H7N9H5N1NeuraminidaseH7N3H9N2H1N1InfectionH7N2PoultryHumansAntigenicRespiratoryOutbreakH3N2HPAIBirdsInfectTrivalentViralVaccinationProteinsEpidemicsLPAIAntibodies2023Seasonal Influenza VaccinePandemic preparednessAbstractAntibody responsesSurveillanceActivity against influenza virusesStrainEfficacyHong KongChickensResponse to influenzaOrthomyxoviridaeGeneticAntiviral drugsThreatPreparednessReplication1918 influenzaGenesSwine InfluenzaStrains of influenzaTreatment of influenza
H7N943
- Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
- In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
- In this study, two H7N9 split virion vaccines with or without AS03 adjuvant were tested in the naive ferret model. (nature.com)
- In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
- In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
- In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
- From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)
- Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
- During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)
- In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
- In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
- Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
- However, H7N9 is quickly acquiring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 13 which is leading to an unreliable public health strategy to combat this virus. (nature.com)
- Since the last update of 26 August 2013, China has reported no new cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus , but reported one death in a previously reported case. (flutrackers.com)
- As of 7 October 2013, 135 human cases of influenza A(H7N9) virus infection were reported to WHO. (flutrackers.com)
- Influenza A(H7N9) viruses remain as a high pandemic threat. (bvsalud.org)
- The continued evolution of the A(H7N9) viruses poses major challenges in pandemic preparedness strategies through vaccination. (bvsalud.org)
- We assessed the breadth of the heterologous neutralizing antibody responses against the 3rd and 5th wave A(H7N9) viruses using the 1st wave vaccine sera from 4 vaccine groups: 1. (bvsalud.org)
- The 1st wave vaccines induced robust responses to the 3rd and Pearl River Delta lineage 5th wave viruses but lower cross-reactivity to the highly pathogenic 5th wave A(H7N9) virus. (bvsalud.org)
- Several human infections with avian influenza A to high mortality among chickens ( 20 ) that required the viruses, including H5N1, H9N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9 intervention of the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture and H10N8, have been reported among poultry-exposed for monitoring and controlling. (who.int)
- Chen P., Jiang Y., Guan Y., Liu J., Gu W., Han S., Chen H.. Rapid Evolution of H7N9 Highly Pathogenic Viruses that Emerged in China in 2017. (caas.cn)
- Some subtypes of the Influenza A, usually called Bird flu (H5N1 and H7N9 viruses) and Swine flu (H1N1 virus) have caused serious infections in human, which have sometimes resulted in death. (gomedii.com)
- Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
- Four more people in East China have been confirmed to be infected with the H7N9 bird flu virus, as a nationwide screening program has been launched for the rare but lethal strain. (thepoultrysite.com)
- Sixteen top-level hospitals in Jiangsu have been designated as treatment sites for patients confirmed to have the virus, and all levels of hospitals are required to strengthen the screening of pneumonia patients against H7N9. (thepoultrysite.com)
- Since 31 March 2013, the government of China has been notifying the World Health Organization (WHO) of human infections with the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, 1 as mandated by the International Health Regulations (2005). (who.int)
- H7N2, H7N3, and H7N7) have previously been reported, 3 the current event in China is of historical significance as it is the first time that A(H7N9) viruses have been detected among humans and the first time that a low pathogenic avian influenza virus is being associated with human fatalities. (who.int)
- 5,6 Here, we describe the age and sex distribution of the human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) to better inform risk assessments and potential next steps. (who.int)
- Between 31 March and 16 April 2013, there were 63 reported cases of avian influenza A(H7N9). (who.int)
- 9 LBMs have been the primary site where avian influenza A(H7N9) virus has been detected in poultry and environmental samples in the affected areas, 9 although age- and sex-specific LBM visit patterns are unknown.Elderly Chinese men are well-known to be hobbyists of "walking" ornamental pet songbirds and take frequent and extended walks with their caged birds, congregating together in parks. (who.int)
- H7N9 avian influenza human infection is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 better known as coronavirus. (done21.com)
- 4. Nanobodies mapped to cross-reactive and divergent epitopes on A(H7N9) influenza hemagglutinin using yeast display. (eenzyme.com)
- The genesis and source of the H7N9 influenza viruses causing human infections in China. (ox.ac.uk)
- A novel H7N9 influenza A virus first detected in March 2013 has since caused more than 130 human infections in China, resulting in 40 deaths. (ox.ac.uk)
- We show that the H7 viruses subsequently reassorted with enzootic H9N2 viruses to generate the H7N9 outbreak lineage, and a related previously unrecognized H7N7 lineage. (ox.ac.uk)
- Recent human infections with avian influenza virus revealed that H9N2 is the gene donor for H7N9 and H10N8 viruses that are infecting humans too. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- LPAI A(H7N9) virus infection was reported in more than 1500 people in China, particularly during epidemics from 2013-2017, including cases exported to Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Canada. (cdc.gov)
- The most recent H7N9 virus infection was reported in China in 2019. (cdc.gov)
- Around the same time, China announced plans to upgrade their existing H5 poultry vaccine to deal with these newly evolved H7N9 avian viruses. (blogspot.com)
- Given the endemicity of a growing number of dangerous bird flu viruses (H5N1, H5N6, H5N8, H7N9, etc), and their huge reliance on their poultry industry to provide enough food to feed a billion plus people, China at this point has few options beyond using vaccines. (blogspot.com)
- Poultry in two southern regions will begin receiving the first vaccine against the H7N9 bird flu virus early next month, as authorities look to control the spread of the potentially fatal disease. (blogspot.com)
- Evidence also indicates the "existence of highly pathogenic and low pathogenic strains of the H7N9 virus" in these areas, the authorities said.The vaccine, developed by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences' Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, will be given to all chickens, ducks and geese. (blogspot.com)
- The vaccine is a recombinant avian influenza virus (H5 + H7) bivalent inactivated vaccine (H5N1 Re-8 strain, H7N9 H7-Re1 strain) vaccine R & D units selected by the designated production enterprises, according to the production requirements of the emergency after inspection, vaccine supply and lot release simultaneously. (blogspot.com)
H5N141
- HPAI H5N1 viruses cir- nature (1,2). (cdc.gov)
- In addition, these H5N1 influenza A face of virus particles. (cdc.gov)
- For example, the H5N1 virus designates an influenza A subtype that has a type 5 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type 1 neuraminidase (N) protein. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] "Contemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this intermediate host. (wikipedia.org)
- From 2003 through 7 October 2013, 641 laboratory-confirmed human cases with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection have been officially reported to WHO from 15 countries. (flutrackers.com)
- Since the last WHO Influenza at the Human Animal Interface update on 26 August 2013, four new laboratory-confirmed human cases of influenza A(H5N1) virus infection were reported to WHO from Cambodia (3)and Indonesia (1). (flutrackers.com)
- As influenza A(H5N1) virus is thought to be circulating widely in poultry in Cambodia and Indonesia, additional sporadic human cases or small clusters might be expected in the future. (flutrackers.com)
- However, this influenza A(H5N1) virus does not currently appear to transmit easily among people. (flutrackers.com)
- In 2003, one person died from bird flu virus A (H5N1) in Asia out of two reported infection. (vetcos.com)
- During 2003-05 period the A (H5N1) strain of bird flu virus infected 117 people out of which 64 died. (vetcos.com)
- Public health officials remain concerned that the genes of Influenza A (H5N1) strain virus which is slightly infectious to human beings could yet mix with a human strain to create a new strain that could spread widely in human population. (vetcos.com)
- Meanwhile, the danger mounts as the world's capacity to produce vaccines shrinks and H5N1 reaches endemic levels in poultry in many parts of Asia. (nationalacademies.org)
- The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
- Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
- Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
- Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
- As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
- However, a HPAIV of the H5N1 subtype killed thousands of bar-headed geese ( Anser indicus ), great black-headed gulls ( Larus ichthyaetus ) and brown-headed gulls ( Larus brunnicephalus ) in Qinghai Lake, China during May 2005 9 , 12 . (nature.com)
- The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
- An biosecurity and concentration of poultry in outbreaks or outbreak of H5N1 HPAI was first described in Lebanon in the emergence of HPAI virus ( 1 ). (who.int)
- If we see in the past, in 2003, highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus the H7N7 and H5N1, again crossed from birds to humans and caused fatal disease. (gomedii.com)
- The duck, Boltz and Webster explained, was infected with the H5N1 bird flu virus that had sickened thousands of birds and killed hundreds of people in 2006 and 2007. (the-scientist.com)
- With his colleagues, he shot nonlethal doses of H5N1 or H1N1 up the noses of six- to eight-week-old mice, then tracked how the viruses spread through the animals' nervous systems. (the-scientist.com)
- The present results demonstrate that an H9N2 virus has the potential to acquire intravenous pathogenicity in chickens although the morbidity via the nasal route of infection is lower than that of H5N1 HPAIV. (biomedcentral.com)
- Since the first occurrence of HPAI H5N1 human cases in Hong Kong in 1997, the public health threat of high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a major global issue [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, HPAI H5N1 viruses reappeared in 2003, spread across continents, and sickened 826 patients from 2003 to March 31, 2015 [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Galur unggas kang diarani H5N1 wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing Asia nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung évolusi dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa. (wikipedia.org)
- HPAI A(H5N1) virus infections have been reported in more than 890 people with approximately 50% case fatality proportion since 1997, including 20 cases and 7 deaths in Hong Kong during 1997-2003, and more than 870 cases reported in 22 countries since November 2003. (cdc.gov)
- Evaluating the impact of environmental temperature on global highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks in domestic poultry. (flugenome.org)
- The emergence and unfold of extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A virus subtype H5N1 in Asia, Europe and Africa has had an enormously socioeconomic influence and presents an vital risk to human well being due to its environment friendly animal-to-human transmission. (flugenome.org)
- Many components contribute to the incidence and transmission of HPAI H5N1 virus, however the function of environmental temperature stays poorly understood. (flugenome.org)
- Genetic range and phylogenetic evaluation of extremely pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) H5N1 viruses circulating in Bangladesh from 2007-2011. (flugenome.org)
- Extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been endemic in Bangladesh since its first isolation in February 2007. (flugenome.org)
- Phylogenetic evaluation of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene of HPAI H5N1 viruses demonstrated that 25 Bangladeshi isolates together with two human isolates from 2007-2011 together with some isolates from neighbouring Asian nations (India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, China and Vietnam) segregate into two distinct clades (2.2 and a couple of.3). (flugenome.org)
- General, the info indicate genetic range amongst circulating viruses and a number of introductions of H5N1 viruses with an elevated threat of human infections in Bangladesh, and institution of H5N1 virus in wild and home fowl populations, which calls for lively surveillance. (flugenome.org)
- Pre-exposing Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) to a low-pathogenic H1N1 avian influenza virus protects them in opposition to H5N1 HPAI virus problem. (flugenome.org)
- In earlier research we examined the function of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) within the epidemiology of Eurasian extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. (flugenome.org)
- To develop on this and higher perceive how pre-exposure to heterosubtypic low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses may affect the result of H5N1 HPAI an infection, we pre-exposed naïve juvenile Canada Geese to completely different North American wild-bird-origin LPAI viruses. (flugenome.org)
- Pre-exposing Canada Geese to both H2N3 or H6N5 viruses didn't shield them in opposition to a deadly H5N1 HPAI virus problem. (flugenome.org)
- In distinction, Canada Geese that had been pre-exposed to H1N1 had been protected in opposition to a deadly H5N1 problem, shed minimal quantities of the virus into the atmosphere, and didn't transmit the an infection to naïve contact birds. (flugenome.org)
- Enhanced infectivity of H5N1 extremely pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) virus in pig ex vivo respiratory tract organ cultures following adaptation by in vitro passage. (flugenome.org)
Neuraminidase14
- HPAI outbreaks has increased, with outbreaks of avian es of hemagglutinin subtype H5 and H7 that contain vari- ous neuraminidase subtypes. (cdc.gov)
- The neuraminidase, on the other hand, is critical for the subsequent release of the daughter virus particles created within the infected cell so they can spread to other cells. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Different influenza viruses encode for different hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- The several subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for the type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). (wikipedia.org)
- Bird flu virus is an RNA virus, which resembles a short rod studded with two kinds of protein spikes such as the Haemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N). (vetcos.com)
- The Neuraminidase (N) help the daughter virus break free of host cell once the virus Replication is completed. (vetcos.com)
- Haemagglutinin and neuraminidase AIV subtypes were determined for pos- itive samples. (who.int)
- Asian Flu was of the H2N2 subtype (a notation that refers to the configuration of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins in the virus) of type A influenza, and an influenza vaccine was developed in 1957 to contain its outbreak. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Antiviral drugs are the other option available for the treatment of influenza, which falls under three categories as M2 inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, and nucleoprotein inhibitors [ 15 ] targeting the viral components, thwarted by newly emerging strains. (springeropen.com)
- Influenza A viruses are classified into several subtypes based on the structural proteins hemagglutinin (HA/H) and neuraminidase (NA/N), such as H1-H18 and N1-N11 [ 24 ]. (springeropen.com)
- Multiple subtypes of AIVs including nine hemagglutinin (HA) and seven neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were isolated form the environmental samples. (biomedcentral.com)
- For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but a hemagglutinin or neuraminidase from the avian virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- The resulting new virus would likely be able to infect humans and spread from person to person, but it would have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) not previously seen in influenza viruses that infect humans, and therefore to which most people have little or no immune protection. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- nonetheless, sera from H1N1-infected birds diminished virus plaque dimension however not quantity compared with H2N3, H6N5, or unfavourable sera, suggesting that antibodies directed in opposition to the neuraminidase might have had a job within the protecting results noticed. (flugenome.org)
H7N33
- LPAI A(H7N3) virus infection was reported in a small number of people with conjunctivitis or mild upper respiratory tract symptoms in the U.K. and Canada since 2004. (cdc.gov)
- Notably, since 2000, outbreaks of avian influenza caused by high and low pathogenicity influenza A(H7N1) viruses and low pathogenicity A(H7N3) viruses occurred on poultry farms located mainly in northeastern Italy ( 3 ). (blogspot.com)
- Campitelli L , Mogavero E , De Marco MA , Delogu M , Puzelli S , Frezza F , Interspecies transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds to intensively reared domestic poultry in Italy. (blogspot.com)
H9N214
- In 1999 a different strain of bird flu virus identified as A (H9N2) infected two people in Hong Kong. (vetcos.com)
- Sequences obtained clustered tightly with those of Israeli origin as well as Lebanese H9N2 viruses from 2010. (who.int)
- Outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) caused by infection with low pathogenic H9N2 viruses have occurred in poultry, resulting in serious economic losses in Asia and the Middle East. (biomedcentral.com)
- It has been difficult to eradicate the H9N2 virus because of its low pathogenicity, frequently causing in apparent infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- It is important for the control of AI to assess whether the H9N2 virus acquires pathogenicity as H5 and H7 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
- In the present study, we investigated whether a non-pathogenic H9N2 virus, A/chicken/Yokohama/aq-55/2001 (Y55) (H9N2), acquires pathogenicity in chickens when a pair of di-basic amino acid residues is introduced at the cleavage site of its HA molecule. (biomedcentral.com)
- More than 75% of chickens inoculated intravenously with the passaged virus, rgY55sub-P10 (H9N2), died, indicating that it is pathogenic comparable to that of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) defined by World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). (biomedcentral.com)
- It is important for controlling avian influenza and for preparing for pandemic influenza to assess whether the H9N2 virus aquires pathogenicity as H5 and H7 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
- Preliminary analyses suggest that the virus is a reassortant of H7, N9 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses, and carries some amino acids associated with mammalian receptor binding, raising concerns of a new pandemic. (ox.ac.uk)
- H9N2 is the most common subtype of influenza viruses in Chinese chickens and thus causes great economic loss for the poultry industry, even under the long-term vaccination programs. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- The crucial role of H9N2 viruses due to the wide host range, adaptation to both poultry and mammals and extensive gene reassortment. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- The H9N2 influenza virus can be transmitted by air droplet, dust, feed, or water. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has issued a task order under an existing contract to Chiron Corporation of Emeryville, CA, for the production of an investigational vaccine based on an H9N2 strain of avian influenza virus that has infected humans and has the potential to trigger a modern-day pandemic. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Over the years the H9N2 influenza strain caused illness in several children aged nine months to 5 years in Hong Kong with the latest occurring in December 2009. (influenzavirusnet.com)
H1N17
- The annually updated, trivalent influenza vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
- In this study, we have developed a biolayer interferometry (BLI)-based assay to determine dominant binding epitopes of the HA1 in antibody response to influenza vaccines using a panel of recombinant HA1 proteins of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus with each carrying a single amino acid substitution. (cdc.gov)
- The intranasal administration of the identified compounds enhanced survival rates and reduced lung viral loads in BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 virus. (hku.hk)
- One of the earliest links between influenza and neural dysfunction was a correlation between the 1918 Spanish flu, caused by a subtype called H1N1, and an epidemic of Parkinson's a few decades later. (the-scientist.com)
- Electron microscope beeʼiilkid, Tsʼííh honiigaah H1N1 influenza virus. (wikipedia.org)
- 1. Humoral and cellular immune responses in critically ill influenza A/H1N1-infected patients. (eenzyme.com)
- [12] Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu manungsa , babi , lan unggas , kang ing awalé diarani " flu babi " lan uga ditepungi minangka influenza A/H1N1 , kang muncul ing Mèksiko , Amérikah Sarékat , lan sapérangan nagara liya. (wikipedia.org)
Infection31
- There are 13 distinct H subtypes and 9 distinct N subtypes each of which require a different vaccine to protect against infection. (vetcos.com)
- An important question, however, is whether vaccine-elicited antibodies in humans provide direct, functional protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease. (bvsalud.org)
- Multiplex Detection of Antibody Landscapes to SARS-CoV-2/Influenza/Common Human Coronaviruses Following Vaccination or Infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza. (cdc.gov)
- However, data on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza co-infection, and vaccine co-administration remains limited. (cdc.gov)
- We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a patient with 2019-nCoV infection and compared it with other related coronavirus genomes. (hku.hk)
- Swabs were screened for influenza infection. (who.int)
- There is no requirement of a blood test for diagnosing influenza, though, at times, doctors suggest blood tests for checking any other form of infection present in the body apart from influenza. (gomedii.com)
- Marine mammals can also become infected with avian influenza strains (eg, H10N7 in harbor seals), with subsequent human infection reported. (msdmanuals.com)
- All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)
- In this study we estimated the burden of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and influenza-associated SARI (F-SARI) in selected provinces of Islamic Republic of Iran, the trends of SARI and confirmed cases of influenza (F-SARI) over 12 months (seasonality), and the age groups most at risk. (who.int)
- The evidence to suggest that influenza infection caused the neurodegenerative disorder was tenuous, to say the least, but the correlation was enough for Smeyne to investigate further. (the-scientist.com)
- Influenza, commonly known as flu, refers to a respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. (zovon.com)
- The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
- HA is the major surface antigen of the influenza viruses, against which neutralizing antibodies are elicited during virus infection and vaccination. (eenzyme.com)
- Influenza infection always poses a threat to human and animal health. (springeropen.com)
- Regardless of novel LPAI or HPAI virus reassortants that pose public health risks, prompt and clear risk communication focusing on both correct information about AIVs and the most appropriate preventive measures are important for effective prevention of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- For some human infections, the source of the virus infection was not determined. (cdc.gov)
- LPAI A(H6N1) virus infection was reported in one person with moderate lower respiratory tract disease in Taiwan in 2013. (cdc.gov)
- LPAI A(H7N2) virus infection was reported in a small number of people with conjunctivitis (pink eye), mild upper respiratory tract symptoms, or lower respiratory tract disease in the U.K. and U.S. since 2002. (cdc.gov)
- LPAI A(H7N4) virus infection was reported in one person with pneumonia in China in 2017. (cdc.gov)
- LPAI A(H7N7) virus infection was reported in one person with conjunctivitis in the U.K. in 1996. (cdc.gov)
- LPAI A(H10N3) virus infection was reported in one person with severe pneumonia and respiratory failure in China in 2021, and in another person with severe pneumonia and respiratory failure in China in 2022. (cdc.gov)
- LPAI A(H10N5) virus infection was reported in one person with severe pneumonia who died in China in late 2023. (cdc.gov)
- The patient also had co-infection with seasonal influenza A(H3N2) virus. (cdc.gov)
- LPAI A(H10N7) virus infection was reported in a small number of people with conjunctivitis or mild upper respiratory tract symptoms in Egypt in 2004 and Australia in 2010. (cdc.gov)
- LPAI A(H10N8) virus infection was reported in a small number of people with severe pneumonia with respiratory failure, including a few deaths, in China since 2013. (cdc.gov)
- During an influenza A(H7N7) virus outbreak among poultry in Italy during August-September 2013, infection with a highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was diagnosed for 3 poultry workers with conjunctivitis. (blogspot.com)
- On August 14, 2013, infection caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N7) virus was initially detected on a layer farm in Ostellato, Ferrara Province, Italy, representing the start of an epizootic that affected another 5 poultry farms in Ferrara and Bologna Provinces (Emilia-Romagna Region) during the next 3 weeks. (blogspot.com)
- Among the workers, infection with highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was confirmed for 3 who had conjunctivitis but no respiratory symptoms. (blogspot.com)
- We describe the clinical and virologic findings of the investigation conducted with regard to these 3 human cases of influenza A(H7N7) virus infection. (blogspot.com)
- Past, present, and possible future human infection with influenza virus A subtype H7. (blogspot.com)
H7N23
- In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
- Epidemiology, production losses, and control measures associated with an outbreak of avian influenza subtype H7N2 in Pennsylvania (1996-98). (nationalacademies.org)
- Four infections have been identified in the U.S. since 2002, including 2 that resulted from cat-to-human transmission of an LPAI A(H7N2) virus circulating among cats in 2016 . (cdc.gov)
Poultry25
- HPAI isolates which originate in poultry upon transmission of low patho- have been obtained primarily from commercially raised genic viruses from wild birds, have occurred relatively fre- birds such as chickens, turkeys, quail, guinea fowl, and quently in the last decade. (cdc.gov)
- To date, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes viruses have been detected in pigs (25), cats, leopards, and have been detected in wild birds and poultry throughout tigers (26-29) in Southeast Asia. (cdc.gov)
- H7 may become highly pathogenic after introduction in of subtypes H5 and H7, these virus subtypes are given high poultry and cause outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian priority with respect to pandemic preparedness. (cdc.gov)
- The Wild birds harbor the LPAI ancestral viruses of HPAI switch from a low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) phe- strains of poultry (and mammals). (cdc.gov)
- In our influenza A virus notype, common in wild birds and poultry, to the HPAI surveillance studies in wild birds in northern Europe, we phenotype is achieved by the introduction of basic amino detected numerous influenza A viruses of subtype H5 and H7 in Mallards ( Anas platyrhynchos ). (cdc.gov)
- The main variants named using this convention are:[citation needed] Bird flu Human flu Swine influenza Equine influenza Canine influenza Bat influenza Variants have also sometimes been named according to their deadliness in poultry, especially chickens:[citation needed] Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), also called deadly flu or death flu Most known strains are extinct strains. (wikipedia.org)
- Whenever influenza viruses are circulating in poultry, sporadic infections or small clusters of human cases are possible, especially in people exposed to infected household poultry or contaminated environments. (flutrackers.com)
- Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
- Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. (who.int)
- The occurrence and spread of LPAI or HPAI were detected in backyard growers from Bekaa and viruses in poultry vary depending on the levels of South Lebanon Governorates respectively ( 19 ). (who.int)
- Wang C., Zhang Y., Xing X., Zeng X., Liu L., Tian G., Yasuo Suzuki, Li C., Deng G .*, Chen H.*. Novel H5N6 reassortants bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene of H5N8 virus have been detected in poultry and caused multiple human infections in China. (caas.cn)
- Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
- Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
- Marek's disease virus is a herpesvirus of chickens that costs the worldwide poultry industry more than US$1 billion annually. (bioone.org)
- This was quite different from the avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in Europe and Africa, which occurred mostly in poultry farms where migratory birds played an important role [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The continuing prevalence of H7 viruses in poultry could lead to the generation of highly pathogenic variants and further sporadic human infections, with a continued risk of the virus acquiring human-to-human transmissibility. (ox.ac.uk)
- It is very important to understand the avian influenza virus distribution and characteristics in environment associated with poultry and wild bird. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this study, we found the avian influenza viruses characteristics of geographic distribution, seasonality, location, samples types, proved that multiple subtypes of AIVs continuously coexisted in the environment associated with poultry and wild bird, highlighted the need for environmental surveillance in China. (biomedcentral.com)
- Human infections with avian influenza A viruses are uncommon but have occurred sporadically in many countries, usually after unprotected exposures (e.g. not using respiratory or eye protection) to infected poultry or virus-contaminated environments and have resulted in mild-to-severe illness with a wide range of symptoms and complications. (cdc.gov)
- The designation of "low" versus "highly" pathogenic avian influenza A virus refers to specific criteria, including mortality in experimentally infected poultry, and not to the severity of illness with human infections. (cdc.gov)
- While most countries eschew the use of poultry AI vaccines, since 2005 China has relied heavily on avian vaccines to try to control their bird flu outbreaks. (blogspot.com)
- While it can be argued that these vaccines have saved tens of millions of poultry from culling, have prevented financial ruin for farmers, and has lessened food instability in developing areas of the world, they are not without some downsides. (blogspot.com)
- Guangdong province and the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region have been chosen to test the new vaccine, as both are major centers of the poultry trade, according to the Ministry of Agriculture. (blogspot.com)
- In Europe, avian influenza viruses of subtype H7 have been responsible for several disease outbreaks among poultry, which resulted in human infections ( 1 , 2 ). (blogspot.com)
- Koopmans M , Wilbrink B , Conyn M , Natrop G , van der Nat H , Vennema H , Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. (blogspot.com)
Humans21
- H7N7 viruses have indicates that influenza A virus surveillance studies in wild been endemic in horses for some time (17), were transmit- birds can help generate prototypic vaccine candidates and design and evaluate diagnostic tests, before outbreaks ted from seals to humans in the United States in 1980 occur in animals and humans. (cdc.gov)
- Wild birds, predominantly ducks, geese, and shore- ed from humans in the United States in 2003 (21,22) and birds, form the reservoir of influenza A viruses in Canada in 2004 (23), respectively. (cdc.gov)
- Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
- Influenza A virus (IAV) is a pathogen that causes the flu in birds and some mammals, including humans. (wikipedia.org)
- A filtered and purified influenza A vaccine for humans has been developed and many countries have stockpiled it to allow a quick administration to the population in the event of an avian influenza pandemic. (wikipedia.org)
- Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
- BACKGROUND: One strategy to develop a universal influenza virus vaccine is to redirect the immune system to the highly conserved haemagglutinin stalk domain by sequentially administering vaccines expressing chimeric (c) haemagglutinins with a conserved stalk domain and divergent head domain, to which humans are naive. (bvsalud.org)
- There are 3 general types of flu viruses distinguished with their capsid (inner membrane) proteins as Type A, B and C. Type A flu virus cause most serious flu epidemics in humans, other mammals and birds. (vetcos.com)
- Type B and C viruses are restricted to humans and cause only mild infections. (vetcos.com)
- The bird flu virus, which passed to humans directly from bird, is with Type 5 H protein and type 1 N protein. (vetcos.com)
- This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
- The influenza virus mainly has three families including A, B, and C. The type A influenza models the most serious problems among humans causing 95% of cases. (gomedii.com)
- Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
- It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
- Influenza is considered as one of the deadliest diseases of humans. (zovon.com)
- Influenza D viruses infect cattle and are not known to cause any illness in humans. (zovon.com)
- Among the influenza viruses, types A and B cause severe tragic effects in humans. (springeropen.com)
- Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenza virus A, influenza B and influenza C. Antigenic shift, however, occurs only in influenzavirus A because it infects more than just humans. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Influenza B and C principally infect humans, minimizing the chance that a reassortment will change its phenotype drastically. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Because pigs are susceptible to avian, human and swine influenza viruses, they potentially may be infected with influenza viruses from different species (e.g., ducks and humans) at the same time. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Genetic analyses revealed that the viruses from the humans were closely related to those from chickens on affected farms. (blogspot.com)
Antigenic13
- Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
- RSV is divided into two antigenic subtypes, RSV A and RSV B, which is largely based on the variation in the G protein, while the fusion protein F is more conserved and a target for antibody-mediated neutralization. (bvsalud.org)
- As little as one amino acid substitution in the HA1 can result in an antigenic drift of influenza viruses, indicating the dominance of some epitopes in the binding of HA to polyclonal serum antibodies. (cdc.gov)
- Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity. (lookformedical.com)
- Antigenic shift is the process by which at least two different strains of a virus (or different viruses), especially influenza, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- The term antigenic shift is more often applied specifically (but is not limited) to the influenza literature, as it is the best known example (e.g. visna virus in sheep). (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Antigenic shift is contrasted with antigenic drift , which is the natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza (or other things, in a more general sense) which may lead to a loss of immunity, or in vaccine mismatch. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Antigenic shift is important for the emergence of new viral pathogens as it is a pathway that viruses may follow to enter a new niche (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Illustration of potential influenza antigenic shift. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Influenza viruses which have undergone antigenic shift have caused the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957 , the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 , and the Swine Flu scare of 1976. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- One increasingly worrying situation is the possible antigenic shift between avian influenza and human influenza. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- This antigenic shift could cause the formation of a highly virulent virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- V) in HA protein of some clade 2.2 Bangladeshi viruses together with the human isolates , suggesting there was antigenic drift in clade 2.2. (flugenome.org)
Respiratory14
- Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
- Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
- Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
- The RSVPreF3-AS01 vaccine, containing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F protein and the AS01 adjuvant, was previously shown to boost neutralization responses against historical RSV strains and to be efficacious in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract diseases in older adults. (bvsalud.org)
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern challenge the efficacy of approved vaccines, emphasizing the need for updated spike antigens. (bvsalud.org)
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe respiratory disease for which no licensed vaccine is available. (bvsalud.org)
- BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses continue to co-circulate, representing two major public health threats from respiratory infections with similar clinical presentations. (cdc.gov)
- Vivien G. Dugan, PhD, currently serves as the director of the Influenza Division in CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). (cdc.gov)
- Throughout the past few years, the public has become intensely aware of the threat of emerging infectious diseases with the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the threat of bioterrorism, the discovery of human cases of monkeypoxin, and the proliferation of West Nile virus. (gomedii.com)
- Those viruses that cause influenza spread mainly by droplets of respiratory fluids transmitted through the air from person to person, like if someone infected with the virus sneezes or coughs, when other people inhale the airborne virus and become infected. (gomedii.com)
- By contrast, HAs of LPAIVs are cleaved only by trypsin-like proteases which are expressed in the cells lining the respiratory or intestinal tracts, so that the viruses cause only localized infections, resulting in mild or asymptomatic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
- Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
- The Pilgrims Fund Board (Tabung Haji) health and medical teams here and in Medina are ready to face the Novel corona virus or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus (MERS-CoV) pandemic. (blogspot.com)
- Appropriate viral tests were arranged for the patient and the test result was positive for Respiratory Syncytial Virus. (blogspot.com)
Outbreak5
- For a more detailed description of how estimates have been determined for the numbers of deaths caused by the 1918 influenza outbreak, see Barry's section in Chapter 1 . (nationalacademies.org)
- The " Asian Flu " was a category 2 flu pandemic outbreak of influenzavirus A that originated in China in early 1956 lasting until 1958. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- The discovery here of a related H7N7 influenza virus in chickens that has the ability to infect mammals experimentally, suggests that H7 viruses may pose threats beyond the current outbreak. (ox.ac.uk)
- Spillover of ebolaviruses into people in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo prior to the 2018 Ebola virus disease outbreak. (eenzyme.com)
- Serology and behavioral perspectives on Ebola virus disease among bushmeat vendors in equateur, democratic republic of the Congo, after the 2018 outbreak. (eenzyme.com)
H3N24
- So a flu from a virus similar to the isolate A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2) is called Fujian flu, human flu, and H3N2 flu. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, the annual flu subtype H3N2 no longer contains the strain that caused the Hong Kong flu. (wikipedia.org)
- Type A virus that caused the 1968 Hong Kong flu epidemic has type 3 H protein molecules and Type 2 N protein molecules and is called A (H3N2). (vetcos.com)
- H2N2 is a subtype of the type influenzavirus A. H2N2 has mutated into various strains including the Asian flu strain (now extinct in the wild), H3N2, and various strains found in birds. (influenzavirusnet.com)
HPAI4
- Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), acid residues into the HA0 cleavage site (5). (cdc.gov)
- Influenza A viruses of subtypes H5 and H7 have been ered from wild birds and those causing HPAI outbreaks frequently detected in mammals (16). (cdc.gov)
- influenza (HPAI, formerly termed fowl plague) (1,2). (cdc.gov)
- Outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI, HPAI) H5N2 in chickens have occurred in Taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Birds14
- Virus isolates were characterized with a hemagglutination birds may guide production of vaccines as well as reagents inhibition (HI) assay with turkey erythrocytes and sub- to develop and validate diagnostic tests. (cdc.gov)
- It is an RNA virus whose subtypes have been isolated from wild birds. (wikipedia.org)
- Occasionally, it is transmitted from wild to domestic birds, and this may cause severe disease, outbreaks, or human influenza pandemics. (wikipedia.org)
- This Influenza virus is infectious to all species of animals and birds: Human Influenza, Swine Influenza, Equine Influenza, Avian Flu etc are the different names. (vetcos.com)
- Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
- Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)
- Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
- Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
- In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
- Both do- burden of influenza in middle eastern countries is now of mesticated and wild birds can be infected with AI virus considerable concern. (who.int)
- In St. Jude's biosafety level 3 lab, he and his colleagues infected ducks with the virus, then sacrificed the birds and removed their brains, storing them in formaldehyde for three weeks to kill the active virus. (the-scientist.com)
- Affected species include other mammals and birds, giving influenza A the opportunity for a major reorganization of surface antigens. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- A small number of human infections with avian influenza A viruses have been attributed to exposure to infected wild birds. (cdc.gov)
- Clinical illness associated with human infections with avian influenza A viruses does not necessarily correlate with virus pathogenicity in infected birds. (cdc.gov)
Infect3
- Influenza viruses infect millions of people worldwide and result in ~290,000-650,000 influenza-related deaths each year 1 . (nature.com)
- These viruses are present in the air and infect a person by entering through nose or mouth. (zovon.com)
- When two different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, their protein capsids and lipid envelopes are removed, exposing their RNA, which is then transcribed to mRNA. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Trivalent3
- Sera from individuals vaccinated with the 2010-2011 influenza trivalent vaccines were analyzed for their binding to the HA1 panel and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) activity against influenza viruses with cognate mutations. (cdc.gov)
- Dishjį́diʼ éí azee ąąh alʼįʼdiʼ jigáágo éí achʼąąʼ adáʼatsʼiʼ, azee éí "trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV)" wolyé. (wikipedia.org)
- [15] Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké ya iku vaksin influenza trivalen ( trivalent influenza vaccine [TIV]) kang ngandhut antigen kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. (wikipedia.org)
Viral6
- It is an RNA virus categorized into subtypes based on the type of two proteins on the surface of the viral envelope:[citation needed] H = hemagglutinin, a protein that causes red blood cells to agglutinate. (wikipedia.org)
- Dr. Dugan was an assistant professor of viral genomics at the J. Craig Venter Institute from 2010 to 2012, where she focused on influenza and vector-borne viral genomics, viral evolution and synthetic influenza vaccine development. (cdc.gov)
- 袁碩峰 Abstract: The rapid mutability of influenza virus in conjunction with genomic reassortment between viral strains promotes the virus' ability to evade vaccines and to become resistant to antiviral drugs. (hku.hk)
- This study underscores the medical importance of polymerase functional domains as druggable targets, which may be due to the fact that these targeted areas are not only highly conserved among virus subtypes but also key to viral fitness. (hku.hk)
- Importantly, the established screening platforms for PA endonuclease inhibitors, PB2 cap-binding inhibitors, and PA-PB1 interaction disrupters should advance the development of a category of anti-influenza drugs that target viral polymerase. (hku.hk)
- All influenza A subtypes have been isolated of escaping vaccines or producing novel viral strains from wild bird species ( 3 ). (who.int)
Vaccination2
- Yes, there is some type of vaccines that are helpful in preventing the flu, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), this vaccination against influenza helps in reducing sickness due to the flu, hospitalizations as well as deaths. (gomedii.com)
- Vaccination is the primary method opted for to prevent influenza infections. (springeropen.com)
Proteins2
- Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
- These two proteins determine the subtypes of Influenza A virus. (eenzyme.com)
Epidemics3
- Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
- 2000. The impact of influenza epidemics on hospitalizations. (nationalacademies.org)
- Influenza C viruses are not known to cause serious symptoms or result in epidemics. (zovon.com)
LPAI1
- Subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses that have been virologically confirmed to have infected people include A(H6), A(H7), A(H9), and A(H10) viruses. (cdc.gov)
Antibodies3
- These results collectively show that the RSV A-based monovalent Ad26/preF protein vaccine induced neutralizing antibodies, as well as protection against both RSV A and RSV B subtypes in animals, including by passive transfer of human antibodies alone, suggesting that clinical efficacy against both subtypes can be achieved. (bvsalud.org)
- The globular head domain of influenza virus surface protein hemagglutinin (HA1) is the major target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccines. (cdc.gov)
- Antibodies to HA neutralize virus. (powershow.com)
20231
- Previously, Dr. Dugan was appointed deputy director of the Influenza Division in 2020, and served as acting director of the Influenza Division for six months in 2020 and from June 2021-April 2023. (cdc.gov)
Seasonal Influenza Vaccine1
- Therefore, identifying dominant binding epitopes of HA is critical for selecting seasonal influenza vaccine viruses. (cdc.gov)
Pandemic preparedness1
- Last March, in WHO: Candidate Vaccines For Pandemic Preparedness , plans were announced for the development of a new candidate vaccine virus (CVV) for human use. (blogspot.com)
Abstract1
- ABSTRACT There are few estimates of influenza burden in the WHO Region for the Eastern Mediterranean. (who.int)
Antibody responses2
- Vaccine group 1 had the highest antibody responses to the vaccine virus and the 3rd/5th wave drifted viruses. (bvsalud.org)
- 2. Persistently high antibody responses after AS03-adjuvanted H1N1pdm09 vaccine: Dissecting the HA specific antibody response. (eenzyme.com)
Surveillance5
- In our ongoing influenza A virus surveillance studies in terized by RT-PCR and sequencing. (cdc.gov)
- Prior to being appointed deputy director in 2020, Dr. Dugan served as the deputy branch chief of the Virology, Surveillance and Diagnosis Branch (VSDB) in the Influenza Division beginning in 2016. (cdc.gov)
- Using the electronic Iranian influenza surveillance system and data of cases in sentinel hospitals of 3 selected provinces, we estimated the monthly trend (seasonality) of incidence for SARI and F-SARI, overall incidence of SARI and F-SARI and their disaggregation by age with the aid using the Monte Carlo technique. (who.int)
- Using a combination of active surveillance, screening of virus archives, and evolutionary analyses, here we show that H7 viruses probably transferred from domestic duck to chicken populations in China on at least two independent occasions. (ox.ac.uk)
- This work was funded by the Italian Ministry of Health project "Virological surveillance of epidemic and pandemic influenza" (grant no. 4M13) and by the Emilia-Romagna Region. (blogspot.com)
Activity against influenza viruses1
- Based on these premises, this review emphasizes the commercialized plant products extensively showing effective inhibitory activity against influenza viruses. (springeropen.com)
Strain3
- In April 2003, a Dutch veterinarian working in a farm infected with bird flu virus of H7 strain died of pneumonia. (vetcos.com)
- The emergence of a new strain of influenza virus are responsible for a pandemic. (zovon.com)
- Because the human immune system has difficulty recognizing the new influenza strain, it may be highly dangerous. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Efficacy4
- In addition, microscopic examination post-challenge showed animals immunized with the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines had the least signs of lung injury and inflammation, consistent with the greater relative efficacy of the adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
- Therefore, the breadth of RSVPreF3-AS01-elicited neutralization responses may contribute to vaccine efficacy against contemporary RSV strains and those that may emerge in the future. (bvsalud.org)
- Two generations of Marek's disease vaccines have shown reduced efficacy over the last half century due to evolution of the virus. (bioone.org)
- This review highlighted the efficacy of the commercial products which effectively combat influenza. (springeropen.com)
Hong Kong1
- 1999. The next influenza pandemic: Lessons from Hong Kong, 1997. (nationalacademies.org)
Chickens1
- The chickens inoculated with the virus via the intranasal route, however, survived without showing any clinical signs. (biomedcentral.com)
Response to influenza1
- Our study demonstrates a method to systemically analyze antibody immunodominance in the humoral response to influenza vaccines. (cdc.gov)
Orthomyxoviridae3
- Influenza A virus is the only species of the genus Alphainfluenzavirus of the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. (wikipedia.org)
- I nfluenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae . (eenzyme.com)
- Influenza , kang luwih ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud lelara nular kang disebabaké déning virus RNA saka famili Orthomyxoviridae (virus influenza), kang nyerang unggas lan mamalia . (wikipedia.org)
Genetic4
- Because all influenza viruses are capable of rapid genetic change, avian strains could possibly acquire the ability to spread more easily from person-to-person via direct mutation or via reassortment of genome subunits with human strains during replication in a human, animal or, avian host. (msdmanuals.com)
- Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses. (lookformedical.com)
- Viruses whose genetic material is RNA. (lookformedical.com)
- Her primary research interests include molecular mechanisms of genetic variability of influenza viruses and antiviral susceptibility. (blogspot.com)
Antiviral drugs1
- Vaccines and antiviral drugs are recommended to deal with the situation. (springeropen.com)
Threat8
- In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
- The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
- Considerably more attention has been focused on protecting the public from terrorist attacks than from the far more likely and pervasive threat of pandemic influenza-an event conservatively expected to cause between 2 and 8 million deaths (WHO, 2004a). (nationalacademies.org)
- Therefore, further investigation and monitoring is required to prevent this novel reassortant virus from becoming a new threat to public health. (nature.com)
- Influenza C viruses are less frequently detected and cause mild infections, which are not a threat to public health. (zovon.com)
- Globally, influenza virus infections present a potential threat to human and animal health due to frequent reassortant and novel mutant strains [ 7 ]. (springeropen.com)
- The continual emergence of influenza viruses remains the main threat to human health results in a considerable record of morbidity and mortality. (springeropen.com)
- Recurrent infections of animal hosts with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have posted a persistent threat. (biomedcentral.com)
Preparedness1
- A recent expert consultation convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that "the unpredictability of influenza viruses and the speed with which transmissibility can improve means that the time for preparedness planning is now" (WHO, 2004a). (nationalacademies.org)
Replication1
- Each has 'hotspots' that display an unusual tendency to change as a result of mutation of the virus RNA during imprecise replication sometimes. (vetcos.com)
1918 influenza1
- 2004. Structure of the uncleaved human H1 hemagglutinin from the extinct 1918 influenza virus. (nationalacademies.org)
Genes4
- New strains of flu virus arise not through mutation but through recombination of genes. (vetcos.com)
- Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
- Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
- If this happens, it is possible for the genes of these viruses to mix and create a new virus (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
Swine Influenza2
- Swine influenza virus. (medscape.com)
- Pigs can be infected with both human and avian influenza viruses in addition to swine influenza viruses. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Strains of influenza1
- More than 20 strains of Influenza A viruses are identified, based on their difference in protein spikes. (vetcos.com)
Treatment of influenza1
- The identified antivirals exhibit substantial promise for clinical applications and provide new additions to the arsenal of drugs that are already used for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (hku.hk)