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SnakeSnakesProteinsSalivaryToxinsGenesSpeciesFangsHormonesPreyCocktailCompositionDistinctAdultMakeFoundDescribesOpenMethodsSourceVenomousTranscriptomic analysisSnake venomsScorpion venomsTranscriptomeDerived from scorpionSecretionsProteomicSublingualProteinAnalysesPeptidesReptilianArthropodsTissueEvolutionaryScientistsMoleculesSequencesBiologicalResearchersMiceWidelySuggestsSevereExperimentalStudyActivityStudiesProduceCellsAnimalsProductionSystem
Snake16
  • However, snake venom is also a rich source of bioactive molecules with known or potential therapeutic applications. (nature.com)
  • This protocol describes the generation, maintenance and selected applications of snake venom gland organoids. (nature.com)
  • Snake venom gland organoids are 3D culture models that can be derived within days from embryonic or adult venom gland tissues from several snake species and can be maintained long-term (we have cultured some organoids for more than 2 years). (nature.com)
  • Fig. 1: Overview of working with snake venom gland organoids. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 2: Establishment of snake venom gland organoids from primary tissue. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 3: Setting up experiments with snake venom gland organoids. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 4: Analytical applications of snake venom gland organoids. (nature.com)
  • Sells, P. G., Hommel, M. & Theakston, R. D. G. Venom production in snake venom gland cells cultured in vitro. (nature.com)
  • Snake venom gland organoids. (nature.com)
  • LC/MS (liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry) analysis of Colubroidea snake venoms: evolutionary and toxinological implications" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • Snake toxins and venoms: an evolutionary perspective" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteins constitute almost 95% of snake venom's dry weight and are produced and released by venom glands in a solubilized form during a snake bite. (nature.com)
  • This study shows that proteins can be secreted and confined in snake venom extracellular vesicles (SVEVs) presenting a size distribution between 50 nm and 500 nm. (nature.com)
  • In addition, the molecular function of some of the described proteins suggests a central role for SVEVs in the cytotoxicity of the snake venom and sheds new light in the envenomation process. (nature.com)
  • In recent years and with the aid of modern medical techniques, herpetologists and veterinary surgeons have actually attempted to do this, in that they tried to surgically remove the venom glands and leave the snake alive and intact. (smuggled.com)
  • The venom-injection system of vipers-an irreducibly complex system 5 of long, hollow fangs, fed by large ducts from paired venom glands, that fold back along the upper jaw when the mouth is closed, but swing forward into striking position when the snake bites. (creation.com)
Snakes13
  • Manually 'milking' snakes is the most common method to obtain venom. (nature.com)
  • We have successfully used the protocol with glands from late-stage embryos and recently deceased adult snakes. (nature.com)
  • The Duvernoy's gland is a gland found in some groups of colubrid snakes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dr. Stephen Mackessy suggests Duvernoy's gland does secrete venom and is homologous to the venom gland found in front-fanged snakes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because the secretions of this gland are associated with the swallowing behavior of snakes, the Duvernoy's gland may play a role in swallowing and/or digestion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The evolutionary path of these separate glands may come from "venom proteins" whose genes are widely expressed in tissues of both venomous and non-venomous snakes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Colubrid snakes and Duvernoy's "venom" glands" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • The evolution of the venom apparatus in snakes from colubrids to viperids and elapids" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • SVEVs isolated from lyophilized venoms collected from four different species of snakes ( Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix , Crotalus atrox , Crotalus viridis and Crotalus cerberus oreganus ) were analyzed by mass spectrometry-based proteomic, which allowed the identification of proteins belonging to eight main functional protein classes such as SVMPs, serine proteinases, PLA 2 , LAAO, 5′nucleotidase, C-type lectin, CRISP and Disintegrin. (nature.com)
  • The complex venom of poisonous snakes-a nasty cocktail of up to dozens of different toxins (e.g. enzymes) that break down body tissues (proteins and cell membranes) and/or block nerve action. (creation.com)
  • The sophisticated hollow fangs and venom of certain snakes make it unlikely that they are Creation-week designs that have simply degenerated since the Fall-they seem well designed to do what they do, and they do it very efficiently! (creation.com)
  • In fact, the discovery that non-venomous snakes also have active venom glands is fascinating from a creationist point of view. (creation.com)
  • Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes, Nature 439 (7076):584-588, 2 February 2006. (creation.com)
Proteins2
  • All the venomous species have a venom gland that synthesizes, stores and secretes a complex mixture of biological molecules including proteins. (nature.com)
  • Seeking to understand how the cone snail springs its slow-motion trap, the Utah researchers searched the gene sequences of all of the proteins expressed in the venom gland of Conus geographus . (biologynews.net)
Salivary1
  • AN - do not confuse with SURGICAL STOMATA HN - 2008 BX - Diaphragmatic Stomata BX - Lymphatic Stomata BX - Stomata, Peritoneal FX - Surgical Stomas MH - Von Ebner Glands UI - D054838 MN - A03.556.500.760.906 MN - A10.336.779.906 MN - A14.549.760.906 MS - Small tubulo-alveolar salivary glands located beneath the circumvallate and foliate papillae. (bvsalud.org)
Toxins3
  • Toxins with hemorrhagic and myonecrotic activity are generally found in the venoms of the Viperidae family due to synergic action of proteolytic enzymes, such as metalloproteinases and serine proteinases 4 . (nature.com)
  • The researchers propose that adding insulin to the mix of venom toxins enabled predatory cone snails to disable entire schools of swimming fish with hypoglycemic shock. (biologynews.net)
  • The insulin genes were more highly expressed in the venom gland than genes for some of the established venom toxins. (biologynews.net)
Genes1
  • These genes are over-expressed in the venom glands (including Duvernoy's gland), indicating the secretions from these glands evolved separately, rather than sequentially. (wikipedia.org)
Species2
  • Each species makes a distinct repertoire of venom compounds, mixtures that have evolved to target particular prey. (biologynews.net)
  • But the Utah researchers found no evidence of fish insulin in the venom of five species of fish-eating cone snails that are ambush hunters that attack with a harpoon-like organ. (biologynews.net)
Fangs1
  • A single, short duct extends anteromedially from the lumen of the gland to the base of the posterior fangs. (wikipedia.org)
Hormones2
  • Initially it was believed that hormones were only produced in specialized glands such as the pituitary, from which hormones such as growth hormone, were released into the blood stream. (nobelprize.org)
  • Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid produced in the adrenal glands and converted into sex hormones (estrogens and androgens). (msdmanuals.com)
Prey2
  • The type of insulin found in venom glands seems to match the prey of a given cone snail. (biologynews.net)
  • Nor did they find fish insulin in the venom of cone snails that prey on molluscs or worms. (biologynews.net)
Cocktail1
  • A new study reveals that some cone snails add a weaponized form of insulin to the venom cocktail they use to disable fish. (biologynews.net)
Composition1
  • The cellular heterogeneity of the venom gland is maintained in the organoids, and cell type composition can be controlled through changes in media composition. (nature.com)
Distinct1
  • However, the two types of glands are also "anatomically and functionally distinct," leading experts such as Dr. Kenneth Kardong to maintain the distinction between the Duvernoy's gland and venom glands. (wikipedia.org)
Adult1
  • Originally published in Hard Evidence (November 2004) 4(6):25-29, with photos of an operation on an adult Sydney Death Adder ( Acanthophis antarcticus ), including removal of glands, silicone implant insertion (both) and suturing. (smuggled.com)
Make2
  • The Proprietor of the Watering Hole needs you to get him some Scorpion Venom Glands, and he'll make it worth your while. (gameclubz.com)
  • this does not make those secretions venoms. (wikipedia.org)
Found2
  • It is distinguished from the venom gland and is not found in viperids or elapids. (wikipedia.org)
  • We found it in the venom in large amounts. (biologynews.net)
Describes1
  • The word "toxic" describes the properties of the substance whereas the word "venom" implies its biological use for the organism. (wikipedia.org)
Open1
  • The snake's head is then cut open and the venom glands are removed. (smuggled.com)
Methods1
  • Safer alternative methods to produce venom would facilitate the production of both antivenom and novel therapeutics. (nature.com)
Source1
  • The function of the Duvernoy's gland has been the source of much study and speculation, and debate is still ongoing. (wikipedia.org)
Venomous8
  • To illustrate the technique we have RT-PCR-amplified a range of venom protein transcripts from cDNA libraries derived from the venoms of a hemotoxic snake, the Chinese copperhead (Deinagkistrodon acutus), a neurotoxic snake, the black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis), and a venomous lizard, the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). (qub.ac.uk)
  • The evolutionary path of these separate glands may come from "venom proteins" whose genes are widely expressed in tissues of both venomous and non-venomous snakes. (wikipedia.org)
  • 11. Venom proteomic and venomous glands transcriptomic analysis of the Egyptian scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus (Arachnida: Scorpionidae). (nih.gov)
  • Venomous mammals are rare, and their venoms have not been characterized. (nih.gov)
  • 3,4 In their work, the researchers analyzed gene expression in venom glands and other body tissues in a wide variety of venomous and non-venomous snakes, and even the gecko. (icr.org)
  • In this new study, researchers used a comprehensive set of 24 reptilian venom gene families and compared them to the non-venomous Burmese python genome along with the gene expression datasets from 12 different python tissues. (icr.org)
  • These two studies demonstrate that venom genes are likely serving other non-venomous purposes in reptile tissues, and the toxic levels of venom proteins found in modern venomous snakes is probably due to an alteration of regulatory sites in the DNA, causing them to be highly expressed in venom glands (as described in the first publication). (icr.org)
  • Iguanas are not venomous and do not have specialized glands, fangs, spines, or stingers for delivering venom. (coldlizard.com)
Transcriptomic analysis1
  • Hyaluronidases-like proteins have not yet been purified from any snake venom, but the cDNA that encodes these toxins was already identified in snake venom glands by transcriptomic analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Snake venoms6
  • LC/MS (liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry) analysis of Colubroidea snake venoms: evolutionary and toxinological implications" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • These enzymes are widely described in snake venoms, in which they facilitate the spreading of the main toxins in the victim's body during the envenoming. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Snake venoms also present some variants (hyaluronidases-like substances) that are probably originated by alternative splicing, even though their relevance in envenomation is still under investigation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This work is the first report of a cDNA sequence of hyaluronidase from Brazilian snake venoms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In snake venoms, this enzyme potentiates the toxicity and contributes to local damage at the bite site by affecting the extracellular matrix integrity due to hyaluronate degradation[ 6 - 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The isolation and biological characterization of hyaluronidases from snake venoms, including Bothrops genus, are usually difficult to achieve due to their instability and fast degradation, and because of their relatively low concentration in these biological samples. (biomedcentral.com)
Scorpion venoms2
  • 12. Virocidal activity of Egyptian scorpion venoms against hepatitis C virus. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we describe strategies used in several approaches to optimize scorpion AMPs, addressing their primary sequence, biotechnological potential, and characteristics that should be considered when developing an AMP derived from scorpion venoms. (frontiersin.org)
Transcriptome1
  • The cDNA sequence of hyaluronidase was cloned from the transcriptome of Bothrops pauloensis venom glands. (biomedcentral.com)
Derived from scorpion1
  • 16. Net charge tuning modulates the antiplasmodial and anticancer properties of peptides derived from scorpion venom. (nih.gov)
Secretions2
  • this does not make those secretions venoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • These genes are over-expressed in the venom glands (including Duvernoy's gland), indicating the secretions from these glands evolved separately, rather than sequentially. (wikipedia.org)
Proteomic1
  • 13. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of venom glands from scorpions Liocheles australasiae, Mesobuthus martensii, and Scorpio maurus palmatus. (nih.gov)
Sublingual2
  • We have purified and characterized the blarina toxin (BLTX), a lethal mammalian venom with a tissue kallikrein-like activity from the submaxillary and sublingual glands of the short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda. (nih.gov)
  • They also have a unique adaptation called the sublingual salt gland that allows them to excrete excess salt from their bodies. (coldlizard.com)
Protein2
  • Here we describe a simple and rapid technique that unmasks venom protein mRNAs present in lyophilized venom samples. (qub.ac.uk)
  • The cDNA from Bothrops pauloensis venom gland that corresponds to hyaluronidase comprises 1175 bp and codifies a protein containing 194 amino acid residues. (biomedcentral.com)
Analyses1
  • Moreover, histological and histochemistry analyses of the venom glands of this species are presented. (conicet.gov.ar)
Peptides5
  • abstract = 'Conotoxins, venom peptides from marine cone snails, diversify rapidly as speciation occurs. (ku.dk)
  • 3. Scorpion Venom Antimicrobial Peptides Induce Siderophore Biosynthesis and Oxidative Stress Responses in Escherichia coli. (nih.gov)
  • 7. Scorpion Venom Antimicrobial Peptides Induce Caspase-1 Dependant Pyroptotic Cell Death. (nih.gov)
  • 9. Characterisation of three alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides from the venom of Scorpio maurus palmatus. (nih.gov)
  • 19. Characterization of unique amphipathic antimicrobial peptides from venom of the scorpion Pandinus imperator. (nih.gov)
Reptilian1
  • The snake venom gland organoid would - besides being the first reptilian organoid - be a useful system to start fighting snakebite or bioprospecting venom. (technologynetworks.com)
Arthropods1
  • Arthropods also include scorpions, from which several bioactive molecules have been isolated from the venom glands. (frontiersin.org)
Tissue1
  • The Duvernoy's gland is positioned posterior to the eye, encased in a thin cover of connective tissue, and consists mostly of serous cells. (wikipedia.org)
Evolutionary1
  • In a published study earlier this year, scientists took a fresh approach and looked for explanations of snake-venom origins outside the standard evolutionary paradigm. (icr.org)
Scientists2
  • Other scientists such as Dr. Bryan Fry maintain that the Duvernoy gland is a primitive version of a venom gland and should be referred to as such. (wikipedia.org)
  • The venom gland organoids grew more quickly than the scientists expected and after one week they were able to break them apart and replate them. (technologynetworks.com)
Molecules1
  • Snake bites kill over 100,000 people a year, but the venom also contains many molecules which could be potent therapeutics. (technologynetworks.com)
Sequences1
  • The sequence, denominated BpHyase, was identified as hyaluronidase-like since it shows high sequence identities (above 83%) with other described snake venom hyaluronidase-like sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
Biological1
  • The word "toxic" describes the properties of the substance whereas the word "venom" implies its biological use for the organism. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers2
  • Researchers have isolated more than 500 components of centipede venom, but they have only described a few of these. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Researchers must continue to study centipede bites to determine the effect of the different components of centipede venom on humans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Mice1
  • In general, the ultrastructural study on the glands of mice under transmission electronic microscopy observations showed alterations in the majority of the intracellular membranes within 3 to 24h. (bvsalud.org)
Widely1
  • It is widely recognized that the Duvernoy's gland is the homologue of venom glands in vipers and elapids. (wikipedia.org)
Suggests1
  • 2014. Expression of venom gene homologs in diverse python tissues suggests a new model for the evolution of snake venom. (icr.org)
Severe1
  • Some people may experience severe symptoms or allergic reactions from the centipede venom, but these occur only rarely. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Experimental1
  • However, it is suspected that there is also damage of the adrenal glands , as a result of the experimental animal 's clinical manifestations, which developed symptoms compatible with acute adrenal insufficiency . (bvsalud.org)
Study2
  • The function of the Duvernoy's gland has been the source of much study and speculation, and debate is still ongoing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Jens Puschhof, PhD student at the Hubrecht Institute told Technology Networks that the first challenge in this study was acquiring venom gland material. (technologynetworks.com)
Activity3
  • 5. Improving the Therapeutic Index of Smp24, a Venom-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide: Increased Activity against Gram-Negative Bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • 14. A3, a Scorpion Venom Derived Peptide Analogue with Potent Antimicrobial and Potential Antibiofilm Activity against Clinical Isolates of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram Positive Bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • The acute toxicity and proteolytic activity of BLTX were strongly inhibited by aprotinin, a kallikrein inhibitor, suggesting that its toxicity is due to a kallikrein-like activity of the venom. (nih.gov)
Studies1
  • Studies of venom production have fueled drug discovery efforts, leading to breakthrough treatments for a wide range of conditions. (nih.gov)
Produce1
  • Iguanas lack the ability to produce and deliver venom, making them non-poisonous creatures. (coldlizard.com)
Cells1
  • 2. Smp24, a Scorpion-Venom Peptide, Exhibits Potent Antitumor Effects against Hepatoma HepG2 Cells via Multi-Mechanisms In Vivo and In Vitro. (nih.gov)
Animals1
  • Dr. Holford will investigate how venoms and venom glands develop in these animals and establish transgenic cephalopods as model systems for further research. (nih.gov)
Production1
System3
  • The venom of this spider could be inducing hemostatic system damages on envenomed patients . (bvsalud.org)
  • Although the rear-fanged snake Galvarinus chilensis chilensis (formerly named Tachymenis ch. chilensis) causes ophidian accidents with clinical importance in Chile, the anatomical and histological characterizations of the venom delivery system (venom gland and fang) of this species still remain unknown. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Our results describe, for the first time, the distributional pattern and characteristics of the dentition and venom delivery system of the poorly studied snake G. ch. chilensis. (conicet.gov.ar)