Viral hiv 1. Medical search. Frequent questions

Studies indicate that Plasmodium falciparum infection increases HIV replication in adults ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Although not statistically significant, clearing the previous month's malaria infection was associated with a drop in viral load (Table, p = 0.09). (cdc.gov)
After adjusting for age and baseline viral load, we assessed log 10 HIV viral load in relation to malaria clearance, persistence, absence, or new infection using a repeated measures model with autoregressive covariance structure. (cdc.gov)
No differences were statistically significant, although clearing an infection versus no malaria had a 0.22 log viral load decrease (Table, p = 0.10). (cdc.gov)
Our findings suggest that low-density malaria infection may not dramatically affect plasma HIV-1 levels in infants. (cdc.gov)
The n-butanol fraction showed a dose-dependent inhibition against HIV-1NL4.3 infection of the peripheral blood lymphocytes and against HIV-1BaL(R-5-tropic) as well as two different primary viral isolates of HIV-1 infection of TZM-bl cells. (nih.gov)
Beerse, Belgium, (November 28, 2011) - Janssen International NV announced today that the European Commission (EC) has granted marketing authorisation for EDURANT ® (rilpivirine) as a once daily treatment in combination with other antiretroviral agents (ARVs), for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in ARV treatment-naïve adult patients with a viral load ≤ 100,000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL. (jnj.com)
However, if the reduction in viral load produced by therapy reduces the state of activation of the immune system, the number of cells susceptible for HIV-1 infection may decrease even though total CD4+ T cells increase. (cellml.org)
Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. (cepheid.com)
Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. (cepheid.com)
they can however manage the virus and slow the progression of the HIV infection. (wikipedia.org)
Maternal HIV infection (for newborns, infants, and children): Steps taken to reduce the risk of transmission at birth include cesarean delivery and prenatal antiretroviral therapy in the mother and antiretroviral therapy in the newborn immediately after birth. (medscape.com)
The patient may present with signs and symptoms of any of the stages of HIV infection. (medscape.com)
The signs and symptoms are those of the presenting illness, meaning that HIV infection should be suspected as an underlying illness when unusual infections present in apparently healthy individuals. (medscape.com)
HIV infection itself does cause some sequelae, including AIDS-associated dementia/encephalopathy and HIV wasting syndrome (chronic diarrhea and weight loss with no identifiable cause). (medscape.com)
No physical findings are specific to HIV infection. (medscape.com)
Evidence for risk factors or minor concurrent opportunistic infections (eg, herpetic lesions on the groin, widespread oral candidiasis) may be clues to HIV infection. (medscape.com)
Screening for HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. (medscape.com)
Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of HIV infection : updated recommendations. (medscape.com)
HIV-1 post-treatment controllers are rare individuals controlling HIV-1 infection for years after antiretroviral therapy interruption. (pasteur.fr)
Post-treatment controllers stably aviremic present "silent" humoral profiles, while those virally-exposed develop functionally robust HIV-specific B-cell and antibody responses, which may participate in controlling infection. (pasteur.fr)
From this cohort, 33 patients were selected for the analysis of HIV-1 infection progression markers (i.e. (aku.edu)
Associations between disease parameters and the genetic makeup of the host and virus may be crucial in determining the outcome of HIV-1 infection. (aku.edu)
Blankson, JN , Persaud, D & Siliciano, RF 2002, ' The challenge of viral reservoirs in hiv-1 infection ', Annual review of medicine , vol. 53, pp. 557-593. (johnshopkins.edu)
This post describes the case of a woman who appears to have been naturally cured of her HIV infection. (virology.ws)
The TWiV team covers outbreaks of eastern equine encephalitis virus in the US and poliovirus in the Philippines, and explain how a chemokine induced by HIV-1 infection helps release more virus particles from cells. (virology.ws)
The safety and efficacy of doravirine were compared with that of efavirenz as initial treatment of adults living with HIV-1 infection ( NCT01632345 ). (nih.gov)
Antiretroviral therapy cannot cure HIV-1 infection due to the persistence of a small number of latently infected cells harboring replication-competent proviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Due to its sequence specificity, RNAi is a potentially selective method for intracellular immunization against HIV-1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
In a study of 114 epidemiologically linked Zambian transmission pairs, we evaluated the impact of human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I)-associated amino acid polymorphisms, presumed to reflect cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape in Gag and Nef of the virus transmitted from the chronically infected donor, on the plasma viral load (VL) in matched recipients 6 mo after infection. (ox.ac.uk)
Sequential broadening of CTL responses in early HIV-1 infection is associated with viral escape. (jenner.ac.uk)
BACKGROUND:Antigen-specific CTL responses are thought to play a central role in containment of HIV-1 infection, but no consistent correlation has been found between the magnitude and/or breadth of response and viral load changes during disease progression. (jenner.ac.uk)
METHODS AND FINDINGS:We undertook a detailed investigation of longitudinal CTL responses and HIV-1 evolution beginning with primary infection in 11 untreated HLA-A2 positive individuals. (jenner.ac.uk)
The patients who developed viral escape mutations and broad autologous CTL responses over time had a significantly higher increase in viral load during the first year of infection compared to those who did not develop viral escape mutations. (jenner.ac.uk)
The symptoms of viremia often depend on the cause of the infection, but many viral infections cause a similar set of symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Sometimes the name of the related viral infection is listed to further describe cases of viremia, such as HIV-viremia or West Nile-viremia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
For most viral infections, treatment involves dealing with the symptoms of the infection rather than the virus itself. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In December 2015, in view of the precarity and vulnerability of the population, 18,250 patients with HIV infection received emergency stocks of 3 months of antiretroviral therapy (ART) [3] , which were renewed frequently. (scirp.org)
In the new study, the researchers used a chemically-activated form of the HIV envelope protein gp120 to stimulate the production of mouse monoclonal antibodies that block infection of cultured human cells by genetically-diverse HIV strains from around the world. (medindia.net)
Paul said these same antibodies can be found in humans who remain free of AIDS despite long-term HIV infection. (medindia.net)
Latently infected resting memory CD4+ T-cells are an important cellular reservoir, and the central nervous system (CNS) an important anatomical reservoir for HIV-1 infection. (avhandlingar.se)
The knowledge of the early events during primary HIV-1 infection (PER) is of great importance for the understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV-1. (avhandlingar.se)
HIV-1 infection results in a chronic but incurable illness since long-term HAART can keep the virus to an undetectable level. (usuhs.edu)
Our goal is to integrate the nanotrap technology into a standard research tool that will allow sensitive detection of HIV-1 infection. (usuhs.edu)
HIV-1 set-point viral load-the approximately stable value of viraemia in the first years of chronic infection-is a strong predictor of clinical outcome and is highly variable across infected individuals. (itg.be)
You can get HIV from contact with the blood of a person who has an HIV infection. (medlineplus.gov)
AIDS is the final, most serious stage of an HIV infection. (medlineplus.gov)
But viral load tests can find HIV sooner after an infection than screening tests. (medlineplus.gov)
A viral load test is needed to see how well treatment is working and to monitor your HIV infection. (medlineplus.gov)
You had a recent possible exposure to HIV, and you have early symptoms of HIV infection. (medlineplus.gov)
HIV-1 infection causes most AIDS cases worldwide, but in West Africa, HIV-2 is also prevalent. (medscape.com)
The natural history of HIV-2 infection tends to be more benign than that of HIV-1, and most patients infected solely with HIV-2 do not progress to AIDS. (medscape.com)
Previous research suggests that HIV-2 infection protects against subsequent HIV-1 infection and, in cases of dual infection, slows the rate of HIV-1 disease progression. (medscape.com)
From 1990 through 2007, all persons employed by the Guinea-Bissau police force were offered enrollment in a prospective study of HIV infection that included blood collection every 12 to 18 months. (medscape.com)
Of the 32 individuals with dual infection, 20 were infected with HIV-2 first, and 12 had concomitant seroreactivity. (medscape.com)
Patients with dual infection had a significantly longer median time to AIDS diagnosis than those infected with HIV-1 only (104 vs. 68 months). (medscape.com)
This review looks at the burden of HIV infection in Somali and the impact of civil war on its epidemiology. (who.int)
However, due to the ongoing war HIV sentinel surveillance cannot reach most of the affected areas in Somalia and the current HIV infection problem may be greater than the figures indicate. (who.int)
In this review we look at the burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Somalia and the impact of civil war on its epidemiology. (who.int)
HA060 trade name] is indicated for the treatment of HIV infection in combination with at least one other antiretroviral drug. (who.int)
With extensive clinical experience in the treatment of HIV infection, the efficacy and adverse-effect profile of lamivudine and zidovudine are well established. (who.int)
On the basis of data submitted and public information on the use of combination therapy in HIV infection, the team of assessors advised that [HA060 trade name] is of acceptable quality, efficacy and safety to allow inclusion of [HA060 trade name] in the list of prequalified medicinal products. (who.int)
In serologic studies conducted in the United States during the 1970s, HCP had a prevalence of HBV infection approximately 10 times greater than the general population ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
There is currently no cure for HIV infection. (europa.eu)
1. The large burden of viral hepatitis infection makes it a significant regional public health challenge. (who.int)
Daniel Shriner , Yi Liu , David C. Nickle , and James I. Mullins "EVOLUTION OF INTRAHOST HIV-1 GENETIC DIVERSITY DURING CHRONIC INFECTION," Evolution 60(6), 1165-1176, (1 June 2006). (bioone.org)
When untreated, HIV infection can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (fda.gov)
The FDA remains committed to helping to make available to Americans more innovative medical products that help us face the challenges of managing HIV infection. (fda.gov)
The Sentosa SQ HIV Genotyping Assay is for use only in patients with HIV-1 who are about to start or already taking antiviral therapy and is not intended for diagnosing infection with HIV. (fda.gov)
The estimated prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States population is an important measure of the extent of the medical and financial burden the nation faces because of this virus. (cdc.gov)
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that is most common among children. (msdmanuals.com)
It is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotypes 1 and 4 infection in combination with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin. (medscape.com)
It is indicated for the treatment of CHC infection genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 as part of a combination antiviral regimen, including those with hepatocellular carcinoma meeting Milan criteria (awaiting liver transplantation) to prevent HCV recurrence and those with HCV/HIV-1 coinfection. (medscape.com)
It is indicated for use with sofosbuvir for chronic HCV genotypes 1 and 3 infection. (medscape.com)
The oral combination is indicated for treatment of adults with chronic hepatitis C infection with genotype 1, 4, 5, or 6. (medscape.com)

ABSTRACT: Motivated by the ability of combinations of antiretroviral agents to sustain viral suppression in HIV-1-infected individuals, we analyse the transient and steady-state behavior of a mathematical model of HIV-1 dynamics in vivo in order to predict whether these drug regimens can eradicate HIV-1 or maintain viral loads at low levels. (cellml.org)
Viral load tests are used to monitor the effects ART, to track viral suppression, and detect treatment failure. (wikipedia.org)
The writing is on the wall" that virtual care is not meeting the needs of people with HIV who struggled with viral suppression even before the COVID-19 pandemic, said Jason Farley, PhD, ANP-BC, AACRN, associate professor of nursing at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. (medscape.com)
The article reported that viral suppression rates among people with HIV who attended San Francisco's Ward 86 HIV clinic dropped by 31% from pre-COVID levels. (medscape.com)
And although patients participated in telemedicine visits at more or less the same rate before and after the pandemic (31% vs 30% no-shows), viral suppression rates dropped. (medscape.com)
Telehealth visits, while offering greater patient convenience, may lead to less access to clinic-based social support services essential to achieving viral suppression among vulnerable groups. (medscape.com)
Those with sustained viral suppression may only need 90-day automatic refills of their medications. (medscape.com)
Patients at tier 4, who have labile viral suppression, need far more than that. (medscape.com)
These are the 15% of patients with HIV who struggled with viral suppression before the pandemic. (medscape.com)
Poor treatment outcomes among PWID have potential to undermine the effectiveness of TasP in preventing injection-related HIV infections [ 7 ], and comprehensive efforts to promote viral suppression in this population are required [ 4 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
HIV suppression is essential to the health of the individual with HIV and to preventing HIV transmission through sex . (hivguidelines.org)
Studies do not indicate the appropriate interval for viral suppression monitoring for ongoing transmission prevention. (hivguidelines.org)
Patients who are monitored at longer intervals should be carefully selected based on length of viral suppression, CD4 count, use of ART for transmission prevention, and adherence to medical care, including visit attendance and retention in care. (hivguidelines.org)
Contraception must be used from 10 days prior to study entry and participants must agree to use contraception for 36 weeks after receiving study treatment, and until ART is reinitiated and viral suppression is achieved. (who.int)

The active n-butanol fraction was evaluated for its inhibition against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease, pro-viral genome integration and viral Tat protein mediated transactivation. (nih.gov)
The mature HIV-1 virus contains a conical capsid that encloses the condensed viral genome at its wide base. (bvsalud.org)
Based on the morphologies of core assembly intermediates, we propose that CA forms a sheet-like structure that associates with the condensed viral genome to produce the mature infectious conical core. (bvsalud.org)
HIV is a retrovirus, an RNA virus that enters a host cell and uses the host DNA replication machinery and the enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from the viral RNA genome. (wikipedia.org)
Integration of viral DNA into the host genome is a central event in the replication cycle and the pathogenesis of retroviruses, including HIV. (biomedcentral.com)
In order to solve this problem, we constructed an HIV-1 variant with a 300 bp long hairpin structure in the 3' part of the genome corresponding to the Nef gene (HIV-lhNef). (biomedcentral.com)
Expression of the lhNef hairpin within the HIV-1 genome results in potent trans-inhibition of wild-type HIV-1. (biomedcentral.com)
Specifically, heritability was measured using models of character evolution describing how viral load evolves on the phylogeny of whole-genome viral sequences. (itg.be)
Just like in other retroviruses, each viral particle of HIV contains two copies of the RNA genome. (europa.eu)
During viral replication, two genomes are combined in a process called dimerisation that is assumed to be a prerequisite for genome packaging. (europa.eu)
Called FARS-seq for short, it investigates the sequences and structures in HIV-1 that play an important role in dimerisation and genome packaging. (europa.eu)
Study first author and HIRI researcher Liqing Ye explains further: "We were able to show that the genome of HIV-1 exists in two different RNA conformations. (europa.eu)
Given that census population sizes of HIV-1 within individuals are much greater than the inverse mutation rate, every possible single point mutation in the viral genome occurs each generation. (bioone.org)

Justiz Vaillant AA, Naik R. HIV-1 Associated Opportunistic Infections. (medscape.com)
At Aarhus University in Denmark, Vincent speaks with Trine Mogensen, SÃ¸ren Paludan, Ole SÃ¸gaard, and Madalina Carter-Timofte about their careers and their work on sensing herpesviral DNA, immunodeficiencies that predispose to severe viral infections, and the path to a cure for HIV/AIDS. (virology.ws)
Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections usually lead to death from AIDS, although the rate of the disease progression varies widely among individuals. (elsevierpure.com)
Blood tests and blood cultures may also be necessary to determine or confirm the specific cause of viral infections and viremia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In some cases, a doctor may diagnose viremia by comparing a person's symptoms with those of other viral infections that someone has potentially been exposed to. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Focusing on HIV-1, the variant responsible for the vast majority of HIV infections, the researchers have now developed a new technology called Functional Analysis of RNA Structure. (europa.eu)
It is transmitted through direct contact with HIV-infected bodily fluids such as blood, and the majority of HIV infections in the U.S. are from HIV-1. (fda.gov)
The direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs), first introduced in 2011, offered enhanced efficacy when combined with both PEG-IFN and ribavirin, particularly for genotype 1 infections. (medscape.com)

A viral reservoir is a cell type or anatomical site in association with which a replication-competent form of the virus accumulates and persists with more stable kinetic properties than the main pool of actively replicating virus. (johnshopkins.edu)
The viral replication that continues in patients on suppressive HAART may also contribute to the stability of this reservoir. (johnshopkins.edu)
The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, which is restricted by highly polymorphic MHC class I alleles, plays a central role in controlling HIV replication. (elsevierpure.com)
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV-1 replication but does not eradicate the virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Although antiretroviral therapy is able to suppress HIV replication in infected patients, the virus persists and rebounds when treatment is stopped. (biomedcentral.com)
However, HIV-lhNef demonstrated a severe production and replication defect, which we were able to solve by selecting spontaneous virus variants with truncated hairpin structures. (biomedcentral.com)
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the virus is able to persist in cellular and anatomical viral reservoirs. (avhandlingar.se)
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) inhibits HIV viral replication and suppresses HIV plasma viral load (PVL) to undetectable levels, resulting in reductions in HIV-related morbidity and mortality, as well as reduced potential for onward HIV transmission [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These two conformations therefore act like a molecular switch to direct the fate of the viral RNA, and thus viral replication. (europa.eu)
These agents interfere with HCV replication by inhibiting a key viral enzyme, NS3/4A serine protease. (medscape.com)
NS5A is integral for HCV RNA viral replication. (medscape.com)
It binds to the N-terminus within domain 1 of NS5A, which may cause structural distortions that interfere with NS5A functions, and thereby inhibits both viral RNA replication and virion assembly. (medscape.com)
Ledipasvir inhibits HCV NS5A protein, which is required for viral replication. (medscape.com)

The aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts of A. catechu showed IC50 values of 1.8 ± 0.18 μg/ml and 3.6 ± 0.31 μg/ml, respectively in cell-free virus based assay using TZM-bl cells and HIV-1NL4.3 (X-4 tropic). (nih.gov)
In the above assay, n-butanol fraction exhibited anti-HIV-1 activity with an IC50 of 1.7 ± 0.12 μg/ml. (nih.gov)
Quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA), the reference standard to quantify the amoun. (biomedcentral.com)
Selective capture of HIV-1 particles by NT073 and NT086 was measured by reverse transcriptase assay, while capture of infectious HIV-1 by these nanoparticles was demonstrated by functional transactivation in TZM-bl cells. (usuhs.edu)
Two low-cost viral load assays are evaluated, a reverse transcriptase activity assay (ExavirLoad v2, Cavidi) and a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay (Generic HIV viral load, Biocentric). (aku.edu)
Both tests were compared with the ultrasensitive HIV Amplicor Monitor assay. (aku.edu)
The ExavirLoad and the Generic HIV viral load assay were performed in a local laboratory in Mombasa, the Amplicor Monitor assay (version 1.5, Roche Diagnostics) was performed in Ghent, Belgium. (aku.edu)
The Sentosa SQ HIV Genotyping Assay is the first HIV drug resistance assay that uses NGS technology that the FDA has authorized for marketing in the U.S. (fda.gov)
The Sentosa SQ HIV-1 Genotyping Assay detects HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in patients taking or about to start antiviral therapy. (fda.gov)
This assay detects mutations in genes of the HIV-1 virus from a sample of a patient's blood using NGS. (fda.gov)
The FDA reviewed data from performance studies, which demonstrated a greater than 95% sensitivity and specificity in detecting 342 HIV drug resistant mutations and determined the Sentosa SQ HIV-1 Genotyping Assay provides a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness for its intended use. (fda.gov)
The FDA reviewed data for the Sentosa SQ HIV Genotyping Assay through the de novo premarket review pathway, a regulatory pathway for devices of a new type. (fda.gov)

This finding is similar to results of studies of perinatally HIV-infected children in which, although viral loads were unavailable, number of malaria episodes did not significantly affect development of AIDS-related symptoms ( 9 , 10 ). (cdc.gov)
1) WHO HIV/AIDS Key Fact updates July 2020. (cepheid.com)
5)O'Brien WA, et al Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS. (cepheid.com)
Viral load monitoring for HIV is the regular measurement of the viral load of individual HIV-positive people as part of their personal plan for treatment of HIV/AIDS. (wikipedia.org)
Viral load monitoring is used by HIV-positive people to develop a plan for their personal treatment of HIV/AIDS. (wikipedia.org)
As established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a person with HIV and a CD4 count below 200 or a CD4 percentage below 14% is considered to have AIDS. (wikipedia.org)
Available at https://www.who.int/health-topics/hiv-aids/#tab=tab_1 . (medscape.com)
We described the virological profile of patients on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) for HIV/AIDS in Bangui, Central African Republic (CAR). (scirp.org)
The Global Fund to Fight Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Tuberculosis and Malaria and other partners have been worked with local authorities to strengthen the health system and to address the diseases of the century, especially human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS). (scirp.org)
Scientists have made a groundbreaking discovery in the fight against HIV/AIDS with the successful resolution of the enigmatic immune-evading HIV protein complex. (medindia.net)
So it's time for HIV care teams, especially clinics in the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program, to get creative in bringing wraparound services to patients. (medscape.com)
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). (medlineplus.gov)
Most people with HIV don't have AIDS. (medlineplus.gov)
If you have HIV, you can take HIV medicines that protect your immune system and help prevent you from getting AIDS. (medlineplus.gov)
HA060 trade name], manufactured at Cipla Ltd, Vikhroli, Mumbai, India, was included in the WHO list of prequalified medicinal products for the treatment of HIV/AIDS on 5 May 2003. (who.int)
Each is well established and documented for the treatment of HIV/AIDS in combination with other products. (who.int)
This was a cross sectional study of adult patients with HIV/AIDS attending outpatient clinic at the S.S. Wali Virology Centre of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital who gave informed consent. (who.int)
Human immunodeficiency virus/ Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), a communicable disease has remained a disease of public health concern. (who.int)
The stigma and All the data were entered into Microsoft Excel for social discrimination associated with HIV/AIDS data cleaning, and exported into Statistical Package diagnosis may also increase the likelihood of for Social Sciences (SPSS 20) for analysis. (who.int)

Blood viral loads in the first individual were undetectable when tested three times over the prior 5 years. (sun.ac.za)
citation needed] While receiving ART some patients with undetectable viral load measurements may experience an increase in viral load, to a low level (usually below 400 copies/mL blood), and then returned to an undetectable level. (wikipedia.org)

Progress Toward Viral Hepatitis Elimination in the United States, 2017 pdf icon [PDF - 5.42 MB] , page 22, for years 2010-2015. (cdc.gov)
Vincent and Erling resume their discussion of virology Nobel Prizes, focusing on awards for research on tumor viruses, bacteriophages, virus structure, reverse transcriptase, hepatitis B virus, HIV-1, human papillomaviruses and much more. (virology.ws)
ACIP also recommends that vaccinated HCP receive postvaccination serologic testing (antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen [anti-HBs]) 1-2 months after the final dose of vaccine is administered (CDC. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has long been recognized as an occupational risk for health-care personnel (HCP), including HCP trainees ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Priority actions include development of national action plans in all 47 countries, scale-up of prevention interventions (including the hepatitis B perinatal vaccine and birth dose) and introduction of a testing and treatment programme for chronic viral hepatitis. (who.int)
Strategy for prevention, care and treatment of viral hepatitis, 2016-2021 in the African Region through the regional framework, and proposes the next steps. (who.int)
Additionally, 23 Member States5 observed the 2017 World Hepatitis Day, thus officially acknowledging viral hepatitis as a national challenge. (who.int)
1 WHO, Global Health Sector Strategy on viral hepatitis, 2016-2021: Towards Ending viral hepatitis. (who.int)
6. In most Member States, testing and management of viral hepatitis occurs as individualized therapy in tertiary and specialized centres. (who.int)

All the extracts and fractions were evaluated for cytotoxicity and anti-HIV-1 activity using different in vitro assays. (nih.gov)
There is an urgent need for low-cost assays for HIV-1 quantitation to ensure adequate follow-up of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited countries. (aku.edu)
Hence, false positive results and the need for an expensive PCR instrument for the Generic HIV viral load assays still limit the implementation of these tests in less equipped, less experienced laboratories. (aku.edu)
Please note that both the HIV-1 and HCV viral load assays require 1 mL plasma for testing. (ucd.ie)

Conclusions: Semen HIV-1 viral loads are usually related to blood viral loads, as we confirm. (sun.ac.za)
We also predict, if the parameters of the model remain constant during therapy, that less intensive maintenance regimens will be unable to maintain low viral loads for extensive periods of time. (cellml.org)
Mathematical analysis of antiretroviral therapy aimed at HIV-1 eradication or maintenance of low viral loads, Wein L, D'Amato R, Perelson A, 1998, Journal of Theoretical Biology , 192, 81-98. (cellml.org)
CD4 cell counts and viral loads) and their association with HIV-1 genetic variability and subtype, and patient's HLA type. (aku.edu)
Of the 1766 people who attended the clinic, about 1 in 5 had detectable HIV viral loads at any point in 2019. (medscape.com)
and (iv) we developed a goodness of fit test based on the correlation of viral loads in cherries of the phylogenetic tree, showing that both models of character evolution fit the data well. (itg.be)
The right combination of antivirals can lower viral loads, or the amount of virus in the blood stream, and help keep patients with HIV healthy for many years. (fda.gov)
Increasing viral loads indicate that the virus may have mutated and that a patient's current regimen is no longer effective at suppressing the virus. (fda.gov)

The n-butanol fraction demonstrates a potent inhibitory activity against the viral protease (IC50 = 12.9 μg/ml), but not reverse transcriptase or integrase. (nih.gov)
The main objective was to study drug resistance mutations (DRM) in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) gene of minor HIV-1 quasispecies, not detectable with standard techniques. (avhandlingar.se)

The material is valuable as an immunogen and for the purification of viral proteins. (diagnostictechnology.com.au)
This study demonstrates that majority of HIV-1 virions in culture supernatants and Tat/Nef proteins spiked in culture medium can be captured by nanotrap particles. (usuhs.edu)
Collectively, our data indicate that certain types of nanotrap particles selectively capture specific HIV-1 molecules, and we propose to use this technology as a platform to enhance HIV-1 detection by concentrating viral proteins and infectious virions from infected samples. (usuhs.edu)
In the second conformation, the RNA remains in the host cell to be translated into new viral proteins. (europa.eu)
Specific HIV-1 proteins are fractionated according to molecular weight by electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide slab gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). (cdc.gov)
The separated HIV-1 proteins are elecrotransferred from gel to a nitrocellulose membrane, which is then washed, blocked (to minimize nonspecific immunoglobulin binding), and packaged. (cdc.gov)
Visualization of the human immunoglobulins specifically bound to HIV-1 proteins is accomplished in situ by using a series of reactions with goat anti-human IgG conjugated with biotin, avidin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and the HRP substrate 4-chloro-1-naphthol. (cdc.gov)
If antibodies to any of the major HIV-1 antigens are present in the specimen in sufficient concentration, bands corresponding to the position of one or more of the following HIV-1 proteins (p) or glycoprotiens (gp) will be seen on the nitrocellulose strip: p17, p24, p31, gp41, p51, p66, gp120, gp160 (number refers to apparent molecular mass in kilodaltons). (cdc.gov)

Mutations or small molecules that interfere with viral maturation also disrupt viral infectivity. (bvsalud.org)
High level and sustained increases in viral load are frequently related to the development of drug resistance and/or viral mutations, and often dictate changes in ART. (wikipedia.org)
Transmission of HIV-1 Gag immune escape mutations is associated with reduced viral load in linked recipients. (ox.ac.uk)
The ability of HIV-1 to develop high levels of genetic diversity and acquire mutations to escape immune pressures contributes to our difficulties in producing a vaccine. (sciencedaily.com)
Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authorized marketing of a test to detect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Type-1 drug resistance mutations using next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. (fda.gov)
Today's authorization can help health care providers better tailor drug treatment for patients who are beginning antiviral therapy and also for those who have developed resistance to HIV drugs by helping to identify mutations in the HIV-1 virus that can impact the effectiveness of certain drugs. (fda.gov)
Understanding the mutations in the virus can help healthcare providers select an effective combination of drugs in an ART regimen and indicate which drugs may no longer be effective against the mutated HIV-1 virus. (fda.gov)

HIV-1 progression links with viral genetic variability and subtype, an" by Syed Hani Abidi, Aniqa Shahid et al. (aku.edu)
HIV-1 gag genetic variability, analysed using bioinformatics tools, showed an inverse relationship with CD4 cell count whereas with viral load that relationship was direct. (aku.edu)
Characterizing HIV genetic diversity and evolution during antiretroviral therapy (ART) provides insights into the mechanisms that maintain the viral reservoir during ART. (biomedcentral.com)
To better understand HIV-1 pathogenesis and the evolution of the viral population, we must quantify the heritability of set-point viral load, which is the fraction of variation in this phenotype attributable to viral genetic variation. (itg.be)
Thus, about a third of variation in HIV-1 virulence is attributable to viral genetic variation. (itg.be)
Furthermore, their HIV-1 viruses exhibited significantly less genetic diversity over time, which also suggests an attenuating effect of HIV-2 on HIV-1 disease progression. (medscape.com)
However, compared to this potential, populations of HIV-1 within individuals exhibit little genetic variation. (bioone.org)
This discrepancy between the known mutation rate of HIV-1 and the average level of genetic variation in the env gene observed in vivo is reflected in comparisons of the actual numbers of productively infected cells, estimated as 10 7 , and the effective population size, estimated as 10 3 . (bioone.org)
Of the models we examined, the metapopulation model, in which HIV-1 evolves within an individual as a large collection of small subpopulations subject to frequent migration, extinction, and recolonization, was most consistent with the observed levels of genetic variation and the average frequencies of those variants. (bioone.org)
All specimens were tested using the Synthetic Peptide Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) (Genetic Systems HIV-1/HIV-2 Peptide EIA) for the detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 or type 2 (HIV-1 or HIV-2) or both (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Redmond, WA). (cdc.gov)
Any specimen that reacted in an initial test was retested in duplicate with the Genetic Systems HIV-1/HIV-2 Peptide EIA. (cdc.gov)

We analysed the association between the following factors and LLV using multivariable logistic regression: sex, age, pre-ART VL and CD4 count, ART regimen, country of birth, HIV-1 subtype and transmission category. (lu.se)

Previous treatment guidelines recommended that anyone with a viral load greater than 100,000 copies/mL of blood should begin treatment. (wikipedia.org)
100,000 copies/ml) and randomized 1:1:1:1:1 to receive once-daily doravirine (25, 50, 100 or 200 mg) or efavirenz 600 mg (Part I) for up to 96 weeks, with open-label tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg/emtricitabine 200 mg (TDF/FTC). (nih.gov)

Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. (medscape.com)

In a Nairobi-Kenyan cohort of 50 HIV-1 positive patients, we analysed the prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes and human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. (aku.edu)
A research team from The University of Texas, including an Indian origin scientist, has come closer to creating a vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by creating an antigen that induces protective antibodies capable of neutralizing genetically diverse HIV strains. (medindia.net)

The so-called baseline viral load was the premalaria value measured 1 month before the first observation in the analysis. (cdc.gov)
Age and baseline viral load were strong predictors of current load ( Table ). (cdc.gov)

The need for a rapid HIV viral load test with flexibility to adapt to any throughput requirements and random access for urgent samples is greater than ever because each individual patient deserves better care. (cepheid.com)

Additional resource mobilization through the Department of HIV and as part of the Organization-wide coordinated resource mobilization plan for dealing with funding shortfalls in the Programme budget 2016-2017. (who.int)
According to the CDC, there were more than 1 million Americans living with HIV in 2016. (fda.gov)

Interventions promoting the preventive benefit of ART to reduce the onward transmission of HIV, known as Treatment as Prevention (TasP), have become a cornerstone of global HIV prevention efforts [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, according to a recent report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization, the percentage of people living with HIV around the world that have resistance to some HIV drugs has increased from 11% to 29% since 2001. (fda.gov)

Assessment of viral load levels is a strong predictor of the rate of disease progression and, by itself or in combination with CD4 T-cell counts, has great prognostic value. (cepheid.com)
A CD4 test quantifies Helper T cells and is often combined with viral load testing to monitor the progression of HIV. (wikipedia.org)
Effect of daily aciclovir on HIV disease progression in individuals in Rakai, Uganda, co-infected with HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus type 2: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
Patients infected with both viruses had slower disease progression than those infected with HIV-1 only. (medscape.com)

The marketing authorisation of rilpivirine is based on the 48-week analyses of ECHO and THRIVE, two randomised, double blind, active controlled, global Phase 3 clinical trials which evaluated the efficacy, safety and tolerability of rilpivirine compared to efavirenz in more than 1,350 treatment-naïve HIV-1 adult patients in over 20 countries. (jnj.com)
Quantitative HIV-1 RNA as a marker of clinical stability and survival in a cohort of 302 patients with a mean CD4 cell count of 300 x 10(6)/l. (cepheid.com)
Trend report available for patients'™ viral load measured multiple times on the same GeneXpert. (cepheid.com)
Patients who are medically stable and who have low viral load for two years may get viral load counts every 6 months instead of 3. (wikipedia.org)
Laboratory monitoring schedule for patients using ART: Viral load monitoring for HIV complements the CD4 count, which is another sort of test associated with monitoring HIV. (wikipedia.org)
Certain HLA types and viral subtypes were also found to associate with patients' viral load. (aku.edu)
It is now clear that HIV-1 persists in a small reservoir of latently infected resting memory CD4 + T cells, which shows minimal decay even in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). (johnshopkins.edu)
There may be other reservoirs, but the latent reservoir in resting CD4 + T cells appears to be sufficient to guarantee lifetime persistence of HIV-1 in the majority of patients on current HAART regimens, and unless new approaches are developed, eradication will not be possible. (johnshopkins.edu)
A subset of patients developed broad responses, which selected for consensus B epitope variants in Gag, Pol, and Nef, suggesting CTL-induced adaptation of HIV-1 at the population level. (jenner.ac.uk)
In this prospective cohort study of patients who had been on combined antiretroviral therapy treatment (cART) for at least 12 months in Bangui, only one HIV plasma viral load per patient was realized at the Institut Pasteur of Bangui, between April 4th and November 28th, 2017. (scirp.org)
No virus was detectable in plasma from 49.2% of patients, while 42.4% had virological failure (viral load, ≥1000 copies/mL) according to WHO criteria. (scirp.org)
The rate of virological failure among patients on cART is very high in the CAR, despite the availability of and access to monitoring of HIV plasma viral load in Bangui. (scirp.org)
DNA editing tool CRISPR-Cas13 helps diagnose and signal the presence of HIV antibodies in HIV patients. (medindia.net)
This is believed to be due to the lower viral load that is seen in HIV-2 infected patients. (avhandlingar.se)
Moreover, patients under HAART frequently develop various metabolic disorders and HIV-associated neuronal disease. (usuhs.edu)
We also demonstrated specific capture of HIV-1 particles and exosomes-containing TAR-RNA in patients' serum by NT086 and NT082 particles, respectively, using specific qRT-PCR. (usuhs.edu)
Social-environmental influences on ART adherence included poor interactions between care providers and patients producing non-adherence, and understandings of HIV treatment that fostered intentional treatment discontinuation. (biomedcentral.com)
Clarify the appropriate use of immunologic (CD4 count) monitoring in the care of patients with HIV. (hivguidelines.org)
Expert HIV care provider: A provider with extensive experience in the management of complex patients with HIV. (hivguidelines.org)
The ability to rationally select treatments for patients about to start or already taking antiviral therapy provides another tool in our ongoing fight against HIV" said Peter Marks, M.D., Ph.D., director of the FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. (fda.gov)
The current standard of care for patients with HIV-1 is antiretroviral therapy, also known as ART, the daily use of a combination of drugs to treat HIV by suppressing the virus. (fda.gov)
According to the National Institutes of Health, it is a lifesaving treatment that can let patients with HIV lead long and healthy lives but it is not a cure. (fda.gov)
may be used for patients with HCV/HIV-1 coinfection. (medscape.com)

Being able to accurately measure HIV persistence in ART-treated individuals is necessary for monitoring the response to ART, as well as the effectiveness of curative interventions aimed at HIV remission. (biomedcentral.com)
This thematic series in Retrovirology contains a collection of review articles that describe traditional and novel methods of quantitation of HIV persistence in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
Among the different markers of HIV persistence in infected cells, total HIV DNA is to date the most widely used. (biomedcentral.com)

Due to the nature of the virus the drugs used to treat HIV are called antiretroviral medicines, and the course of treatment is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). (wikipedia.org)
Medicines that treat HIV are called antiretroviral therapy (ART). (medlineplus.gov)

In addition to their direct implications for HIV-1 vaccine design, these data suggest that CTL-induced viral polymorphisms and their associated in vivo viral fitness costs could have a significant impact on HIV-1 pathogenesis. (ox.ac.uk)
In this thesis we have investigated different aspects of HIV-2 in order to understand the pathogenesis of HIV-2 better. (avhandlingar.se)

The mid-depth method and HIV-1: a practical approach for testing hypotheses of viral epidemic history. (ox.ac.uk)
HIV has infected approximately 84 million people and killed about 40 million worldwide since the start of the HIV epidemic in the early 1980s. (europa.eu)
The current NHANES and HIV antibody data from NHANES III (1988-94) serve as a baseline for monitoring the changes in the epidemic over time in the general population of the United States. (cdc.gov)

The Phase 1 trial for a preventive HIV vaccine candidate has initiated enrollment in both the United States and South Africa. (medindia.net)

50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) at week 48 compared to 82.3% in the efavirenz arm. (jnj.com)
20cp/ml) and 2 individuals with very low blood viral load (97 and 333cp/ml), but with detectable HIV-1 in semen (485-1157 copies/ semen sample). (sun.ac.za)
15 years, ≥4 viral load (VL) results available and no documented treatment interruptions or virologic failure (≥2 consecutive VL ≥200 copies/ml) during follow-up. (lu.se)
METHODS: Participants were identified from the InfCareHIV register, with the following inclusion criteria: ART initiation 2006-2017, age >15 years, ≥4 viral load (VL) results available and no documented treatment interruptions or virologic failure (≥2 consecutive VL ≥200 copies/ml) during follow-up. (lu.se)
In practice, the viral load is estimated from the number of copies of ribonucleic acid (RNA) HIV-1 per milliliter of plasma, determined with commercial molecular technic used to evaluate the effectiveness of ART. (scirp.org)

It allows an overall quantification of all viral forms of HIV DNA in infected cells, each playin. (biomedcentral.com)

How does HIV-related stigma correlate with HIV prevalence in African countries? (columbia.edu)
Serosurveys have indicated that HIV was not present in Somalia before the civil war and to date Somalia has had an HIV prevalence markedly below that of its neighbours. (who.int)

These antigens compress the variation found in many viral strains into lengths suitable for vaccine immunogens. (sciencedaily.com)
The combination of electrophoretic separation of complex mixtures of antigens with the highly sensitive immunoblotting technique has been useful in characterizing the antigenic profile of HIV-1 and describing the immune response to this virus in exposed or infected persons. (cdc.gov)
The position of bands on the nitrocellulose strips allows this antibody reactivity to be associated with specific viral antigens. (cdc.gov)
During incubation, if HIV-1 antibodies are present in the specimen, they will bind to the viral antigens bound to the nitrocellulose strips. (cdc.gov)

No significant demographic or clinical differences were found between HIV-positive children in this substudy and those enrolled in the full cohort (data not shown). (cdc.gov)
Clinical and demographic variables were evaluated in univariate repeated measures analysis to determine associations with log-transformed HIV-1 viral load. (cdc.gov)
While clinical malaria leads to at least short-term HIV viral load increases in adults ( 1 , 2 ), the effect of subclinical malaria is unclear, and even less is known about coinfection in children. (cdc.gov)
The relation of virologic and immunologic markers to clinical outcomes after nucleoside therapy in HIV-infected adults with 200 to 500 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter. (cepheid.com)
HIV viral load markers in clinical practice. (cepheid.com)
The clinical implications of this and other HIV-1 reservoirs are discussed. (johnshopkins.edu)
Comprehensive clinical records linked to a community-based prospective observational cohort of HIV-positive drug users were used to identify PWID who had recently experienced viral rebound. (biomedcentral.com)
Psychiatric and substance use disorders may be clinical interview which enables researchers to associated with unsafe sexual practices and needle make diagnosis of psychiatric disorders, and sharing which increases the likelihood of HIV consists of 16 modules, each representing a transmission thereby worsening disease diagnostic category. (who.int)

The use of siRNA and shRNA as antiviral therapeutic is limited because of the emergence of viral escape mutants. (biomedcentral.com)
In-depth qualitative interviews with 16 male and 11 female participants explored participant perspectives regarding the emergence of viral rebound. (biomedcentral.com)

Although malaria-related illness and death are more common in children, and HIV-1 generally progresses faster in children than in adults ( 3 , 4 ), to our knowledge the effect of intermittent malaria on HIV-1 viral load has not been directly explored in children. (cdc.gov)
Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. (medscape.com)

The metapopulation model links previous studies of viral dynamics and population genetics. (bioone.org)

Xpert HIV-1 Viral Load is a quantitative test that provides on-demand molecular testing. (cepheid.com)

However, why this lower viral load is seen is not known. (avhandlingar.se)

The biocentric generic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load test was used to quantify a ribonucleic acid (RNA) HIV-1. (scirp.org)

CD4 testing shows the strength of the immune system, but does not report viral activity. (wikipedia.org)
21, 2022 Researchers have discovered how the immune system can transform into an antibody-making machine capable of neutralizing one of the most elusive viruses out there: HIV. (sciencedaily.com)
This prototype successfully eliminates nature's restrictions on the production of broadly-neutralizing antibodies to HIV by the immune system," he added. (medindia.net)
HIV is a virus that destroys certain cells in your immune system . (medlineplus.gov)

The World Health Organization estimated that 38 million people worldwide were living with HIV at the end of 2019. (cepheid.com)
From October 2019 onwards, the NVRL will offer same day testing for HIV-1 and HCV RNA using the Cepheid GeneXpert® system. (ucd.ie)
1 with the virus, with only 25.4million of them receiving antiretroviral (ARV) drugs as at the end of 2019. (who.int)

When applied to HIV-1 sequence data, the mid-depth method provides phylogenetic evidence of different exponential growth rates for subtypes A and B. We posit that this difference in growth rate reflects the different transmission routes and epidemiological histories of the two subtypes. (ox.ac.uk)
They identified antibodies that neutralized 100 percent of strains drawn from the major viral subtypes. (medindia.net)

Mutagenesis studies confirm that hydrophobic residues in the centre of the three-helix bundle are crucial for capsid assembly and stability, and for viral infectivity. (nature.com)

This article reviews several cell types and anatomical sites proposed as potential reservoirs for HIV-1. (johnshopkins.edu)
Recent years have seen a substantial increase in the number of tools available to monitor and study HIV reservoirs. (biomedcentral.com)

This is highly suggestive of an HIV-1 reservoir in the male genital tract. (sun.ac.za)
However, the status of this reservoir in men living with HIV-1 who are not under treatment is underexplored and has implications for understanding the origins and evolution of the reservoir. (sun.ac.za)
This may reflect establishment of a local reservoir of HIV-1 populations. (sun.ac.za)
HIV-1 forms a reservoir that persists despite prolonged therapy and is considered the main barrier to an HIV cure. (biomedcentral.com)
The identification of the most appropriate marker to measure reservoir size has been a great challenge for the HIV field. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell-associated (CA) HIV RNA has received much attention in recent years as a surrogate measure of the efficiency of HIV latency reversion and because it may provide an estimate of the viral reservoir size. (biomedcentral.com)

The current HIV-1 diagnostics are largely comprised of serological and nucleic acid based technologies. (usuhs.edu)

The history should be carefully taken to elicit possible exposures to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (medscape.com)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can be inhibited by means of RNA silencing or interference (RNAi) using synthetic short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or gene constructs encoding short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) or long hairpin RNAs (lhRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
It is estimated that over 15 million people are suffering from the disease and many more are harboring the dreaded Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (medindia.net)
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. (medlineplus.gov)

Our findings support an assembly pathway for the HIV-1 core that begins with a small CA sheet that associates with the RNP to form the core base, followed by polymerization of the CA sheet along one side of the conical core toward the tip, and then closure around the body of the cone. (bvsalud.org)
Our results suggest that broad CTL responses often represent footprints left by viral CTL escape rather than effective immune control, and help explain earlier findings that fail to show an association between breadth of CTL responses and viral load. (jenner.ac.uk)

CONCLUSIONS:A continuous dynamic development of CTL responses was associated with viral escape from temporarily effective immune responses. (jenner.ac.uk)

A timeline depicting each participant's HIV viral load and adherence to ART was used to elicit discussion of circumstances surrounding viral rebound. (biomedcentral.com)
Viral rebound episodes were shaped by interplay between various individual, social, and environmental factors that disrupted routines facilitating adherence. (biomedcentral.com)

In 2017, with the support of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the Institute Pasteur of Bangui (IPB) proposed the measurement of HIV viral load and other biological tests for the monitoring of people living with HIV (PLWH) were taken in charge. (scirp.org)

Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 203 (1), 57-63. (aku.edu)

However, discontinuation of therapy rapidly increases viral burden. (usuhs.edu)

CONCLUSION: Among Swedish PWH, LLV during ART was associated with markers of HIV disease severity before starting ART, male sex, injecting drug use and use of PI-based or non-standard ART regimens. (lu.se)

Available at https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/sites/default/files/guidelines/documents/adult-adolescent-arv/guidelines-adult-adolescent-arv.pdf . (medscape.com)

These studies have demonstrated significant decrease in HIV-1 viral load and increase in CD4-cell count. (who.int)

During monthly visits during the child's first 2 years of life, malaria and HIV incidence were recorded ( 5 , 6 ). (cdc.gov)
1,2] There were approximately half the incidence of grade 2-4 overall adverse events in the rilpivirine arm vs. the efavirenz arm (16% vs. 31%) including significantly lower incidence of rash, dizziness, abnormal dreams/nightmares, and lower incidence of grade 3-4 lipid abnormalities. (jnj.com)

Other classes of extrachromosomal viral cDNA molecules can be found in acutely. (biomedcentral.com)
This computational method clarifies and analyzes the variation found in the strains of the virus by describing the molecules which stimulate the immune response to HIV (immunogens) that have multiple forms of variable elements of the virus. (sciencedaily.com)

2007) Coping with viral diversity in HIV vaccine design. (sciencedaily.com)

Chi-squared test was used to analyse viral load according to sex and age. (scirp.org)
La présente analyse étudie la charge de l'infection par le VIH en Somalie et l'impact de la guerre civile sur son épidémiologie. (who.int)

Transient viral exposure drives functionally-coordinated humoral immune responses in HIV-1 post-treatment controllers. (pasteur.fr)
Virally-exposed post-treatment controllers display stronger HIV-1 humoral responses, and develop more frequently Env-specific memory B cells and cross-neutralizing antibodies. (pasteur.fr)
However, because of the extreme mutational plasticity of HIV, HIV-specific CTL responses are continuously and dynamically changing. (elsevierpure.com)
Our results also demonstrate that CTL pressures help to maintain certain elements of consensus viral sequence, which likely represent viral escape from common HLA-restricted CTL responses. (jenner.ac.uk)
The ability of HIV to evolve to escape CTL responses restricted by a common HLA type highlights the challenges posed to development of an effective CTL-based vaccine. (jenner.ac.uk)
These immunogens should elicit immune responses against high frequency viral strains as well as against most mutant forms of the virus. (sciencedaily.com)
Guide clinicians in the use of HIV viral load testing at appropriate times and intervals to assess initial and ongoing ART responses. (hivguidelines.org)

Anatomy7

Organisms6

Diseases25

Chemicals and Drugs40

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment48

Psychiatry and Psychology35

Phenomena and Processes15

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena17

Humanities2

Information Science8

Named Groups15

Health Care72

Geographicals34

Infection75

Suppression14

Genome13

Infections8

Replication13

Assay12

AIDS19

Undetectable2

Hepatitis9

Assays4

Loads8

Reverse transcriptase2

Proteins8

Mutations7

Genetic11

Subtype1

100,0002

Antiretroviral agents1

Antigen2

Baseline viral load2

Rapid HIV vira1

20162

Prevention2

Progression4

Patients23

Persistence3

Treat HIV are called antiretroviral2

Pathogenesis2

Epidemic3

South Africa1

Copies5

Quantification1

Prevalence2

Antigens4

Clinical8

Emergence of viral2

Adults2

Dynamics1

Quantitative1

Lower viral1

Biocentric1

Immune system4

20193

Subtypes2

Infectivity1

Reservoirs2

Reservoir6

Nucleic1

Human Immun4

Findings2

Conclusions1

Adherence2

20171

Immunology1

Increases1

Markers1

Https1

Decrease1

Incidence2

Molecules2

Vaccine design1

Analyse2

Responses7