AntibodiesAssaySerologicalInfectionAntigensSpecimensVirusesGenomeHumansPrimary viral pneumoniaInclude viral cultureInfectionsRapid antigenDiagnosis of viralComplement fixaSerumIsolatesPolymerase chain reFindingsDenguePathogensIllnessProteinDiagnosticVirusAntigenicDetectAntibody testSerologyIsolationAntibioticEnzymeSerologic testsTitreImmunohistochemicalSensitivityIncidenceSpecific for influenzaLaboratory testsOccurrenceNeutralizationDisease
Antibodies15
- Haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies were tested by a standard WHO procedure. (bmj.com)
- Testing for antibodies specific for influenza virus is generally done using the standard influenza virus test of hemagglutination inhibition (HI). (cornell.edu)
- Samples from dogs with respiratory disease will be tested for both H3N8 and H3N2-specific antibodies. (cornell.edu)
- Serological detection of total antibodies (IgM and IgG) directed towards Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus by Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) assay. (canada.ca)
- A licensed indirect fluorescent antibody test is available for IgG and IgM antibodies to La Crosse virus and may be useful in diagnosis. (medscape.com)
- The same serologic testing methods (ELISA, IFA, LA, HI, CF) discussed for postnatal rubella can be used to detect specific antibodies in congenital infection. (medscape.com)
- We describe a red cell agglutination test for the detection of antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD). (ox.ac.uk)
- We show that the Haemagglutination Test ("HAT") has a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 99% for detection of antibodies after a PCR diagnosed infection. (ox.ac.uk)
- The HAT can be titrated, detects rising titres in the first five days of hospital admission, correlates well with a commercial test that detects antibodies to the RBD, and can be applied as a point of care test. (ox.ac.uk)
- Aliquots of this reagent are ready to be supplied to qualified groups anywhere in the world that need to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, but do not have the facilities for high throughput commercial tests. (ox.ac.uk)
- A serologic study conducted in 1970 found antibodies to western (WEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis viruses by using complement fixation and hemagglutination inhibition tests in serum specimens from children (3). (blogspot.com)
- The patient's plasma and CSF were tested for antibodies to dengue and West Nile viruses (immunoglobulins M and G) through ELISA (Focus Technologies, Cypress, CA, USA) and for St. Louis encephalitis and dengue virus by M antibody-capture-ELISA (5). (blogspot.com)
- Immune adherence hemagglutination was compared with the complement fixation test as a means of measuring antibodies to varicella-zoster virus. (mcmaster.ca)
- There were 35 cases where antibodies were detected by immune adherence hemagglutination but not by complement fixation, whereas in five cases the converse was found. (mcmaster.ca)
- Our findings support the contention that immune adherence hemagglutination is the method of choice for detecting antibodies to varicella-zoster virus. (mcmaster.ca)
Assay6
- Exposure of pigs to H3N2_D and H1N1_P virus was assessed by haemagglutination inhibition assay (HI), and a result of ≥1:40 was considered as indication of a positive exposure status for a specific strain. (ncsu.edu)
- Isolation of an arbovirus, detection of specific antibody by plaque reduction neutralization assay or detection of nucleic acid by real-time RT-PCR in a clinical specimen would constitute firm evidence of viral association with illness and provide 'confirmed case' status. (canada.ca)
- To provide further insight into these glycan attachments and their potential clinical relevance, the classic hemagglutination (HA) assay was applied using spike protein from the Wuhan, Alpha, Delta and Omicron B.1.1.529 lineages of SARS-CoV-2 mixed with human RBCs. (biorxiv.org)
- This biopsy material tested positively for La Crosse virus antigen on direct immunofluorescence assay. (medscape.com)
- The antigenic properties of influenza viral isolates were analysed using the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay as previously described. (health.gov.au)
- Haemagglutination inhibition and virus microneutralisation serology assays: use of harmonised protocols and biological standards in seasonal influenza serology testing and their impact on inter-laboratory variation and assay. (flutrackers.com)
Serological3
- A serological survey based on haemagglutination inhibition test confirmed our findings. (who.int)
- Serological analyses demonstrated that homologous hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization antibody titers were detectable in the ferrets after the first immunization with the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines that were further boosted by the second immunization. (nature.com)
- It's not related to any of the arthropod borne viruses with which it has been tested by serological tests, such as complement fixation (CF) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI). (ufpa.br)
Infection13
- The clinical severity of infection can range from asymptomatic illness to primary viral pneumonia and death. (cdc.gov)
- The present prospective study, carried out over fifteen years, describes the pattern of natural course of disease progression in a group of ART naive male professional blood donors with asymptomatic HIV-1 infection in relation to serum iron status, viral load, peripheral CD4 + T lymphocyte count, serum levels of cytokines and immune activation markers viz. (scirp.org)
- This situation has created an alarming public health emergency of international concern requiring the detection of this life-threatening viral candidate due to increased cases of newborn microcephaly associated with ZIKV infection. (frontiersin.org)
- Clinical management of viral infections and efficient screening are two major pillars of viral infection management. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- False-positive rubella IgM test results have been reported in persons with other viral infections (eg, acute Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], infectious mononucleosis , cytomegalovirus [CMV] infection , parvovirus B19 infection) and in the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF). (medscape.com)
- To demonstrate a 4-fold rise in rubella-specific IgG antibody, a serum sample should be obtained as soon as possible during the acute phase of infection and tested for rubella-specific IgG antibody. (medscape.com)
- In contrast to postnatal infection, viral isolation is the preferred technique in congenital rubella syndrome because rubella serology may be difficult to interpret in view of transplacental passage of rubella-specific maternal IgG antibody. (medscape.com)
- The spectrum of influenza infection ranges from subclinical cases to fulminating viral pneumonia. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
- The most commonly used serologic test to document influenza virus infection is hemagglutination inhibition because it (and neutralization) is more sensitive than complement fixation and allows subtype and strain-specific antibody to be measured. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
- Previously, we reported that Cur inhibits type A influenza virus (IAV) infection by interfering with viral haemagglutination (HA) activity. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Each country's circumstances and their handling of the epidemic-beyond the use of common, time-tested strategies for detecting and stamping-out of infection-were unique, as illustrated in these contributions. (nationalacademies.org)
- Serologic testing for influenza is available in a limited number of laboratories, and should only be considered as evidence of recent infection if a four-fold rise in influenza (HI) antibody titer is demonstrated in paired sera. (cdc.gov)
- [ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)
Antigens1
- Rapid diagnostic techniques to identify viral antigens in clinical specimens include immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassay, and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Specimens3
- Influenza virus was isolated from lung, liver, kidney, and urine specimens, and the viral subtype was determined to be H5N1 by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR ( 6 ). (flu.org.cn)
- Throat and nasal swab specimens were collected from outpatients (with influenza-like illness) and inpatients (with severe acute respiratory illness) and tested for influenza viruses using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. (who.int)
- Specimens used for viral isolation in congenital rubella include nasopharyngeal swab, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and buffy coat of the blood. (medscape.com)
Viruses5
- In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
- To detect viruses, swabs can be placed into a red-top blood collection tube with a few drops of sterile saline or viral transport media if available. (cornell.edu)
- Clarke, D.H. and Casals, J. Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibitiion with arthropod-borne viruses. (canada.ca)
- 1 In HI assays, viruses were tested for their ability to agglutinate red blood cells in the presence of ferret antisera previously raised against reference viruses. (health.gov.au)
- Analysis of acute- and convalescent-phase sera from patients infected with varicella-zoster or with herpes simplex virus showed the immune adherence hemagglutination test to be more sensitive than the complement fixation test, and greater cross-reactivity between the two viruses appeared to be associated with the increased sensitivity. (mcmaster.ca)
Genome1
- Four tested doses, negligible (10 − 1 viral genome copies), low (10 4 ), high (10 7 ) and very high (10 11 ) were quantified using a method combining density gradient centrifugation of the viral particles and an RT-qPCR technique developed to quantify genomic RNA (gRNA). (biomedcentral.com)
Humans1
- Nonetheless, many other viral infections can affect the oral cavity in humans, either as localized or systemic infections. (medscape.com)
Primary viral pneumonia1
- A chest X-ray may show an infiltrate in those with primary viral pneumonia or a complicating bacterial pneumonia. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Include viral culture2
- Tests include viral culture, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), rapid antigen test, and Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI). (dieta-vita.com)
- Specific laboratory tests to confirm influenza include viral culture, rapid antigen detection, and serology. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Infections14
- 7 days should be tested for CIV by an antibody test as the virus itself is often undetectable in later stages of illness, as is true for most respiratory viral infections. (cornell.edu)
- Recent outbreaks of ZIKV infections have become fatal on a daily basis in the Americas, where this obscure viral candidate has been placed at the forefront of global healthcare. (frontiersin.org)
- Viral infections and pandemics have been exerting a significant economic cost burden on health care systems around the world. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Despite development of new treatment paradigms for viral infections, infections such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis have been responsible for numerous deaths globally. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Health care providers are constantly engaged in the development of accurate and rapid diagnostic test kits for viral infections. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- There has been a gradual shift toward new techniques and methods of diagnosis of viral infections, including nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), which have shown promising results with improved accuracy and reduced time of diagnosis. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- There is an improved focus on efficient screening and diagnosis of viral infections for prevention of diseases and timely treatment. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Rise in incidence of viral infections such as hepatitis, respiratory syncytial virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide is expected to boost the viral diagnostic test kits market. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Moreover, outbreak of new viral infections in the recent past such as Ebola, hemorrhagic fever, and swine influenza a virus is driving demand for new and innovative virus diagnostic test kits across the world. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Introduction of new and rapid test kits, regulatory approvals for these kits, and rise in prevalence of viral infections among the general population are some of the major factors driving the virus diagnostic test kits market in North America in 2018. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- The market in Middle East & Africa is projected to expand at a comparatively higher CAGR from 2018 to2026, owing to a large patient pool suffering from viral infections, including HIV and other pandemic infections. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Members of the human herpesvirus (HHV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) families cause the most common primary viral infections of the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
- See Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease and Cutaneous Manifestations of Hepatitis C for information on these viral infections. (medscape.com)
- In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)
Rapid antigen1
- The fastest is the rapid antigen test as it can detect the virus in 15 minutes. (dieta-vita.com)
Diagnosis of viral1
- The patient was brought to the intensive care unit with a clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis. (blogspot.com)
Complement fixa1
- In terms of test, the global virus diagnostic test kits market can be categorized into traditional tests (cell culture test, complement fixation test (CFT), Haemagglutination inhibition test, and others) and rapid tests (nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), immunoassay test, next generation sequencing (NGS), and mass spectrometry). (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Serum5
- High serum iron was associated with elevated levels of Th 2 category of cytokines, heightened immune activation, faster decline in CD4 + T lymphocyte count and higher viral set point. (scirp.org)
- An aliquot of this serum should be frozen and stored for repeat testing later. (medscape.com)
- Then, a second serum specimen is collected at 2-3 weeks and tested in the same laboratory at the same time with the first serum sample. (medscape.com)
- By CF test, BFN 3112 antigen (homologous serum titer 32) reacted with Umatilla HIMS at 1:4 and 1:8 serum dilutions, but Umatilla antigen was nonreactive even homologously. (cdc.gov)
- However, serologic tests usually require acute and convalescent serum samples to demonstrate a significant increase in antibody level. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Isolates2
- Isolates were identified as antigenically similar to the reference strain if the test samples had a titre that was no more than 4-fold different from the titre of the homologous reference strain. (health.gov.au)
- Viral sequence identity percentages between the patient and two LPM-H7N9 isolates were fewer than between the patient and another human case in shanghai in January of 2014. (biomedcentral.com)
Polymerase chain re3
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of La Crosse encephalitis and Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the CSF has the potential to identify a broad range of pathogens in a single test (ref DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1803396). (medscape.com)
- Among 20 laboratories testing Module A, 17 (85%) correctly detected DENV RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 18 (90%) correctly determined serotype and 19 (95%) correctly identified CHIKV by RT-PCR. (who.int)
- Diagnosis involves serologic testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (msdmanuals.com)
Findings3
- Other diseases (e.g., mumps) have such a characteristic clinical presentation that, even in the absence of confirmatory laboratory testing, a diagnosis may be based only on clinical findings. (cdc.gov)
- These results validate and extend prior findings on the role of glycan bindings of viral spike protein in COVID-19. (biorxiv.org)
- In general, the findings are nonspecific and similar to other presentations of viral meningoencephalitis. (medscape.com)
Dengue1
- Accurate laboratory testing is a critical component of dengue and chikungunya surveillance and control. (who.int)
Pathogens2
- Recent updates are briefly described in the status of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and other viral pathogens. (mdpi.com)
- Serologic and molecular test results were negative for the above-mentioned pathogens. (blogspot.com)
Illness1
- An influenza-associated death is defined for surveillance purposes as a death resulting from a clinically compatible illness that was confirmed to be influenza by an appropriate laboratory or rapid diagnostic test. (cdc.gov)
Protein3
- Inhibition of spike protein-induced HA was tested using the macrocyclic lactone ivermectin (IVM), which is indicated to bind strongly to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein glycan sites. (biorxiv.org)
- Collectively, structure-activity relationship analyses indicate that the presence of the double bonds in the central seven-carbon chain enhanced the Cur -dependent anti-IAV activity and also that Cur might interfere with IAV entry by its interaction with the receptor binding region of viral HA protein. (greenmedinfo.com)
- HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix (M2) protein embedded in a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell and covers the matrix (M1) protein that surrounds the viral core. (powershow.com)
Diagnostic11
- In addition to the Influenza Virus Matrix PCR test that will detect any influenza variant currently circulating that may infect dogs or other species, the AHDC offers a more broadly diagnostic Canine Respiratory PCR Panel. (cornell.edu)
- This has led to the development of new and advanced viral diagnostic test kits. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- This is leading to a rise in demand for virus diagnostic test kits. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Additionally, new techniques and recent developments in the methods applied for virus testing have led to the introduction of new rapid diagnostic test kits. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- This is projected to further fuel the expansion of the global virus diagnostic test kits market from 2018 to 2026. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- The global virus diagnostic test kits market can be segmented based on type, test, end- user, and region. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Based on type, the global virus diagnostic test kits market can be classified into influenza test kits, hepatitis test kits, human immunodeficiency virus test kits, respiratory syncytial virus test kits, and others. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Based on end-user, the global virus diagnostic test kits market can be segmented into diagnostic & clinical laboratories, academic & research institutes, contract research organizations, and others. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- In terms of region, the global virus diagnostic test kits market can be categorized into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Twenty-four national-level public health laboratories performed routine diagnostic assays on a proficiency testing panel consisting of two modules. (who.int)
- Further comprehensive diagnostic testing, including testing for Zika virus, should comprise future iterations of the EQA. (who.int)
Virus11
- RESUME Afin de mieux comprendre la distribution annuelle du virus de la grippe dans notre pays, nous avons procédé à l'isolement et au typage de 45 virus provenant de 1043 patients atteints de maladies respiratoires aiguës au cours d'une étude sur 10 ans réalisée par le Centre national de la grippe en Iran. (who.int)
- Surveillance of avian influenza virus (AIVs) in wild birds for early warning, prevention, and control of viral outbreaks should be enhanced to reduce the risk of pathogen emergence from wildlife host reservoirs. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, high price of new test kits is a major restraining factor for the adoption of these kits in emerging countries, which are currently relying on traditional and time consuming test kits for virus detection. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Ils ont été soumis au test de détection des virus de la grippe A et B via la méthode d'analyse RT-PCR simplex en temps réel. (who.int)
- Les échantillons positifs ont été inoculés à des cellules rénales canines Madin-Darby (MDCK) et le profil de sensibilité phénotypique des virus isolés aux INA a été évalué au moyen du test d'inhibition de la neuraminidase (NA) par fluorescence. (who.int)
- Soixante virus de la grippe B isolés sur les culture de cellules MDCK et soumis au test de sensibilité aux INA n'ont démontré aucune résistance significative aux INA. (who.int)
- Rubella viral cultures are time consuming, expensive, not readily available, and used mainly for tracking the epidemiology of rubella virus during an outbreak. (medscape.com)
- BFN 3112 virus is related to Umatilla virus by cross-indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA). (cdc.gov)
- Complement-fixation and plaque-reduction neutralization test results with Llano Seco virus and antibody to some orbiviruses. (cdc.gov)
- 0.05) less virus after challenge and the viral load decreased faster than LaSota group. (upm.edu.my)
- The aims of this work were to classify Juruaçá virus in a viral taxon taking in account its morphological, physicochemical, antigenic and molecular properties, as well as, to describe the pathological alterations. (ufpa.br)
Antigenic1
- To the Editor: The genus Alphavirus (family Togaviridae) comprises 29 viral species (1), grouped in at least 7 antigenic complexes by their serologic cross-reactivity (2). (blogspot.com)
Detect2
- as a vector and on the application of the haemagglutination technique to detect viral antigen in thrips. (icrisat.org)
- A modified xanthoproteic nitric acid test for proteins proved to be a rapid, and simple test to detect adulteration in both whole and finely ground nests, and would be suitable in the field where analytical facilities are not readily available. (researchgate.net)
Antibody test1
- In respiratory disease, diagnosis is confirmed by performing a direct fluorescent antibody test on nasal washes - which identifies the viral antigen. (wikipedia.org)
Serology1
- Red cell agglutination tests have a long history in blood typing, and general serology through linkage of reporter molecules to the red cell surface. (ox.ac.uk)
Isolation1
- Congenital rubella in infants and children is diagnosed by viral isolation or by serologic testing. (medscape.com)
Antibiotic1
- Epidemiological cut-off values for a 96-well broth microdilution plate for high-throughput research antibiotic susceptibility testing ofM. (ox.ac.uk)
Enzyme1
- Serologic techniques for measuring antibody against influenza include hemagglutination inhibition, neutralization, enzyme immunoassay, and complement fixation. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Serologic tests1
- Among all the serologic tests available, ELISA is the most widely used because it is relatively inexpensive, technically easy to perform, rapid, and very sensitive. (medscape.com)
Titre1
- 317 and then typed by HI test following WHO tibody titre (titre 40) against influenza protocols [ 3 ]. (who.int)
Immunohistochemical1
- Immunohistochemical tests were performed on paraffin-embedded tissues by using a mouse monoclonal antibody anti-nucleoprotein of influenza A H5N1 (B.V. European Veterinary Laboratory, Woerden, the Netherlands) as a primary antibody and a polyclonal goat antimouse immunoglobulin G tagged with peroxidase as a secondary antibody (DAKO A/S, Glostrup, Denmark). (flu.org.cn)
Sensitivity1
- Viral culture offers specific information and the ability to further characterize the isolate, but the sensitivity of this technique is highly dependent on the timing of when the specimen is obtained. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Incidence1
- We included studies that needed to parameterise or fit their model to real-world epidemiological data and make predictions to new spatial locations of some measure of population-level risk of viral transmission (e.g. incidence, occurrence, suitability, etc. (bvsalud.org)
Specific for influenza1
- Results of routine laboratory tests are not specific for influenza. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Laboratory tests2
- The inclusion of nonspecific laboratory tests increases the accuracy of YF definition. (bvsalud.org)
- For many diseases, substantial amounts of information, including results of laboratory tests, must be collected before a final case classification is possible. (cdc.gov)
Occurrence1
- The continuous outbreaks of avian influenza in recent decades have alarmed and increased focus on the role of wild birds, as major reservoirs, that maintain the persistence and variation of AIV, facilitating viral spread and disease occurrence. (biomedcentral.com)
Neutralization1
- Significant antibody titers include levels of more than 320 by hemagglutination inhibition, more than 128 by complement fixation, more than 256 by immunofluorescence, or more than 160 by plaque reduction neutralization test. (medscape.com)
Disease1
- Only a few state laboratories or other specialized laboratories, including those at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), are capable of performing this specialized testing. (medscape.com)