Valvular heart d pulmonary valve stenosis. Medical search. Frequent questions

For more information, please go to Mitral Stenosis and Mitral Regurgitation . (medscape.com)
The diseases of greatest importance, because of their prevalence, are mitral regurgitation in dogs (degenerative mitral valve disease), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in Boxers and Bulldogs, and heartworm disease. (merckvetmanual.com)
Atresia, regurgitation or valvular inadequacy, prolapse and valvular stenosis are some major diseases associated with the heart valve. (medgadget.com)
As per GMR industry analyst Akshata Ahire, "The global heart valve replacement market is anticipated to witness significant growth during forecast period 2020-2027 driven by increasing prevalence of heart valve disease in Elderly Population and the growing prevalence of severe aortic stenosis disorder and mitral regurgitation are boosting the market. (medgadget.com)
CHD primarily affects right heart valves, causing tricuspid and pulmonic regurgitation and less frequently stenosis of these valves. (karger.com)
Echocardiography is the mainstay of imaging and demonstrates thickened right heart valves with limited mobility and regurgitation. (karger.com)
This can result in tricuspid valve regurgitation. (nhcs.com.sg)
Valve regurgitation is a type of valvular disease that prevents your valve flaps from closing properly. (txhvc.com)
In normal conditions, the pulmonic valve prevents regurgitation of deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery back to the right ventricle. (medscape.com)
Mitral Regurgitation Mitral regurgitation (MR) is incompetency of the mitral valve causing flow from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium during ventricular systole. (msdmanuals.com)
Pulmonic Regurgitation Pulmonic (pulmonary) regurgitation (PR) is incompetency of the pulmonic valve causing blood flow from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole. (msdmanuals.com)
With the advent and common application of 3-D echocardiography it is clear that better imaging techniques provides the surgeon with a better understanding of atrioventricular and semilunar valve anatomy and in turn the pathology behind regurgitation unique to each patient. (hgexperts.com)
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is caused by the retrograde flow of blood from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA) through the mitral valve (MV), causing a systolic murmur heard best at the apex of the heart with radiation to the left axilla. (nih.gov)
The underlying pathophysiologic basis for degenerative mitral regurgitation is most commonly related to myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve, resulting in mitral valve prolapse (MVP). (nih.gov)
Furthermore, the damage to the valve can cause stenosis or regurgitation , and both can occur in the same valve. (symptoma.com)
Mitral Stenosis (MS) Rheumatic fever accounts for most cases of MS. Mitral Regurgitation (MR) Chronic MR is caused by infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever , and MVP. (symptoma.com)
Although pulmonary valve stenosis or regurgitation is often tolerated over the short and intermediate terms, the long-term consequences are numerous and include, but are not limited to, right-sided heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. (structuralheartdisease.org)
Tricuspid regurgitation ( TR ) is a reversal of blood flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium due to an incomplete closure of tricuspid valve leaflets. (empendium.com)
Pacemaker and defibrillator leads can interfere with function of the tricuspid valve and lead to varying degrees of regurgitation, which may be progressive. (empendium.com)
Many things can damage your heart valves, leading to narrowing (stenosis), leaking (regurgitation or insufficiency) or improper closing (prolapse). (ahdubai.com)
Mitral Valve Dysplasia is a condition in which a defect in the mitral valve (the left atrioventricular valve) causes backflow of blood into the left atrium, or mitral regurgitation. (anmeno.com)
Chronic mitral regurgitation leads to volume overload of the left heart, which results in dilatation of the left ventricle and atrium. (anmeno.com)
Severe mitral regurgitation can also result in pulmonary venous congestion and left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF). (anmeno.com)
Stage B identifies patients with structural heart disease (e.g., the typical murmur of mitral valve regurgitation is present), but that have never developed clinical signs caused by heart failure. (anmeno.com)
This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation. (bvsalud.org)

Both stenosis of the pulmonary artery and pulmonary valve stenosis are forms of pulmonic stenosis (nonvalvular and valvular, respectively) but pulmonary valve stenosis accounts for 80% of pulmonic stenosis. (wikipedia.org)
Other conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis of pulmonic valvular stenosis include infundibular stenosis and pulmonary artery stenosis. (wikipedia.org)
This is the valve separating the right ventricle (one of the chambers in the heart) and the pulmonary artery. (adam.com)
The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. (adam.com)
In this defect, the valve and/or outflow tract from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery is obstructed. (congenital.org)
They are often thickened and do not open fully, causing a narrowing where the blood crosses the valve from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. (congenital.org)
In other cases, the pulmonary artery above the valve opening may be narrowed (supravalvar stenosis), or the part of the right ventricle that leads into the pulmonary valve may be narrow or obstructed by excess tissue (subvalvar, or infundibular, stenosis). (congenital.org)
Coronary artery disease is a common heart condition that affects the major blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. (mayoclinic.org)
Cholesterol deposits (plaques) in the heart arteries are usually the cause of coronary artery disease. (mayoclinic.org)
You might not be diagnosed with coronary artery disease until you have a heart attack, angina, stroke or heart failure. (mayoclinic.org)
Coronary artery disease, also called CAD, is a condition that affects your heart. (mayoclinic.org)
From coronary artery bypass to the placement of ventricular assist devices, Broward Health's heart, vascular, and thoracic surgical specialists treat the most complex heart conditions - so you can get back to the life you love. (browardhealth.org)
Valvular heart disease isn't as common as coronary artery disease or high blood pressure, but it's just as dangerous. (txhvc.com)
The pulmonic valve divides the right ventricular outflow tract from the pulmonary artery. (medscape.com)
MVA , valve pressure gradient, and presence or absence of symptoms and pulmonary artery hypertension are used to grade the severity of disease. (amboss.com)
If this clot cuts off the blood flow completely, the part of the heart muscle supplied by that artery begins to die. (comfortdying.com)
Likewise pulmonary artery narrowing or distortion can be approached in the same manner as aortic arch obstructions equalizing pulmonary blood flow and decreasing already elevated caval and lymphatic pressures in addition to reducing the total resistance the single ventricle faces. (hgexperts.com)
The valve is situated within the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is called the pulmonary valve . (sportzyogi.com)
As the blood flows from the left ventricle to the pulmonary artery i.e. in the right direction, these pockets flatten away from the vessel wall, but when the ventricle is relaxed and the blood tries to flow in the wrong direction ie from the artery to the ventricle. (sportzyogi.com)
These two valve systems are designed and approved for patients with a conduit or bioprosthetic valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and they exclude most patients who undergo transannular patch repair techniques. (structuralheartdisease.org)
There are no significant associated abnormalities in the pulmonary artery structure or function, therefore specific pulmonary artery vasodilatator therapy is not considered. (romanianjournalcardiology.ro)
Thus, this group may be considered as a target for therapy with a specific pulmonary artery vasodilatator agent. (romanianjournalcardiology.ro)
Ventricular hypertrophy and increased end-diastolic pressure raise pulmonary artery pressure, eventually leading to left-sided and right-sided heart failure. (doctorlib.info)
The added workload increases the demand for oxygen, and diminished cardiac output causes poor coronary artery perfusion, ischemia of the left ventricle, and left-sided heart failure. (doctorlib.info)
The primary safety outcome included the composite of acute (less than 7 days post-procedure) and chronic (more than 7 days post-procedure) major adverse events, including atrioesophageal fistula, symptomatic pulmonary vein stenosis, cardiac tamponade/perforation requiring intervention or surgery, stroke or systemic thromboembolism , persistent phrenic nerve injury, vascular access complications requiring surgery, coronary artery spasm, and death. (medscape.com)
Significant TR with a normal tricuspid valve morphology may develop in patients with main pulmonary artery systolic pressures ≥55 mm Hg. (empendium.com)
In this condition there is a ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the opening to the pulmonary artery), deviation of the aorta to override the ventricular septum above the ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the muscle of the right ventricle). (britannica.com)
In many complex forms of congenital heart disease, the aorta and pulmonary artery do not originate from their normal areas of the ventricles. (britannica.com)
In one of the most common of such cases-transposition of the great arteries-the aorta originates from the right ventricle and receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae , and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and receives fully oxygenated pulmonary venous blood. (britannica.com)
The heart has four valves, two atrioventricular valves that separate the atria from the ventricles, and two semilunar valves, one in the aorta and one in the pulmonary artery. (futurelearn.com)
She had no risk factors for coronary artery disease in her medical history but it was learned that she had undergone a mitral valve replacement 2 years before because of rheumatic mitral stenosis and that no international normalized ratio (INR) analysis had been done in the last 6 months. (who.int)

The pathophysiology of pulmonary valve stenosis consists of the valve leaflets becoming too thick (therefore not separate one from another), which can cause high pulmonary pressure, and pulmonary hypertension. (wikipedia.org)
The stenosis impairs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle , progressively causing left atrial distension, pulmonary venous congestion, pulmonary hypertension , and congestive heart failure . (amboss.com)
Common complications are pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and thromboembolism. (msdmanuals.com)
Symptoms and Signs Pulmonary hypertension is increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation. (msdmanuals.com)
In pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vessels may become constricted. (msdmanuals.com)
Note that jugular venous distention is present in cases with pulmonary hypertension . (symptoma.com)
Left heart diseases (LHDs) are the most frequent cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH). (romanianjournalcardiology.ro)
Greater resistance to blood flow causes pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and right-sided heart failure. (doctorlib.info)
The PPVs were between 80% and 90% for recurrent myocardial infarction, first-time unstable angina pectoris, pulmonary hypertension, bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, endocarditis, cardiac tumours, first-time venous thromboembolism and between 70% and 80% for first-time and recurrent admission due to heart failure, first-time dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy and recurrent venous thromboembolism. (bmj.com)
Patients with isolated TR (without tricuspid stenosis) usually have functional TR related to pulmonary hypertension (secondary or primary) or coexisting mitral valve disease, particularly stenosis. (empendium.com)
2) Functional TR (most frequent in patients with acquired valvular disease): Dilation of the tricuspid annulus of an anatomically normal valve secondary to the altered right ventricular geometry most commonly caused by pulmonary hypertension, mitral valve disease, right ventricular myocardial infarction, or congenital heart disease (eg, right ventricular outflow obstruction). (empendium.com)
Clinical features are usually dominated by symptoms of the coexisting pulmonary hypertension or mitral valve disease. (empendium.com)
The development of pulmonary hypertension is very serious. (wikipedia.org)

The symptoms of this valvular abnormality are those of congestive heart failure . (symptoma.com)
Dogs with moderate to severe stenosis may experience syncope or changes leading to congestive heart failure and are at risk for sudden death. (vin.com)
[5] An infant will begin to show signs of congestive heart failure, which can include rapid breathing, feeding problems, slow weight gain, low energy, and cold, clammy sweating. (wikipedia.org)
Subsequently, atrial fibrillation developed, and the dog died from refractory congestive heart failure on September 25, 2002. (cdc.gov)

Chapters are devoted to specific conditions and feature detailed descriptions of how to perform a variety of appropriate reparative surgical techniques involving complex anatomy, reoperative surgery, and unique techniques to this speciality, enabling the reader to develop a deep understanding of how to successfully resolve situations such as left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, anomalous pulmonary venous return, and anomalous origin of the coronary arteries. (nshealth.ca)
LHDs determine an increase in left ventricular filling pressures and pulmonary venous pressures (1). (romanianjournalcardiology.ro)
Inflow occlusion is a technique used for open heart surgery where all venous flow to the heart is temporarily interrupted. (vin.com)
As a result of the obstruction imposed by the pulmonary stenosis, deoxygenated venous blood is shunted from the right to the left side of the heart into the arterial circulation. (britannica.com)

Among some of the symptoms consistent with pulmonary valve stenosis are the following: Heart murmur Cyanosis Dyspnea Dizziness Upper thorax pain Developmental disorders In regards to the cause of pulmonary valve stenosis a very high percentage are congenital, the right ventricular flow is hindered (or obstructed by this). (wikipedia.org)
The pathology of CHD is characterized by plaque-like deposition of fibrous tissue on valvular cusps, leaflets, papillary muscles, chordae, and ventricular walls. (karger.com)
Pulmonic valvular stenosis (PVS) is the most prevalent pulmonary valve pathology, and it accounts for up to 80% of the cases of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. (medscape.com)
Pulmonic valvular stenosis (PVS) is a form of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO). (medscape.com)
The pulmonary annulus and the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) may be narrowed as well. (medscape.com)
Note that AS leads to heart failure and ventricular fibrillation , an arrhythmia that may cause sudden death [6]. (symptoma.com)
Over time, left ventricular pressure rises to overcome the resistance of the narrowed valvular opening. (doctorlib.info)
Obstructed right ventricular outflow causes right ventricular hypertrophy, resulting in right-sided heart failure. (doctorlib.info)
Chest X-ray shows left atrial and ventricular enlargement, enlarged pulmonary arteries, and mitral valve calcification. (doctorlib.info)
Echocardiography reveals left atrial and ventricular enlargement, enlarged pulmonary arteries, and mitral valve calcification. (doctorlib.info)
Defects in the interventricular septum , the partition that separates the lower chambers of the heart, may be small or large, single or multiple, and may exist within any part of the ventricular septum. (britannica.com)
A further hazard in both small and large ventricular septal defects is the increased risk of bacterial endocarditis (inflammation of the heart lining as a result of bacterial infection). (britannica.com)
If the ventricular wall hypertrophy is not able to compensate for the increase in afterload, LV systolic function may decrease, and heart failure can ensue. (medscape.com)
On reexamination, the murmur was softer (grade 3/6), but the aortic valve vegetation and insufficiency persisted with progressive left atrial and ventricular enlargement. (cdc.gov)
Principles of ultrasound ventricular hypertrophy, valvular stenosis), usually takes only a few minutes to perform3. (bvsalud.org)

While the most common cause of pulmonary valve stenosis is congenital heart disease, it may also be due to a malignant carcinoid tumor. (wikipedia.org)
Valvular Heart Disease. (wikipedia.org)
Pulmonary Valve Disease. (wikipedia.org)
The American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) released their updated recommendations on managing valvular heart disease in December 2020. (medscape.com)
Valvular heart disease (VHD) stages (stages A-D) in patients should be classified based on symptoms, valve anatomy, severity of valve dysfunction, and response of the ventricle and pulmonary circulation. (medscape.com)
Go to 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease for full details. (medscape.com)
LaHaye S, Lincoln J, Garg V. Genetics of valvular heart disease. (medscape.com)
Three-dimensional echocardiography in the assessment of congenital mitral valve disease. (medscape.com)
As detailed in the specific cardiac disease sections that follow, the location, timing, and intensity of a heart murmur may correlate with a specific type of cardiac disease or the severity of the disease. (merckvetmanual.com)
Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. (medlineplus.gov)
When the Internet of Medical Things is integrated into heart disease screening systems to detect heart diseases, people can perform self-examinations to evaluate whether their hearts exhibit irregularities for early heart disease detection. (ntou.edu.tw)
This assembly is used to develop a valvular heart disease screening system, whose structure incorporates deep learning for the development of fitting models and analysis. (ntou.edu.tw)
The data analysis results show that the temperature curve variation and values of Subject 2 are similar to those of Subject 10, suggesting the incidence of valvular heart disease. (ntou.edu.tw)
This valvular heart disease screening system can successfully analyze and assess the characteristic signal values of patients with valvular heart disease. (ntou.edu.tw)
Congenital heart disease (CHD) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are com-mon features in patients affected by RASopathies. (unicatt.it)
Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect the heart. (mayoclinic.org)
Many forms of heart disease can be prevented or treated with healthy lifestyle choices. (mayoclinic.org)
Heart disease symptoms depend on the type of heart disease. (mayoclinic.org)
Heart (cardiovascular) disease can sometimes be found early with regular health checkups. (mayoclinic.org)
It is the most common heart disease in the United States. (mayoclinic.org)
Carcinoid heart disease (CHD) is a rare and potentially lethal manifestation of an advanced carcinoid (neuroendocrine) tumor. (karger.com)
Treatment focuses on control of the underlying carcinoid syndrome, targeting subsequent valvular heart disease and managing consequent heart failure. (karger.com)
The 2011 update to the American Heart Association guideline for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women recommends that risk assessment at any stage of life include a detailed history of pregnancy complications. (medscape.com)
The Veterinary Medical Center of Long Island offers services aimed at accurately diagnosing and offering sound management strategies for patients with congenital and acquired heart disease. (vmcli.com)
Dr. Morgenstern is one of less than 200 practicing Board-certified veterinary cardiologists in the world, and specializes in the care of animals with various forms of heart disease. (vmcli.com)
Dr. Morgenstern has extensive experience managing and treating both congenital and acquired heart disease in dogs and cats. (vmcli.com)
VMCLI is helping eradicate congenital heart disease in dogs through its participation in the OFA Heart Certification program. (vmcli.com)
For more information about OFA Heart Certification visit www.ofa.org and click on Cardiac Disease on the left hand side of the home page. (vmcli.com)
Tricuspid valve disease occurs when the tricuspid valve does not function properly. (nhcs.com.sg)
Tricuspid Valve Disease - How to prevent? (nhcs.com.sg)
If left untreated, tricuspid valve disease can lead to heart failure or atrial fibrillation . (nhcs.com.sg)
Tricuspid valve disease is diagnosed with the help of a physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as an echocardiogram , cardiac catheterisation and electrocardiogram (ECG) . (nhcs.com.sg)
Tricuspid valve disease can be treated with medication if it is a mild condition, or surgery if the tricuspid valve needs to be repaired or replaced. (nhcs.com.sg)
At Heart and Vascular Care in Plano, Texas, board-certified cardiologist Bhupinder Singh, MD, works with men and women to diagnose and treat valvular heart disease. (txhvc.com)
If you're interested in learning more about your risk of valvular heart disease, schedule an appointment. (txhvc.com)
Valvular heart disease occurs when one or more of your heart valves stops functioning properly. (txhvc.com)
Left untreated, valvular heart disease can lead to serious complications and death. (txhvc.com)
What are the symptoms of valvular heart disease? (txhvc.com)
Valvular heart disease usually develops over a lifetime. (txhvc.com)
Many people with valvular heart disease also experience shortness of breath, either during exercise or after lying down. (txhvc.com)
Are there different types of valvular heart disease? (txhvc.com)
Valve stenosis is a type of valvular heart disease that causes your valve flaps to thicken and become stiff. (txhvc.com)
Atresia is a type of valvular disease that occurs if one or more of your heart valves is improperly formed. (txhvc.com)
How is valvular heart disease diagnosed? (txhvc.com)
To diagnose valvular heart disease, Dr. Singh conducts a physical exam and reviews your medical history. (txhvc.com)
How is valvular disease treated? (txhvc.com)
Treatment of valvular disease varies depending on the severity of the condition and your overall health. (txhvc.com)
Dr. Singh offers two types of surgery to treat valvular heart disease: valve replacement surgery and heart valve surgery. (txhvc.com)
If you're concerned about your risk of valvular heart disease, schedule an appointment at Heart and Vascular Care. (txhvc.com)
This book describes the most popular topics concerning adult congenital heart disease (ACHD), especially focusing on indications and re-intervention procedures for some major ACHDs. (nshealth.ca)
Thanks to advances in medical and surgical therapy for congenital heart disease over the last half century, many patients who underwent surgical correction reached adulthood. (nshealth.ca)
The content primarily focuses on two areas--general information for cardiologists, and information on re-intervention for interventionists and cardiac surgeons--setting it apart from the majority of books on congenital heart disease. (nshealth.ca)
Heart Failure in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease -- 5. (nshealth.ca)
Perioperative Anesthetic Management of Adult Patients with Congenital Heart Disease -- 7. (nshealth.ca)
Therapeutic Catheter Intervention for Adult Patients with Congenital Heart Disease (ASD, PDA) -- 8. (nshealth.ca)
Aortopathy Including Hereditary Disease (Marfan Syndrome, Bicuspid Aortic Valve, etc.) -- 14. (nshealth.ca)
The pathologic variants of the pulmonic valve are more often related to congenital defects rather than to acquired disease, such as rheumatic valve disease or endocarditis. (medscape.com)
Heart and blood vessel disease (also called heart disease) includes numerous problems, many of which are related to a process called atherosclerosis . (comfortdying.com)
Effective treatment for more severe disease consists of balloon commissurotomy, surgical commissurotomy, or valve replacement. (msdmanuals.com)
It is usually an isolated lesion and occurs in up to 12% of congenital heart disease (CHD). (medscape.com)
A large study called the Second Natural History Study of Congenital Heart Defects analyzed the treatment, quality of life, echocardiography findings, complications, exercise responses, and predisposition to endocarditis with regards to cardiac valvular disease, and pulmonary stenosis was found to be the most benign valvular lesion. (medscape.com)
12] There has been correlation between intrapartum hypoxic events and valvular disease. (medscape.com)
Valvular Heart Disease - How to prevent? (singhealth.com.sg)
The treatment of specific valvular heart disease will vary, depending on the valve involved and the extent of damage or malfunction. (singhealth.com.sg)
If multi-valvular disease is suspected, the different valves may be evaluated during surgery on one of the affected valves. (singhealth.com.sg)
Women with heart valve disease and want to become pregnant should receive a thorough check-up and see a cardiologist regularly throughout their pregnancy. (singhealth.com.sg)
The closing part of the book examines the role of 3D echocardiography in structural heart disease interventions. (nshealth.ca)
1. Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease -- 2. (nshealth.ca)
Pulmonary Valve Disease -- 6. (nshealth.ca)
Intervention in Structural Heart Disease. (nshealth.ca)
Valvular heart disease is characterized by a defect or deterioration of one of the valves. (symptoma.com)
The presentation of the patient depends on the present valvular disease(s). (symptoma.com)
There is growing appreciation for the long-term adverse impact of right-sided dysfunction of the pulmonary valve in patients with congenital heart disease. (structuralheartdisease.org)
Structural Heart Disease 2018;4(1):1-8. (structuralheartdisease.org)
Statements, opinions, and results of studies published in Journal of Structural Heart Disease are those of the authors and do not reflect the policy or position of The Journal and Science International and the Editorial Board and provides no warranty as to their accuracy or reliability. (structuralheartdisease.org)
PH secondary to LHD is classified in Group two of PH in the most recent classification of PH and includes three etiologies: left heart systolic dysfunction, left heart diastolic dysfunction, and left valvular disease (7). (romanianjournalcardiology.ro)
The causes of valvular heart disease are varied and differ for each type of valve disorder. (doctorlib.info)
Pathophysiology of valvular heart disease varies according to the valve and the disorder. (doctorlib.info)
Diagnostic test results vary with the type of valvular disease that's present. (doctorlib.info)
Cardiac catheterization, chest X-ray, echocardiography, and electrocardiography are the standard diagnostic tools used to detect valvular heart disease. (doctorlib.info)
A 90-year-old male with a past medical history of severe aortic stenosis, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and chronic kidney disease presents with shortness of breath. (emra.org)
Critical aortic stenosis (AS) is the single most problematic valvular disease we encounter in the emergency department. (emra.org)
1,2 Valve replacement, either surgical or catheter directed (ie, transcatheter aortic valve replacement, or TAVR), is the mainstay of treatment for advanced disease. (emra.org)
Physical activity and exercise recommendations for patients with valvular heart disease. (beds.ac.uk)
2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. (empendium.com)
Atrial septal defect is a noncyanotic type of congenital heart disease and usually is not associated with serious disability during childhood. (britannica.com)
A child with this cyanotic form of congenital heart disease can survive beyond infancy, but few survive to adulthood without surgery. (britannica.com)
Learn about symptoms, causes and treatment of heart disease, a term describing a wide range of conditions that can affect the heart. (ahdubai.com)
Heart disease symptoms depend on what type of heart disease you have. (ahdubai.com)
Heart disease is easier to treat when detected early, so talk to your doctor about your concerns regarding your heart health. (ahdubai.com)
If you're concerned about developing heart disease, talk to your doctor about steps you can take to reduce your heart disease risk. (ahdubai.com)
This is especially important if you have a family history of heart disease. (ahdubai.com)
If you think you may have heart disease, based on new signs or symptoms you're having, make an appointment to see your doctor. (ahdubai.com)
Heart disease causes depend on your specific type of heart disease. (ahdubai.com)
[8] 45% of children with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease. (wikipedia.org)
Abnormal heart morphologies have been seen observed during embryonic stages, however this disease is more commonly seen in dogs over the age of 10 years. (anmeno.com)
Mitral valve disease is the most common heart disorder in older dogs of all breeds. (anmeno.com)
Mitral Valve Dysplasia in Humans: Mitral valve disease is a genetic disorder in humans that is highly similar to the disease in dogs. (anmeno.com)
Below is a video produced by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine featuring Teresa DeFrancesco, DVM, DACVIM (Cardiology), DACVECC, speaking with Steve Dale on the topic of Mitral Valve Disease in dogs. (anmeno.com)
The symptoms of Mitral Valve Dysplasia (MVD) vary depending on the stage of the disease. (anmeno.com)
Valvular disease can happen when any of the four heart valves are damaged or diseased. (futurelearn.com)
Today we're going to talk about valvular disease. (futurelearn.com)
Now currently in the UK, most of the valvular diseases associated with the aged, where less than 1% of the under-45s have valvular disease. (futurelearn.com)
And there are currently about a million people over 65 living with valvular disease. (futurelearn.com)
About 70% of all cases of valvular disease occur to the mitral valve or the bicuspid valve on the left side of the heart, slightly under 30% to the aortic valve, and just under 5% to the valves on the right side of the heart. (futurelearn.com)
The main treatment option for valvular disease is either valvular repair or valve replacement. (futurelearn.com)
However, if the disease has progressed sufficiently before the surgery takes place, then the heart may not have the ability to recover. (futurelearn.com)
Valvular disease can happen when any of the four heart valves are damaged or diseased, which can result in blood flowing back into the heart. (futurelearn.com)
In this video Dr Sam Boateng from the School of Biological Sciences at University of Reading discusses valvular disease building on what we learnt about the anatomy and function of the heart in Week 1 . (futurelearn.com)
ABSTRACT To provide an overview of the epidemiology of congenital heart disease, the results of epidemiological studies done in 4 regions of Saudi Arabia (August 1988-February 2000) and 2604 individuals with congenital heart disease were evaluated. (who.int)
24.9%) had neonatal congenital heart disease. (who.int)
Several previous reports suggest a A total of 2604 patients, 1299 males changing pattern and incidence of congeni- and 1305 females, age range 0-13 years, tal heart disease in various geographic loca- were evaluated in the studies. (who.int)
Knowledge of the epidemiology authors of these studies (qualified paediatric of congenital heart disease is the basis on cardiologists) aided by qualified paediatric which investigative efforts will emerge to specialists made the diagnostic decisions identify the causes of cardiac dysmorpho- after carrying out a full physical examina- genesis and afford opportunities to prevent tion, plain chest radiography, electrocardi- them [ 3 ]. (who.int)
All patients critical for the comprehensive and optimum were finally diagnosed in the main referral care of congenital heart disease population institutes. (who.int)
A significant number of referrals (234 are also considered of pivotal importance of 974, i.e. around 24% in the Al Hasaa for groups which care for patients with study) were normal and excluded from the congenital heart disease as well as for poli- study. (who.int)
Patients with acquired heart disease cymakers. (who.int)

Many cases of pulmonic stenosis are mild and do not cause symptoms. (adam.com)
You have symptoms of pulmonary valve stenosis. (medlineplus.gov)
You have been treated or have untreated pulmonary valve stenosis and have developed swelling (of the ankles, legs, or abdomen), difficulty breathing, or other new symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
It's important to watch for heart symptoms and discuss concerns with your health care provider. (mayoclinic.org)
Some patients may live with mild tricuspid valve problems for many years without developing symptoms. (nhcs.com.sg)
Pulmonic stenosis symptoms tend to worsen and progress with time. (medscape.com)
Adults usually present with symptoms related to right heart failure. (medscape.com)
Patients with severe stenosis often present with atrial fibrillation and symptoms of heart failure ( dyspnea , fatigue, orthopnea ). (amboss.com)
Once symptoms develop or the valve area decreases to 1.5 cm 2 , percutaneous valvuloplasty or surgical intervention may be considered. (amboss.com)
Overview of Cardiac Valvular Disorders Any heart valve can become stenotic or insufficient (also termed regurgitant or incompetent), causing hemodynamic changes long before symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
The faster heart rate and loss of atrial contraction with onset of atrial fibrillation often lead to sudden worsening of symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
When there is any problem such as shrinkage or leakage, then it gets over the heart and the heart starts working faster to complete this deficiency but after a time the heart starts to fail and the symptoms of heart failure Seem to happen. (sportzyogi.com)
Most patients do not present with symptoms, lthough a few exhibit signs of RV impairment and heart failure. (symptoma.com)
Symptoms: Dogs have a an increasingly loud heart murmur, abnormal heart rhythm, reduced tolerance for exercise, difficulties in breathing, or a cough at night or at rest. (anmeno.com)

Eighteen subjects were recruited in the experiment, where one subject exhibited cardiac valve insufficiency and arrhythmia. (ntou.edu.tw)
In the experiment, temperature curve variation data are successfully obtained from the healthy subjects, whereas the temperature curve irregularities of the patient with cardiac valve insufficiency are identified. (ntou.edu.tw)
Most often, valvular stenosis or insufficiency. (msdmanuals.com)
Common examples include mild aortic arch obstruction, branch pulmonary stenosis, mild to moderate degrees of atrioventricular and semilunar valve insufficiency, and aortopulmonary collateral flow. (hgexperts.com)
In some cases, malformation of the mitral valve complex causes a degree of valvular stenosis as well as insufficiency. (anmeno.com)
Mitral valve insufficiency is age- and breed-related, with older, small-breed dogs demonstrating a higher incidence. (anmeno.com)
Results of an electrocardiogram were normal, but echocardiography showed a large vegetative lesion on the aortic valve that caused stenosis and severe insufficiency. (cdc.gov)

These patients present with a reactive or "out of proportion" PH defined as elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR ≥3 Wood units) and increased transpulmonary gradient (TPG ≥12 mmHg), where the TPG is the difference between mean pulmonary pressure and left atrial pressure. (romanianjournalcardiology.ro)
Defects lower on the atrial septum may involve the atrioventricular valves and may be associated with incompetence of these valves. (britannica.com)
When the aperture size drops below 1 centimetre, this can significantly increase the left atrial pressure, and this can feed through to increase the pulmonary pressure. (futurelearn.com)
Thoracic radiographs showed mild left atrial enlargement and mild pulmonary interstitial infiltrates. (cdc.gov)

Obstetric ultrasonography can be useful for the in utero diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis and other congenital cardiovascular defects such as Tetralogy of Fallot. (wikipedia.org)
The defect may occur alone or with other heart defects that are present at birth. (adam.com)
Percutaneous balloon pulmonary dilation (valvuloplasty) may be performed when no other heart defects are present. (adam.com)
Congenital mitral stenosis with or without associated defects: an evolving surgical strategy. (medscape.com)
Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook. (medlineplus.gov)
As expected, significantassociations were found betweenPTPN11mutations and pulmonary stenosis (bothvalvular and supravalvular) and pulmonary valve dysplasia, and betweenSOS1muta-tions and valvular defects. (unicatt.it)
Potential associations between less prevalent mutations and cardiacdefects were also observed, includingRIT1mutations and HCM,SOS2mutations andseptal defects, andSHOC2mutations and septal and valve abnormalities. (unicatt.it)
This is one of the more common congenital heart defects and occurs equally among boys and girls. (congenital.org)
As the population with congenital heart defects increases more and more operations will be required to treat the residual defects, new defects, and replacement strategies such as valve replacements. (nshealth.ca)
Without highlighting these residual defects, clinicians, when contemplating repair, often apply the same criteria to univentricular hearts that they would apply to biventricular hearts which obviously have more reserve. (hgexperts.com)
3] Valvular defects are the most common type of cardiac malformation, accounting for 25% of all malformations involving the myocardium. (medscape.com)
The clinical manifestations vary according to valvular defects and the severity of the defect. (doctorlib.info)
Refers to the specific combination of defects with a severely dysplastic pulmonary valve and massively dilated branch pulmonary arteries. (beds.ac.uk)
Multiple types of congenital heart defects-7 (CHTD7) is an autosomal dominant disorder with incomplete penetrance characterized mainly by tetralogy of Fallot but also including right-sided aortic arch, absent pulmonary valve, and other cardiac abnormalities (Jin et al. (beds.ac.uk)
Serious heart defects that you're born with (congenital heart defects) usually are noticed soon after birth. (ahdubai.com)
Less serious congenital heart defects are often not diagnosed until later in childhood or during adulthood. (ahdubai.com)
[3] Unlike some heart defects, the condition will not resolve over time and most infants must undergo open heart surgery. (wikipedia.org)

The diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis can be made using stethoscopic auscultation of the heart, which can reveal a systolic ejection murmur that is best heard at the second left intercostal space. (wikipedia.org)
The problem is most often found in infants when a heart murmur is heard during a routine heart exam. (adam.com)
The health care provider may hear a heart murmur when listening to the heart using a stethoscope. (adam.com)
A heart murmur is a blowing, whooshing, or rasping sound heard during a heartbeat. (adam.com)
A heart murmur is generated by turbulent blood flow that can be auscultated with a stethoscope. (merckvetmanual.com)
Your doctor will listen to your heart with a stethoscope for unusual sounds or a heart murmur before recommending these tests. (nhcs.com.sg)
a murmur can indicate a valve problem. (txhvc.com)
Neonates usually present with critical stenosis, manifested as cyanosis at birth, although infants are usually diagnosed when a murmur auscultated in the pulmonic area. (medscape.com)
In November 2003, a 3-year-old castrated mixed breed dog weighing 48 kg was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, for evaluation of a heart murmur. (cdc.gov)
Crackles were heard on both sides of the chest, and a grade 4/6 pansystolic murmur was loudest over the mitral valve area. (cdc.gov)

10] Mutations in germlines PTPN1 and RAF1 associated tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) are also associated with a uni- or bicuspid pulmonic valve, which may or may not cause an independent obstruction. (medscape.com)

Bioprosthetic valve dysfunction may occur because of either degeneration of the valve leaflets or valve thrombosis. (medscape.com)
Valvular pulmonary stenosis means that the leaflets, or 'flaps,' of the pulmonary valve are abnormal. (congenital.org)
In addition to not opening fully, the valve leaflets may not close properly and leak, allowing some blood to flow back into the right ventricle. (congenital.org)
This is a congenital heart defect whereby the tricuspid valve is abnormally formed, with one or two of the three leaflets being stuck lower than its usual place on the right atrium. (nhcs.com.sg)
In mitral stenosis, mitral valve leaflets become thickened and immobile and the mitral orifice becomes narrowed due to fusion of the commissures and the presence of shortened, thickened and matted chordae. (msdmanuals.com)
The mitral valve consists of two leaflets (anterior and posterior) sitting within the annulus. (nih.gov)
Over time, inflammation, atherosclerosis and calcification thicken the aortic valve leaflets and restrict mobility. (medscape.com)
In patients with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), these degenerative changes occur at an earlier age as a consequence of the abnormal hemodynamics across the valve leaflets. (medscape.com)

Severe, low flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis with reduced ejection fraction and evidence of flow (contractile) reserve excluding pseudo-severe aortic stenosis. (medtronic.com)

Mitral valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, and aortic valve are four main valves present in the heart. (medgadget.com)
On the basis of position, the market is segmented into mitral valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, and aortic valve. (medgadget.com)
The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium (top chamber) and the right ventricle (bottom chamber) and its function is to prevent blood from flowing back into the right atrium. (nhcs.com.sg)
This occurs when there is a backflow of blood due to the tricuspid valve not closing properly. (nhcs.com.sg)
This occurs when the tricuspid valve is narrowed, thus limiting or restricting blood from flowing from the right atrium to the right ventricle. (nhcs.com.sg)
its cusps are much thinner and lack a fibrous continuity with the anterior leaflet of the right atrioventricular (AV) valve (tricuspid valve). (medscape.com)
Patients with mitral stenosis due to rheumatic fever may also have lesions of the aortic or tricuspid valve or both. (msdmanuals.com)
The position of the right atrioventricular orifice between the right atrium and the right ventricle is called the tricuspid valve . (sportzyogi.com)
The composition is like a tricuspid valve. (sportzyogi.com)
In addition, Ebstein's anomaly in humans is thought to be share similarities to tricuspid valve dysplasia. (anmeno.com)

While pulmonic valvular stenosis is primarily a congenital malformation, it may also occur as part of congenital rubella syndrome. (medscape.com)

These diseases can be treated with the help of the replacement or repair of the heart valve. (medgadget.com)
But some of these diseases are treated only by replacement and not by repairing, for instance, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves can be repaired and replaced depending upon the condition of the patient but the aortic valve is not repaired but only replaced with the prosthetic heart valve. (medgadget.com)
Other cardiac anomalies lessreported until recently in this population, such as isolated functional and structuralmitral valve diseases, as well as a sigmoid-shaped interventricular septum in theabsence of HCM, were also reported. (unicatt.it)
Our multidisciplinary team cares for patients with a variety of conditions, ranging from common heart diseases to more complex disorders. (browardhealth.org)
Our interventional cardiologists provide expert care for the catheter-based treatment of structural heart diseases. (browardhealth.org)
Allan Klein, MD, is the Director of Cardiovascular Imaging Research, Director of the Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pericardial Diseases, and a staff cardiologist in the Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, the Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, at the Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute. (clevelandclinic.org)
What are the diseases of valves? (sportzyogi.com)
This atlas presents outstanding three-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic images of structural heart diseases, including congenital and valvular diseases and cardiac masses and tumors. (nshealth.ca)

This allows the surgeon, as never before, to plan preoperatively and execute an operation to either eliminate or make trivial these valvular abnormalities. (hgexperts.com)
Reactive Group 2 PH is defi ned by an elevated TPG ≥12 mmHg and PVR ≥3 Wood units, indicating the presence of functional and/or structural abnormalities of the pulmonary arterial vasculature besides the elevated PCWP. (romanianjournalcardiology.ro)
Reactive reversible Group 2 PH is defined by normalization of the TPG and PVR during vasodilator challenge, suggesting a predominance of functional over structural abnormalities of the pulmonary arteiral vessels. (romanianjournalcardiology.ro)
Structural over functional abnormalities of the pulmonary arterial vascular bed are presumed to exist. (romanianjournalcardiology.ro)
40 mm Hg suggests structural valve abnormalities. (empendium.com)
Abnormalities of the heart chambers may be serious and even life-threatening. (britannica.com)
AS is one of the most common valvular abnormalities. (medscape.com)

Endocarditis is an infection that affects the inner lining of your heart chambers and heart valves (endocardium). (ahdubai.com)
Using PCR and sequencing, we identified B. quintana in the blood of a dog from the United States with aortic valve endocarditis and probably also in the mitral valve of a dog from New Zealand with endocarditis. (cdc.gov)

This criterion, though arbitrary by itself, has been even more inappropriately applied to univentricular hearts despite the fact that studies have shown peak systolic gradients less than 20 mm Hg can cause significant diastolic dysfunction. (hgexperts.com)
Surgical treatment of sub-aortic stenosis (SAS) in dogs has been successful in the short term in reducing the systolic pressure gradient across the aortic valve, but has not been shown to decrease the incidence of sudden death in this population. (vin.com)

or prolapse of the valve. (doctorlib.info)
The abnormality may be a stenosis, which normally results in a narrowing of the aperture of the valve, or it can be a prolapse that results in incomplete closure of the valve. (futurelearn.com)

Mild degrees of aortic arch obstruction are common following Norwood palliation for hypoplastic heart syndrome. (hgexperts.com)
Regardless of the etiology, calcification of the aortic valve leads to stenosis, inevitably resulting in a fixed obstruction to LV emptying. (medscape.com)
In response to the progressive narrowing of the aortic valve opening, the LV myocardium becomes hypertrophic in order to generate increased pressure during systole and thus force blood past the obstruction. (medscape.com)
We did not perform acute coronary syndrome, coronary elevation myocardial infarction, whereas angioplasty because the obstruction embolism should be kept in mind in the rest present with non-ST elevation was in the distal portion of the vessel those with prosthetic valves even in the myocardial infarction [8]. (who.int)

MR is the most common valvular abnormality worldwide, affecting over 2% of the total population and has a prevalence that increases with age. (nih.gov)

Asymptomatic patients are initially managed conservatively and the mitral valve is regularly monitored with transthoracic echocardiography . (amboss.com)
All patients with suspected mitral stenosis should undergo transthoracic echocardiography ( TTE ). (amboss.com)
Congenital complete heart block, diagnosed by mid-trimester fetal echocardiography, was detected in 2% of first-observed pregnancies and 1.8 % of live births to women with positive maternal screening for anti-SSA/Ro antibodies [2-4]. (heraldopenaccess.us)

A valve with atresia features a solid sheet of tissue that blocks blood flow from reaching your heart. (txhvc.com)

These changes can place an intolerable strain on an abnormal heart, necessitating invasive hemodynamic monitoring and aggressive medical management. (medscape.com)
In fact, in some breeds, abnormal development (dysplasia) of the valve has been identified in embryos. (anmeno.com)

Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement is safe, effective, and performed at an increasing number of centers around the world. (structuralheartdisease.org)

Atherosclerosis reduces blood flow to the heart and other parts of the body. (mayoclinic.org)
A buildup of fatty plaques in your arteries, or atherosclerosis (ath-ur-o-skluh-ROE-sis) can damage your blood vessels and heart. (ahdubai.com)

Development of the atrioventricular valves: clinicomorphological correlations. (medscape.com)
They are also known as atrioventricular valves or AV valves. (sportzyogi.com)
These cusps of the valves have complete control over the atrioventricular orifice. (sportzyogi.com)
The valve of the atrioventricular orifice between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called the mitral valve or bicuspid valve . (sportzyogi.com)
Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) or atrioventricular canal defect (AVCD), also known as " common atrioventricular canal " or " endocardial cushion defect " (ECD), is characterized by a deficiency of the atrioventricular septum of the heart that creates connections between all four of its chambers. (wikipedia.org)

Two (10%) developed a new infundibular stenosis immediately after PBPV. (tmu.edu.tw)

CAD happens when coronary arteries struggle to supply the heart with enough blood, oxygen and nutrients. (mayoclinic.org)
These buildups narrow your arteries, decreasing blood flow to your heart. (mayoclinic.org)
Small and/or distorted pulmonary arteries can be plastied from hilum to hilum and mitral valves can be repaired at the time of surgery. (hgexperts.com)
Complete AVSD with mixed oxygenated and deoxygenated blood entering both the aorta and the pulmonary arteries . (wikipedia.org)

At Broward Health, we treat a variety of cardiovascular conditions to keep your heart healthy, and our team offers the skill and expertise you need to live your healthiest life. (browardhealth.org)

Currently, the TAVR is used to detect severe and symptomatic aortic stenosis, but the early intervention of patients with moderate or mild aortic stenosis potentially through TAVR would be beneficial for expansion and attain growth for this market, this factor possesses as an opportunity for this market. (medgadget.com)

This valve is situated between the left ventricle and the aorta. (sportzyogi.com)
In hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the left-sided heart chambers, including the aorta, are underdeveloped. (britannica.com)

In terms of treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis, valve replacement or surgical repair (depending upon whether the stenosis is in the valve or vessel) may be indicated. (wikipedia.org)
Surgical valve replacement and catheter-directed valve procedures may be effective for selected patients with CHD. (karger.com)
Using advanced technology in our state-of-the-art cardiac catheterization labs, our team specializes in non-surgical treatment options for heart and vascular conditions. (browardhealth.org)
This atlas comprehensively covers surgical techniques for congenital heart surgery. (nshealth.ca)
It offers an alternative to traditional surgical techniques and may potentially alter the decision-making process whereby valvular replacement is performed prior to the development of long-term sequelae of RVOT dysfunction. (structuralheartdisease.org)
This narrative review describes the main applications of de la ultrasonografía en ultrasound in anesthesia, ultrasound-guided techniques, and current trends in the perioperative anesthetic management of anestesia the surgical patient. (bvsalud.org)
In anesthesiology, rapid and accurate the main applications of ultrasound in anes- diagnostic tools are for surgical emergen- thesia as airway evaluation, vascular access, cies, and ultrasound has become a neces- regional anesthesia, pulmonary ultrasound, sary and routine tool2. (bvsalud.org)

Pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS) is a heart valve disorder. (wikipedia.org)
Pulmonic stenosis is a heart valve disorder that involves the pulmonary valve. (adam.com)
Pulmonic stenosis is a rare disorder. (adam.com)
As the only hospital in Florida's Southeast region accredited by the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC) in cardiac electrophysiology, our Broward Health electrophysiologists treat every type of heart rhythm disorder. (browardhealth.org)

Hemodynamically significant AS must be on the differential in the undifferentiated patient presenting with acute pulmonary edema, syncope, or cardiogenic shock , particularly if they are elderly. (emra.org)

To date, 3 dogs with subaortic stenosis has undergone cardiopulmonary bypass and open-heart correction of this defect at Texas A&M University. (vin.com)

Profound changes occur in the maternal circulation that have the potential to adversely affect maternal and fetal health, especially in the presence of underlying heart conditions. (medscape.com)
It can occur in all four valves which we call tricuspid stenosis, mitral stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, and aortic stenosis. (sportzyogi.com)
Infants with complete heart block usually require a pacemaker with an excellent prognosis, although development of heart failure may occur. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Although supra and subvalvular lesions have been seen, the most common cause of pulmonic stenosis in dogs is valvular dysplasia. (vin.com)
Genetics of Mitral Valve Dysplasia: The genetics of mitral valve dysplasia are not well understood yet, however research studies indicate it is an inherited trait. (anmeno.com)

Generally, valves have 3 flaps or cusps, but the bicuspid or mitral valve has only two flaps. (sportzyogi.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms1

Diseases25

Chemicals and Drugs3

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes2

Named Groups1

Health Care2

Regurgitation25

Artery31

Hypertension13

Congestive heart f4

Venous4

Ventricular15

Disease116

Symptoms14

Insufficiency7

Atrial4

Defects17

Murmur10

Tetralogy of Fal1

Leaflets8

Severe aortic stenosis1

Tricuspid valve10

Pulmonic valvular stenosis1

Diseases8

Abnormalities7

Endocarditis2

Systolic2

Prolapse2

Obstruction4

Abnormality1

Echocardiography3

Atresia1

Abnormal2

Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement1

Atherosclerosis2

Atrioventricular5

Infundibular stenosis1

Arteries4

Cardiovascular1

Symptomatic aortic stenosis1

Aorta2

Surgical7

Disorder4

Syncope1

Subaortic Stenosis1

Occur3

Dysplasia2

Bicuspid1