BodiesSituated within the vertebral canalBonySpinePosterior vertebralInterspinous ligamentPediclesRegions of the vertebral columnIntervertebral discsPosteriorlyInferiorFracturesLigamentum flavum is a thickLaminaBody and intervertebralAdjacentSide of the vertebralSupraspinous ligamentsAlar ligamentsSpinous processesThicker in the thoracicCanalVertebrae are separatedIntertransverseTransverse ligamentKyphosisMultiple vertebralFibersBoneOssificationColumnEndplatePedicleDura materArteryDuralFibresHerniationFractureDiscEpidural spaceTendonsAnatomyConsistsArchSacroiliacSacralHyperostosis
Bodies28
- The posterior longitudinal ligament is a ligament connecting the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies of all of the vertebrae of humans. (wikipedia.org)
- It is narrow at the vertebral bodies (where it is firmly attached and where it covers the basivertebral veins), and broader over the intervertebral discs (to which it attaches less firmly to allow for the passage of the basivertebral veins). (wikipedia.org)
- The vertebral bodies increase in size in both anteroposterior (AP) and medial and lateral planes. (medscape.com)
- Contiguous involvement of ≥2 vertebral bodies was found in 16 patients (89%), with a curvilinear or "semicircular" pattern involving portions of adjacent vertebral bodies in 10 (63%, P = .14). (ajnr.org)
- A long ligament called the anterior longitudinal ligament connects on the front of the vertebral bodies. (health-local.com)
- These findings are consistent with Tuberculous spondylitis , which typically involves the vertebral bodies. (radiopaedia.org)
- b) 3D reconstruction image reveals bridging of vertebral bodies from Th4 to Th10. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- The intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure located between two vertebral bodies. (hickeysolution.com)
- It represents a very important part of the spine and forms the joint between the two vertebral bodies. (hickeysolution.com)
- The posterior longitudinal ligament attaches to the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and their respective intervertebral discs. (anatomy.app)
- In the lower thoracic and lumbar spine, it is narrower over the vertebral bodies and wider over the intervertebral discs. (anatomy.app)
- They bond to annuli fibrosi, hyaline cartilages of the end-plates and margins of neighboring vertebral bodies. (anatomy.app)
- This band of connective tissue is loosely attached to the vertebral bodies and allows the blood vessels to pass through it. (anatomy.app)
- Here the basivertebral veins leave the vertebral bodies and enter the anterior internal vertebral venous plexuses. (anatomy.app)
- The lumbar vertebral bodies are taller and bulkier compared to the rest of the spine. (bodyinbalancerehab.com)
- Also, large and powerful muscles attaching on or near the lumbar spine place extra force on the lumbar vertebral bodies. (bodyinbalancerehab.com)
- They run between the vertebral bodies and the vertebral arches of adjacent vertebrae. (learnsurgeryonline.com)
- The anterior longitudinal ligament runs from the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum along the front of the vertebral bodies. (learnsurgeryonline.com)
- The posterior longitudinal ligament runs along the posterior surfaces of the bodies and discs. (learnsurgeryonline.com)
- the vertebral bodies, and ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament. (ac.rs)
- The lumbar vertebral bodies are often taller and bulkier compared to the others in the spine. (physicaltherapynow.com)
- Those large and more powerful muscles that are attached to the lumbar spine give extra force on lumbar vertebral bodies. (physicaltherapynow.com)
- The vertebral body is the weight-bearing component of the vertebrae, and the vertebrae of the lower portion of the column have larger bodies than those of the upper portion to better support the increased weight. (shiken.ai)
- The superior and inferior aspects of the vertebral body are lined with hyaline cartilage and are separated from adjacent vertebral bodies by a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc. (shiken.ai)
- This ligament runs along the anterior (front) surface of the vertebral bodies and helps prevent excessive extension (backward bending) of the spine. (spineinfo.com)
- Situated along the posterior (back) aspect of the vertebral bodies, this ligament prevents excessive flexion (forward bending) of the spine and helps to protect the spinal cord. (spineinfo.com)
- The membrana tectoria (Fig. 296) is situated within the vertebral canal, and is usually regarded as the upward continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebral bodies. (co.ma)
- Middle-column gap balancing (MCGB) is a reference measurement of the path of the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL), which is reconstructed under tension and balanced by the combined height of the posterior one-third of the vertebral bodies and the posterior one-third of the disks, including any intervening load-sharing spacers. (orthospinelab.com)
Situated within the vertebral canal1
- The posterior longitudinal ligament is situated within the vertebral canal. (wikipedia.org)
Bony8
- A bony ring attaches to the back of the vertebral body. (eorthopod.com)
- 2 , 8 ] Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) results in spontaneous bony bridging of the anterolateral spinal ligaments and tendons. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- The bony vertebrae are further supported by strong ligaments and muscles that bind them and allow for safe movement. (aans.org)
- First described by Chance in 1948 [ 2 ], bony Chance fractures consist of disruption and longitudinal separation of the posterior elements of the vertebra, with the fracture extending through the pedicles and into the vertebral body [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Ligaments stabilize the whole bony structure. (chiklyinstitute.com)
- The vertebral arches have several bony prominences which act as attachment sites for muscles and ligaments, including spinous processes, transverse processes, pedicles, laminae, and articular processes. (shiken.ai)
- These ligaments connect the spinous processes (the bony projections on the back of the spine) and help limit excessive flexion and rotation of the spine. (spineinfo.com)
- A bony projection on either side of the vertebral body called the pedicle supports the arch that protects the spinal canal. (medscape.com)
Spine16
- The thoracolumbar junction represents a region of the spine in which the relatively rigid thoracic area transitions to the more mobile lumbar spine, on the basis of anatomic changes in the vertebral body, facet joints, and adjacent ribs. (medscape.com)
- Once vital signs are stabilized, take survey radiographs (2 views, lateral and dorsoventral) of the entire spine, as approximately 20% of SCI patients have multiple vertebral fracture or luxations (VFLs). (vin.com)
- This ligament typically thickens in patients with Scheuermann's disease and adds to the forward pull on the spine, producing more wedging and kyphosis. (health-local.com)
- a) Sagittal view shows horizontally oriented ossification of anterior longitudinal ligament in thoracic spine and gas-containing disc at multiple levels. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- In the lumbar region, the ratio of vertebral body and disc height is greater than in the cervical/thoracic spine. (hickeysolution.com)
- At the same time, the bones and ligaments that make up the spine become less pliable and thicken. (aans.org)
- The fibers of the posterior longitudinal ligament form a thick band between the vertebral pedicles, especially in the lower thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine. (anatomy.app)
- Also, the posterior longitudinal ligament increases the overall stability of the spine during flexion. (anatomy.app)
- However, in the elderly, vertebral body fractures and 'slumping' of the spine into the pelvis can make this landmark inaccurate. (learnsurgeryonline.com)
- In the lumbar spine (low back), it's more likely to be ossification of the ligamentum flavum (another supportive spinal ligament).Another risk factor is previous spinal surgery. (expressextension.com)
- Trauma to the spine can cause a vertebral spinal column injury, a spinal cord injury, or both. (mhmedical.com)
- The orientation of these articular facet joints changes at different levels of the spine and accounts for variations in motion of specific regions of the vertebral column. (mhmedical.com)
- Describe the anatomy of the spine, vertebral column and epidural space. (developinganaesthesia.com)
- Lab 5: Upper cervical spine - lateral atlanto-occipital, transverse ligament of C1, alar, and apical ligaments. (chiklyinstitute.com)
- In this article, we will explore the different soft tissues of the spine, including ligaments, tendons, and muscles, and their essential functions. (spineinfo.com)
- Understanding the soft tissues of the spine, including ligaments, tendons, and muscles, is crucial for comprehending the complexity of spinal function and stability. (spineinfo.com)
Posterior vertebral7
- The posterior vertebral endplates approximate, forcing the disc anteriorly, to reduce the herniation. (medscape.com)
- in this case, the posterior vertebral ligament is not affected. (hickeysolution.com)
- For medical examination, about 75% of patients appear in a relieving posture, bent to the side opposite to the pain, the tear in the fibrous ring expands and the gelatinous core shifts, bringing the posterior vertebral ligament into a less painful position. (hickeysolution.com)
- A typical subaxial vertebra is composed of an anterior body and a posterior vertebral arch. (mhmedical.com)
- Each vertebrae shares a common structure, comprising of an anterior vertebral body and a posterior vertebral arch. (shiken.ai)
- Structure of a vertebrae consists of an anterior vertebral body and a posterior vertebral arch, with the vertebral body being the weight-bearing component and the vertebral arch enclosing the vertebral foramen. (shiken.ai)
- This consecutive series of 21 deformity patients demonstrated the utility of measuring the preoperative middle-column length in predicting the optimal height of the spacers and intervertebral disks, and posterior vertebral body height, simultaneously restoring sagittal and coronal plane alignment. (orthospinelab.com)
Interspinous ligament4
- The interspinous ligament is a thin membranous band that connects adjacent spinous processes It lies in a sagittal plane and extends from the supraspinous ligament posteriorly to the ligamentum flavum anteriorly. (learnsurgeryonline.com)
- It is continuous with the interspinous ligament anteriorly and the ligamentum nuchae superiorly. (learnsurgeryonline.com)
- Vertebrae are stabilized by an anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior ligament, and interspinous ligament. (mhmedical.com)
- pectineal ligament the ligaments around the vertebrae such as the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, etc. (chiklyinstitute.com)
Pedicles2
- They consist of disruption and longitudinal separation of the posterior elements of the vertebra, with the fracture extending through the pedicles and into the vertebral body. (hindawi.com)
- The vertebral arch is comprised of two pedicles, two laminae, and seven processes (one spinous, two transverse, and four articular). (mhmedical.com)
Regions of the vertebral column1
- The thickest portions of the anterior longitudinal ligament and the supraspinous ligament are found in which regions of the vertebral column? (openstax.org)
Intervertebral discs4
- These vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs, and can be divided into five distinct regions, each characterised by a different vertebral structure. (shiken.ai)
- The vertebral column is an anatomical structure composed of 33 bones called vertebrae, which are connected together through intervertebral discs. (shiken.ai)
- Adjacent vertebrae are separated by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs, and the vertebral foramen of each vertebra line up to form the vertebral canal. (shiken.ai)
- Use this tool to identify the bones, intervertebral discs, and ligaments of the vertebral column. (openstax.org)
Posteriorly4
- Furthermore, in forward flexion, the anterior vertebral endplates approximate, increasing the pressure of the disc posteriorly. (medscape.com)
- ligamentum longitudinale posterius ) is a strong band that runs posteriorly along the entire length of the vertebral column . (anatomy.app)
- In a soft tissue Chance fracture there is rupture of the interspinous ligaments, facet joint capsules, and ligamentum flavum posteriorly and the posterior longitudinal ligament and intervertebral disc anteriorly [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Posteriorly, the epidural space is formed by the anterior lateral surface of the vertebral lamina and the ligamentum flavum. (medscape.com)
Inferior2
- This ligament is an inferior continuation of the tectorial membrane, which connects the axis to the base of the skull . (anatomy.app)
- Lab 16A: Ankle & Foot 1 - superior/inferior extensor retinaculum (transverse crural/ cruciate crural), peroneal retinacula, flexor retinaculum, inferior tibiofibular/lateral malleolli, talofibular, calcaneofibular ligaments. (chiklyinstitute.com)
Fractures1
- A key aspect that makes vertebral fractures so critical is that their presence greatly increases the risk of additional fractures 7 . (hpathy.com)
Ligamentum flavum is a thick1
- The ligamentum flavum is a thick ligament composed of elastic tissue. (developinganaesthesia.com)
Lamina1
- It runs vertically from lamina to lamina and actually consists of 2 ligaments, left and right, that meet in the midline. (developinganaesthesia.com)
Body and intervertebral2
- anterior longitudinal ligament and anterior 2/3 of vertebral body and intervertebral disc. (utah.edu)
- in group A, after 3 months of treatment, infections in the vertebral body and intervertebral space were not significantly absorbed, and the infection gradually absorbed after 6 months. (scirp.org)
Adjacent3
- This ligament is composed of smooth, shining, longitudinal fibers - denser and more compact than those of the anterior longitudinal ligament - and consists of superficial layers occupying the interval between three or four vertebræ, and deeper layers which extend between adjacent vertebrae. (wikipedia.org)
- Each vertebral body should be similar in height to the adjacent vertebral body. (utah.edu)
- At each vertebral level, the ligamentum flavum connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, extending between the lower inner surface of the laminae above to the upper outer surface of the laminae below. (learnsurgeryonline.com)
Side of the vertebral1
- If the change from cartilage to bone doesn't happen evenly, one side of the vertebral Healthy Body grows at a faster rate. (health-local.com)
Supraspinous ligaments1
- The ligaments of the spinal column are the anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal, ligamentum flavum, interspinous and supraspinous ligaments. (developinganaesthesia.com)
Alar ligaments2
- F: Posterior longitudinal ligament Membrana tectoria, transverse, and alar ligaments. (wikipedia.org)
- The alar ligaments (O.T. check ligaments) (Fig. 297) are two very powerful, short, and somewhat rounded bands. (co.ma)
Spinous processes1
- The supraspinous ligament is a band of longitudinal fibres connecting the tips of the spinous processes. (learnsurgeryonline.com)
Thicker in the thoracic2
- The ligament is thicker in the thoracic than in the cervical and lumbar regions. (wikipedia.org)
- These ligaments tend to be thicker in the thoracic region and have a midline cleavage plane throughout. (medscape.com)
Canal6
- neurologic deficits tend to be quite infrequent, because such a fracture does not involve retropulsion of bone fragments into the vertebral canal 8, 9 . (hpathy.com)
- Essentially, it is located within the vertebral canal on its anterior wall. (anatomy.app)
- The contents of the spinal canal include the spinal cord, nerve roots, the cauda equina (below the conus medullaris of the spinal cord), the meninges (pia, arachnoid and dura mater), epidural space, subdural space and subarachnoid space, blood vessels, fat, lymphatics and ligaments between the vertebrae. (developinganaesthesia.com)
- Disc changes, osteophyte formation, bulging of the inter-vertebral ligaments that include posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum and consequent reduction in the spinal and root canal dimensions are all secondary to spinal instability. (neurosurgical.tv)
- Protection - the vertebral column encloses and protects the spinal cord within the spinal canal. (shiken.ai)
- This is an enclosed hole which, when all vertebrae are aligned, forms the vertebral canal which encloses the spinal cord. (shiken.ai)
Vertebrae are separated1
- The vertebrae are separated by vertebral discs that are composed of a gel substance (nucleus pulposus) surrounded by outer collagen fibers, which are arranged in a crossed manner (annulus fibrosis). (medscape.com)
Intertransverse1
- Lab 7: Posterior ribs - anterior costovertebral (radiate) ligaments, costotransverse ligaments, intertransverse ligaments, lumbocostal ligaments (of Henle). (chiklyinstitute.com)
Transverse ligament2
- The odontoid (dens) of the axis (C2) is held against the atlas (C1) by the strong transverse ligament. (mhmedical.com)
- The transverse ligament of the atlas (Figs. 296 and 297) is a strong band, placed transversely, which arches backwards behind the neck of the dens of the epistropheus. (co.ma)
Kyphosis1
- How may vertebral osteoporosis contribute to kyphosis? (openstax.org)
Multiple vertebral1
- Unfortunately, clinicians can make small errors in restoration of disk space height at multiple vertebral levels and functional spinal units. (orthospinelab.com)
Fibers3
- The vertebral longitudinal ligament is abundantly innervated with the nociceptive fibers of Luschka's vertebral sinus nerve. (hickeysolution.com)
- The posterior longitudinal ligament is composed of two layers of fibers - superficial and deep. (anatomy.app)
- The superficial fibers are longer than the deep and connect three or four vertebral levels. (anatomy.app)
Bone7
- The main section of each cervical vertebra, from C2 to C7, is formed by a round block of bone, called the vertebral body . (eorthopod.com)
- The main section of each thoracic vertebra is a round block of bone, called the vertebral Healthy Body. (health-local.com)
- During normal growth, the cartilage around the vertebral Healthy Body develops evenly and completely into bone. (health-local.com)
- By the time the entire vertebral Healthy Body turns to bone, one side is taller than the other. (health-local.com)
- Each vertebral bone has an opening forming a continuous hollow longitudinal space, which runs the whole length of the back. (aans.org)
- Laterally it is in continuity with the articular capsules, while in the median plane, where it extends from the anterior tubercle of the atlas to the basilar part of the occipital bone, it presents a specially well-defined thickened band which might be regarded as a separate accessory ligament or as the beginning of the anterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebræ. (co.ma)
- and a crus superius, also median and longitudinal, whose fibres extend from the crus transversum upwards to the posterior surface of the basilar part of occipital bone, immediately subjacent to the membrana tectoria. (co.ma)
Ossification2
- Findings of spinal involvement on conventional radiographic imaging have been reported to include vertebral body osteosclerosis, paravertebral ligament ossification, hyperostosis, and discovertebral junction lesions. (ajnr.org)
- Same concept holds good in the treatment of OPLL (ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament). (neurosurgical.tv)
Column20
- It weakly prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column. (wikipedia.org)
- This mechanism usually involves the first column (anterior longitudinal ligament and anterior half of the vertebral body). (hpathy.com)
- Always assume the vertebral column is unstable, thus caution must be endeavored during manipulation or moving the patient. (vin.com)
- The posterior longitudinal ligament contributes to the strength, balance and firmness of all components of the vertebral column. (anatomy.app)
- The ligaments are responsible for the stability and elasticity of the vertebral column. (learnsurgeryonline.com)
- Materials: A vertebral column consisting of 15 fused thoracic vertebrae (T2-T16), with right ribs fused to T4 and T5 and small remnants of ribs articulating with T4, T5 and T6 on the left side were accidentally recovered during industrial exploitation of sand. (ac.rs)
- Results: Species identification indicates that the vertebral column belonged to a domestic horse (Equus caballus) living in the early 19th century. (ac.rs)
- Significance: This case study provides a clear distinction between diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and other vertebral column diseases in equids. (ac.rs)
- The vertebral column is composed of 33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, and 4 (usually fused) coccygeal. (mhmedical.com)
- A series of ligaments serves to maintain alignment of the spinal column. (mhmedical.com)
- They help to support the vertebral column and its contents. (developinganaesthesia.com)
- The human vertebral column is a complex structure consisting of a series of approximately 33 bones called vertebrae. (shiken.ai)
- In this article, we will explore the anatomy of the vertebral column, discussing its function, structure, and clinical significance. (shiken.ai)
- Support - the vertebral column carries the weight of the body above the pelvis. (shiken.ai)
- Axis - the vertebral column forms the central axis of the body. (shiken.ai)
- Movement - the vertebral column has roles in both posture and movement. (shiken.ai)
- The five lumbar vertebrae are the largest in the vertebral column and are structurally specialised to support the weight of the torso. (shiken.ai)
- The vertebral column provides protection, support, and axis for movement, and is composed of seven regions, each being characterised by distinctive features. (shiken.ai)
- When the vertebral column injury occurs some degree of neurological deficit is present in significant percentage of cases. (jortho.org)
- This difference gives rise to a ''middle-column mismatch,'' which provides a linear measurement of the redundancy of the ligaments and neural elements, which relates to the correct cage, spacer, or load-bearing height, which is optimized. (orthospinelab.com)
Endplate2
Pedicle2
- Two pedicle bones connect directly to the back of the vertebral body. (eorthopod.com)
- There are two pedicle bones that are connected straight to the vertebral body. (physicaltherapynow.com)
Dura mater1
- A network of various internal vertebral venous blood vessels of the epidural sinuses (Batson's plexus) passes between the dura mater and the posterior longitudinal ligament. (anatomy.app)
Artery1
- is arched in relation to the vertebral groove, and is therefore to some extent free, in order to permit the passage of the posterior ramus of the first cervical nerveand the vertebral artery. (co.ma)
Dural2
- Older adults who have developed stiffening of the spinal ligaments are at increased risk for intraoperative dural tears. (expressextension.com)
- The dural sac ends at the second sacral vertebra, but this may vary from the fifth lumbar to the third sacral vertebral segment. (developinganaesthesia.com)
Fibres2
- Deep fibres run between each vertebral body. (wikipedia.org)
- The posterior longitudinal ligament has a high density of vasomotor fibres, allowing for increased blood flow to respond to damage to the ligament. (wikipedia.org)
Herniation3
- It also prevents posterior spinal disc herniation, although problems with the ligament can cause it. (wikipedia.org)
- It also limits spinal disc herniation, although it is much narrower than the anterior longitudinal ligament. (wikipedia.org)
- Sudden severe injury to the neck may also contribute to disc herniation, whiplash, blood vessel destruction, vertebral injury and in extreme cases may result in permanent paralysis. (aans.org)
Fracture1
- Comminuted fracture of T12 vertebral body with extension of fracture planes to anterior and posterior cortex with slight retropulsion. (utah.edu)
Disc8
- Anterior longitudinal ligament Intervertebral disc Cramer, Gregory D. (2014). (wikipedia.org)
- Together, the vertebral disc complex resists spinal compression. (medscape.com)
- posterior 1/3 of vertebral body and disc and posterior longitudinal ligament. (utah.edu)
- SAPHO syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis in a patient with a curvilinear or semicircular pattern of vertebral involvement, contiguous vertebral body involvement, and absence of intervertebral disc edema and enhancement. (ajnr.org)
- Each vertebral Healthy Body is separated by an intervertebral disc, which acts like a cushion between them. (health-local.com)
- There is a vertebral end plate between each disc and vertebral Healthy Body. (health-local.com)
- This disc material forms pockets of material inside the vertebral Healthy Body, a condition called Schmorl's nodes. (health-local.com)
- Intervertebral disc protrusion becomes painful and symptomatic from the third degree, i.e. when the gelatinous nucleus penetrates almost to the outermost area of the fibrous ring, which protrudes to the outer circumference of the vertebral body without stretching the posterior ligament. (hickeysolution.com)
Epidural space1
- The anterior portion of the epidural space is formed by the posterior longitudinal ligament, which covers the posterior part of the vertebral body and the intravertebral disk. (medscape.com)
Tendons5
- NER-L is a profound, easy, and original way to release ligaments (and tendons). (chiklyinstitute.com)
- Lab 12: Hand-deep transverse metacarpal ligaments, palmar & dorsal (annular) ligaments of the finger, medial & lateral ligaments of the finger, cruciform ligaments of the finger, palmar & dorsal tendons. (chiklyinstitute.com)
- Lab 14 : Knee ligaments/tendons 1 - patellar/quadriceps tendons, medial/lateral collateral, anterior / posterior cruciate, anterior / posterior fibular ligaments. (chiklyinstitute.com)
- Lab 17: Foot - tarsal ligaments, tarsometatarsal ligaments, intermetatarsal ligaments, long/short plantar, palmar & dorsal (annular) ligaments of toes, medial & lateral ligaments of toes, cruciform ligaments of toes, palmar & dorsal tendons. (chiklyinstitute.com)
- Ligaments provide stability and limit excessive movement, tendons connect muscles to bones, and muscles work together to facilitate movement and maintain posture. (spineinfo.com)
Anatomy1
- Vertebral anatomy. (mhmedical.com)
Consists1
- Each vertebra consists of a vertebral body and posterior element. (mhmedical.com)
Arch1
- It extends from the posterior arch of the atlas to the upper border of the vertebral arch of the epistropheus. (co.ma)
Sacroiliac1
- The anatomic structures that have been implicated as pain generators include the vertebral discs, nerve roots, ligaments, zygapophysial joints (z-joints), sacroiliac joints, and the musculature. (medscape.com)
Sacral1
- The posterior longitudinal ligament runs from the body of the axis (C2) down to the sacral vertebrae ( sacrum ). (anatomy.app)
Hyperostosis1
- Conclusions: Pathological changes represent signs of an advanced stage of vertebral fusion consistent with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). (ac.rs)