• The vestibular ganglion houses the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons and extends processes to five sensory organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • All auditory information is transduced by only 15,000 hair cells (organ of Corti), of which the so-called inner hair cells, numbering 3,500, are critically important, since they form synapses with approximately 90% of the 30,000 primary auditory neurons (figure 2). (cloudaccess.net)
  • The ear is a sensory Sensory Neurons which conduct nerve impulses to the central nervous system. (lecturio.com)
  • Some of the sensory and motor neurons therefore have functional connections both centrally and peripherally. (ehd.org)
  • The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM. (lookformedical.com)
  • These conditional knock-out mouse mutants have been instrumental in demonstrating that miRNAs are vital for inner ear morphogenesis and development of the sensory epithelia and sensory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Utricle Utricle A membranous sac within the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear. (lecturio.com)
  • The utricle and saccule have sensory areas (acoustic maculae) which are innervated by the vestibular nerve. (lecturio.com)
  • In response to head movement , the otoliths shift causing distortion of the vestibular hair cells which transduce nerve signals to the BRAIN for interpretation of equilibrium. (lookformedical.com)
  • A comprehensive identification of miRNAs in the sensory epithelia and their gene targets will enable pathways of auditory and vestibular function to be defined. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NGS of RNA from inner ear sensory epithelial cells led to the identification of 455 miRNAs in both cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelium, with 30 and 44 miRNAs found in only cochlea or vestibule, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to further identify and characterize miRNAs in the mammalian inner ear, we used NGS for the first time to identify miRNAs in cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The neurosensory structures involved in hearing and equilibrium are located in the membranous labyrinth: the organ of Corti is located in the cochlear canal, while the maculae of the utricle and the saccule and the ampullae of the semicircular canals are located in the posterior section. (cloudaccess.net)
  • The basilar membrane forms the inferior surface of the cochlear canal, and supports the organ of Corti, responsible for the transduction of acoustic stimuli. (cloudaccess.net)
  • The bodies of the cochlear sensory cells resting on the basilar membrane are surrounded by nerve terminals, and their approximately 30,000 axons form the cochlear nerve. (cloudaccess.net)
  • The vestibule contains two communicating sacs (utricle and saccule) of the balancing apparatus. (lookformedical.com)
  • The mammalian inner ear contains sensory organs, the organ of Corti in the cochlea and cristae and maculae in the vestibule, with each comprised of patterned sensory epithelia that are responsible for hearing and balance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The intermediate part of the otic vesicle represents the vestibule, and is divided by a constriction into an anterior part, the saccule, communicating with the ductus cochlearis, and a posterior portion, the utricle, receiving the extremities of the semicircular ducts. (co.ma)
  • The auricle begins to assume its definitive shape around the external acoustic meatus . (ehd.org)
  • The auricle and external acoustic meatus (or external auditory canal) compose the external ear. (medscape.com)
  • The external acoustic meatus (external auditory canal) is formed by cartilage and bone (temporal). (medscape.com)
  • The mandibular condyle sits anterior to the bony portion of the external acoustic meatus (external auditory canal). (medscape.com)
  • The development, cell fate, patterning, and innervation of both the sensory and nonsensory regions of the inner ear are governed by tight regulation involving, among others, transcription factors and microRNAs (miRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The vestibulocochlear nerve is accompanied by the labyrinthine artery, which usually branches off from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery at the cerebellopontine angle, and then goes with the 7th nerve through the internal acoustic meatus to the internal ear. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is the nerve along which the sensory cells (the hair cells) of the inner ear transmit information to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The epithelial lining is at first columnar, but becomes cubical throughout the whole labyrinth, except opposite the terminations of the acoustic nerve, where it forms the columnar epithelium of the macula of the utricle and saccule, of the crista ampullæ, and of the organon spirale. (co.ma)
  • Hair cells of the cristae activate afferent receptors in response to rotational acceleration. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we used Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to identify the most prominent miRNAs in the inner ear and to define miRNA-target pairs that form pathways crucial for the function of the sensory epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results provide further support of the essential regulatory role of miRNAs in inner ear sensory epithelia and in regulating pathways that define development and growth of these cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The utricle communicates with the saccule through the utriculosaccular duct from which the endolymphatic duct arises. (lecturio.com)
  • It is the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti that are responsible for activation of afferent receptors in response to pressure waves reaching the basilar membrane through the transduction of sound. (wikipedia.org)
  • Traversing an extraordinarily thin membrane, the cilia of the hair cells are embedded in the tectorial membrane, whose free end is located above the cells. (cloudaccess.net)
  • The ear is the sensory organ responsible for hearing and the maintenance of equilibrium, via the detection of body position and of head movement. (cloudaccess.net)
  • On the floor of the ductus cochlearis two ridges appear, of which the inner forms the limbus lamine spiralis, whilst the cells of the outer become modified to form the rods of Corti, the hair cells, and the supporting cells of Deiters and Hensen. (co.ma)
  • The inner and outer hair cells are separated from each other by an abundant layer of support cells. (cloudaccess.net)
  • Hair cells of the maculae in the utricle activate afferent receptors in response to linear acceleration, while hair cells of the maculae in the saccule respond to vertically directed linear force. (wikipedia.org)
  • The other two sensory organs supplied by the vestibular neurons are the maculae of the saccule and utricle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hair cells of the maculae in the utricle activate afferent receptors in response to linear acceleration, while hair cells of the maculae in the saccule respond to vertically directed linear force. (wikipedia.org)
  • The sensory areas on the vertical wall of the saccule and in the floor of the utricle. (nih.gov)
  • Hair cells in the saccule and those in the utricle sense linear acceleration in vertical and horizontal directions, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • As part of the inner ear, the vestibular system is responsible for sense of balance, which consists of three semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sensory hair cells (HCs) in the utricle are mechanoreceptors required to detect linear acceleration. (bvsalud.org)
  • The vestibular ganglion houses the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons and extends processes to five sensory organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • While a number of studies have illustrated and analyzed 3D models of inner ears in higher vertebrates, inner ears in fishes have rarely been investigated in 3D, especially with regard to the sensory epithelia of the end organs, the maculae. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In each of the end organs, the sensory epithelium (macula) is overlain by a massive calcium carbonate biomineralisate, the otolith. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is less clear how, or if, vestibular hair cell displacement affects vestibular function. (bvsalud.org)
  • Future studies investigating functional morphology, phylogenetic potential of inner ear features, or evolution of hearing and inner ear specialization in fishes may benefit from the use of 3D models of inner ears and maculae. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This in turn means that orientation patterns are obtained, shown, and compared between species in a purely two dimensionally way irrespective of the natural curvature of the maculae in the ear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As has already been stated by Platt and Popper (1981) [ 3 ], orientation patterns should preferably take into account the three dimensional structure of sensory epithelia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It emerges from the pontomedullary junction and exits the inner skull via the internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • The external acoustic meatus (external auditory canal) is formed by cartilage and bone (temporal). (medscape.com)
  • Whereas the sensory cortical areas are located in the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes, motor functions are largely controlled by the frontal lobe (See Figure 13.7). (foobrdigital.com)
  • The auricle and external acoustic meatus (or external auditory canal) compose the external ear. (medscape.com)
  • The mandibular condyle sits anterior to the bony portion of the external acoustic meatus (external auditory canal). (medscape.com)
  • In the cerebral cortex, the initial processing of sensory perception progresses to associative processing and then integration in multimodal areas of cortex. (foobrdigital.com)
  • The completion of cortical processing through the primary, associative, and integrative sensory areas initiates a similar progression of motor processing, usually in different cortical areas. (foobrdigital.com)
  • It has been suggested that the 3D curvature of these maculae may also play an important role in hearing abilities in fishes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, regulating the canonical Wnt pathway (Licl and IWP2) in vitro also affected hair cell polarity and indicated that Axin2 may be important in this process. (bvsalud.org)