• In this study, we found that RING finger protein 4 (RNF4), a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, is required for the RIPK1 autophosphorylation and subsequent cell death. (mdpi.com)
  • In this context, during any sort of stress condition the alternative reading frame protein p14ARF subtracts MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, from the interaction with p53 in manner to free and stabilise p53 level in the nucleolus of the cell where it inhibits RNA polymerase I activity [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent advances in understanding the molecular events underlying hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) caused by mutations of the genes encoding proteins of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-related signaling pathway have been presented. (springer.com)
  • Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a key component of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor signaling complex that regulates both pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling. (mdpi.com)
  • Upon treatment with Plk1 inhibitors, p53 in tumor cells is activated and induces strong apoptosis, whereas tumor cells with inactive p53 arrest in mitosis with DNA damage. (oncotarget.com)
  • Tumor cells are subjected to stressful internal and external environments, but nevertheless are resistant to apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pathway inference tools were used to interpret these proteins in terms of functionally enriched pathways in the tumor cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • High-throughput quantitative proteomic analysis has previously been used to identify differentially expressed proteins and pathways associated with breast tumor phenotypes [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because of its ability to induce cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in normal and pre-malignant cells, TGFβ has been described as a potent tumor suppressor [ 8 ] [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Accordingly, these kinds of exoproteins are involved in many physiological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor metastasis and host defense [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Apoptotic caspase activity inhibits cell death-associated inflammation. (nature.com)
  • In addition, compared to the mono-treatment, combination of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition with anti-mitotic or DNA damaging agents boosts more severe mitotic defects, effectually triggers apoptosis and strongly inhibits proliferation of cancer cells with functional p53. (oncotarget.com)
  • The linker region between the BIR1 and BIR2 is implicated in the inhibition of caspase-3 and -7 whereas the BIR2 domain inhibits caspase-7 in a non-competitive manner [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 2 , 5 ] MEFV mutation leads to formation of pyrin-marenostrin complex, which interacts with ASC and disrupts the cryopyrin-ASC interaction and specifically inhibits apoptosis and NF-kappa B activation. (medscape.com)
  • We have shown that clusterin directly interacts with TDP-43 in vitro and potently inhibits its aggregation, and observed that in ER stressed neuronal cells, clusterin co-localized with TDP-43 and specifically reduced the numbers of cytoplasmic inclusions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • 2006. Accelerated degradation of FADD and procaspase 8 in cells expressing human papilloma virus 16 E6 impairs TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. (virosin.org)
  • It is best known for its intracellular role in targeting ubiquitylated proteins for degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system. (wikidoc.org)
  • Mechanistically, veliparib or SAHA alone reduced BRCA1 or UHRF1 protein levels, co-treatment with veliparib and SAHA synergistically reduced BRCA1 protein levels by targeting the UHRF1/BRCA1 protein complex, the depletion of UHRF1 resulted in the degradation of BRCA1 protein, while the elevation of UHRF1 impaired co-treatment-reduced BRCA1 protein levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This degradation is mediated by at least two domains indicating the presence of at least two different pathways impinging on ICK1/KRP1 protein stability. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • The proteostasis network (PN) is an assembly of distinct dynamic molecular pathways that control the functionality of the proteome (proteome homeodynamics) during protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation. (hindawi.com)
  • The interaction of sGAG with α2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein (LRPAP1), exportin-1 (XPO1), and serine protease HTRA1 (HTRA1) was confirmed in reverse assays. (degruyter.com)
  • the protein levels of UHRF1 and BRCA1 were measured with western blot or cell immunofluorescent staining, and the interaction of UHRF1 and BRCA1 proteins was detected with co-immunoprecipitation when cells were treated with drugs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Beyond the organelle dynamics, the constant interaction with the ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS) has become an emerging aspect of healthy mitochondria. (hindawi.com)
  • FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
  • Here we used an affinity-purification mass spectrometry-based (AP-MS) approach to identify novel and particularly intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). (degruyter.com)
  • Enrichment analysis for protein localization showed that mainly intracellular and cell-associated interacting proteins were identified. (degruyter.com)
  • The identification of the intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins could help to unravel these functions. (degruyter.com)
  • Following acute membrane damage, MG53 senses an oxidized intracellular environment and forms an oxidation-dependent oligomerization repair complex by tethering to phosphatidylserine domains present on intracellular vesicles and in the inner aspect of the plasma membrane [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have examined in this study whether or not increased expression of clusterin is able to protect neuronal cells against intracellular protein aggregation and cytotoxicity, characteristics that are strongly implicated in a range of neurodegenerative diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
  • During hypoxia, an intricate balance exists between factors that induce or counteract apoptosis, or even stimulate proliferation. (bmj.com)
  • During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
  • Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation. (intechopen.com)
  • Increasing evidence indicates that EBV miRNAs target the host mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and transformation. (ijbs.com)
  • Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a secreted growth and differentiation factor that influences vital cellular processes like proliferation, adhesion, motility, and apoptosis. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Ubiquitin Proteasome System Current Insights into Mechanism Cellular Regu. (intechopen.com)
  • Specifically, the boundary between G1 and S-phase is tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. (intechopen.com)
  • Further we demonstrate that ICK1/KRP1 is an unstable protein and degraded by the 26S proteasome in the nucleus. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • SUMOylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that has been found to play a major role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (frontiersin.org)
  • Signaling is initiated when the Wnt ligand binds to the Frizzled receptor on the cell membrane and the LDL receptor-associated protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) co-receptor. (frontiersin.org)
  • Novel data were reviewed and discussed on the structure and functions of the components of TNFα-related signaling pathway, the consequences of mutations of the genes encoding these proteins, and the prospect for further investigations, which might elucidate the origin of HED. (springer.com)
  • The objectives of this study were to quantify alterations in protein expression in two HER2+ cellular models of breast cancer and to infer differentially regulated signaling pathways in these models associated with the hallmarks of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We observed "protein ubiquitination" and "apoptosis signaling" pathways were both enriched in the two breast cancer models while "IGF signaling" and "cell motility" pathways were enriched in BT474 and "amino acid metabolism" were enriched in the SKBR3 cell line. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While "protein ubiquitination" and "apoptosis signaling" pathways were common to both the cell lines, the observed patterns of protein expression suggest that the evasion of apoptosis in each tumorigenic cell line occurs via different mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cancer cells exhibit a number of common traits that differentiate themselves from normal cells, including sustained proliferative signaling, resisting cell death, and evading growth suppressors [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, relating gene expression with the specific role that the corresponding protein plays in a signaling pathway is complicated by post-transcriptional control of protein expression [ 8 ] and tight regulation of protein activity [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
  • Many of the pro-inflammatory pathways activated during cell death occur upon mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the pivotal commitment point to cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis. (nature.com)
  • Caspases, while dispensable for cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis, inhibit activation of pro-inflammatory pathways after MOMP. (nature.com)
  • Apoptosis can be activated through two pathways: The extrinsic pathway (mediated by death receptors) or the intrinsic pathway (mediated by mitochondria). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our studies revealed that the synergistic lethality of HDAC and PARP inhibitors resulted from promoting DNA damage and inhibiting HR DNA damage repair pathways, in particular targeting the UHRF1/BRCA1 protein complex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Generally, these receptors explain their function on the cell membrane where, after the binding with growth factors or neuregulin undergo to homo or hetero oligomerization with the activation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and the subsequent recruitment of proteins involved in the cytoplasmic signalling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has been reported that RNF4 negatively regulates TNF-α-induced activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) through downregulation of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activity, indicating the possibility that RNF4-mediated TAK1 suppression results in enhanced sensitivity to cell death. (mdpi.com)
  • ΔNp63α has been reported to transcriptionally inhibit the tumour suppression protein p53. (researchsquare.com)
  • NFPs are mainly found in bacteria where formyl modified methionine initiates protein synthesis [ 7 ]. (nature.com)
  • For instance, the association of mitochondria with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in a juxtaposition known as Mitochondria-Associated Membrane (MAM), has an important role in controlling mitochondria biogenesis, Ca 2+ release, and lipid synthesis and apoptosis [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, the control of ribosome assembly and protein synthesis is essential for the survival of cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It catalyzes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome in a GTP-dependent manner during protein synthesis, although it also seems to play a role in other non-translational processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Such transition between active and inactive forms allows for them to serve as molecular switches and to make G proteins suitable for the regulation of a wide range of cellular processes such as signal transduction, cytoskeletal reorganizations, vesicular transport and protein synthesis [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI (Smac/DIABLO) is a proapoptogenic mitochondrial protein that is released to the cytosol in response to diverse apoptotic stimuli, including commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This protein family is comprised by X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), cellular IAP-1 (c-IAP1), cellular IAP-2 (c-IAP2), Testis specific IAP (Ts-IAP), survivin, livin and BRUCE/Apollon [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Smac (Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase) protein, also known as DIABLO (Direct Inhibitor of Apoptosis-Binding protein with LOw pI), is codified by a nuclear gene. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we address the posttranslational regulation of INHIBITOR/INTERACTOR OF CDK 1 (ICK1)/KIP RELATED PROTEIN 1 ( KRP1), an Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana) CDK inhibitor. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), also known as solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4, is a protein encoded, in humans, by the SLC2A4 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The more studied member is XIAP, formed by three BIR (Baculoviral IAP Repeat) domains located in the NH 2 -terminus and one RING (Really Interesting New Gene) domain in the CO 2 H-terminus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Huntington's disease is a genetic neurological disorder caused by a repeated expansion of the CAG trinucleotide, causing instability in the N-terminal of the gene coding for the Huntingtin protein. (benthamscience.com)
  • C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 ( CXCR-4 ) also known as fusin or CD184 (cluster of differentiation 184) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCR4 gene . (wikidoc.org)
  • Here, using Next Generation Sequencing we identified a novel gene fusion event between DAXX and the kinesin motor protein, KIFC3, leading to the translation of a chimeric DAXX-KIFC3 fusion protein. (oncotarget.com)
  • NAD(P)H:quinone reductase (NQO1) and other antioxidant enzymes, whose gene expression are commonly under the regulation of the transcription factor Nrf2, can serve as target proteins utilized toward development of disease-modifying therapy for PD. (en-journal.org)
  • Proteins control gene expression by either binding to specific regions of DNA, or by interacting with other DNA-bound proteins to modulate their function. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • They studied 128 proteins, called trans-acting factors , which are known to regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory regions within the genome. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Before our work, only the combination of two or three regulatory proteins were studied, which oversimplified how gene regulators collaborate to find their targets," Xie said. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Changes in the redox state of cells affect proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in different ways. (hindawi.com)
  • MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
  • These are as follows: sustained proliferative signalling, cell death resistance, replicative immortality, genome instability and increased mutations, tumour-promoted inflammation, insensibility to growth repressors, deregulation of cellular energetics, evasion of immune destruction, induction of metastasis, and promotion of angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)
  • Cancer cells share six features that distinguish them from normal cells: Autocrine production of growth signals, inability to respond to anti-growth signals, sustained angiogenesis, limitless replicative potential, tissue invasion and metastasis, and apoptosis avoidance [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the cytosol, Smac/DIABLO interacts and antagonizes inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), thus allowing the activation of caspases and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In animals, CDK inhibitors are tightly regulated, especially by posttranslational mechanisms of which control of nuclear access and regulation of protein turnover are particularly important. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Apoptosis regulatory proteins are delicately balanced. (bmj.com)
  • In contrast to genomic-based assays, proteomics provides an attractive platform to profile this regulatory layer of protein activity and differences in the level of protein expression [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • G proteins constitute a large superfamily of regulatory proteins that show a high similarity in primary structure and organization of the functional center [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additional regulatory proteins are often required to induce the conformational changes that occur during this cycle: guanine nucleotide exchange factors, which catalyze release of bound GDP and promote its replacement by GTP, and GTPase-activating proteins, which accelerate GTP hydrolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ENCODE, for the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements , project was a five-year collaboration of more than 440 scientists in 32 labs around the world to reveal the complex interplay among regulatory regions, proteins and RNA molecules that governs when and how genes are expressed. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Moreover, we discuss the roles of mitochondrial inflammation during cell death and how these processes may potentially be harnessed therapeutically, for instance to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
  • This review describes recent advances in the role of human HMGB proteins and other proteins interacting with them, in cancerous processes related to oxidative stress, with special reference to ovarian and prostate cancer. (hindawi.com)
  • Commonly used radio- and chemotherapies are prooxidant strategies that alter cancer cells through ROS modulation and induce cell death [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • According to the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of incidence and mortality for 36 cancers in 185 countries produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths occurred worldwide in 2020, and GC ranked fifth (5.6%) and fourth (7.7%), respectively ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause virtually all cervical cancers, the second leading cause of death by cancer among women, as well as other anogenital cancers and a subset of head and neck cancers. (virosin.org)
  • Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death in American males. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer type in women and the second leading cause of cancer-related female deaths in the US [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Understanding the regulation of apoptosis during hypoxia and the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis might lead to more specific treatments for solid tumours. (bmj.com)
  • Evidently, apoptosis is regulated in BT474 via down regulation of Bid and in SKBR3 via up regulation of Calpain-11 as compared to 184A1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutations of these genes are responsible for systemic tooth agenesis, in addition to the defects of other ectodermal structures, and this review is limited to description of the function of their protein products. (springer.com)
  • the tadpoles showed reduced expression of cα(E)-catenin , small muscle protein, dystrophin , and myosin light chain genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After irradiation, the expression of DDR-related genes and proteins in ΔNp63α-expressing and control cells was analysed by RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. (researchsquare.com)
  • Transcriptomic analysis showed decreased RNA expression of cell cycle-related genes and increased expression of programmed cell death-related genes in sip63 cells compared to scr cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • In yet another coup for a research concept known as "big data," researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine have developed a computerized algorithm to understand the complex and rapid choreography of hundreds of proteins that interact in mindboggling combinations to govern how genes are flipped on and off within a cell. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • In this study, the researchers combined data from genomics (a field devoted to the study of genes) and proteomics (which focuses on proteins and their interactions). (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The effector caspases cleave their cellular specific substrates and generate the typical morphology of apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These diseases were reclassified based on the innate immunity mechanisms and the inflammasome, a protein complex containing caspases involved in the proteolytic cleavage of interleukin (IL)-1 precursors to produce active forms of IL-1 (explaining the pathogenesis of fevers in these individuals) (see Table 1). (medscape.com)
  • Cryopyrin (also called NALP3, PYPAF1, or NACHT, leucine-rich repeat [LRR], and PYD domains-containing protein 3) is a member of the APAF-1/NOD1-like protein family, which regulates apoptosis and inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • Proteins associated with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway have been identified as SUMOylated substrates, and evidences suggested that the initiation and progression of cancers depended on the function of the SUMOylation ( 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major subcellular compartment that is involved in protein folding and secretion. (elifesciences.org)
  • Vecchiotti D, Verzella D, Capece D, Nolfi MDV, Di Francesco B, Cornice J, Franzoso G , Alesse E, Zazzeroni F. Biochemical Methods to Analyze the Subcellular Localization of NF-?B Proteins Using Cell Fractionation. (uchicago.edu)
  • Western blot analysis of HD brain tissue shows full-length huntingtin protein in the nuclear fraction as well as abundant immunopositive bands at lower molecular weight, suggesting proteolytic products in the nucleus. (jci.org)
  • ED1 , encoding a ligand-ectodysplasinA-A1 (EDA-A1), EDAR , coding for ectodysplasinA-A1 receptor, EDARADD , programming the structure of EDAR-associated death domain protein and NEMO whose protein product, NFκB essential modulator (NEMO), is necessary for an indirect activation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB). (springer.com)
  • In healthy individuals, cryopyrin and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) interact via the oligomerization of ASC to induce both apoptosis and activate nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, we show that ICK1/KRP1 localizes to different subnuclear domains, i.e. in the nucleoplasm and to the chromocenters, hinting at specific actions within the nuclear compartment. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • This in turn induces the recruitment of adapter proteins (FADD, TRADD o RAIDD) to form the so-called death-inducing signal complex (DISC), which activates caspase-8. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has two main isoforms: TAp63 has an N-terminal TA homologous to that of p53, while ΔNp63 has a truncated but specific TA domain, the expression of which depends on selective promoters. (researchsquare.com)
  • Mammalian oocytes are arrested in the dictyate stage of meiotic prophase I for long periods of time, during which the high concentration of the p53 family member TAp63α sensitizes them to DNA damage-induced apoptosis. (elifesciences.org)
  • HMGB1 is an abundant protein, 10 6 molecules per cell [ 7 ], which has been postulated as a redox sensor [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Evidence in numerous animal models suggests ubiquitin is anti-inflammatory immune modulator and endogenous opponent of proinflammatory damage associated molecular pattern molecules. (wikidoc.org)
  • Tornatore L, Capece D, Sandomenico A, Verzella D, Vecchiotti D, Zazzeroni F, Ruvo M, Franzoso G . The Screening of Combinatorial Peptide Libraries for Targeting Key Molecules or Protein-Protein Interactions in the NF-?B Pathway. (uchicago.edu)
  • Extended subsite profiling of the pyroptosis effector protein gasdermin D reveals a region recognized by inflammatory caspase-11. (salvesenlab.org)
  • SUMOylation of proteins is an important mechanism in cellular responses to environmental stress ( 21 , 22 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The small protein ubiquitin plays a vital role in virtually all aspects of cellular life. (intechopen.com)
  • By identifying many sGAG-specific interacting proteins, our data provide a resource for upcoming studies aimed at molecular mechanisms and understanding of sGAG cellular effects. (degruyter.com)
  • A major dsRNA by these proteins may result in initiation of heli- component of this system is the innate immune response, case activity, concomitant with a conformational change which includes all the host barriers and responses with that leads to recruiting additional cellular factors, includ- broad specificity against pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • As a response not only represents the first barrier against infec- result, different cellular kinases, including the IRF3 kinas- tion but also provides the appropriate signals required for es TBK1 and IKK, become activated. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, pyrin interacts with proline-serine-threonine phosphatase-interacting protein (PSTPIP1), also known as CD2-binding protein 1 (CD2BP1), which is a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein involved in cytoskeletal organization and thereby involved in immunologic cellular interactions. (medscape.com)
  • Cells express a pool of thousands of different proteins that need to be tightly controlled for proper cellular structure, organization, and function. (hindawi.com)
  • Using in vitro and cellular techniques, we present a mVP40 assembly model highlighting two distinct oligomerization interfaces: the (N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD)) in mVP40. (uci.edu)
  • Lipid-specific oligomerization of the Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 is regulated by two distinct interfaces for virion assembly. (uci.edu)
  • Within the last 10 years significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of HED and this is mainly due to the discovery of unknown proteins and the elucidation of their function in signal transduction via the TNFα-related pathway. (springer.com)
  • While the precise mechanism underlying activation of the ALT pathway is unclear, mutations in the chromatin remodeling protein ATRX, histone chaperone DAXX, and the histone variant H3.3 correlate with ALT status. (oncotarget.com)
  • [3] Ubiquitin is a small (76-amino acid) protein highly conserved among eukaryotic cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • The eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha, currently termed eEF1A, is a member of the G protein family, and one of the four subunits that compose the eukaryotic elongation factor 1 [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The maintenance of the steady-state equilibrium between ROS generation and elimination is crucial for cell survival, while its loss causes cell death by different mechanisms triggered by oxidative damage. (hindawi.com)
  • In this review, we summarize the biological function of MG53 with its potential mechanisms in cardiac tissue (Fig. 1 ), discuss current debates regarding the role of MG53 in diabetic cardiomyopathy (Table 1 ), and potential clinical applications of recombinant MG53 protein in the management and treatment of heart diseases (Table 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aggregates are ubiquitinated, although antibodies against huntingtin appear to stain more aggregates than do antibodies against ubiquitin. (jci.org)
  • 3- 5 Therefore, during severe hypoxia or anoxia, the cell initiates a cascade of events that leads to apoptotic cell death, thereby preventing the accumulation of cells with hypoxia induced mutations. (bmj.com)
  • The activity of CDKs is controlled by their binding to coactivator subunits termed Cyclins, as well as by CDK inhibitory proteins termed CKIs. (intechopen.com)
  • But if this is not possible, oxidative stress finally activates signals that will lead to cell death. (hindawi.com)
  • The protein HMGB1 behaves as a redox sensor and its structural changes, which are conditioned by the oxidative environment, are associated with different functions of the protein. (hindawi.com)
  • The DNA damage response (DDR) is a mechanism that protects cells against radiation-induced oxidative DNA damage by causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (researchsquare.com)
  • Ionizing radiation is well known to induce oxidative DNA damage, such as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and consequently trigger the DNA damage response (DDR), including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (researchsquare.com)
  • The DNA guardian protein p53 plays the most important role in DDR: it promotes DNA repair and the elimination of cells that are unable to repair the damage caused by oxidative stresses, including radiation. (researchsquare.com)
  • Cells adapt to this environmental stress, so that after repeated periods of hypoxia, selection for resistance to hypoxia induced apoptosis occurs. (bmj.com)
  • Our previous studies showed that the expression of the monocyte-chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, a chemokine, which triggers the infiltration and activation of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, is abrogated in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive premalignant and malignant cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)
  • The ability of neurons to manage the burden of misfolded proteins and to resist their accumulation into insoluble protein deposits depends critically on the functioning of molecular chaperones. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ageing leads to a gradual dysfunction of the proteostasis network and thus to proteome instability due to accumulation of damaged and/or misfolded proteins [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The key regulator of this process, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), can initiate apoptosis by inducing high concentrations of proapoptotic proteins, such as BNIP3, and can cause stabilisation of p53. (bmj.com)
  • The mutation leads to the abnormal expansion of the production of the polyglutamine tract (polyQ) resulting in the form of an unstable Huntingtin protein commonly referred to as mutant Huntingtin. (benthamscience.com)
  • In addition, Cyclin and CKI proteins are controlled at the level of their destruction. (intechopen.com)
  • Localization to the chromocenters is mediated by an N-terminal domain, in addition we find that this domain may be involved in cyclin binding. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • These data highlight a potentially unrecognized mechanism of DAXX inactivation in ALT positive osteosarcoma and provide rationale for thorough and comprehensive analyses of ATRX/DAXX/H3.3 proteins in ALT positive cancers. (oncotarget.com)
  • The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a major mechanism that detects and alleviates protein-folding stresses in the endoplasmic reticulum. (elifesciences.org)
  • The nucleolus is a subnuclear, non-membrane bound domain that is the hub of ribosome biogenesis and a critical regulator of cell homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A hypoxic environment devoid of nutrients prevents the cell undergoing energy dependent apoptosis and cells become necrotic. (bmj.com)
  • Low ATP concentrations in hypoxic tumour cells disable the apoptotic cascade and induce cell death by necrosis. (bmj.com)
  • Co-administration of both drugs synergistically decreased cell viability and clonogenicity, and synergistically induced cell apoptosis and DNA damage, while had no detectable toxicity to normal prostate epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated cells with limited self-renewal capacity, and membrane rupture is a major cause of cardiomyocyte cell death following injury, membrane repair is a necessary process for preserving cardiomyocyte viability [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On the other hand, both the ectopic and entopic expression of ΔNp63α in apoptosis-sensitive hiPSCs reduced the expression levels of BAX after irradiation and significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells induced by radiation. (researchsquare.com)
  • Both oncoproteins exert pleiotropic functions on their host cells, such as inactivation of the major tumour suppressors, p53 and retinoblastoma protein (pRB), respectively [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
  • It is the second-most abundant protein after actin, comprising 1-3% of the total protein content in normal growing cells [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although dissimilar results have been found, a tissue-specific role of this protein emerges from the data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some studies have suggested a role for this protein in maintaining centriole-nucleated sensory organelles termed primary cilia, and AS is now considered to belong to the growing class of human genetic disorders linked to ciliary dysfunction (ciliopathies). (springer.com)
  • A protein called p63, which is closely related to another protein that suppresses the formation of tumors, plays an essential role in detecting and responding to DNA damage. (elifesciences.org)
  • Genetic mutations in ATRX, DAXX, and H3.3 have been detected in ALT positive cancers, however, a subset of ALT samples show loss of ATRX or DAXX protein expression or localization without evidence of genetic alterations suggesting additional uncharacterized defects in ATRX/DAXX/H3.3 function. (oncotarget.com)
  • During ribosomal RNA processing, ribosomal proteins are incorporated into the pre-ribosomal subunits to form the mature 40S and 60S subunits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The superfamily of G proteins includes three main classes: Ras-like GTPases, G α subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, and the translation elongation factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2014. Are common fragile sites merely structural domains or highly organized "functional" units susceptible to oncogenic stress? (virosin.org)
  • To do so, they coupled findings from 238 DNA-protein-binding experiments performed by the ENCODE project - a massive, multiyear international effort to identify the functional elements of the human genome - with a laboratory-based technique to identify binding patterns among the proteins themselves. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The mRNA/protein expression levels of BAX and p21 were significantly increased in p63-siRNA-treated HMECs (sip63) after X-ray irradiation (4 Gy, 0.7 Gy/min) but not in scramble-siRNA treated HMECs (scr). (researchsquare.com)
  • Nucleolar function of EGR1 is strictly linked to the expression of nucleolar proteins such as nucleophosmin (B23) and alternative reading frame (p14ARF). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Breast tumors can be divided into subtypes using two parameters: (I) At the molecular level based on the protein expression of three receptors: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Basal tumors are characterized by high expression of keratins 5 and 17, laminin, and fatty acid binding protein 7. (biomedcentral.com)