Vaccine immunity antibody receptors hiv. Medical search. Frequent questions

Timeline of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient with HIV/AIDS, California, USA. (cdc.gov)
We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
and monoclonal recombinant antibodies are also currently being pursued for prevention of HIV-1 infection in large Phase IIb clinical trials (NTC02716675 and NCT02568215). (frontiersin.org)
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) display protective potentials against experimental animal infection and thus are believed to be a key component of an effective HIV vaccine. (plos.org)
Following HIV-1 infection, serum neutralizing antibody responses against the evolving autologous viral swarm are generated by the vast majority of infected subjects, usually within the first few months of infection [ 1 - 6 ]. (plos.org)
In 10-30% of infected subjects, antibodies capable of neutralizing not only the autologous virus but also heterologous viruses are generated, usually following several years of infection [ 2 , 5 , 7 - 13 ]. (plos.org)
Vaccine strategies that concentrate on stimulating T cell immunity will at best generate reactive and persisting T cell responses that can suppress virus without preventing infection, limiting or preventing the damage the virus cause. (scielo.br)
Nonetheless, in cases of chronic inflammation and infection as in HIV, rare antibodies with lipid affinity can emerge 5 - 8 . (elifesciences.org)
Using cutting-edge antibody and combinatorial antigen library techniques, Professor Zhang's team aims to characterize protective antibody immunity in infected humans and rationally design of effective vaccines and therapeutics against the viral infection. (tsinghua.edu.cn)
Single intranasal immunization with chimpanzee adenovirus-based vaccine induces sustained and protective immunity against MERS-CoV infection. (tsinghua.edu.cn)
H3N2 influenza infection elicits more cross-reactive and less clonally expanded anti-hemagglutinin antibodies than influenza vaccination. (duke.edu)
Thus, while enhancing effector function is a tractable handle for potentiating antibody-mediated protection from HIV infection, success will depend critically on leveraging understanding of the means by which antibodies with specific functional profiles could be elicited, which effector functions could provide optimal protection, and perhaps most critically, how to efficiently recruit the innate effector cells present at sites of infection. (eurekaselect.com)
Persons with AIDS have one crucial missing part of their immunity, the immune cells, called T cells, that can recognize and kill the infection. (ca.gov)
Thus, without this immunity, the HIV infection persists for years, and to control this infection the patient must take pills for a lifetime. (ca.gov)
The goal of this project is to provide T cells that have been educated to recognize HIV infection and, to maintain high numbers of cells in the blood, to be activated by stimulation with a common virus called cytomegalovirus (CMV). (ca.gov)
CMV is an infection in virtually all adults with HIV infection and can control CMV by means of CMV-reactive T cells. (ca.gov)
Among nursing home residents in two states, SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels waned within months after vaccination, irrespective of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, after monovalent booster vaccination. (cdc.gov)
Antibody response broadened after the COVID-19 bivalent booster for vaccinated nursing home residents among those with and without previous infection. (cdc.gov)
Recent studies suggest that bivalent booster doses provide substantial additional protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19-associated disease among immunocompetent adults who previously received only monovalent vaccines ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
The bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccine substantially increased anti-spike and neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron sublineages, including BA.1 and BA.4/BA.5, irrespective of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or previous receipt of 1 or 2 booster doses. (cdc.gov)
Prof. Annette Oxenius (ETH Zurich, ETH Zurich, Institute of Microbiology) The lab of Annette Oxenius has a longstanding interest in infection immunology both in murine experimental infection models and in humans with particular focus on adaptive immunity. (antibodyx.org)
modulation of HIV-specific immunity by antiretroviral therapy or interruptions thereof and mechanisms of bystander T and B cell activation during HIV infection. (antibodyx.org)
Prof. Alexandra Trkola and Dr. Michael Huber (University of Zurich, Institute of Medical Virology) The Trkola Group and Michael Huber have a longstanding interest in studying the humoral immune response to HIV infection. (antibodyx.org)
HIV is primarily a mucosal infection (see Primer , this issue). (vaxreport.org)
And although the progression of HIV infection is tracked by measuring the number of CD4+ T cells (a subset of immune cells) in the blood, most of the havoc wreaked by HIV is in the moist mucosal surfaces that line several of the body's internal cavities. (vaxreport.org)
Understanding immune responses against HIV at these mucosal surfaces is therefore important in designing AIDS vaccine candidates capable of preventing HIV transmission or in controlling infection once it occurs. (vaxreport.org)
Only a few research groups are currently studying HIV infection at the mucosal level, says Lucia Lopalco of the San Raffaele Scientific Institute in Milan, Italy. (vaxreport.org)
Progress in studying mucosal immunity and HIV infection has been slow, in part, because measuring mucosal immune responses is much more complicated than measuring those produced systemically. (vaxreport.org)
Still, over the past several years, researchers have gained some important insights into the role of mucosal immune responses in HIV infection that could contribute to the development of an AIDS vaccine candidate that stimulates mucosal immunity against the virus. (vaxreport.org)
We recently provided evidence that the generation of endogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs) engineered for the incorporation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 Nucleocapsid (N) protein induced immunity in the lungs of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, which then can survive the lethal virus infection. (nature.com)
Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, he has made significant contributions to our understanding of antibody-spike interactions through in-depth structural analysis that detail the specificities and mechanisms of how monoclonal neutralizing antibodies bind spike to prevent infection. (stanford.edu)
Her most significant scientific contributions have included the identification of determinants of virulence amongst feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) isolates, the development of methods to confirm FIV and feline leukaemia virus infections in diagnostic samples, the identification of vaccine-induced enhancement of FIV infection and elucidation of the mechanism of protection induced by whole inactivated FIV vaccines. (gla.ac.uk)
She has also identified immunological correlates of feline retroviral infection, discovered the primary and co-receptor molecules for FIV infection, and more recently identified the first case of human-to-cat transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK. (gla.ac.uk)
Do the placental barrier, parasite genotype and Toll-like receptor polymorphisms contribute to the course of primary infection with various Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in pregnant women? (springer.com)
Since the induction of IL-12 during type II infection was Myd88-dependent, the involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immunity against these strains was suggested. (springer.com)
2008). He also moved into more in vivo studies, which allowed him to: identify how pathogen-engulfing macrophages are critical to ferrying antigen to B cells in the lymph nodes (Carrasco & Batista, Immunity, 2007), how the depletion of these macrophages after an initial infection can dampen the response to secondary infections (Gaya et al. (ragoninstitute.org)
Dr. Batista's new emphasis on vaccine research has not slowed his basic biological research: he recently described, for the first time, the role of natural killer T cells in initiating the production of high-affinity antibodies after viral infection (Gaya et al. (ragoninstitute.org)
Indeed older people (>65 yrs) take into account 90% from the >35 0 suffering from annual influenza epidemics [4 5 HIV-infected folks are at a considerably higher risk compared to the general people in any way TMC353121 ages for obtaining seasonal influenza an infection despite vaccination TMC353121 and virologic control with mixture antiretroviral therapy (cART) [6-8]. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
Provided the independent harmful effects TMC353121 of maturing and of HIV an infection over the disease fighting capability [15-17] it's important to research the cumulative ramifications of HIV and maturing on immunity e.g. as evaluated by responsiveness to seasonal influenza vaccines. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
In other words, the host organism's immune system doesn't have antibodies for viruses indigenous to other species and thanks to the original virus that is indigenous to the host, molecular features necessary for "optimal" host infection are retained. (science20.com)
In the absence of a vaccine that can elicit broadly protective immunity and prevent infection, and given the lack of major breakthroughs on the horizon to provide one, the idea of conferring potent, sustained vaccine-like protection against HIV infection through gene therapy is certainly worth strong consideration," Nancy Haigwood from the Oregon Health & Science University in the US, who wasn't involved in the study, told the BBC . (sciencealert.com)
Natural anti-CCR5 antibodies can be decisive in preventing HIV infection in mucosal tissues and offer prompt and effective protection just at major sites of virus entry. (biomedcentral.com)
Infection and immunity. (rochester.edu)
It shares many similarities with its human counterpart and is studied to understand correlates of immune-protection and mechanisms of disease progression in cats, both to improve the welfare of infected cats and as an animal model for the pathogenesis of HIV infection in humans. (gla.ac.uk)
By determining the cell tropism of isolated viral variants, it was shown that sick cats were more likely to harbour viruses of the "late" phenotype than healthy animals, similar to the co-receptor switch observed during the progression of HIV infection. (gla.ac.uk)
By assessing the strength and breadth of neutralising antibodies (NAbs), it was shown that NAbs did not appear to influence the course of natural FIV infection, arguing against a role in controlling infection and disease progression. (gla.ac.uk)
Furthermore, in the country where commercial FIV vaccine is licenced, we identified and characterised the virus strain which was likely able to establish infection in vaccinated cat and raised concerns of vaccine's efficacy. (gla.ac.uk)
Vaccines remain the main method of infection control, however their timely implementation and poor immunogenicity in certain vulnerable patient groups remain a considerable problem ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
A longstanding but unfulfilled objective has gone to develop postinfection vaccine strategies that could reboot the disease fighting capability of an contaminated individual with techniques that Cinchonine (LA40221) could enable the contaminated sponsor to develop immune system responses that very clear reservoirs of continual virus infection, treating the sponsor of infection effectively. (acp2018.org)
The RV144 HIV-vaccine trial highlighted the importance of envelope-specific non-neutralizing antibody (nNAb) Fc-mediated functions as immune correlates of reduced risk of infection. (edctpalumninetwork.org)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain infections and cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
HIV infection can be diagnosed by antibody, nucleic acid (HIV RNA), or antigen (p24) testing. (msdmanuals.com)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Infants and Children Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is caused by the retrovirus HIV-1 (and less commonly by the related retrovirus HIV-2). (msdmanuals.com)
Determinants of immunity to influenza infection in man. (cdc.gov)

However, immunization with recombinant gp120 does not elicit neutralizing antibodies against multiple HIV-1 isolates, and failed to demonstrate efficacy in recent clinical trials. (scielo.br)
Current human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) vaccines elicit strain-specific neutralizing antibodies. (duke.edu)
All vaccine preparations were conceived to elicit anti-Spike protein immune responses, and their effectiveness relies on the generation of neutralizing antibodies. (nature.com)
Following this training, he completed postdoctoral research at the California Institute of Technology, where he combined biophysical methods with in vivo approaches to understand how viruses such as HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infect host cells and elicit specific humoral immune responses (P. Bjorkman). (stanford.edu)
Although influenza vaccines elicit both mobile and humoral replies [18] immune security is basically correlated with post-vaccination serum antibody (Ab) titers [19]. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
We can make a mimic of the antigen that will elicit the same type of antibodies we initially studied," says Wilson. (fieldofscience.com)

SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus that has a trimeric spike (S) protein in its viral membrane resembling other enveloped RNA viruses such as HIV, RSV and Influenza. (pharma-industry-review.com)
Professor Zhang has devoted 30 years to studying HIV-1 pathogenesis and vaccine development, and recently expanded his research into emerging and re-emerging human viral pathogens such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Ebola and Zika virus, and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI). (tsinghua.edu.cn)
A Prevalent Focused Human Antibody Response to the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Head Interface. (duke.edu)
Novel animal influenza viruses emerge, initiate pandemics, and become endemic seasonal variants that have evolved to escape from prevalent herd immunity. (duke.edu)
Here he aims to derive information on the type, frequency and modes of induction of heterotypic antibodies that considered pivotal for the creation of a much-needed pan-influenza vaccine. (antibodyx.org)
The lab's mouse lines have generated new insights into vaccination strategies for currently intractable pathogens, such as malaria, influenza, and HIV (e.g. (ragoninstitute.org)
Conclusions In ageing HIV-infected and uninfected ladies activated CD4 and pTfh cells may compromise influenza vaccine-induced antibody response for which a mechanism of TNFα-mediated impairment of pTfh-induced IL-21 secretion is definitely postulated. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
Seasonal influenza vaccination is preferred for elderly aswell as HIV-infected people to lessen influenza-related morbidity and mortality [9] but immune system response to influenza vaccination is generally TMC353121 impaired in both these high-risk populations [10-13]. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
In a report of vaccine reactions towards the pandemic H1N1/09 influenza vaccine in HIV contaminated young individuals impaired vaccine reactions were connected with faulty function of pTfh and in the IL-21/IL-21R program [27 28 In physiologic ageing impaired Ab reactions to seasonal influenza vaccination have already been largely related to intrinsic B TMC353121 and T cell. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. (frontiersin.org)
We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
In a pandemic, a new influenza virus emerges and infects the human population which has little or no pre-existing immunity ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
A much more promising strategy is to use recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza and several are currently in clinical development ( 9 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
In this review we use influenza vaccine as a model in a discussion of the different mechanisms of action of the available adjuvants. (smw.ch)
Influenza vaccine immunology. (smw.ch)
Chiu C, Wrammert J, Li GM, McCausland M, Wilson PC, Ahmed R. Cross-reactive humoral responses to influenza and their implications for a universal vaccine. (smw.ch)
Influenza pandemic occurs when a new influenza virus emerges and spreads around the world, and most people do not have immunity. (who.int)
Influenza viruses evolve constantly, and twice a year WHO makes recommendations to update the vaccine compositions. (who.int)
For the 2016-2017 northern hemisphere influenza season, the vaccine formulation was updated in February 2016 to contain two types, A viruses (H1N1 and H3N2), and a type B virus. (who.int)
Seasonal influenza outbreaks are caused by small changes in viruses that have already circulated, and to which many people have some immunity. (who.int)
A pandemic occurs when an influenza virus emerges that most people do not have immunity from because it is so different from any previous strain in humans. (who.int)

mostly by employing serologic methodologies and monoclonal antibody isolation and characterization. (plos.org)
This research is exemplified by a technology he co-developed on monoclonal antibody discovery without screening. (antibodyx.org)
The panel makes a conditional recommendation for interleukin (IL)-6 receptor antagonist monoclonal antibody treatment and high-flow nasal oxygen or continuous positive airway pressure in patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure. (bvsalud.org)

This could be of key importance in a pandemic as it can decrease the number of antigens required per dose, boosting the manufacturing capacity and eventually providing global access to the live-saving COVID 19 vaccine. (pharma-industry-review.com)
Innate and adaptive immune system: Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. (pathfinderacademy.in)
We developed a CD8 + T-cell-based vaccine platform based on intramuscular (i.m.) injection of a DNA vector coding for antigens of interest fused at the C-terminus of a biologically inactive Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Type 1 Nef protein (Nef mut ) having an unusually high efficiency of incorporation into EVs. (nature.com)
The mRNA vaccines can encode multiple antigens, strengthening the immune response against pathogens and enabling the targeting of multiple microbial variants [19] . (researchgate.net)
they may also play other roles in immune regulation and homeostasis, through their ability to bind host antigens, surface molecules and receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Human serum usually contains natural IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies, generated independently of any exposure to foreign antigens or vaccines or elicited in the course of infectious or autoimmune diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
B-1 cells are found in peritoneal and pleural cavities where they provide first-line defence through antibodies able to bind polysaccharide antigens and repeated motifs that are typically found in microbial cell walls and macromolecules [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In other words, if the antigen-antibody reaction is compared to a "key-and-lock" model, natural antibodies found in human secretions act as "passe-partout" keys to offer a background protection against most pathogens, food antigens and microbes, before the antigen-specific response can develop [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

These Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions provide a direct link between the innate and adaptive immune systems by combining the potent antiviral activity of innate effector cells with the diversity and specificity of the adaptive humoral response. (frontiersin.org)
The Fc receptor-dependent function of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) provides mechanisms for clearance of virus and virus-infected cells, as well as for stimulation of downstream adaptive immune responses by facilitating antigen presentation, or by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. (frontiersin.org)
Antibodies are a key component of the human adaptive immune system, and the elicitation of antibodies has been correlated with vaccine efficacy in many diseases ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions are also involved in activation of downstream adaptive immune responses by facilitating antigen presentation or by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators ( 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to foster interdisciplinary basic, translational, and clinical research that will define Natural Killer (NK) cell functions and interactions with other components of the innate and adaptive immune system affecting the potency and durability of HIV-1-specific immunity, including vaccine efficacy, reservoir size, reactivation or post-treatment control. (nih.gov)
Current research strategies aiming to prevent, control or eradicate HIV emphasize the adaptive arm of the immune system, harnessing effector functions of cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, B cells and antibodies to attack HIV and HIV-infected cells. (nih.gov)
Immunological memory, or the ability of the adaptive immune response to recognize previously encountered pathogen epitopes with exquisite specificity and speed, is a fundamental principle in vaccine development, yet this process takes days to weeks to develop. (nih.gov)
Antibodies act as a nexus between innate and adaptive immunity: they provide a means to engage a spectrum of innate immune effector cells in order to clear viral particles and infected cells and prime antigen presentation. (eurekaselect.com)
Specific, monoreactive antibodies from the adaptive B-cell system (the large, B-2 subset) are produced later, after the activation and recruitment of T-cells. (biomedcentral.com)

CD8 + T cells play a critical role in immunity to viruses. (mdpi.com)
Prof. Lars Hangartner (University of Zurich, Institute of Medical Virology) Lars Hangartner's Research Group has been focused on the development of vaccines against antigenically instable or persistency-prone viruses that are not readily controlled by antiviral antibodies. (antibodyx.org)
He also investigated interactions between exogenous and endogenous viruses, antibody-mediated cellular immune responses, and humoral immune responses against the conserved epitopes of highly variable viruses. (antibodyx.org)
Now, the Barnes laboratory investigates viral-host interactions and translates knowledge of the structural correlates of antibody-mediated neutralization of viruses into the rational development of highly protective antibodies. (stanford.edu)
Research in our lab is aimed at defining the structural correlates of broad and potent antibody-mediated neutralization of viruses. (stanford.edu)
She conducts research in infectious disease pathogenesis, diagnostics and vaccine development, with a focus on feline viruses. (gla.ac.uk)

Antiviral activities of antibodies may either be dependent only on interactions between the antibody and cognate antigen, as in binding and neutralization of an infectious virion, or instead may require interactions between antibody-antigen immune complexes and immunoproteins or Fc receptor expressing immune effector cells. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we discuss the properties of Fc receptors, antibodies, and effector cells that influence ADCP. (frontiersin.org)
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) will support basic, translational, and clinical research to improve the understanding of the effector or immunoregulatory potentials of NK cells for HIV prevention, control and/or eradication. (nih.gov)
In vivo, even neutralizing antibodies rely on their ability to act as molecular beacons and recruit innate immune effector cells in order to provide protection, and results from both human and macaque studies have implicated these effector functions in vaccinemediated protection. (eurekaselect.com)
Trkola and Huber contributed as well to the understanding of the mechanism of HIV neutralization and escape, envelope evolution, effector functions of the humoral immune response to HIV and elicitation and affinity maturation of bnMAbs. (antibodyx.org)
Involved in a variety of effector and regulatory functions such as phagocytosis of immune complexes and modulation of antibody production by B-cells. (cusabio.com)

In this study, we compared immune responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 vaccine in patients with solid tumors ( n = 53) who were on active cytotoxic anti-cancer therapy to a control cohort of participants without cancer ( n = 50). (nature.com)
Similar patterns were observed for spike protein-specific serum antibodies and T cells, but the magnitude of each of these responses was diminished relative to the control cohort. (nature.com)
In most patients with cancer, we detected spike receptor-binding domain and other S1-specific memory B cell subsets as potential predictors of anamnestic responses to additional immunizations. (nature.com)
At 1 week after a third immunization, 16 participants demonstrated a median threefold increase in neutralizing antibody responses, but no improvement was observed in T cell responses. (nature.com)
For example, patients with autoimmune conditions or chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with B cell-depleting antibodies have predictably diminished humoral responses to vaccination, whereas responses by patients on anti-TNF therapies are less affected 6 , 7 . (nature.com)
Notably, organ transplant recipients mount very poor antibody responses to the first mRNA immunization relative to healthy individuals 10 , which increase somewhat after the second immunization 8 . (nature.com)
Similarly, in patients with cancer with solid or hematological malignancies, antibody responses are markedly diminished after the first immunization but improve somewhat after the second 9 . (nature.com)
It is likely that a successful vaccine against HIV will need to stimulate the innate immune system, generate high levels of neutralising antibody, strong cellular immune responses, and mucosal immunity. (ox.ac.uk)
However, in addition to the problems of generating neutralising antibodies and mucosal immunity, the difficulty of inducing broad cellular responses able to protect against all clades of HIV, remains an important issue. (ox.ac.uk)
The vaccine was safe and well tolerated, induced potent serum IgG & IgA responses waning post last vaccination, and low and intermittent mucosal IgG, but did not induce neutralizing activity neither in serum nor vaginal samples. (europa.eu)
Anti-HIV-1 T cell responses are evaded by continuous mutation of the virus. (scielo.br)
Allo-Specific Humoral Responses: New Methods for Screening Donor-Specific Antibody and Characterization of HLA-Specific Memory B Cells. (duke.edu)
The immunologic response after receipt of bivalent boosters among nursing home residents, who often mount poor immunologic responses to vaccines, remains unknown. (cdc.gov)
Lopalco also points out that researchers are getting a late start at studying the types of immune responses that could effectively block HIV at mucosal sites. (vaxreport.org)
Measuring immune responses in mucosal tissues can be difficult, especially within the context of an AIDS vaccine clinical trial. (vaxreport.org)
While this sponge method may help researchers get around some of the problems with collecting mucosal antibodies, measuring cellular mucosal immune responses at these sites is still challenging. (vaxreport.org)
In addition, we are investigating antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and related zoonotic coronaviruses (CoV), with the related goal of developing broadly-protective immunotherapies and vaccines against variants of concern and emerging CoV threats. (stanford.edu)
This body of work still influences ongoing research into the production of high-affinity antibody responses. (ragoninstitute.org)
In 2016, he joined the Ragon Institute to start a new research program applying his expertise in B cells and antibody responses to vaccine development. (ragoninstitute.org)
This optimism is built on recently published studies demonstrating the efficacy of mRNA vaccines in combatting several types of cancer and infectious pathogens where conventional vaccine platforms may fail to induce protective immune responses. (researchgate.net)
Taken together, sponsor immunity protects against HCMV disease during major disease mainly, but sponsor immune system responses are inadequate to very clear continual reservoirs in contaminated hosts, despite extraordinarily huge HCMV-specific T cell reactions (11) as well as the induction of neutralizing antibodies against multiple HCMV glycoproteins (4, 12,C14). (acp2018.org)

Our that attenuate monoclonal and serum antibody neutralization. (cdc.gov)
to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies. (cdc.gov)
The work provides insights into how broadly neutralizing antibodies associate with lipids proximal to membrane-associated epitopes to drive neutralization. (elifesciences.org)
Engineered mutations to the 10E8 paratope at light-chain solvent-exposed residues that add positive charge or hydrophobic sidechains proved to increase antibody association to anionic phospholipid vesicles in vitro and also boosted neutralization potency 27 . (elifesciences.org)
Omicron mutations enhance infectivity and reduce antibody neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles ' by Syed, A., et al. (asm.org)
Structural Basis for Neutralization and Protection by a Zika Virus-Specific Human Antibody. (tsinghua.edu.cn)
Determination of the structure of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein (Kwong 1998 Nature 393, 648-659), provided a physical map of the primary target of neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 and showed how gp120 conformational diversity can prevent antibody-mediated neutralization (Kwong 2002 Nature 420, 678-682) and how N-linked carbohydrates can form an "evolving glycan shield" (Wei 2003 Nature 422, 307-312). (nih.gov)
Structural definition of a conserved neutralization epitope on HIV-1 gp120. (openwetware.org)

On the basis of these data, in December 2020, both the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines were granted emergency use authorization by regulatory agencies in North America. (nature.com)
In February 2020 GSK announced its collaboration with Clover to develop a COVID-19 vaccine and has now also co-announced the human trials start of the S-Trimer vaccine (SCB-2019) in combination with GSKs pandemic adjuvant system. (pharma-industry-review.com)
In May 2020, I also interviewed Mikovits about the possibility of these vaccines causing reproductive harm and other health problems. (fromthetrenchesworldreport.com)

Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have shown high efficacy, but immunocompromised participants were excluded from controlled clinical trials. (nature.com)
Independent clinical trials demonstrated 94-95% vaccine efficacy against symptomatic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 for both the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA-based vaccines 3 , 4 . (nature.com)

Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions are important components of the immune response that provide mechanisms for clearance of infected host cells, immune complexes, or opsonized pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Natural antibodies (Abs) can target host glycans on the surface of pathogens. (duke.edu)

Recent experiments in macaques and man suggest that a prime boost regimen using DNA and recombinant pox virus is highly effective at stimulating cellular immunity. (ox.ac.uk)
We report that the variable domains of recombinant HIV-1 Env immunogens activate a large number of B cell clones that give rise to many non-neutralizing antibodies, and that removing the variable domains from the immunogen reduces the number of activated B cell lineages and leads to the development of autologous neutralizing antibodies, a step towards bNAb-production. (plos.org)

Early efforts to develop HIV vaccines attempted to use the virus glycoprotein, gp120, to induce neutralising antibody, but did not take into account the trimeric structure of the native glycoprotein or the complex nature of the CD4 and chemokine receptor binding sites. (ox.ac.uk)
A conserved HIV gp120 glycoprotein structure involved in chemokine receptor binding. (openwetware.org)

A better understanding of how antibodies develop membrane affinity and target membrane-proximal epitopes would be impactful for antibody therapeutics, auto-immunity, and vaccine development 10 - 12 . (elifesciences.org)
exploration of chalcones and related heterocycle compounds as ligands of adenosine receptors: therapeutics development. (longdom.org)

The adjuvant use is expected to enhance the immune response of Clover's SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate S-Trimer vaccine (SCB-2019). (pharma-industry-review.com)
Generally, the Trimeric S protein SARS-CoV-2 is binding to the host cell surface receptor ACE2 and eventually penetrates into the host, inducing various sometimes fatal levels of immune response. (pharma-industry-review.com)
It is generated by a rapid mammalian cell-culture expression mechanism and is expected to trigger controlled immune response antibody production aiming durable immunity against SARS-CoV-2. (pharma-industry-review.com)
however, reduced effectiveness of monovalent vaccines during the period of Omicron variant predominance led to recommendations for booster doses with bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines that include an Omicron BA.4/BA.5 spike protein component to broaden immune response and improve vaccine effectiveness against circulating Omicron variants ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
These and other studies - including the determination of the crystal structure of the entire spike ectodomain (Pancera 2014 Nature 514, 455-461) and the determination of the crystal structure of fully glycosylated envelope trimers (Stewart-Jones 2016 Cell 165, 813-826) - have led to an understanding of the molecular trickery that protects HIV-1 from the humoral immune response. (nih.gov)
Vaccines offer the potential to prime a pathogen-specific immune response and subsequently reduce disease burden. (smw.ch)
The vaccine-induced immune response is influenced by: (i.) vaccine factors i.e., type and composition of the antigen(s), (ii. (smw.ch)

A potent class of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targets the envelope glycoprotein's membrane proximal exposed region (MPER) through a proposed mechanism where hypervariable loops embed into lipid bilayers and engage headgroup moieties alongside the epitope. (elifesciences.org)
We sought to address this phenomenon for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) 4E10, PGZL1, 10E8, and LN01 of unique lineages which all target the semi-concealed membrane-proximal epitope region (MPER) 13 - 16 of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). (elifesciences.org)
HIV-1 envelope gp41 broadly neutralizing antibodies: hurdles for vaccine development. (duke.edu)
In particular, they contributed to the discovery of several potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnMAbs). (antibodyx.org)
One line involves understanding the B cell pathways that produce broadly neutralizing antibodies and seeking to replicate their development. (nih.gov)
We've observed select broadly neutralizing antibodies to develop similarly in multiple donors (e.g. (nih.gov)
A third line involves the structure-based engineering of the trimeric spike ectodomain into immunogens with the ability to stimulate the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies. (nih.gov)
Discovery of O-Linked Carbohydrate on HIV-1 Envelope and Its Role in Shielding against One Category of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. (openwetware.org)

The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole viral target of bnAbs, but is also targeted by binding, non-neutralizing antibodies. (plos.org)
Because of its surface-exposed location, the glycoprotein gp120 which is anchored to the viral surface by gp-41, a transmembrane unit, seemed a natural first choice as a subunit vaccine candidate. (scielo.br)
The antigenic structure of the HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein. (openwetware.org)
Structure of an HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4 receptor and a neutralizing human antibody. (openwetware.org)

This valuable study reports multi-scale molecular dynamics simulations to investigate a class of highly potent antibodies that simultaneously engage with the HIV-1 Envelope trimer and the viral membrane. (elifesciences.org)
A new drug candidate is so potent against all strains of HIV , researchers think it could work as a new kind of vaccine. (sciencealert.com)

Antibodies can exert their protective functions via a multitude of mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) isolated from infected subjects display protective potential in animal models. (plos.org)
The study aimed to determine benefits of annual chemotherapy of schistosomiasis on development of protective immunity in school children in a selected endemic rural area in Zimbabwe. (edctpalumninetwork.org)

In view of the quite low mutation rate of the N protein, the present vaccine strategy has the potential to control the replication of all emerging variants. (nature.com)
Developed by researchers from more than a dozen research institutions and led by a team at the Scripps Research Institute in the US, the drug is effective against doses of HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus ) that have been extracted from humans or rhesus macaques - including what researchers consider to be the 'hardest-to-stop' variants. (sciencealert.com)

Although non-pharmaceutical public health interventions have managed to control outbreaks in some countries, most of the global population will depend upon vaccines to mitigate the pandemic. (nature.com)
The S-Trimer vaccine is also developed with the help of GSK's pandemic adjuvant system offering high neutralizing antibody levels elicited in multiple animal species. (pharma-industry-review.com)
Our deliberate approach is to combine our proven pandemic adjuvant technology with protein-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates from several collaborators. (pharma-industry-review.com)
In the last few years, mRNA used as a vaccine with rapid, scalable, and cost-effective production during the corona pandemic [2]. (researchgate.net)
Passive transfer of serum antibodies from convalescent patients has been used in the past ( 7 , 8 ), however, this approach is of limited use in a global pandemic emergency. (frontiersin.org)

Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 67% of patients with cancer after the first immunization, followed by a threefold increase in median titers after the second dose. (nature.com)
Serial testing of anti-spike protein antibody binding and neutralizing antibody titers in serum collected from 233 long-stay nursing home residents from the time of their primary vaccination series and including any subsequent booster doses, including the bivalent vaccine, was performed. (cdc.gov)
Following Cinchonine (LA40221) vaccine-mediated increasing of antibody titers to viral interleukin-10, there is modest proof for improved immunological control of the pathogen following vaccination. (acp2018.org)

Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene fragments, whereas jawless fish (agnathans) assemble diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes through the genomic rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - encoding molecules. (scielo.br)
The major type of antibody in most mucosal secretions is known as immunoglobulin A or IgA, according to Jiri Mestecky of the University of Alabama at Birmingham. (vaxreport.org)

B cells expressing high affinity antigen receptors are advantaged in germinal centers (GC), perhaps by increased acquisition of antigen for presentation to follicular helper T cells and improved T-cell help. (duke.edu)
a3 adenosine receptor agonists containing dopamine moieties for enhanced interspecies affinity. (longdom.org)
The antibody was affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogen. (cusabio.com)
Low affinity receptor. (cusabio.com)

HIV represents a major health and economic burden for CA. In 2016, CA had the highest number of newly diagnosed HIV cases in the US. (ca.gov)
We found the N-terminal eight residues of the fusion peptide to be a region targeted by neutralizing antibodies (Kong 2016 Science 352, 828-338. (nih.gov)
experiencia en el diagnÃ³stico y tratamiento de tumores del sistema nervioso central en niÃ±os menores de 2 aÃ±os en el hospital pediÃ¡trico baca ortiz-quito-ecuador, 2016-2019. (longdom.org)

Administration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines leads to the production of extraordinarily high levels of anti-Spike antibodies in serum 1 , 2 . (nature.com)

Based on crystallographic studies of gp120 molecules from HIV-1 and SIV and on studies of antibody structures, a number of strategies are being pursued to induce broadly neutralizing anti-gp120 antibodies. (scielo.br)
In the process of engaging the antigen, antibodies complementarity-determining regions (CDR) may need to navigate interactions with or concealment by lipid molecules. (elifesciences.org)
More recently, his group developed spatially explicit simulations of lymphocyte dynamics in lymphatic tissue, and models to estimate how many antibody molecules are required to neutralize HIV. (antibodyx.org)

Historically, NK cells have been considered part of the innate immune system, recognizing and eliminating virus-infected or tumor cells either directly by release of cytotoxic granules or indirectly by cytokine release and facilitation of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (nih.gov)

We are encouraged by the pre-clinical data of this adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine candidate from Clover and look forward to reviewing the data from this first trial. (pharma-industry-review.com)

Fifty-one vaccine candidates were designed mainly to mimic fusion intermediate conformations of gp41 and in some instance to increase exposure of the 2F5/4E10 epitopes. (europa.eu)
Another design strategy was developed using gammaretroviruses backbone where 2 domains were substituted with HIV epitopes in the N-terminal part of the ectodomain and the membrane proximal external region (MPER) respectively. (europa.eu)
Antibodies can target epitopes on integral membrane proteins very near to the lipid bilayer surface, even those partially embedded within the headgroup region. (elifesciences.org)

Our findings demonstrate that a single intramuscular injection in mice of AAV encoding R1a-B6 fused to Fc fragments of different isotypes equipped either, with or without antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, was able to drive sustained high-level expression (0.5-1.1 mg/mL) in sera with no evidence of reduction for up to 6 months. (frontiersin.org)
We hypothesized that higher HIV-specific antibody titres and detection reflected corresponding increased antibody-dependent neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis (ADNP) and NK-cell-activated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) activities. (edctpalumninetwork.org)

Structure of a V3-containing HIV-1 gp120 core. (openwetware.org)
Structures of HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoproteins from laboratory-adapted and primary isolates. (openwetware.org)
Structure of HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 domain with broadly neutralizing antibody PG9. (openwetware.org)
Structural basis of immune evasion at the site of CD4 attachment on HIV-1 gp120. (openwetware.org)
Energetics of the HIV gp120-CD4 binding reaction. (openwetware.org)
CD4-binding obstacles in conformational transitions and allosteric communications of HIV gp120. (openwetware.org)
Interaction Analysis between HIV gp120 and the Antibodies by Fragment Molecular Orbital Method. (openwetware.org)
The Molecular Basis of pH-Modulated HIV gp120 Binding Revealed. (openwetware.org)
Human Anti-HIV-1 gp120 Monoclonal Antibodies with Neutralizing Activity Cloned from Humanized Mice Infected with HIV-1. (openwetware.org)
Cryo-EM structure of a CD4-bound open HIV-1 envelope trimer reveals structural rearrangements of the gp120 V1V2 loop. (openwetware.org)
They reveal the crystal structure of the virus surface protein gp120 from the simian immunodeficiency virus, which is closely related to HIV.The researchers studied the structure of the protein as it is before it binds to a helper T cell, a type of immune cell that HIV infects. (fieldofscience.com)

Antiretroviral drug therapy (ART) suppresses HIV to undetectable levels but does not eradicate the cellular reservoirs of the virus. (ca.gov)
Cellular interleukin-10 (cIL-10) can be an anti-inflammatory cytokine that's considered a get better at regulator from the immune system because of its negative and positive results on cells bearing the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) (2). (acp2018.org)

Env-based immunogens tested so far in various animal species and humans have elicited binding and autologous neutralizing antibodies but not bNAbs (with a few notable exceptions). (plos.org)
We studied the evolution of glycan-reactive B cells of rhesus macaques and humans using glycosylated HIV-1 envelope (Env) as a model antigen. (duke.edu)
However, nothing is known about the ability of the N-specific CD8 + T cell immunity in controlling viral replication in the lungs, a major pathogenic signature of severe disease in humans. (nature.com)
It worked against doses of HIV that are way higher than what would be transmitted between humans, and works for at least eight months after injection. (sciencealert.com)
HIV-1 originated in Central Africa in the first half of the 20th century, when a closely related chimpanzee virus first infected humans. (msdmanuals.com)

Following an examination of samples collected from a group of privately owned Australian vaccinates, it was shown that the Fel-O-Vax FIV vaccine did not induce cross-reactive neutralising antibodies. (gla.ac.uk)

This work involves production of monoclonal antibodies, cloning of P. carinii genes (in collaboration with Dr. C.G. Haidaris and Dr. P.J. Haidaris, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and of Medicine), and extensive use of animal models of P. carinii pneumonia. (rochester.edu)

The Chinese company Clover Biopharmaceuticals revealed the start of a randomized, double-blind, human stage Phase I placebo-controlled clinical study to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of its potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate SCB-2019. (pharma-industry-review.com)
In the United States, at the end of 2019, an estimated 1,189,700 people ≥ 13 years were living with HIV, including an estimated 158,500 (13%) people whose infections had not been diagnosed. (msdmanuals.com)

This vaccine has been licensed and is known as the IVX-411 by Icosavax, which began a Phase I/II clinical trial in June 2021, and GBP510 which is being developed by SK Bioscience and is already approved for a Phase III clinical trial in South Korea. (wikipedia.org)
We have succeeded in improving the breadth and potency of HIV-1-neutralzing antibodies, so that the best, such as VRC01.23 (Kwon 2021 Mabs 13:1946918) can neutralize ~95% of our 208-strain cross-clade panel with an IC80 of less than 1 µg/ml. (nih.gov)
In 2021, approximately 1.5 million people were newly infected with HIV, of whom approximately 860,000 (57%) were in sub-Saharan Africa. (msdmanuals.com)
Among people living with HIV in 2021, approximately 85% knew their HIV status and 75% were accessing treatment. (msdmanuals.com)
However, through international efforts, as of 2021, an estimated 28.7 million people living with HIV were accessing antiretroviral therapy (up from 7.8 million in 2010), dramatically reducing deaths and transmission in many countries (see UNAIDS: Global HIV & AIDS statistics - Fact sheet ). (msdmanuals.com)

IMPORTANCE Human being health can be adversely influenced by infections that set up lifelong attacks that tend to be accompanied with an increase of morbidity and mortality (e.g., attacks with HIV, hepatitis C pathogen, or human being cytomegalovirus). (acp2018.org)

and the development of viral vaccines. (gla.ac.uk)
Headquartered in China Clover Biopharmaceuticals is a global, clinical-stage research-based biotech company dedicated to the discovery, development and commercialization of transformative biologic therapies in the fields of oncology, autoimmune diseases, and viral vaccines. (pharma-industry-review.com)

Our findings shed new light into how HIV-1 evades detection from B cells that can produce bNAbs and also provides information that is relevant for the design of optimal immunization strategies. (plos.org)
Other specific initiatives were conducted such as evaluation of the sublingual route for immunization, investigation of the Principal Immunodominant Domain (PID) of gp41, and direct HIV inhibition with an Ag family which demonstrated in vitro antiviral activities comparable to the antiretroviral drug T20 (Fuzeon). (europa.eu)
Especially, they were the first to show that passive immunization delays viral rebound in HIV-infected patients. (antibodyx.org)
Immunization with Pneumocystis Cross-Reactive Antigen 1 (Pca1) Protects Mice against Pneumocystis Pneumonia and Generates Antibody to Pneumocystis jirovecii. (rochester.edu)

Corti D, Lanzavecchia A. Broadly neutralizing antiviral antibodies. (smw.ch)

In a very interesting chapter, Z. PANCER and M. D. COOPER first consider the emergence of lymphocytes as a novel circulatory cell type in vertebrates and then discuss phylogenetic aspects of the superfamily of LRR - containing proteins and their role in immunity. (scielo.br)

We need more scientists who study mucosal immunity. (vaxreport.org)
It is also more difficult to deliver a vaccine directly at mucosal tissues. (vaxreport.org)
McElrath says that in AIDS vaccine trials, mucosal tissue samples are usually only taken from a subset of volunteers. (vaxreport.org)

hiv-associated modulation of serological and immunogenetic features of humoral immunity (doctoral dissertation, science: department of molecular biology and biochemistry). (longdom.org)
Human being cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can be a ubiquitous Rabbit Polyclonal to Smad1 continual pathogen with world-wide seroprevalence prices in adults that range between 50 to 100%, and there is certainly accumulating proof that persistence can be mediated through viral modulation of sponsor immunity, including manipulation from the IL-10R pathway (3, 8,C10). (acp2018.org)

Waning of vaccine-induced immunity plays a role, but antigenic differences between vaccine and mumps outbreak strains could also contribute to reduced vaccine effectiveness. (mdpi.com)
In the present study, sequences of 40 CD8 + T cell epitope candidates, including previously and newly identified, obtained from Jeryl-Lynn mumps vaccine strains were compared with genomes from 462 circulating MuV strains. (mdpi.com)
Due to the sudden and drastic antigenic shifts that are observed in rare/novel hybrid viral strains, making vaccine predictions are no longer possible and pre-designed flu shots are ineffective. (science20.com)
Unlike antibodies , which fail to neutralise a large fraction of HIV-1 strains, our protein has been effective against all strains tested, raising the possibility it could offer an effective HIV vaccine alternative. (sciencealert.com)

Evidence has recently been obtained that two very different recombinatorial systems for lymphocyte antigen receptor diversification appeared at the beginning of vertebrate evolution approximately 500 million years ago. (scielo.br)
The recruitment of T-lymphocyte immunity represents the hallmark of evolution into chronically progressive interstitial disease. (medscape.com)
During lymphocyte development, V(D)J recombination assembles antigen receptor genes from component V, D, and J gene segments. (duke.edu)
But what Farzan's team has discovered is that a particular type of protein found on the surface of white blood cells can actually bind to the surface of the HIV virus in two different places simultaneously, which means that not only does the virus no longer have a chance to change the position of its receptors to escape, it's also being blocked from entering the T lymphocyte cells. (sciencealert.com)

All-atom simulations of 4E10, PGZL1, 10E8 and LN01 docked onto HIV-like membranes consistently form phospholipid complexes at key complementarity-determining region loop sites, solidifying that stable and specific lipid interactions anchor bnAbs to membrane surfaces. (elifesciences.org)
Identification of autoantigens recognized by the 2F5 and 4E10 broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies. (duke.edu)
Dennis Burton and Ian Wilson, immunologists at The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, have looked at 4E10, the most broadly acting HIV antibody known so far. (fieldofscience.com)
The pair hope to use the information to design a vaccine that will stimulate the production of antibodies like 4E10. (fieldofscience.com)

first focus on transcription factors and other parameters, such as cytokine receptor signaling. (scielo.br)
Plasma IL-21 the signature cytokine of T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and CD4 T cell IL-21R were upregulated with seroconversion (≥4 collapse increase in antibody titer). (healthdisparitiesks.org)

The antibody response to HIV-1 in vivo is direct against several viral proteins. (scielo.br)
The modeling platform developed here uncovers insights into lipid participation in antibodies' recognition of membrane proteins and highlights antibody features to prioritize in vaccine design. (elifesciences.org)
These kits can be used to remove endotoxin from proteins,peptides,antibodies,or even DNA samples. (genscript.com)
and Scripps Research Institute researchers for solving the structures of two key proteins that HIV uses to hijack cell machinery. (fieldofscience.com)

We will educate T cells from people living with HIV by inserting a gene that can identify and target HIV-infected cells and placing this gene into their existing CMV-reactive T cells. (ca.gov)
In this interview, Stephanie Seneff, Ph.D., and Judy Mikovits, Ph.D., a dream-team in terms of deep insights into the scientific details, explain the problems they see with gene-based COVID-19 vaccines. (fromthetrenchesworldreport.com)
As noted by Mikovits, we now know that the worst symptoms of COVID-19 are created by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein , and that is the very thing these gene-based vaccines are instructing your body to make. (fromthetrenchesworldreport.com)
A more practical and cost-effective strategy would be to use antibody gene therapy which would provide long term sustainable protection through antibody production within the patient. (frontiersin.org)
Fragment c gamma receptor gene polymorphisms is not associated with breast cancer. (cusabio.com)

The overall objective of EuroNeut-41 was to design a vaccine that raises antibodies able to prevent HIV cell fusion by blocking the virus fusion protein gp41 in its pre-fusogenic conformation. (europa.eu)

Because of this redesign, it can't do that, so it sits there on the ACE receptor, exposed … That allows the immune cells to produce antibodies specific to that place where it should be fusing with the cell, the fusion domain. (fromthetrenchesworldreport.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms4

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs47

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes13

Information Science2

Health Care2

Infection54

Elicit6

Influenza21

Monoclonal antibody3

Antigens8

Adaptive9

Viruses6

Effector6

Responses21

Neutralization8

20203

Efficacy2

Pathogens2

Recombinant2

Chemokine receptor2

Therapeutics2

Immune response7

Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies8

Glycoprotein4

Potent2

Protective3

Variants2

Pandemic5

Titers3

Immunoglobulin2

Affinity4

20163

MRNA-based vaccines1

Molecules3

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity1

Adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine1

Epitopes3

ADCC2

Gp12011

Cellular2

Humans5

Induce1

Immunology1

20192

20215

Morbidity and morta1

Viral vaccines2

Immunization4

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Role in immunity1

Mucosal3

Modulation2

Strains4

Lymphocyte4

4E104

Cytokine2

Proteins4

Gene5

Design a vaccine1

Produce antibodies1