• That is supported by the discovery of a tomb in modern-day Sweden containing 79 corpses buried within a short time, in which the authors discovered fragments of a unique strain of the plague pathogen Yersinia pestis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Yersinia murine toxin (ymt) allows the bacteria to infect fleas, which can then transmit bubonic plague. (wikipedia.org)
  • Editorial Note: Plague is caused by infection with Yersinia pestis, a bacterium carried by rodents and transmitted by fleas commonly found in parts of Asia, Africa, and North and South America (1,2). (cdc.gov)
  • Last time, as you'll remember, we talked about a general overview of the three pandemics, as well as the impact of the plague bacterium - which we have here, Yersinia pestis , the star of our show - on the individual human body. (yale.edu)
  • Did Yersinia pestis really cause Black Plague? (scienceblogs.com)
  • Despite its reputation as a scourge of antiquity, Yersinia pestis --the bacterium that causes bubonic plague-- still causes thousands of human illnesses every year . (scienceblogs.com)
  • Sylvatic plague vaccine (SPV) is a virally vectored bait-delivered vaccine expressing Yersinia pestis antigens that can protect prairie dogs (Cynomys spp. (usgs.gov)
  • Plague is the common name for the bacterium Yersinia pestis . (howstuffworks.com)
  • johnsoni flea, is a known vector for the plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis . (cdc.gov)
  • The plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis , has ravaged the planet for thousands of years. (alpharubicon.com)
  • Yersinia pestis , the causative agent of bubonic and pneumonic plagues, has undergone detailed study at the molecular level. (asm.org)
  • The causative agent, Yersinia pestis , primarily infects a wide range of rodents and is transmitted via flea vectors. (asm.org)
  • The disease is caused by the plague bacillus, rod-shaped bacteria referred to as Yersinia pestis . (medscape.com)
  • It can harbor fleas infected with Yersinia pestis, the plague bacillus. (medscape.com)
  • Plague is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis . (msdmanuals.com)
  • During this modern plague era, of course, is when scientists discovered the cause, which is a bacteria called Yersinia pestis . (cdc.gov)
  • Sarah Gregory] So, what are the different types of plagues--you mentioned Yersinia pestis -- and do they have different kinds of symptoms or what? (cdc.gov)
  • The Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD) strives to protect the nation from viruses and bacteria spread by mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas. (cdc.gov)
  • Plague is most often vector borne, transmitted by fleas, to a variety of rodent populations. (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] These acquired genetic changes have allowed the pathogen to colonize fleas and to use them as vectors for transmission. (medscape.com)
  • Plague-infected blood is transmitted between animals through fleas. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Fleas deliver the plague bacterium when they feed on a new host. (howstuffworks.com)
  • In World War II, the Japanese dropped plague infected fleas on cities in China, starting locallized epidemics. (alpharubicon.com)
  • Protecting oneself from exposure would involve controlling vectors, specifically fleas and rodents, although cats have contracted the disease too. (alpharubicon.com)
  • Mosquitoes and fleas are also common vectors for zoonotic diseases, such as the Zika virus (transmitted by mosquitoes) and the bacterium that causes plague (transmitted by fleas). (livescience.com)
  • Fleas, which often find hosts in rodents like mice, are notorious vectors for diseases. (insecta-inspecta.com)
  • Perhaps the most historically significant is the Bubonic Plague, which was transmitted by fleas from rodents to humans, decimating populations. (insecta-inspecta.com)
  • The pathophysiology of plague basically involves two phases-a cycle within the fleas and a cycle within humans. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we quantify spatiotemporal patterns and possible drivers of infection probability for several ectoparasites (fleas, Ixodes trianguliceps and Ixodes ricinus) and vector-borne microparasites (Babesia microti, Bartonella spp. (bvsalud.org)
  • Plague occurs as 3 major clinical events: bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pneumonic plague. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Human-to-human transmission is ucommon except during epidemics of pneumonic plague. (medscape.com)
  • Aerosolized Y pestis, causing primary pneumonic plague, has been recognized by bioterrorism experts as having one of the highest potentials as a bioterrorism agent due to its extremely high mortality, its high uptake into enzootic and epizootic animals as well as humans, and its ability to be spread over a large area. (medscape.com)
  • Since August 26, 1994, outbreaks of bubonic and pneumonic plague have been reported in south-central, southwestern, and northern India. (cdc.gov)
  • On September 22, cases of pneumonic plague were reported from the city of Surat, Gujarat state, approximately 200 km north of Bombay. (cdc.gov)
  • As of September 26, several hundred pneumonic plague cases and numerous deaths have been reported from Surat. (cdc.gov)
  • On September 26 and 27, cases were reported from Bombay and Calcutta, and on September 27, cases of pneumonic plague were reported from Delhi. (cdc.gov)
  • however, no pneumonic plague cases resulting from person-to-person spread have been reported in the United States since 1924 (1). (cdc.gov)
  • however, plague also can be transmitted to humans by handling infected animals or by inhaling infectious aerosols from persons with pneumonic plague. (cdc.gov)
  • The third and most contagious form of plage is pneumonic plague. (alpharubicon.com)
  • The symptoms of pneumonic plague include fever, fatigue, and coughing with bloody or watery sputtum. (alpharubicon.com)
  • Once infected, secondary infections of pneumonic plague will further spread the disease. (alpharubicon.com)
  • A case of pneumonic plague in India caused a half million people to flee the area in panic. (alpharubicon.com)
  • Without intervention, this stage may lead to secondary pneumonic plague or meningitis or may disseminate and manifest as a sepsis picture. (medscape.com)
  • Pneumonic plague is highly contagious and transmitted by aerosol droplets. (medscape.com)
  • However, primary pneumonic plague may be seen in laboratory workers, individuals exposed to an infected person, or those who have been exposed to a cat with pneumonic plague. (medscape.com)
  • Buboes may or may not be associated with pneumonic plague. (medscape.com)
  • Rock squirrel in extremis coughing blood-streaked sputum related to pneumonic plague. (medscape.com)
  • Human-to-human transmission occurs by inhaling droplets from patients with pulmonary infection (primary pneumonic plague), which is highly contagious. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Transmission from cats can be by bite of an infected flea or, if the cat has pneumonic plague, by inhalation of infected respiratory droplets. (msdmanuals.com)
  • And then there's pneumonic plague, which is a rapidly developing pneumonia that includes shortness of breath, chest pain, cough with either bloody or watery mucus. (cdc.gov)
  • Getting bubonic plague treated is a little bit easier than getting pneumonic plague treated. (cdc.gov)
  • and septicemic plague may result in fulminant gram-negative shock without localized signs of infection (2,6). (cdc.gov)
  • Another form a plague infection takes is septicemic . (alpharubicon.com)
  • This happens in about 12% of the cases of bubonic or septicemic plague. (alpharubicon.com)
  • This is often secondary to bubonic or septicemic plague. (medscape.com)
  • Septicemic plague is observed in elderly patients and causes a rapid onset of symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • Buboes are uncommon in septicemic plague, making the diagnosis elusive. (medscape.com)
  • Septicemic plague carries a high mortality rate and is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), multiorgan failure, and profound hypotension. (medscape.com)
  • Plague initially occurred as a flea-borne septicemic disease. (medscape.com)
  • Because of an overwhelming infection with the plague bacillus, patients with septicemic plague have a toxic appearance and may present with tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension. (medscape.com)
  • There's also septicemic plague, which is usually includes abdominal pain, can lead to shock, organ and tissue damage. (cdc.gov)
  • Local outbreaks of the plague are grouped into three plague pandemics, whereby the respective start and end dates and the assignment of some outbreaks to either pandemic are still subject to discussion. (wikipedia.org)
  • With the exception of Antarctica, plague is worldwide in distribution, with most of the human cases reported from developing countries with outbreaks reported regularly. (medscape.com)
  • Although plague has been considered a disease of the Middle Ages, multiple outbreaks in India and Africa during the last 20 years have stoked fears of another global pandemic. (medscape.com)
  • Since the number of human cases has been rising and outbreaks are reappearing in a variety of countries after years of quiescence, the plague is considered a reemerging disease. (medscape.com)
  • Because maximal antibody responses from plague vaccine require administration of multiple doses over several months, plague vaccine is not recommended for immediate protection during outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • 2010. Plague outbreaks in prairie dog populations: percolation thresholds of alternate host abundance explain epizootics. (fullerton.edu)
  • When Y. pestis was first confirmed as the cause of bubonic plague during an 1894 outbreak in Hong Kong , most people assumed that we also now knew the cause of the 14th-century Black Death, and the later plague outbreaks that resurfaced periodically. (scienceblogs.com)
  • and strengthen prevention of tropical and vector-borne disease outbreaks in epidemic-prone Member States by 2030. (who.int)
  • Yesterday I introduced criticisms that have been raised against Y. pestis causation of the Black Death and subsequent plague outbreaks. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Consequently, through special laws, administrative institutions were created to manage the organization of the sanitary system during plague outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • More recently, plague has occurred sporadically or in limited outbreaks. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These are the areas in the United States where plague, at the present day, is endemic among wild rodents, and it causes every year a small trickle of cases of bubonic plague, usually in the southwest of the United States. (yale.edu)
  • Also, they argue that transmission across Europe was much too fast, given that rodents (typically rats) are the disease vector. (scienceblogs.com)
  • The armies, composed of the most rapidly moving travelers who had ever moved between the steppes of East Asia (where bubonic plague was and remains endemic among small rodents), managed to keep the chain of infection without a break until they reached, and infected, peoples and rodents who had never encountered it. (wikipedia.org)
  • But shouldn't we breathe a sigh of relief about this population decrease since these rodents can carry bubonic plague? (howstuffworks.com)
  • When plague passes between rodents, such as squirrels and prairie dogs, it's referred to as sylvatic plague . (howstuffworks.com)
  • Travel to endemic areas within and outside the United States, history of a flea bite, close contact with a potential host, or exposure to dead rodents or rabbits should raise suspicion for plague. (medscape.com)
  • Plague occurs primarily in wild rodents (eg, rats, mice, squirrels, prairie dogs) and is transmitted from rodent to human by the bite of an infected rat flea vector. (msdmanuals.com)
  • After an exhaustive, systematic review process, DVBD's Bacterial Diseases Branch (BDB) developed plague treatment and prophylaxis recommendations for clinicians and public health officials . (cdc.gov)
  • Bacterial Zoonoses Br, Div of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • In fact, the most common vectors of epidemic diseases are humans. (queensu.ca)
  • Control of Disease Vectors in Ports: The purpose is to control vector density (i.e., any infectious disease carrier such as rats or mosquitoes) at ports to prevent the spread of communicable diseases. (gov.tw)
  • The objective is to create a core of experts trained to prevent and control vector-borne diseases. (who.int)
  • The course is a response to the serious health and socioeconomic burden caused by a number of vector-borne diseases in Pakistan. (who.int)
  • The persistence, emergence and re-emergence of these diseases is mainly attributed to the scarcity of trained vector-control experts. (who.int)
  • 10 vector-borne diseases, accounting lack of trained medical entomologists the opportunities and chal enges that for 11% of the global burden in an area and vector-control experts to prevent would influence the sustainability of the where only 8% of the global population and control any adverse health impacts. (who.int)
  • This tick is a vector of several zoonotic diseases, including human monocytic ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). (health.mil)
  • In the last decade, the most common vector-borne diseases among U.S. Armed Forces tended to be Lyme disease, malaria, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, dengue, and leishmaniasis. (health.mil)
  • The current findings reemphasize that the threat to service members from vector-borne diseases will vary according to the prevalent endemic diseases of specific geographic locations, the availability of protective vaccines, and the implementation of individual and group preventive measures. (health.mil)
  • This report summarizes data from electronic reports of reportable medical events (RMEs) to examine the incidence of vector-borne infectious diseases among members of the U.S. Armed Forces during a recent 5-year period. (health.mil)
  • Those 5 diseases were responsible for 94% of all confirmed vector-borne diseases reported as RMEs. (health.mil)
  • Among the 1,068 RMEs for vector-borne diseases (confirmed, probable, and suspected), there were only 105 such cases that could be linked to a record of hospitalization for the same diagnosis. (health.mil)
  • The U.S. Armed Forces and the Department of Defense (DOD) have traditionally dedicated considerable effort to the prevention and treatment of vector-borne diseases that may adversely affect the ability of military service members to train for and execute their operational mission. (health.mil)
  • The pages of the MSMR reflect over 25 years of surveillance studies to inform military leaders and preventive medicine/public health assets about the incidence of vector-borne diseases and appropriate steps to counter the associated threat. (health.mil)
  • The February 2018 issue of the MSMR contained the results of the most recent, broad surveillance study of the most concerning vector-borne diseases. (health.mil)
  • Many of the major diseases of humans are transmitted by insect vectors. (gresham.ac.uk)
  • Tropical and vector-borne diseases contribute significantly to the global burden of communicable diseases. (who.int)
  • 220 897 dengue fever cases, and 25 064 Rift Valley fever cases among arboviruses or vector-borne diseases reported in 2020. (who.int)
  • The integrated framework builds on progress made in the last two decades in the control, elimination and/or eradication of tropical and vector-borne diseases and addresses major programme deficiencies that drive the persistently high burden of these diseases and the lost momentum towards the 2030 targets. (who.int)
  • Zoonotic diseases can also be transferred from animals to humans through insects that act as a "middle-man," or vectors for the disease-causing agent. (livescience.com)
  • Title : Protect yourself from plague Corporate Authors(s) : National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (U.S.). Division of Vector-Borne Diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Plague Inc. thus offers the opportunity to save the planet by eradicating our species from existence, giving you control over the evolutions and mutations of various infectious diseases - the means to spread, and then the tools to finish the job. (eurogamer.net)
  • The variety of epidemic diseases and their clinical and epidemiologic manifestations were explained by miasma's ability to evolve into agents with different pathogenic properties, so a mild disease could develop into plague. (cdc.gov)
  • Travelers to India and other plague-endemic countries are at low risk for infection with Y. pestis. (cdc.gov)
  • More recently, we've been able to test these claims, using paleomicrobiology to look for molecular evidence of Y. pestis in skeletons that presumably died of plague. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Two of the authors (SW and JM) have previously argued that the epidemiology, virulence, and population dynamics of the Black Death were too different from those factors of modern yersinial plague to have been caused by Y. pestis (13). (scienceblogs.com)
  • They use similar documentation to argue that individuals were well-versed in symptoms of the plague and recognized it immediately when it showed up in a village, but they then discount this recognition when it comes to the actual discovery of the putative causative agent of the plague, Y. pestis , in 1894, or even to the 1720 Marseille outbreak I mentioned in the previous post. (scienceblogs.com)
  • It has been argued that each of the biovars was associated with one of the plague pandemics ( 14 , 20 , 34 ), and recent studies have tried to provide direct evidence of whether Y. pestis was associated with any of the historical pandemics ( 15 , 44 ). (asm.org)
  • Marshall et al (1967) has described an asymptomatic pharyngeal carrier state of Y pestis infection in patients with bubonic plague. (medscape.com)
  • The ability for plague to be spread by aerosols makes Y pestis a potential agent of bioterrorism. (medscape.com)
  • Eliminating Breeding Sites of Dengue Fever Vectors: Empty containers that are prone to retain water (bottles, jars, tires, etc.) and check monthly to track the breeding of vector mosquitoes. (gov.tw)
  • Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are one of primary vectors for dengue. (globalissues.org)
  • A significant surge in dengue fever cases has gripped Bangladesh, the UN World Health Organization (WHO) reported on Friday, calling for efforts to control the mosquito vector population and minimize individual exposure such as using mosquito repellents and wearing long-sleeved clothes. (globalissues.org)
  • Dengue, a viral infection that transmits through mosquito bites, has long plagued tropical and sub-tropical regions. (globalissues.org)
  • In fact, as reported by Drancourt et al (2004), genotyping performed on bacteria derived from the remains of plague victims of the first two epidemics revealed sequences similar to that of Orientalis. (medscape.com)
  • This is a highly lethal form of plague, where the bacteria spreads beyond the lymph nodes, into the major organs of the body. (alpharubicon.com)
  • The starting plague, Bacteria, is versatile and capable of growing a cell wall to circumvent all temperature extremes. (eurogamer.net)
  • The bacteria elaborate a lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, coagulase, and a fibrinolysin, which are the principal factors in the pathogenesis of plague. (medscape.com)
  • 2010. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification of rodent blood meals confirms host sharing by flea vectors of plague. (fullerton.edu)
  • 2009. Evidence for the involvement of an alternative rodent host in the dynamics of plague in prairie dogs. (fullerton.edu)
  • After that, the first known rodent in the United States discovered with plague was a California ground squirrel in 1908 [source: Hoogland]. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Plague within a rodent species can potentially cross into the human population, most often through flea bites . (howstuffworks.com)
  • Plague is a zoonotic disease, normally circulating in rodent populations, transmitted to humans most commonly through the bite of an infected flea vector. (mdpi.com)
  • In contrast, isolates of the antiqua and medievalis biovars are generally limited to localized regions containing long-term plague foci from enzootic rodent hosts in Africa and central Asia. (asm.org)
  • Proper investigation of the pathogens in their rodent vectors could help reduce and manage their emergence and spread. (who.int)
  • The initial data from our investigation indicates the presence of Leptospira sp in rodent vectors, Rattus, Lophuromys and Praomys , which are the potential small mammalian reservoirs of this pathogen in Cote d'Ivoire. (who.int)
  • An oral sylvatic plague vaccine using the raccoon poxvirus vector (designated RCN-F1/V307) has been developed for prairie dogs. (bioone.org)
  • Vector-borne pathogens are spread to people and animals primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito, tick, or flea. (cdc.gov)
  • BSL-3 labs work with pathogens such as anthrax and plague. (cityoffrederick.com)
  • These pathogens have animal reservoirs as vectors for transmission. (who.int)
  • These can be vectors for spreading pathogens (germs). (cdc.gov)
  • State media also confirmed that the facility, which is "known for having developed vaccines for Ebola and hepatitis, as well as for studying epidemics and general issues surrounding immunology," was part of a "now-defunct Soviet biological weapons program," and that "some of the most dangerous strains-including smallpox, Ebola, anthrax and certain plagues-are still being kept inside the Institute's building. (forbes.com)
  • [ 2 ] One theory is that these biovars emerged before any of the plague epidemics. (medscape.com)
  • There have been three major epidemics of plague in history. (alpharubicon.com)
  • Plague has caused large-scale epidemics, thereby changing the course of history in many nations. (medscape.com)
  • In the early twentieth century, plague epidemics accounted for about 10 million deaths in India. (medscape.com)
  • Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes serve as the primary vectors for the disease. (globalissues.org)
  • Specific actions involve vector control strategies for larvae and adult mosquitoes and source reduction, especially of water storage practices, and include covering, draining and cleaning household water storage containers on a weekly basis, using insecticide-treated nets and indoor space spraying (fogging). (globalissues.org)
  • Swollen lymph glands, termed buboes, are a hallmark finding in bubonic plague. (medscape.com)
  • Axillary, cervical, and epitrochlear buboes are almost always seen in cat-associated plague. (medscape.com)
  • Buboes are common in meningeal plague. (medscape.com)
  • However, it is difficult to define what 'clean' was in the absence of parameters that could trace the infection back to a single vector. (cisco.com)
  • Bubonic plague is one form that infection can take. (alpharubicon.com)
  • Plague Inc. presents you with a simplified world map and the choice of where your baby infection takes its first steps. (eurogamer.net)
  • Each alteration made to the plague affects where it's spreading and how fast, with poppable icons indicating a new country's infection. (eurogamer.net)
  • In most games of Plague Inc. you'll be wanting to reach 100% worldwide infection before making a move - because as soon as you start to introduce symptoms, even innocuous ones like coughing, people notice they're infected. (eurogamer.net)
  • The malware is commonly used as an initial infection vector to drop ransomware. (urgentcomm.com)
  • During spring 1347, Italian galleys fleeing Kaffa brought infection to Constantinople, where the plague began raging in the summer. (cdc.gov)
  • From Constantinople, ships carried plague to ports along the Mediterranean littoral so the infection fanned out from several epicenters, acquiring new momentum from these new centers as it spread. (cdc.gov)
  • However, ground squirrels and prairie dogs have been known to be highly susceptible to plague, whereas others have been known to be either moderately susceptible or absolutely resistant to infection. (medscape.com)
  • Results suggest that the relative importance of vector or host dynamics on microparasite infection probabilities is related to parasite life-histories. (bvsalud.org)
  • The incubation period for plague ranges from 1 to 7 days, and manifestations of the illness include rapid onset of fever, chills, headache, malaise, myalgias, and prostration, often with nausea. (cdc.gov)
  • In bubonic plague, the most common form, the incubation period is usually 2 to 5 days but varies from a few hours to 12 days. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If the plague of Justinian was the bubonic plague, then there must have been some reservoirs present when 1346 rolled around. (scienceblogs.com)
  • The first one occurred in the 6th century--that's the Justinian plague. (cdc.gov)
  • To reduce risk, travelers should avoid areas with recently reported human plague cases. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2021, DVBD faced both vector-borne disease (VBD) threats and the COVID-19 pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States, affecting approximately 476,000 Americans every year. (cdc.gov)
  • The Amarna letters and the Plague Prayers of Mursili II describe an outbreak of a disease among the Hittites. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the second century, the Antonine Plague, named after Marcus Aurelius' family name of Antoninus and also known as the Plague of Galen, who had first hand knowledge of the disease, may in fact have been smallpox. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plague as an emerging disease. (ajtmh.org)
  • however, Oropsylla montana has been incriminated as the primary vector for this disease in North America. (medscape.com)
  • that is, the first form of successful public health ever devised, and the first victory over a human disease, over bubonic plague. (yale.edu)
  • And just so you'll remember, plague is not a disease entirely of the past. (yale.edu)
  • Control Of disease vectors in ports. (gov.tw)
  • By Stephanie Hedgecoke March 17, 2023 Mosquito-carried disease vectors have plagued humanity for millennia. (iacenter.org)
  • ABSTRACT The Health Services Academy has launched a 12-month postgraduate diploma course in medical entomology and disease vector control. (who.int)
  • ogy and disease vector control must be a Methods top priority for Pakistan. (who.int)
  • We've already seen that plague was the most dreaded disease, from the fourteenth century through the seventeenth. (yale.edu)
  • But kitty isn't evil -- it's just a passive carrier, or vector , of disease like many other animals. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Modern understanding of the nature of the disease and pest control has all but eliminated plague as a serious threat to the population as a whole. (alpharubicon.com)
  • Plague is a zoonotic disease, endemic throughout the world, and highly infectious in humans. (asm.org)
  • Plague Inc. lets you name the disease, which is especially nice when its milestones crop up along the way. (eurogamer.net)
  • Although this epidemic has long been considered an outbreak of plague, many modern scholars believe that typhus, smallpox, or measles may better fit the surviving descriptions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Even though the health authorities had not seen a major plague epidemic for 50 years, they knew what they must do. (scienceblogs.com)
  • The Black Death was the first outbreak of the second plague epidemic that occurred repeatedly until 1750 CE. (cdc.gov)
  • The UN health agency called for integrated vector management (IVM) to control mosquito populations and reduce human-vector contact, including removal of potential breeding sites, reducing vector populations, and minimizing individual exposure. (globalissues.org)
  • Plague is an acute, contagious, febrile illness usually transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected flea. (medscape.com)
  • The advantage to humans is that we can act on the insect vector and break the cycle of transmission. (gresham.ac.uk)
  • That high mortality rate and the speed with which plague kills prairie dogs are the principal reasons that humans generally don't catch plague from them [source: Johnsgard]. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Official attempts to contain the second pandemic resulted in the first full-scale public health program, the plague regulations instituted by the Italian city-states, regulations that included military quarantines, compulsory burial, and imprisonment of the infected. (yale.edu)
  • The third pandemic reached these shores, and I wanted to remind you that plague is still with us. (yale.edu)
  • In the first century AD, Rufus of Ephesus, a Greek anatomist, refers to an outbreak of plague in Libya, Egypt, and Syria. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the US, the last urban outbreak of rat-associated plague occurred in Los Angeles in 1924 to 1925. (msdmanuals.com)
  • and modern plague (since 1894), which began in southwest China and spread globally via marine shipping routes from Hong Kong. (asm.org)
  • Based on these findings, studies examining the utility and effectiveness of oral vaccination to prevent plague-induced mortality in prairie dogs and associated species are underway. (bioone.org)
  • 2011. Climate, soils and connectivity predict plague epizootics in black-tailed prairie dogs ( Cynomys ludovicianus ). (fullerton.edu)
  • Consideration of these factors can aid in the development of species-specific SPV baiting strategies that maximize bait uptake and subsequent immunization of prairie dogs against plague. (usgs.gov)
  • Prairie dogs are highly susceptible to bubonic plague. (howstuffworks.com)
  • The complexity this time is that the Vector facility-the State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology-is a Cold War era Soviet bioweapons lab that now researches (and houses) Ebola, Smallpox and Anthrax. (forbes.com)
  • The fact that Vector is one of only two places in the world that stockpiles Smallpox-the other being the CDC facility in Atlanta-tells you everything you need to know. (forbes.com)
  • Plague, however, could be contained to a specific country, and is even more deadly than smallpox. (alpharubicon.com)
  • Lastly, the dramatic population increase will contribute to conditions of overcrowding and poor sanitation-conditions ripe for the flourishing of plague hosts and vectors. (medscape.com)
  • We have become virtual hosts, carriers, vectors for a new sort of pathogen: the Dancing Cat video. (thenewinquiry.com)
  • This form of plague is generally transmitted by the bite of an infected flea, and is the most common naturally occuring form. (alpharubicon.com)
  • that's the only form of plague that can spread from person to person. (cdc.gov)
  • This is just one example of how Cisco Threat Response can protect email as a threat vector. (cisco.com)
  • State and local health departments and vector control organizations are the nation's main defense against this increasing threat. (cdc.gov)
  • The plague can take three basic forms, but all are caused by the same pathogen. (alpharubicon.com)
  • There is even more to Plague Inc., like the perks - gradually unlocked and placed on your chosen pathogen for little boosts - alongside the whole other challenge of Brutal mode. (eurogamer.net)
  • suffer high rates of mortality from plague. (bioone.org)
  • Once plague infects a prairie dog colony, the mortality rate is around 100 percent. (howstuffworks.com)
  • As detailed in nearly 200 local mortality studies relating to Southern and Western Europe, at least half of the population died of plague. (cdc.gov)
  • And we're now in the times of the modern plague era that's 1860s to present. (cdc.gov)
  • Starting in Afghanistan, for example, a plague that transmits through blood and livestock will spread fast. (eurogamer.net)
  • According to Cisco's Annual Cybersecurity Report , bad actors continue to utilize email as the primary vector for spreading malware. (cisco.com)
  • and species of rat ( Rattus , Mastomys ) which spread plague, lassa fever and leptospirosis. (nri.org)
  • Pharyngeal plague results from ingestion of the plague bacilli. (medscape.com)
  • Pharyngeal plague causes pharyngeal erythema and painful and tender anterior cervical nodes. (medscape.com)
  • Pharyngeal plague and plague meningitis are less common forms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Journal of Vector Ecology 35:363-371. (fullerton.edu)
  • The work of the Pest Behaviour Group ranges from laboratory-based research, using cutting-edge technologies, to analyse the basic physiology and behaviour of pests and vectors through field-based studies of pest behaviour and ecology to translational research where knowledge of pest behaviour is used to develop innovative control technologies. (nri.org)
  • Bubonic plague arrived in North America around 1900, most likely from Chinese cargo ships [source: Hoogland]. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Alison Hinckley] Well, plague still occurs just about every year in Africa, Asia, South America, and North America. (cdc.gov)
  • How fast it spreads depends on how many ways it can be transmitted and how well you suit it to its current environments, so the early-game upgrade tree concentrates on vectors like insects and birds, or blood transmission, as well as surviving extreme environments. (eurogamer.net)
  • 2013. Movements and burrow use by northern grasshopper mice as a possible mechanism of plague spread in prairie dog colonies. (fullerton.edu)
  • Plague may also be spread through contact with fluid or tissue from an infected animal. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Reported cases of human plague infections in the United States, 1970-1991. (ajtmh.org)
  • Although imported cases are expected to be rare, physicians should be alert for evidence of plague in persons who have traveled to plague-endemic areas and who developed a febrile illness within 7 days after leaving the area. (cdc.gov)