A dimer is required for vRNA synthesis during replication of the viral genome. (nature.com)
  • Our study provides high-resolution structures of medically relevant FluPol A , as well as insights into the replication mechanisms of the viral RNA genome. (nature.com)
  • Virology question of the week: why a segmented viral genome? (virology.ws)
  • That's what I tell my students - all the viral genome strategies exist because they work. (virology.ws)
  • This was possible in the lab because the molecular biology of replication is well characterised and that measles virus is polyploid allowing the engineering of a tri-segmented genome that can replicate and be packaged into virions. (virology.ws)
  • Global viral diversity is substantial, but viruses that contribute little to the public health burden or to agricultural damage receive minimal attention until a seemingly unimportant virus becomes a threat. (springer.com)
  • Predicting which virus may pose a future threat is difficult. (springer.com)
  • Adlhoch C , Baldinelli F , Fusaro A , Terregino C . Avian influenza, a new threat to public health in Europe? (eurosurveillance.org)
  • To address the threat that avian influenza (AI) poses to human health, it is necessary to recognize its broader agricultural and economic implications and to integrate this knowledge into disease control strategies. (nationalacademies.org)
  • This increase in reassortant avian viruses appears to coincide with recent evolutionary changes in H9N2, which include increased mammalian adaptation. (flutrackers.com)
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-8, and chemokines K203, ah221 (CCL7), ah294, CCL3, CCL20, K60 (CXCL1) and CXCL14 were all upregulated from 1.3 to 26.7 fold in A/ph/CA/2373/98 (H9N2) virus infected Macrophages. (usda.gov)
  • As the pandemic continues to unfold, understanding how the epidemic began is essential to prevent further SARS-CoV-2 virus introductions and help prevent introductions of new viruses in the future. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • citation needed] Wildlife zoonotic diseases of microbial origin are also the most common group of human emerging diseases, and CST between wildlife and livestock has appreciable economic impacts in agriculture by reducing livestock productivity and imposing export restrictions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Zoonotic viruses can have profound health and economic impacts globally, even when occurring in relatively isolated regions, thereby making them a significant challenge for the global health community. (cdc.gov)
  • These individuals reported having been severely bitten by a gorilla during hunting activities, which seems to confirm the zoonotic origin of the virus. (pasteur.fr)
  • Some AIV, such as H7, H5 and H9 subtypes, are associated with sporadic zoonotic human infection. (qld.gov.au)
  • An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
  • The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
  • Avian influenza overview June - September 2022. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Avian-human influenza A reassortant viruses with the phenotype of restricted replication in primates would not be able to spread efficiently from human to human, and therefore viruses with these gene constellations would not be expected to give rise to pandemic human influenza viruses. (wiktionary.org)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
  • RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Over 250 crystal structures of monoclonal Fab fragments and complexes with a variety of antigens, such as peptides, steroids, cocaine, and proteins, including HIV-1, gp120 and gp41, have led to significant insights into antibody-antigen recognition, virus neutralization, and vaccine design for HIV-1. (scripps.edu)
  • The 1918 flu, which killed 20-40 million people worldwide, is being investigated through structural and binding studies of the 1918 viral proteins, such as the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase, as well as other the viral proteins. (scripps.edu)
  • Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • The detection and evaluation of concentration of influenza virus proteins in biological samples is critical in a broad range of medical and biological investigations regarding the concern over potential outbreaks of virulent influenza strains in animals and humans. (omicsonline.org)
  • This parallel detection of PB1-F2 and NP suggests that applied sensor chip technology may be amenable to an arrow immunosensor for simultaneous detection of all known influenza virus proteins in infected tissues and cells. (omicsonline.org)
  • The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface, and there are at least 18 subtypes of HA in influenza A. (scienceboard.net)
  • Here, we performed a time-resolved phylogenetic analysis of 129 HA sequences representing all 1891 available H5N8 viruses collected from 2010 to 2020. (mdpi.com)
  • December 7, 2020 -- A new universal influenza vaccine has been developed that targets the stalk portion of the influenza virus surface protein rather than the head portion. (scienceboard.net)
  • The concept is important in understanding and controlling emerging infectious diseases in humans, especially those caused by viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is evidence to suggest that some diseases can potentially be re-introduced to human populations through animal hosts after they have been eradicated in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additional information on avian influenza viruses are available in the Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases . (usgs.gov)
  • By combining these complementary areas of expertise The Department of Viroscience is able to meet today's and tomorrow's societal challenges in diseases caused by common and newly emerging viruses. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • These findings, published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases, support the notion that gorillas represent a major source of infectious agents that can be passed on to humans. (pasteur.fr)
  • Each Member Country is committed to reporting to the OIE on its health status regarding significant animal diseases and diseases transmissible to humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • However, at least three family clusters of two or three confirmed cases have been reported where limited human-to-human transmission might have occurred ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • It is believed that viruses with high mutation rates are able to rapidly adapt to new hosts and thereby overcome host-specific immunological defenses, allowing their continued transmission. (wikipedia.org)
  • Significant overall knowledge gaps regarding the transmission and maintenance of an emerging virus can delay policy and public health response. (springer.com)
  • These cases include the first instance of probable human-to-human transmission, reported in a family cluster in Thailand in September 2004. (who.int)
  • Although human to human transmission may have occurred only in the context of three clusters, strict hygiene measures should be instituted and any suspect case should be reported to the local health authorities immediately. (thieme-connect.de)
  • How does a virus cause disease after transmission? (eswi.org)
  • Limited person to person transmission of avian influenza has occurred however, continued transmission is low risk. (qld.gov.au)
  • Crucially, there are no known cases of human-to-human transmission. (lshtm.ac.uk)
  • She said current guidelines are based on "large droplets" as the method of transmission for the virus and the idea that those large droplets can only go a certain distance. (opednews.com)
  • I also directed the Joint Center for Structural Genomics (2000-2016) that pioneers new high throughput methodologies and technologies for protein production, structure determination and functional analysis in order to investigate the Expanding Protein Universe and the human gut microbiome and other high-value targets in the regulation of stem cells and T cells. (scripps.edu)
  • Viruses are made of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, which is wrapped in a protective protein covering called a capsid. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • During influenza A virus infection, this function is performed by viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1). (helsinki.fi)
  • Viruses with segmented RNA genomes can produce at least one protein per segment, sometimes more. (virology.ws)
  • Our chimeric HA vaccine, by contrast, is directed at the proximal part of the HA protein -- the stalk domain -- which has been shown to broadly neutralize diverse influenza virus strains in both animal models and humans. (scienceboard.net)
  • Unfortunately, the virus is able to escape neutralization by mutating this part of hemagglutinin through a process known as antigenic drift," explained co-author Peter Palese, PhD, professor and chair of the department of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. (scienceboard.net)
  • The authors found antibodies to a variety of influenza subtypes, like H10N7, H4N6, H4N2, H3, and H1 viruses, these with wide geographic variation in seroprevalence. (cdc.gov)
  • A very exciting project on broadly neutralizing antibodies with influenza virus has revealed novel epitopes that are of great value for structure-assisted vaccine development. (scripps.edu)
  • We have defined a broadly neutralizing epitope in all group 1 influenza subtypes and are working on other antibodies that recognize group 2 as well as those that cross all subtypes. (scripps.edu)
  • A method for the improved detection of aerosolized influenza viruses and the male-specific (F+) RNA coliphage MS2. (cdc.gov)
  • Compared to direct testing of the BioSampler liquid, detection was improved by 6.77x and 3.33x for type A and type B influenza viruses, respectively, by using the anion exchange resin. (cdc.gov)
  • Description: This kit is an in vitro immunoassay test (Dot-ELISA) for the direct, rapid and qualitative detection of nucleoprotein (NP) antigen of Influenza A Virus in human nasopharyngeal aspirates, swabs, nasal wash, chicken embryo whole virus inoculation or viral lysates, etc. (iowaodes.com)
  • The immunosensor was successfully applied in the detection and quantification of PB1-F2 in infected mouse lungs and cell lines, providing temporal expression profiles of PB1-F2 during viral infection. (omicsonline.org)
  • The most important pathway in influenza virus detection is a retinoic acid-inducible gene I pathway, which recognizes the 5'-triphosphate in viral RNA. (helsinki.fi)
  • In 2013, a second study showed almost constant circulation of avian influenza within the markets and detection of these viruses peaks the week before the main holidays: Lunar New Year also known as Chinese New Year (usually between early and mid February) and the Khmer New Year (mid-April). (pasteur.fr)
  • The potential for AIV to cause severe disease in humans or mutate to spread easily among humans is closely monitored by animal and human health authorities. (qld.gov.au)
  • A second and even greater concern, according to the World Health Organization, is the possibility that the present situation could give rise to an influenza pandemic in humans akin to the 1918 "Spanish Flu. (scienceblog.com)
  • The 1918 influenza pandemic killed more than 500,000 people in the United States and as many as 50 million people worldwide, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. (scienceblog.com)
  • The initial goal of the (UA) program is to assess the diversity and prevalence of avian influenza in Alaska's bird populations," said Jonathan Runstadler, veterinarian, assistant professor of molecular biology at UAF's Institute of Arctic Biology, and a lead scientist on the Avian Influenza Program. (scienceblog.com)
  • Only viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are known to cause the highly pathogenic form of the disease. (citizen-news.org)
  • A second risk, of even greater concern, is that the virus - if given enough opportunities - will change into a form that is highly infectious for humans and spreads easily from person to person. (citizen-news.org)
  • This research has demonstrated the importance of the migratory bird flyways in this region to the intercontinental movement of viruses between Europe and North America. (usgs.gov)
  • Evidence of infection with influenza viruses in migratory waterfowl. (cdc.gov)
  • The always capricious genetic mutations of viral combinations outwitted vaccine manufacturers, offering little protection, resulting in an estimated 12,469 deaths, tragically many of them children, young, and middle-aged people. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • The Zika virus (ZIKV) illustrated this, as there was limited information and awareness of the virus when it was identified as a public health emergency in February 2016. (springer.com)
  • The 1999-2000 avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic in Italy: veterinary and human health implications. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the first epidemic has subsided, the presence of a natural reservoir and the disease severity highlight the need to evaluate its risk for human public health and to understand the possible pathogenesis mechanism. (aacc.org)