Viral 1995 encephalitis virus venezuelan equine. Medical search. Frequent questions

citation needed] Though the majority of VEE outbreaks occur in Central and South America, the virus has potential to outbreak again in the United States. (wikipedia.org)

The virus that causes VEE is transmitted primarily by mosquitoes that bite an infected animal and then bite and feed on another animal or human. (wikipedia.org)
Culex taenopius mosquitos, which prefer rodents, were replaced by Aedes taeniorhynchus mosquitoes, which are more likely to bite humans and large equines. (wikipedia.org)
All natural transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalitis is via mosquitoes. (medscape.com)
Dual host infections: enhanced infectivity of eastern equine encephalitis virus to Aedes mosquitoes mediated by Brugia microfilariae. (ajtmh.org)
Brugia malayi microfilariae enhance the infectivity of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus to Aedes mosquitoes. (ajtmh.org)
Mechanism of transmission of viruses by mosquitoes. (ajtmh.org)

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that causes Venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis (VEE). (wikipedia.org)
Dissemination barriers for western equine encephalomyelitis virus in Culex tarsalis infected after ingestion of low viral doses. (ajtmh.org)

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an emerging pathogen of equids and humans, but infection of its rodent reservoir hosts has received little study. (cdc.gov)
INTRODUCTION: The Biosafety Research Road Map reviewed the scientific literature on a viral respiratory pathogen, avian influenza virus, and a bacterial respiratory pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)

The speed with which the disease spreads depends on the subtype of the VEE virus and the density of mosquito populations. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] The Mucambo virus (subtype III) appears to have evolved ~1807 AD (95% credible interval: 1559-1944). (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, epizootic (and epidemic) VEEV strains (subtype I, variety AB and variety C), have been responsible for all major equine outbreaks that have involved other mosquito vectors, primarily Aedes and Psorophora spp. (cdc.gov)
Of the 18 VEE virus strains isolated from humans, three were identified antigenically as IC-subtype viruses, which have been the principal cause of epizootics in northern South America. (cdc.gov)
Major outbreaks involving humans have been associated with Venezuelan equine encephalitis subtype I, varieties AB and C. The IA and IB strains are considered genetically indistinguishable and are thus classified as IAB. (medscape.com)
this study describes the pathogenesis of the ebola-reston (ebo-r) subtype of ebola virus for experimentally infected cynomolgus monkeys. (liverpool.ac.uk)

These enzootic viruses generally circulate between Culex (Melanoconion) spp. (cdc.gov)
While these epizootic strains are virulent in equines and humans, the enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus serotypes ID, IE, and IIIA can cause illness in humans but not in equines. (medscape.com)
Enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis serotypes ID, IE, and IIIA are avirulent in equines but can cause illness in humans. (medscape.com)

The disease was first recognized as a unique mosquito borne virus in horses in Venezuela in 1938. (medscape.com)
A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. (curehunter.com)

After infection, equines may suddenly die or show progressive central nervous system disorders. (wikipedia.org)
In 1952, the first naturally acquired human case of Venezuelan equine encephalitis was reported from Colombia, whereas the first reported natural human infection in the United States was not documented until 1968. (medscape.com)
Arboviral infection may result in a febrile illness of variable severity associated with neurologic symptoms ranging from headache to aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
Brain infection is thought to occur by means of direct neuronal transmission of the virus from a peripheral site to the brain via the trigeminal or olfactory nerve and indirect immune-mediated processes inducing neuroinflammation. (medscape.com)
no other clinical entity has attached more attention now-a-day than those precipitated by the infection with a hemorrhagic fever virus. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Colombia is an endemic country for dengue fever where the four serotypes of virus dengue (DENV1-4) circulate simultaneously, and all types are responsible for dengue cases in the country. (mdpi.com)

development of the immunoenzyme test-system for detection of ebola virus antigen]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
an enzyme immunoassay system has been developed for the detection of ebola virus antigen. (liverpool.ac.uk)
the biochemical and hemostatic parameters were compared in guinea pigs after inoculation of ebola virus strains lethal and nonlethal for them and of inactivated antigen of this virus. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Between December 1992 and January 1993, the Venezuelan state of Trujillo experienced an outbreak of this virus. (wikipedia.org)
June 1993 saw a bigger outbreak in the Venezuelan state of Zulia, as 55 humans died as well as 66 equine deaths. (wikipedia.org)
A much larger outbreak in Venezuela and Colombia occurred in 1995. (wikipedia.org)
An outbreak of this disease occurred in Colombia on September 1995. (wikipedia.org)
This outbreak resulted in 14,156 human cases that were attributable to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus with 26 human deaths. (wikipedia.org)

When a blood-feeding insect feeds on such animals, it picks up this virus and transmits it to other animals or humans. (wikipedia.org)
Another vaccine, containing the TC-83 strain, is only used on humans in military and laboratory positions that risk contracting the virus. (wikipedia.org)
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), a member of the family Togaviridae , genus Alphavirus ( 5 ), was first isolated and characterized in 1938 ( 6 , 7 ) and affects humans and equids in the Americas ( 8 , 9 ). (cdc.gov)
Epidemics of Venezuelan equine encephalitis involving tens of thousands of humans and hundreds of thousands of equines have been reported. (medscape.com)
In 1943, the first descriptions of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in humans were reported from laboratories where equine isolates were being characterized. (medscape.com)
Epizootic viral strains IAB and IC are virulent in humans and equines. (medscape.com)

Partial nucleotide sequencing of the strains indicated they were closely related to strains isolated from Venezuela earlier in 1995. (cdc.gov)
Venezuelan equine encephalitis was first recognized in Venezuela in 1938. (medscape.com)

ZMapp), anti-sense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO AVI-6002), lipid nanoparticle small interfering RNA (LNP-siRNA: TKM-Ebola), and an EBOV glycoprotein-based vaccine using live-attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV-EBOGP) or a chimpanzee adenovirus (rChAd-EBOGP)-based vector. (biomedcentral.com)

the ravn isolate was indistinguishable from reference marburg virus strains by cross-neutralization testing. (liverpool.ac.uk)

The virus may have escaped from a lab attempting to prepare an attenuated H1N1 vaccine in response to the US swine flu pandemic alert. (thebulletin.org)

Some genotypes reportedly exhibit post-translational modifications (PTMs), including N- and O-glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and phosphorylation, in their viral antigens. (bvsalud.org)

During September 1-October 12, 1995, a total of 12,403 patient visits for Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) were reported from La Guajira state, Colombia. (cdc.gov)

Antibodies to E2 can neutralize virus infectivity. (medscape.com)
Isolation of state-dependent monoclonal antibodies against the 12-transmembrane domain glucose transporter 4 using virus-like particles. (pubchase.com)

The consequences of escape of a highly lethal avian virus with enhanced transmissibility would almost certainly be much graver than the 1977 escape of a "seasonal," possibly attenuated strain to a population with substantial existing immunity. (thebulletin.org)

These forms of the virus are highly pathogenic to equines and can also affect human health. (wikipedia.org)

These forms of the virus can cause human illness but generally do not affect equine health. (wikipedia.org)
Recognition of signs and symptoms of illness by those living and working in endemic areas is essential to limit the spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis. (medscape.com)
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is an acute or subacute illness that causes both general and focal signs of cerebral dysfunction. (medscape.com)

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is highly infectious by the aerosol route, and numerous laboratory infections have occurred, making it a possible biowarfare agent. (medscape.com)
the media have brought to the public's attention many newly described infectious diseases, such as ebola virus hemorrhagic fever, that were not part of common medical parlance a decade ago. (liverpool.ac.uk)
[5] It is an enveloped RNA virus and is highly infectious and lethal. (mdwiki.org)

Equine vaccination creates an immune barrier against the spread of the virus by removing the most important vertebrate amplifying host from the epizootic transmission cycle. (cdc.gov)

Her chief research interest is the development of viral-vectored vaccines that work by inducing strong and protective T and B cell responses. (isv-online.org)

Although a mosquito-transmitted disease, researchers determined that these infections can also be acquired from aerosolized virus. (medscape.com)
Researchers determined that these infections were acquired from aerosolized virus. (medscape.com)
Arboviral encephalitis cannot be distinguished clinically from other central nervous system infections. (cdc.gov)

For arthropodborne viruses (arboviruses), infected hosts generally show little or no disease, which presumably reflects long-term selection for host resistance and possibly virus attenuation ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
[ 5 ] These viruses were known formally as group A arboviruses. (medscape.com)

Equines, rather than rodents, are the primary animal species that carry and spread the disease. (wikipedia.org)
Although predominantly a disease found in South and Central America, Venezuelan equine encephalitis has been reported in southern border areas of the United States. (medscape.com)
Of the estimated 50,000 equines infected, 8% died of the disease. (medscape.com)
Although predominantly a disease found in South and Central America, Venezuelan equine encephalitis has spread to the United States. (medscape.com)
in 1987, an isolated case of fatal marburg disease was recognized during routine clinical haemorrhagic fever virus surveillance conducted in kenya. (liverpool.ac.uk)
[4] A virologist who was studying the woman's disease contracted the virus but survived. (mdwiki.org)

The extensive transmission of the virus was probably due to a combination of unvaccinated horses and a record high level of rainfall leading to an increase in the mosquito population. (medscape.com)

Virologists, using serologic and early genetic tests soon began to suggest the cause of the reappearance was a laboratory escape of a 1949-1950 virus, and as genomic techniques advanced, it became clear that this was true. (thebulletin.org)

About 500 equine cases were reported with 475 deaths. (wikipedia.org)
Sporadic equine deaths in Cordoba, Cesar, and Magdalena states have been confirmed serologically as cases of eastern equine encephalitis. (cdc.gov)

This virus was isolated in 1938, and outbreaks have been reported in many different countries since then. (wikipedia.org)

Healthy adults who become infected by the virus may experience flu-like symptoms, such as high fevers and headaches. (wikipedia.org)
Venezuelan equine encephalitis may have been present for centuries as one of many undiagoised fevers common in the tropical Americas. (medscape.com)

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a member of the genus Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae. (medscape.com)

Over the past few years, Venezuelan equine encephalitis has been found in Brazil and the northern countries of South America. (medscape.com)

PTMs have been linked to increased viral genome replication, viral particle release, and virulence. (bvsalud.org)

computer simulations of proteolysis of marburg and ebola-zaire filovirus coded proteins to generate nonapeptides with motifs of known hla class i haplotypes and detection of antigenic domains in the viral glycoproteins. (liverpool.ac.uk)
change in biochemical and hemostatic indicators in guinea pigs upon administering ebola virus preparations]. (liverpool.ac.uk)

In the Americas, there have been 21 reported outbreaks of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. (wikipedia.org)
It is caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and has a significant presence in the tropical Americas. (medscape.com)

mAbs against GLUT4 were generated using virus-like particles to present this complex membrane protein in its native conformation and using a divergent host species (chicken) for immunization to overcome immune tolerance. (pubchase.com)

Multiplication of bluetongue virus in Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) simultaneously infected with the virus and the microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis (Railliet & Henry). (ajtmh.org)

Studies have begun to document a geographic spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis. (medscape.com)
The seasonality of arboviral transmission is variable and depends on the geographic location of exposure, the specific cycles of viral transmission, and local climatic conditions. (cdc.gov)

Like all viruses, the EBOV largely relies on host cell factors and physiological processes for its entry, replication, and egress. (biomedcentral.com)

It continued to circulate until 2009, when the pH1N1 virus replaced it. (thebulletin.org)

The public health danger from the escape, from laboratories, of viruses capable of causing pandemics has become the subject of considerable, well-merited discussion, spurred by "gain of function" experiments. (thebulletin.org)

Eradication of natural smallpox transmission made the prospect of reintroduction of the virus intolerable. (thebulletin.org)

In addition, patient had periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges on electroencephalography, which supports diagnosis of herpes encephalitis. (medscape.com)
Viral CSF cultures are rarely positive and should not be relied on to confirm the diagnosis. (medscape.com)

[4] Four years later, in 1994, a researcher was exposed to the virus in a level 3 biohazard facility at Yale University when a centrifuge bottle cracked, leaked, and released aerosolized virus particles. (mdwiki.org)

As new communications are created between countries, vector spread of the virus has been documented. (medscape.com)
Spread of West Nile Virus in the U.S. (cdc.gov)
[4] [6] This virus has also been implicated as a means for bioterrorism , as it can be spread through aerosols . (mdwiki.org)

For patient education information, see the Brain and Nervous System Center , as well as Encephalitis . (medscape.com)
Through viral load suppression, we may be able to prolong a patient's survival in order to provide a better chance for the patient to develop natural immune defense against the EBOV. (biomedcentral.com)
This patient also had positive result on polymerase chain reaction assay for herpes simplex virus, which is both sensitive and specific. (medscape.com)

Venezuelan equine encephalitis is an arthropod-borne virus, with the mosquito serving as the most common vector. (medscape.com)

this report describes the isolation and partial characterization of the new marburg virus (strain ravn) isolated from this case. (liverpool.ac.uk)

On May 23, 1995, equine encephalitis-like cases were reported in the northwest portion of the country. (wikipedia.org)
Unconfirmed equine cases were reported near Santa Marta, but no human cases acquired in Magdalena have been confirmed. (cdc.gov)

characterization of a new marburg virus isolated from a 1987 fatal case in kenya. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Anatomy10

Organisms85

Diseases43

Chemicals and Drugs38

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care12

Geographicals12

Central and Sou1

Mosquitoes6

Encephalomyelitis2

Pathogen2

Subtype6

Enzootic3

Mosquito-borne2

Infection5

Serotypes1

Antigen3

Outbreak5

Humans6

Venezuela2

Live-attenuated1

Strains1

Vaccine1

Antigens1

Colombia1

Antibodies2

Avian virus1

Pathogenic1

Illness3

Infectious3

Vaccination1

Vaccines1

Infections3

Arboviruses2

Disease6

Horses1

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19381

Fevers2

Togaviridae1

Brazil1

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Ebola2

Americas2

Species1

Bluetongue1

Geographic2

Replication1

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Diagnosis2

19941

Spread3

Patient3

Vector1

Isolation1

Cases were reported2

19871