Vesicles virus internalization. Medical search. Frequent questions

Most gene therapy vectors are taken into the cell by endocytosis and, hence, are located in the endocytic vesicles. (nih.gov)
The method is based on chemical compounds (photosensitisers) that localise specifically in the membranes of endocytic vesicles and, following activation by light, induce the rupture of the vesicular membranes. (nih.gov)
The mechanisms by which viruses gain entry into host cells are diverse and include direct penetration through the plasma membrane or endocytic uptake followed by vesicular transport through the cytoplasm and delivery to endosomes and other intracellular organelles [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In many cases and even within the same family, viruses utilize different endocytic pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
Characterization of the uptake pathway in murine epidermis shows that HSV-1 enters into epidermal sheets, principal epidermal keratinocytes and principal dermal fibroblasts, both by direct fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane and endocytic vesicles [3, 4]. (bioskinrevive.com)
Whether both internalization pathways result in productive illness is hard to determine although studies BMS-387032 kinase inhibitor in human being keratinocytes support endocytic uptake as contributing to HSV-1 entry [7]. (bioskinrevive.com)
These findings indicate that there is a fundamental difference in the process by which endocytic vesicles are formed at the two surfaces of polarized epithelial cells and that the integrity and/or the polymerization of actin filaments are required at the apical surface. (rupress.org)
Actin filaments in microvilli may be part of a mechanochemical motor that moves membrane components along the microvillar surface towards intermicrovillar spaces, or provides the force required for converting a membrane invagination or pit into an endocytic vesicle within the cytoplasm. (rupress.org)
As their name suggests, IFITMs are membrane proteins, allowing them to police the cell surface and endocytic membranes that viruses must cross to invade cells. (life-science-alliance.org)

Although viral vectors have developed the means to escape from these vesicles, poor endosomal release is one of the major obstacles for non-viral vectors. (nih.gov)
It was further determined that cell entry of PSaV Cowden strain required actin rearrangements for vesicle internalization, endosomal trafficking from early to late endosomes through microtubules, and late endosomal acidification for uncoating. (biomedcentral.com)
The virus undergoes clathrin-dependent internalization long before endosomal fusion, thus minimizing the surface exposure of conserved viral epitopes during fusion and reducing the efficacy of inhibitors targeting these epitopes. (antikoerper-online.de)
For successful transgene expression, viruses administered into muscle must undergo a series of processes, including host cell interaction and internalization, intracellular sorting, long-range retrograde axonal transport, endosomal liberation, and nuclear import. (frontiersin.org)
Evidence indicates that Alix, an accessory protein of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), is involved in the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EVs). (spandidos-publications.com)
The non-apoptotic vesicles have been classified based on their biogenesis into exosomes derived from membranes of the endosomal compartment and microvesicles that are formed from the budding of a portion of the cell plasma membrane ( 5 , 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. (lookformedical.com)
Env-Fc retained a capacity to bind both cell surface CD4 and Fc?Rs, which led to protein internalization and accumulation in cytoplasmic vesicles. (umaryland.edu)
Loss of Pcs impairs Rab11 localization on the trans-side of Golgi units and induces the cytoplasmic accumulation of post-Golgi vesicles bearing rhabdomere proteins, as observed in Rab11-deficiency. (sdbonline.org)
APCs exhibit many C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) that become phagocytic receptors.24 25 Some CLRs contain internalization motifs within their cytoplasmic domains which direct the uptake of ligands and subsequent sorting of CLRs and attached cargo into past due endosomes. (monossabios.com)

This is based on the fact that viruses within this subfamily, such as the Mammalian orthoreovirus, Aquareovirus, Coltivirus, Cypovirus, etc., have the presence of a turreted protein on the inner capsid. (wikipedia.org)
A hydrophobic domain in the large envelope protein is essential for fusion of duck hepatitis B virus. (edu.au)
The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. (lookformedical.com)
The outer surface of these vesicles is covered with a lattice-like network of the protein CLATHRIN. (lookformedical.com)
An adaptor protein complex primarily involved in the formation of clathrin-related endocytotic vesicles (ENDOSOMES) at the CELL MEMBRANE. (lookformedical.com)
The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as CLATHRIN, coat protein complex proteins, or CAVEOLINS. (lookformedical.com)
Confocal microscopic analysis revealed colocalization of intracellularly localized rat sst1-human simplex virus (HSV) with Rab5a-green fluorescent protein and Rab11a-green fluorescent protein, indicating the distribution of the receptor in endocytotic and recycling organelles. (reading.ac.uk)
In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
The surface protein gp120 (SU) attaches the virus to the host lymphoid cell by binding to the primary receptor CD4. (antikoerper-online.de)
Surface protein gp120 (SU) may target the virus to gut- associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) by binding host ITGA4/ITGB7 (alpha-4/beta-7 integrins), a complex that mediates T-cell migration to the GALT. (antikoerper-online.de)
Thus, in MDCK cell transformants that express the VSV G protein, cytochalasin blocked the internalization of an anti-G mAb bound to apical G molecules, but did not reduce the uptake of antibody bound to the basolateral surface. (rupress.org)
Inhibits the host nucleus-cytoplasm protein and RNA trafficking by cleaving host mbers of the nuclear pores .Protein 2B: Plays an essential role in the virus replication cycle by acting as a viroporin. (enquirebio.com)
May play a role in virion morphogenesis and viral RNA encapsidation by interacting with the capsid protein VP3 .Protein 3AB: Localizes the viral replication complex to the surface of mbranous vesicles. (enquirebio.com)
Acts as a cofactor to stimulate the activity of 3D polymerase, maybe through a nucleid acid chaperone activity .Protein 3A: Localizes the viral replication complex to the surface of mbranous vesicles. (enquirebio.com)
Lipid-specific oligomerization of the Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 is regulated by two distinct interfaces for virion assembly. (uci.edu)
Once internalised, these vesicles want active transport to complete the dense, protein enhanced cytosol and around cytoskeleton elements towards their last destination. (conferencedequebec.org)
In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)

This attachment induces virion internalization. (enquirebio.com)

A molecular understanding of membrane traffic has broad implications for our understanding of growth control in cancer, receptor trafficking errors in heart disease, regulation of insulin secretion in diabetes and synaptic vesicle biogenesis and transport in neurological disorders. (stanford.edu)
This super-resolution technique was able to capture, and subsequently analyse, the dynamics of thousands of individual synaptic vesicle trajectories, to uncover the dynamics of synaptic vesicle pool mobility. (edu.au)

They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. (lookformedical.com)
Curvature-mediated assembly of Janus nanoparticles on membrane vesicles. (mpg.de)
We recently developed a generic method for producing polymer-supported lipid bilayers directly from cell-derived native membrane vesicles (NMVs). (lu.se)

Extracellular vesicle DNA from human melanoma tissues contains cancer-specific mutations. (gu.se)

Shortly after formation, however, the clathrin coat is removed and the vesicles are referred to as ENDOSOMES. (lookformedical.com)
Of these, IFITM3 potently inhibits viruses that enter cells through acidic endosomes, many of which are zoonotic and emerging viruses with bats (order Chiroptera) as their natural hosts. (life-science-alliance.org)
Mutation of this residue in microbat IFITM3 impairs restriction of representatives of four different virus families that enter cells via endosomes. (life-science-alliance.org)
Pcs fused with the EM-tag APEX2 localizes on 150-300 nm vesicles at the trans-side of Golgi units, which are presumably fly recycling endosomes. (sdbonline.org)
We have identified a novel mechanism by which dynamin and actin coordinate a series of membrane events that culminate in the formation of bulk endosomes from which new synaptic vesicles emanate at the neuromuscular junction. (edu.au)

One area of particular interest is the role of ubiquitination in directing receptor translocation to intralumenal vesicles and its requirement or otherwise for trafficking to the lysosome. (abdn.ac.uk)

The inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis using chlorpromazine, siRNAs, and a dominant negative (DN) mutant blocked entry and infection of PSaV Cowden strain, confirming a role for clathrin-mediated internalization. (biomedcentral.com)
The internalization process can occur via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolar/lipid raft-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, or a variety of other still poorly characterized mechanisms [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is generally accepted to be a major route by which nonenveloped viruses infect cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells constitutively utilize several distinct mechanisms of endocytosis, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) for the internalization of receptor-bound macromolecules such as Transferrin Receptor (TfR), and distinct mechanism(s) that mediate the majority of fluid-phase endocytosis. (plos.org)

In this project we are investigating the combination of several advanced optical analysis techniques that include dynamic spinning-disk confocal fluorescence microscopy, deconvolution microscopy, static high-resolution structured illumination fluorescence microscopy, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) label-free microscopy - in parallel with static electron microscopy to develop a much better understanding of viral infection, production, and transmission pathways using as models of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and echovirus (EV1). (ucdavis.edu)
A couple of 4 traditional pathways: phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated internalisation and caveolae-mediated internalisation (for comprehensive reviews visitors are described [5-11]) and 5 much less well defined nonclassical pathways. (conferencedequebec.org)

A likely explanation is definitely that both the fusion events at the plasma membrane and vesicle scission depend on dynamin. (bioskinrevive.com)
This signalling fidelity of GPCRs is maintained by an elegant series of interactions that firstly prevent signalling and is followed by a regulated trafficking process involving the removal of desensitised receptors from the surface of the cell (internalisation) followed by either recycling to the plasma membrane for repeated signalling (resensitisation) or targeting to the lysosome for destruction and downregulation (Figure 1). (abdn.ac.uk)
Our discoveries have led to a deep understanding of how secretory vesicles interact with the cortical actin network prior to fusing with the plasma membrane to release the neurotransmitter. (edu.au)
We have identified a critical role of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate in coordinating the actin-mediated recruitment of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
This active mechanism allows secretory vesicles to dock with the plasma membrane prior to fusion and is controlled by the effector cdc42. (edu.au)
This novel trafficking/chaperoning pathway underpins neurotransmission, as secretory vesicles rely on the zippering of SNARE proteins such as syntaxin-1 to undergo fusion with the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
Following exocytosis, the process of endocytosis is required for neurons to replenish their pools of synaptic vesicles by pinching off vesicles from the plasma membrane. (edu.au)

We have recently uncovered a new mechanism that allows secretory vesicles to be recruited on the cortical actin network. (edu.au)

Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, and so must deliver their genetic material into host cells to initiate infection. (biomedcentral.com)

The pits are then internalized into the cytoplasm to form the COATED VESICLES. (lookformedical.com)

Binding to these alternative receptors allows the rapid transcytosis of the virus through the epithelial cells. (antikoerper-online.de)
This transcytotic vesicle-mediated transport of virions from the apical side to the basolateral side of the epithelial cells does not involve infection of the cells themselves (By similarity). (antikoerper-online.de)

A class of proteins involved in the transport of molecules via TRANSPORT VESICLES. (lookformedical.com)
It has been recognized that under physiological and pathological conditions, cells may release vesicles that may be instrumental in intercellular communication as they carry biologically active molecules ( 1 - 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Given the heterogeneity of the released vesicles and the overlapping features of molecules carried by exosomes and microvesicles, it has been suggested that they be collectively termed extracellular vesicles (EVs) ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
We also developed a new technique sdTIM, Subdiffractional tracking of internalised molecules, to be able to visualise small synaptic vesicles in living hippocampal nerve terminals (Joensuu et al. (edu.au)

The present study unravels a new molecular system for vesicle-based axonal transport of proteins in male and female flies (Drosophila melanogaster). (sdbonline.org)

After the attachment of AAV to the cell surface receptor of the target cell, the virus gets internalized by endocytosis. (progen.com)

With echovirus 1 (EV1) (a cousin of poliovirus) we are imaging the internalization of viral particles by cells into vesicles through macropinocytosis, which later mature into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). (ucdavis.edu)

The high hydrophobicity of the TM1 domain of L, but not of S, was shown to be essential for virus infection at a step downstream of receptor binding and virus internalization. (edu.au)
The co-infection with one of the AAV helper viruses leads to the initiation of AAV gene expression, replication and the production of AAV virions. (progen.com)
We established an infection style of murine epidermal bed sheets to investigate the contribution of the receptors, and used an experimental environment that allows the virus to enter the basal level of the skin. (bioskinrevive.com)
Interaction between gp120 and ITGA4/ITGB7 would allow the virus to enter GALT early in the infection, infecting and killing most of GALT's resting CD4+ T-cells. (antikoerper-online.de)
Virus transmission to permissive T-cells occurs either in trans (without DCs infection, through viral capture and transmission), or in cis (following DCs productive infection, through the usual CD4-gp120 interaction), thereby inducing a robust infection. (antikoerper-online.de)
Using conventional fluorescence microscopy, Dr. Chen was able to demonstrate HIV transmission through direct cell contact -- challenging the current belief that free virus is the principal mode of infection. (ucdavis.edu)
We are able to image the viral infection process in real-time, from the uptake of a virus, penetration of the nucleus, multiplication, and ultimate budding off of the new virus particles from the host. (ucdavis.edu)
Moreover, the drug efficiently blocked infection of the cells with influenza virus, when the viral inoculum was applied to the apical surface. (rupress.org)
On the other hand, it did not inhibit the basolateral uptake of Lucifer yellow, nor did it prevent infection with VSV from the basolateral surface, or with influenza when this virus was applied to monolayers in which the formation of tight junctions had been prevented by depletion of calcium ions. (rupress.org)
To study the adsorption, penetration and replication of the virus, a major obstacle has been the lack of an efficient and reproducible in vitro infection system. (biomedcentral.com)
However, these antibodies cannot block infection, which implies that antibodies and antibody-driven immune system effectors cannot efficiently clear your body from pathogen and/or virus-infected cells. (conferencedequebec.org)
SARS-CoV-2 infection primarily affects the pulmonary system, but accumulating evidence suggests that it also affects the pan-vasculature in the extrapulmonary systems by directly (via virus infection) or indirectly (via cytokine storm), causing endothelial dysfunction (endotheliitis, endothelialitis and endotheliopathy) and multi-organ injury. (nature.com)

Crucially, some viral vectors (i.e., viruses specifically used to deliver genetic material into cells) have the potential to circumvent the blood-brain- (BBB) and blood-spinal cord barriers (BSCB) when intravenously injected. (frontiersin.org)

During the last century, various subtypes of the influenza virus caused five pandemic respiratory diseases, and pigs were found to be a major reservoir of such viruses. (ijpsr.com)

Dr. Jacobs described Vaccinia viruses deficient in E3L, a regulator of the cellular antiviral response and noted their potential for the production of improved vaccines. (cdc.gov)

Since inhibiting MLCK with ML-7 was therefore efficient in preventing the internalisation pathway, this focus on can be employed for the introduction of a fresh treatment for FIPV. (conferencedequebec.org)
We after that continued to RG14620 elucidate by which internalisation pathway these antigen-antibody complexes are internalised. (conferencedequebec.org)
The 3rd dynamin-independent internalisation pathway was provided in our prior work and may be the pathway by which viral surface area portrayed proteins in FIPV contaminated monocytes are internalised. (conferencedequebec.org)

Indeed, a vicious cycle could be envisioned by which pathological α-syn accumulation causes neuronal damage, neurodegeneration results in α-syn release, and extracellular α-syn becomes available for internalization into nearby neurons. (biomedcentral.com)

Using wild-type and mutant synthetic peptides, we demonstrate that the hydrophobicity of this domain is required for the aggregation and the lipid mixing of phospholipid vesicles, supporting the role of TM1 as the fusion peptide. (edu.au)
Marburg virus (MARV) is a lipid-enveloped virus harboring a negative sense RNA genome, which has caused sporadic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in Sub-Saharan Africa. (uci.edu)

Also, internalization of the CXCR4 can occur when the receptor is overstimulated or desensitized i.e., during CXCR4 agonist stimulation on CXCR4 expressing cells [9]. (vanderbilt.edu)
Therefore, an increase in calcium as well as internalization of CXCR4 was used to confirm that drug 390 was an agonist of the receptor. (vanderbilt.edu)

Some diseases that occur as a result of this virus or are associated with this virus include mild upper respiratory illness, and gastrointestinal illness. (wikipedia.org)

On arrival at lymphoid tissues, intact virions recycle back to DCs' cell surface allowing virus transmission to CD4+ T-cells. (antikoerper-online.de)
The gp120-gp41 heterodimer allows rapid transcytosis of the virus through CD4 negative cells such as simple epithelial monolayers of the intestinal, rectal and endocervical epithelial barriers. (antikoerper-online.de)
Administration of gene therapy viruses into skeletal muscle, where distal terminals of motor and sensory neurons reside, has been shown to result in extensive transduction of cells within the spinal cord, brainstem, and sensory ganglia. (frontiersin.org)
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are antiviral factors that act uniquely and early in viral replication cycles to restrict the entry of a diverse range of primarily enveloped viruses into cells ( 1 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
Since the genomic sequence of HCV was determined, progress has been made towards understanding the functions of the HCV-encoded proteins and identifying the cellular receptor(s) responsible for adsorption and penetration of the virus particle into the target cells. (biomedcentral.com)
These vesicles could be prepared in a variety of ways which might have an effect on the immunogenicity from the encapsulated antigens.20 Efficient delivery of antigens to immune cells could be facilitated by agents that bind selectively to molecular set ups on the top of targeted cells. (monossabios.com)
Aliotta et al ( 15 ) demonstrated that lung-derived vesicles carried RNA to marrow cells and altered the phenotype of these cells both genetically and functionally. (spandidos-publications.com)
Vesicles derived from adult human liver stem-like cells (HLSCs) have also been shown to contain ribonucleoproteins and different RNA species involved in hepatic regeneration ( 20 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
This receptor is also used by the HIV-1 virus to infect human body cells [6]. (vanderbilt.edu)
Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cells (HEK 293-passage 71) were used in the internalization assay. (vanderbilt.edu)

Binds RNA and may function as a RNA chaperone to induce the RNA structural rearrangements taking place during virus replication (PubMed:18033802). (proteopedia.org)

The duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) envelope is comprised of two transmembrane (TM) proteins, the large (L) and the small (S), that assemble into virions and subviral particles. (edu.au)
A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. (lookformedical.com)
In contrast to previous attempts to engineer similar proteins, the resultant virus proved to be competent and able to infect other CD4+ lymphocytes. (ucdavis.edu)

The clathrin-coated vesicles transport the virus through the endosome to the nucleus. (progen.com)

Because of the importance of Munc18-1 in vesicle fusion, human mutations are linked to epilepsy and other neurological symptoms. (edu.au)

Furthermore, we show that microbat IFITM3 is S-palmitoylated on cysteine residues C71, C72, and C105, mutation of each cysteine individually impairs virus restriction, and a triple C71A-C72A-C105A mutant loses all restriction activity, concomitant with subcellular re-localization of microbat IFITM3 to Golgi-associated sites. (life-science-alliance.org)
Rab11 is essential for polarized post-Golgi vesicle trafficking to photosensitive membrane rhabdomeres in Drosophila photoreceptors. (sdbonline.org)
This study found that Parcas (Pcs) , recently shown to have guanine-nucleotide-exchange (GEF) activity toward Rab11, co-localizes with Rab11 on the trans-side of Golgi units and post-Golgi vesicles at the base of the rhabdomeres in pupal photoreceptors. (sdbonline.org)

This can involve ubiquitin regulated sorting by the ESCRT complex (2), initial ubiquitin-indendent sorting (possibly by GASP) before ubiquitin and ESCRT mediated transfer to Intralumenal vesicles (3) or direct interaction with the ESCRT III component, independent of ubiquitination (4) mediated by ALIX. (abdn.ac.uk)

Somatostatin-14 induced internalization of cell surface receptors and reduction of binding sites on the cell surface. (reading.ac.uk)
The O-linked 2,3-sialic acid serves as a binding receptor for AAV4, whereas the N-linked sialic acid represents the binding receptors for AAV1, AAV5 & AAV6 with, for example, the platelet-derived growth factor receptor acting as a co-receptor for AAV5 internalization. (progen.com)
APOE associated to the LVP allows the initial virus attachment to cell surface receptors such as the heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), syndecan-1 (SDC1), syndecan-1 (SDC2), the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SCARB1) (PubMed:12970454, PubMed:12356718, PubMed:12913001, PubMed:28404852, PubMed:22767607). (proteopedia.org)

Gene therapy viruses are non-replicating, but still hijack host cell machinery to express transgenes of interest in the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)

This interaction is probably promoted via the up-regulation of cellular autophagy by the virus (PubMed:29695434). (proteopedia.org)

A family of high molecular weight GTP phosphohydrolases that play a direct role in vesicle transport. (lookformedical.com)
Rab11 often links vesicles to molecular motors, and this study finds that loss of the microtubule motor dynein also leads to defective Neuroglian and Ppk26 degradation. (sdbonline.org)

Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. (lookformedical.com)
In collaboration with researchers at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, CBST has produced the first real-time video images of direct cell-to-cell transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (ucdavis.edu)
Virus-mediated gene therapy has the potential to deliver exogenous genetic material into specific cell types to promote survival and counteract disease. (frontiersin.org)
Tracking the abundance of TfR on the cell surface and the internalization of its ligand transferrin revealed that USMB acutely enhances the rate of CME. (plos.org)

In the parvoviridae family it belongs to the genus dependoparvovirus, because it needs the presence of a helper virus for replication and assembly. (progen.com)

It revealed diffusive and transport states of synaptic vesicles in resting and stimulated conditions. (edu.au)

Exchange of the TM1 of DHBV with that of hepatitis B virus yielded functional, infectious DHBV particles, suggesting that TM1 of all of the hepadnaviruses act similarly in the fusion mechanism. (edu.au)

EM demonstrated that cytochalasin D leads to an increase in the number of coated pits in the apical surface where it suppresses the pinching off of coated vesicles. (rupress.org)
Characterization of surface markers on extracellular vesicles isolated from lymphatic exudate from patients with breast cancer. (gu.se)

These viruses are assumed to be zoonotic, which implies that the viruses can spread among creatures and humans 11 . (ijpsr.com)

method to introduce genetic material into select neuronal populations is by virus administration into muscle, which is the focus of this review. (frontiersin.org)
Deciphering the intra- and intermolecular steps via which prepare secretory vesicles for fusion is key to understanding neuronal and hormonal communication. (edu.au)

Meaning, that a human infected with Mammalian orthoreovirus, regardless of the serotype, is nearly or completely asymptomatic, and therefore, don't exhibit signs or symptoms of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
The lytic life cycle of AAV is usually triggered by the presence of co-infecting helper viruses, e.g. adeno-, herpes-, human papilloma- or vaccinia viruses. (progen.com)

PCI substantially improves gene transfer in vitro not only with non-viral gene vectors, but, surprisingly, also with adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses. (nih.gov)
The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small (25 nm), non-enveloped virus of the parvoviridae family, including 12 different AAV serotypes. (progen.com)
In this review article, we outline key characteristics of major gene therapy viruses-adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentivirus-and summarize the mechanisms regulating important steps in the virus journey from binding at peripheral nerve terminals to nuclear delivery. (frontiersin.org)

Smallpox was eradicated from the wild in the 1970s, although the potential use of Variola virus as a bioterrorism agent makes it still of great concern. (cdc.gov)

Confocal analysis of sst1-HSV revealed that the receptor was initially transported within superficial vesicles. (reading.ac.uk)

When injected into a muscle, viruses are close to nerve endings for longer periods and at higher concentrations than when systemically injected. (frontiersin.org)

Env-Fc elicited higher gp120 binding antibody titers with increased breadth, including the capacity for recognizing CD4-induced epitopes, neutralizing activity against Tier 1A HIV pseudotyped viruses, and antibodies mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). (umaryland.edu)
This approach will allow us to transfer our know ledge of virus entry mechanisms caused by studies in a variety of cellular lines into a knowledge of how HSV enters its organic target tissues. (bioskinrevive.com)

2oc1 is a 4 chain structure with sequence from Hepacivirus C and Hepatitis C virus subtype 1b . (proteopedia.org)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects hepatocytes and leads to permanent, severe liver damage. (biomedcentral.com)

In the absence of both HVEM and nectin-1, illness was severely delayed resulting in greatly reduced viral spreading and virus production [4]. (bioskinrevive.com)

Anatomy15

Organisms19

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs9

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes14

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Endocytic9

Endosomal6

Cytoplasmic4

Protein17

Virion internalization1

Synaptic vesicle2

Membrane vesicles3

Extracellular vesicle1

Endosomes5

Receptor translocation1

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis4

Pathways2

Plasma membrane7

Actin1

Intracellular1

Cytoplasm1

Epithelial cells2

Molecules4

Axonal transport1

Endocytosis1

Macropinocytosis1

Infection12

Viral vectors1

Influenza virus1

Described Vaccinia viruses1

Pathway3

Accumulation1

Lipid2

Agonist2

Occur1

Cells10

Rearrangements1

Proteins3

Endosome1

Mutations1

Golgi3

ESCRT1

Receptors3

Nucleus1

Interaction1

Molecular2

Cell4

Replication1

Transport1

Mechanism1

Surface2

Zoonotic1

Neuronal2

Human2

Adeno3

Variola1

Initially1

Nerve1

Cellular2

Subtype1

Infects1

Illness1