H1N1H5N1H3N2EpidemicsVaccineNeuraminidasePandemicsHemagglutininHumansViralVaccinesProteinsOutbreaksOrthomyxoviridaeInfectionReassortmentOutbreakAntigenic driftPandemic of 1918-1919 killedBirdsAsian FluHong KonH9N2RespiratoryNeutralising antibodies1918-1919PigsPathogensAmong different influenzaIsolatesProteinPneumoniaDeathsHumanGenesEmergeDifferent influenza virusMonoclonalLineagesVaccinationEpidemic2022IllnessPoultryEpidemiologyControl of influenzaOccurSymptomsCases of influenzaImpact of influenzaAnalysis of influenzaSevereComplications
H1N152
- Recently, all 8 genome segments from the 1918 (H1N1) influenza A virus were completely sequenced. (cdc.gov)
- Although the 1918 H1N1 is not considered an avian virus, it is the most avianlike of all mammalian influenza viruses ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
- Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
- Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
- In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
- Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
- Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
- The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918/19 claimed over 40 million lives, and was almost certainly caused by adaptation of an avian H1N1 strain to humans [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
- R1a-B6-Fc fusions of both isotypes gave complete protection against lethal challenge with both pandemic A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 and avian influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). (frontiersin.org)
- The 'Spanish' influenza H1N1 pandemic of 1918-1919 killed an estimated 50-100 million people worldwide 5 . (cdc.gov)
- Although the virus was not isolated during 1918-1919, when the technology was available the genetic sequence was later determined to be an avian-like H1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
- This H2N2 virus was comprised of three different genes from an H2N2 virus that originated from an avian influenza A virus, including the H2 hemagglutinin and the N2 neuraminidase genes, and genes from the human seasonal H1N1 virus 10 . (cdc.gov)
- In 2006, 657 influenza isolates from Australia were antigenically analysed: 402 were A(H3N2), 24 were A(H1N1) and 231 were influenza B viruses. (health.gov.au)
- Continued antigenic drift was seen with the A(H3N2) viruses from the previous reference strains (A/California/7/2004 and A/New York/55/2004) and drift was also noted in some of the A(H1N1) strains from the reference/vaccine strain A/New Caledonia/20/99, although very few A(H1N1) viruses were isolated in Australia in 2006. (health.gov.au)
- The Asian influenza viruses which circulated in man from 1957 to 1968 were H2N2 and the viruses preceding Asian influenza (including the lethal Spanish influenza of 1918) were H1N1, as was the swine influenza pandemic of 2009. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
- We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
- To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. (biomedcentral.com)
- Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
- This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here's an interesting heading: "Inovio Biomedical H1N1 Influenza DNA Vaccines Demonstrate 100% Responses Against Swine Flu in Vaccinated Pigs. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- We are pleased to report our H1N1 preclinical results using pigs, a more natural model for the current influenza pandemic. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- In this study, scientists immunized pigs with consensus H1N1 influenza DNA vaccine candidates on day 0, day 14, and day 28. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- Sera collected on day 28 and day 42, after two or three doses of vaccine, respectively, showed hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers above the protection threshold in 100% of the vaccinated animals against a swine H1N1 virus previously isolated from pigs. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- On-going additional animal studies are testing the ability of Inovio's SynConâ„¢ human H1N1 and swine H1N1 based vaccines to cross-protect from currently circulating human and swine H1N1 viruses as well as the new influenza A/H1N1 of swine origin. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- In a similar collaborative study with scientists from the National Microbiology Laboratory of the Public Health Agency of Canada and the University of Pennsylvania, Inovio previously demonstrated that mice immunized with Inovio's SynConâ„¢ H1N1 DNA vaccine provided 100% protection in a lethal challenge study against an unmatched H1N1 virus that caused the 1918 Spanish flu, which killed over 40 million people worldwide. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- Inovio has created SynConâ„¢ DNA vaccines based on influenza HA, NA, and NP proteins that are common to strains H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, and H5N1, which make up the majority of seasonal and pandemic influenza. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- Let's hope that we have enough H1N1 vaccine to go around the world so that we don't suffer mass fatalities from this swine flu pandemic. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- The history of influenza pandemics began with the H1N1 "Spanish Flu" strain of 1918-1919 that killed an estimated fifty million people [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- This was followed by other less severe strains, the H2N2 "Asian influenza" of 1957-1958, H3N2 "Hong Kong flu" of 1968-1969, and H5N1 "bird flu" in 2006-2007, and recently the H1N1 "swine flu" of 2009-2010. (biomedcentral.com)
- not only did it emerge on the ` wrong ' continent, it came from the `wrong' host ( pigs ), and was of the ` wrong ' subtype ( H1N1 ). (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- Is there a difference between being diagnosed with Influenza A and H1N1? (virology.ws)
- Burioni, Roberto title: A Non-VH1-69 Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against H1N1 and H5N1 Viruses date: 2012-04-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034415 sha: 6b51562f63de5739f2b7ebf5f9c34365ac6ee545 doc_id: 807 cord_uid: fcffl6m4 Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic, potentially devastating pandemics. (distantreader.org)
- Furthermore, we describe its protective activity in mice after lethal challenge with H1N1 and H5N1 viruses suggesting a potential application in the treatment of influenza virus infections. (distantreader.org)
- Subtypes which have in the past caused pandemics include the influenza A H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses, while the H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses continue to cause epidemics as seasonal influenza viruses. (health.govt.nz)
- Reacts with NP of all influenza A viruses so far tested, including seasonal H2N2, H3N2(A/Sydney/5/1997), and H5N1(A/crow/Kyoto53/2004), H5N1 (A/duck/Egypt/D2br10/07), H5N1(A/duck/HK/342/78), H5N2(A/crow/Kyoto/53/04), H9N1, H9N2 (A/Turkey/Wisconsin/1/66) and H1N1 (seasonal: A/New Caledonia/20/99. (abcam.com)
- After the 1918 pandemic, H1N1 variants circulated for 39 years before being replaced by an H2N2 virus in 1957. (atrainceu.com)
- In 2009, a new strain of H1N1 influenza emerged and caused a worldwide pandemic in which an estimated 280,000 people died. (atrainceu.com)
- A) H1N1 indicates virus with hemagglutinin subtype 1 and neuraminidase subtype 1. (atrainceu.com)
- The 1918 influenza pandemic, caused by an H1N1 influenza subtype came on suddenly in March of 1918 and spread rapidly throughout the world. (atrainceu.com)
- A sudden emergence of Influenza A Virus (IAV) infections with a new pandemic H1N1 IAV is taking place since April of 2009. (biomedcentral.com)
- IAV H3N2 viruses have been the predominant strains during the last 20 years, with the exception of the 1988-1989 and 2000-2001 seasons where H1N1 infections dominated [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Initial testing of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 IAV strains found the viruses to be susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). (biomedcentral.com)
- Treatment of mice infected with a lethal inoculum of pandemic A/CA/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 (pdmCa09) with 4'-FlU alleviated pneumonia. (bvsalud.org)
- The two influenza A virus subtypes have cocirculated in human populations since 1977: influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
- Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
- In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-which was different from currently circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses-emerged and its subsequent spread resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
- Does the H1N1 Virus Still Exist? (influenzavirusnet.com)
- [12] Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu manungsa , babi , lan unggas , kang ing awalé diarani " flu babi " lan uga ditepungi minangka influenza A/H1N1 , kang muncul ing Mèksiko , Amérikah Sarékat , lan sapérangan nagara liya. (wikipedia.org)
H5N122
- Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other species. (wikipedia.org)
- Many references to "bird flu" and H5N1 in the popular media refer to this strain. (wikipedia.org)
- According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, H5N1 pathogenicity is gradually continuing to rise in endemic areas, but the avian influenza disease situation in farmed birds is being held in check by vaccination, and there is "no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission" of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
- HPAI A(H5N1) is considered an avian disease, although there is some evidence of limited human-to-human transmission of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Due to the high lethality and virulence of HPAI A(H5N1), its endemic presence, its increasingly large host reservoir, and its significant ongoing mutations, in 2006, the H5N1 virus has been regarded to be the world's largest pandemic threat, and billions of dollars are being spent researching H5N1 and preparing for a potential influenza pandemic. (wikipedia.org)
- H5N1 may cause more than one influenza pandemic, as it is expected to continue mutating in birds regardless of whether humans develop herd immunity to a future pandemic strain. (wikipedia.org)
- Influenza pandemics from its genetic offspring may include influenza A virus subtypes other than H5N1. (wikipedia.org)
- About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
- H5N1- Avian Flu-Global influenza pandemic (mid-2000) - with fatality rate of 50% it becomes the most falat virus of all know Influenza virus that infect humans it also causes diarrhoea. (atomictherapy.org)
- Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
- The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
- In 2003, one person died from bird flu virus A (H5N1) in Asia out of two reported infection. (vetcos.com)
- During 2003-05 period the A (H5N1) strain of bird flu virus infected 117 people out of which 64 died. (vetcos.com)
- Public health officials remain concerned that the genes of Influenza A (H5N1) strain virus which is slightly infectious to human beings could yet mix with a human strain to create a new strain that could spread widely in human population. (vetcos.com)
- In addition, the signatures of human-infecting H5N1 isolates suggest that this avian subtype has low pandemic potential at present, although it presents more human adaptation components than most avian subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Current widespread concern over the potential threat of a human pandemic caused by mutated H5N1 avian influenza viruses highlights the medical, social, and economic value of tools that enable correct assessment of the potential for transmissibility of avian flu viruses amongst human hosts [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Although the circulating H5N1 subtype has negligible potential for human-to-human transmission, there is a concern that it might acquire the necessary mutations for this capability. (biomedcentral.com)
- The first HPAI A(H5N1) virus was isolated following an outbreak in chickens in Scotland. (cdc.gov)
- Currently, there is concern that the avian A(H5N1) virus that has infected and killed millions of poultry in many countries will undergo such changes or naturally mutate to make it easily transmissible in humans and hence trigger a pandemic. (health.gov.au)
- Between 2006 and 2008 the biggest pandemic threat was believed to be H5N1 from Asia, but as it turned out, we were blindsided by a North American origin flu pandemic in the spring of 2009. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- Therapeutic oral 4'-FlU ensured survival of animals infected with HPAI A/VN/12/2003 (H5N1) and of immunocompromised mice infected with pdmCa09. (bvsalud.org)
- Galur unggas kang diarani H5N1 wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing Asia nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung évolusi dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa. (wikipedia.org)
H3N210
- the 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2) pandemic strains emerged from a reassortment of human and avian viruses ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- The deadly H3N2 virus has raised its ugly head again and is on a killing spree, it has killed more than 120 people including two below 18 yrs of age till February 2018 that is in just a month of outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
- H3N2 is strain of influenza A virus, the orthomyxoviridae family - these are simgle stranded segmented RNA-Virus and they have numerous subtypes which are named by numbers based on type of Heamagglutinin "H number" and "N number" for type of Neuraminidase. (atomictherapy.org)
- Hong Kong Flu virus H3N2 is desendent of H2N2 through antigenic shift, a process in which genes from various subtypes make up a new virus sub type. (atomictherapy.org)
- Type A virus that caused the 1968 Hong Kong flu epidemic has type 3 H protein molecules and Type 2 N protein molecules and is called A (H3N2). (vetcos.com)
- Examples are the Hong Kong virus strain A/England/102/72 (H3N2). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
- Flu strains are named after their types of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface proteins, so they will be called, for example, H3N2 for type-3 hemagglutinin and type-2 neuraminidase. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- The H2N2 virus was prevalent for only 11 years until 1968, when it was replaced by an H3N2 virus (Palese & Wang, 2011). (atrainceu.com)
- H2N2 and H3N2 indicate viruses with hemagglutinin subtype 2 and neuraminidase subtype 2 and hemagglutinin subtype 3 and neuraminidase subtype 2, respectively. (atrainceu.com)
Epidemics24
- Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
- Although these yearly flu epidemics can be fatal in some people, such as the elderly, young children, and people with certain underlying heath conditions, flu is generally not a life-threatening disease in healthy individuals. (bcm.edu)
- Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
- Influenza C viruses are not known to cause serious symptoms or result in epidemics. (zovon.com)
- There are 3 general types of flu viruses distinguished with their capsid (inner membrane) proteins as Type A, B and C. Type A flu virus cause most serious flu epidemics in humans, other mammals and birds. (vetcos.com)
- Influenza virus continues to be a major public health concern, causing both annual epidemics and occasional pandemics ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Influenza A viruses cause seasonal epidemics of human flu worldwide and, much more rarely, flu pandemics. (cdc.gov)
- This is the main reason why seasonal influenza epidemics occur and vaccines need to be regularly updated. (health.gov.au)
- It is characterised by an ability to constantly change its two surface proteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase - allowing the virus to cause successive epidemics every one or two years or more serious pandemics at irregular intervals. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- Their data showed conclusively that the emergence of new influenza virus epidemics was associated with the accumulation of point mutations in the virus coat proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- Type A is the cause of epidemics and pandemics and infects animals and birds as well as humans. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- Type B can cause epidemics but does not infect other animals or birds. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- Type C can cause mild infections in humans but does not cause epidemics. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- Being associated with seasonal influenza (flu) epidemics, IAVs have caused several pandemics worldwide, including the 1918 Spanish flu, which resulted in 50 million deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- In the case of influenza, seasonal outbreaks - or epidemics - are generally caused by subtypes of a virus that is already circulating among people. (corespirit.com)
- Then, the virus subtype can circulate among humans for several years, causing occasional flu epidemics. (corespirit.com)
- Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
- Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
- Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)
- Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
- Influenza epidemics occur each year. (health.govt.nz)
- Influenza B has two lineages of viruses: B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, which are also associated with outbreaks and epidemics, and account for a significant proportion of the overall burden of influenza. (health.govt.nz)
- The sharp rise in influenza-associated acute respiratory illnesses that occurs during annual seasonal epidemics results in increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments. (cdc.gov)
- Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)
Vaccine29
- Full-scale production of a vaccine that could prevent any illness at all from the strain would require at least three months after the virus's emergence to begin, but it is hoped that vaccine production could increase until one billion doses were produced by one year after the initial identification of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
- As flu season begins, we look at how far we've come in fighting the viral infection, including promising work being done on a universal vaccine. (jnj.com)
- These tools would soon become critical instruments enabling doctors to administer the influenza vaccine. (jnj.com)
- Influenza vaccine development-a high priority for the U.S. military following the deaths of approximately one in every 67 soldiers from the flu during the 1918-1919 pandemic-took a major step forward when researchers at the UK's Medical Research Council were able to isolate the virus (shown at right) from humans. (jnj.com)
- Virologist Patrick Laidlaw and his team were working with ferrets to develop a distemper vaccine when the animals caught the flu from Wilson Smith , one of the scientists in the laboratory. (jnj.com)
- The team dubbed it the "W.S." virus, and their discovery made it possible to develop a vaccine. (jnj.com)
- Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
- The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. (medscape.com)
- Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
- In the Northern Hemisphere, all persons aged 6 months or older should receive influenza vaccine annually by the end of October, if possible. (medscape.com)
- Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
- Those with a history of egg allergy who have experienced only hives after exposure to egg should receive influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
- There are 13 distinct H subtypes and 9 distinct N subtypes each of which require a different vaccine to protect against infection. (vetcos.com)
- The B viruses isolated were predominately of the B/Victoria-lineage and similar to the reference/vaccine strain B/Malaysia/2506/2004. (health.gov.au)
- We look forward to advancing our SynConâ„¢ universal flu vaccine program toward clinical investigation. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- Using a designer approach, Inovio can formulate these DNA plasmids together to rapidly develop a universal influenza vaccine potentially targeting all these strains. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- The resulting vaccine could target seasonal as well as pandemic-potential influenza strains such as avian influenza and swine flu, which has already been designated pandemic status. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- Significantly, being based on a common set of antigens derived from a broad range of flu strains, such a universal vaccine would have the potential to provide greater protection against evolving, unmatched flu strains. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- The influenza vaccine should be given annually to everyone aged ≥ 6 months who does not have a contraindication. (msdmanuals.com)
- Consequently the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine contains an influenza B virus component. (virology.ws)
- There is no vaccine against influenza C virus. (virology.ws)
- Antigenic shift is contrasted with antigenic drift , which is the natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza (or other things, in a more general sense) which may lead to a loss of immunity, or in vaccine mismatch. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
- Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
- There may be a small increased risk of fever and febrile convulsions with concomitant delivery of PCV13 and influenza vaccine in children aged 6 months to under 5 years. (health.govt.nz)
- Children aged under 5 years are more likely than older children or adults to have a febrile reaction to influenza vaccine. (health.govt.nz)
- Because of this ongoing antigenic drift, seasonal influenza virus vaccine formulations are reviewed by the WHO bi-annually. (health.govt.nz)
- Antigenic changes also necessitate frequent updating of influenza vaccine components to ensure that the vaccine is matched to circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
- [15] Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké ya iku vaksin influenza trivalen ( trivalent influenza vaccine [TIV]) kang ngandhut antigen kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. (wikipedia.org)
Neuraminidase11
- Bird flu virus is an RNA virus, which resembles a short rod studded with two kinds of protein spikes such as the Haemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N). (vetcos.com)
- The Neuraminidase (N) help the daughter virus break free of host cell once the virus Replication is completed. (vetcos.com)
- Influenza virus is a pleomorphic, enveloped virus with two coat proteins on its surface, the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- The surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) involved in receptor binding and virus release are used to classify IAVs. (biomedcentral.com)
- For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but a hemagglutinin or neuraminidase from the avian virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- The resulting new virus would likely be able to infect humans and spread from person to person, but it would have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) not previously seen in influenza viruses that infect humans, and therefore to which most people have little or no immune protection. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- The current therapeutic regimen for influenza A viruses is limited to two classes of drugs: the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) and the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). (distantreader.org)
- The virus contained a subtype 1 hemagglutinin protein (H1) and a subtype 1 neuraminidase protein (N1). (atrainceu.com)
- Oseltamivir carboxylate binds to highly conserved, essential amino acids in the catalytic site of neuraminidase (NA), preventing virus release from infected cells and subsequent virus spread [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
- [7] There are 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes that circulate in a variety of avian species, and a restricted subgroup of these have infected other animals, such as pigs, horses, cats, ferrets, dogs, and marine mammals (seals and whales). (cdc.gov)
Pandemics15
- neither types B or C have caused pandemics. (bcm.edu)
- There have been four major pandemics of flu since 1990 - The Spanish flu (1918-1919), the Asian flu (1957-1958), the Hong Kong flu (1968-1969) and the Swine flu (2009) - with Swine flu being the least deadly pandemic out of the four. (zovon.com)
- WHO reports flu pandemics can be expected to occur three or four times every 100 years. (vetcos.com)
- Viral recombination of this type seem to have been responsible for the past three major flu pandemics. (vetcos.com)
- Evolutionary timelines derived from signatures of early human influenza isolates suggest that characteristic variants emerged rapidly, and remained remarkably stable through subsequent pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
- Flu pandemics are typically caused by the introduction and spread of an animal (avian, swine, or combination) influenza A virus with an HA subtype that is new (novel) to human populations 6 . (cdc.gov)
- Mortality associated with the Asian and Hong Kong influenza pandemics was less severe, with the highest mortality rates being in the elderly and people with chronic diseases. (health.gov.au)
- Pandemics, on the other hand, are generally caused by novel subtypes. (corespirit.com)
- Influenza has a history as one of the world's most serious pathogens, with yearly regional infections and episodic global pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
- A major complication is the occurrence of global pandemics resulting from the emergence of highly infectious subtypes of the virus, particularly those capable of human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
- On the list of deadliest viruses and pandemics, we have another one that occurred in ancient times. (bmimag.life)
- Influenza B viruses cause the same spectrum of disease as influenza A. However, influenza B viruses do not cause pandemics. (virology.ws)
- New influenza A virus subtypes emerge periodically that have caused pandemics in humans. (health.govt.nz)
- At least four influenza pandemics occurred in the nineteenth century, followed by three more in the twentieth century and one in this century. (atrainceu.com)
- Antigenic shift occurs when the virus acquires an HA of a different IAV subtype via reassortment of one or more gene segments and is thought to be the basis for the more devastating influenza pandemics that occurred several times in the last century [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Hemagglutinin3
- Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
- The major influenza C virus envelope glycoprotein is called HEF (hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion) because it has the functions of both the HA and the NA. (virology.ws)
- The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against these viruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. (distantreader.org)
Humans31
- A risk factor for contracting the virus is handling of infected poultry, but transmission of the virus from infected birds to humans has been characterized as inefficient. (wikipedia.org)
- In general, humans who catch a humanized influenza A virus (a human flu virus of type A) usually have symptoms that include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, conjunctivitis, and, in severe cases, breathing problems and pneumonia that may be fatal. (wikipedia.org)
- Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
- There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
- Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
- Following are known subtypes of Influenza A virus that can infect humans and are listed as per number of known pandemic human deaths. (atomictherapy.org)
- Influenza is considered as one of the deadliest diseases of humans. (zovon.com)
- Influenza D viruses infect cattle and are not known to cause any illness in humans. (zovon.com)
- Type B and C viruses are restricted to humans and cause only mild infections. (vetcos.com)
- The bird flu virus, which passed to humans directly from bird, is with Type 5 H protein and type 1 N protein. (vetcos.com)
- This virus has limited zoonotic potential: only four influenza subtypes have been known to circulate amongst humans, while at least 100 subtypes have been observed in birds. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, occasional transmissions of influenza A to humans can have a tremendous impact. (biomedcentral.com)
- The ancestral hosts for influenza A viruses are aquatic birds, however, it has also been established in some mammals, such as humans and pigs. (health.gov.au)
- The natural host for types B and C is humans, although influenza C has been isolated from pigs. (health.gov.au)
- Our findings provide insights into virus adaptation processes in humans and highlights splicing regulation as a potential antiviral target. (biomedcentral.com)
- A pandemic is usually caused by a new virus strain or subtype that becomes easily transmissable between humans, or by bacteria that become resistant to antibiotic treatment. (corespirit.com)
- Humans may have little or no immunity against a new virus. (corespirit.com)
- Some viruses are present in animals but rarely spread to humans. (corespirit.com)
- The survival properties include virus escape from the immune responses of humans previously infected or immunized with an earlier virus strain. (biomedcentral.com)
- It is simply a matter of chance that the mutations responsible for the infectivity and pathogenicity of a particular influenza virus in animals does not include the ability to efficiently infect humans with human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
- This property may be a consequence of the limited host range of the virus - humans and seals - which limits the generation of new strains by reassortment. (virology.ws)
- So, flu B jumped from birds to humans 4000 years ago, I read. (virology.ws)
- Flu C 8000 years ago and then they kept in humans. (virology.ws)
- Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
- Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenza virus A, influenza B and influenza C. Antigenic shift, however, occurs only in influenzavirus A because it infects more than just humans. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Influenza B and C principally infect humans, minimizing the chance that a reassortment will change its phenotype drastically. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Because pigs are susceptible to avian, human and swine influenza viruses, they potentially may be infected with influenza viruses from different species (e.g., ducks and humans) at the same time. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Other possible mechanisms for the emergence of new influenza viruses are through the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to infect humans and the re-assortment of the genomic segments of multiple viruses (ie, human, avian and pig influenza viruses). (health.govt.nz)
- The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
- surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
- In summary, the replication kinetics and pathobiological characteristics of ICV in guinea pigs agree with the clinical manifestation of ICV infection in humans, and hence guinea pigs could be used to study these distantly related influenza viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Viral19
- Position-specific entropy profiles created from scanning 306 human and 95 avian influenza A viral genomes showed that 228 of 4,591 amino acid residues yielded significant differences between these 2 viruses. (cdc.gov)
- Genomewide comparison of human versus avian influenza A viruses would show the evolutionary similarities and differences between them and thus provide information for studying the mechanism of influenza viral infection and replication in different host species. (cdc.gov)
- In this study, we used several computational approaches for finding specific genetic signatures characteristic of human and avian influenza A viral genomes. (cdc.gov)
- The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
- Influenza is an acute self-limiting viral disease of the upper respiratory tract. (health.gov.au)
- In influenza A viruses there are 8 segments of RNA coding for eight viral proteins and two non-structural proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
- Proliferation of influenza A is predominantly in avian hosts with very rapid mutation, resulting in a "quasispecies" [ 4 ], a vast number of viruses that are genetically related but differ in the amino acid sequences of the viral proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
- The enveloped influenza A virions have three membrane proteins (HA, NA, M2), a matrix protein (M1) just below the lipid bilayer, a ribonucleoprotein core (consisting of 8 viral RNA segments and three proteins: PA, PB1, PB2), and the NEP/NS2 protein. (virology.ws)
- Like the influenza A and B viruses, the core of influenza C viruses consists of a ribonucleoprotein made up of viral RNA and four proteins. (virology.ws)
- Antigenic shift is important for the emergence of new viral pathogens as it is a pathway that viruses may follow to enter a new niche (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
- For this reason, seasonal vaccines need to be annually reformulated based upon the forecasting of viral strains that will circulate in the coming influenza season. (distantreader.org)
- We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
- the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
- A comparative analysis of tropism and pathogenesis of these two related seven-segmented influenza viruses revealed that swIDV-infected animals exhibited broad tissue tropism with an increased rate of shedding on 3, 5, and 7 dpi and high viral loads in the lungs compared to huICV. (bvsalud.org)
- IMPORTANCE Similar to influenza A and B, ICV infections are seen associated with bacterial and viral co-infections which complicates the assessment of its real clinical significance. (bvsalud.org)
- Our comparative analysis revealed that huICV and swIDV replicated differentially in the guinea pigs suggesting that the type-specific genetic differences can result in the disparity of the viral shedding and tissue tropism. (bvsalud.org)
- Having previously identified oral efficacy of the nucleoside analog 4'-Fluorouridine (4'-FlU, EIDD-2749) against SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we explored activity of the compound against seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) viruses in cell culture, human airway epithelium (HAE) models, and/or two animal models, ferrets and mice, that assess IAV transmission and lethal viral pneumonia, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
- [3] Flu sok-sok bisa nimbulaké pneumonia viral kanthi langsung uga nimbulaké pneumonia bakterial sékundhèr. (wikipedia.org)
Vaccines9
- At least 12 companies and 17 governments are developing prepandemic influenza vaccines in 28 different clinical trials that, if successful, could turn a deadly pandemic infection into a nondeadly one. (wikipedia.org)
- Fifteen years before the deadly 1918 flu pandemic swept the world, Johnson & Johnson recognized that injectable medications and vaccines would become a crucial tool for rapidly delivering treatments into the bloodstream and began selling hypodermic needles that fit a standard syringe (shown at right). (jnj.com)
- 5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
- Dr. Niranjan Sardesai, Senior VP, Research & Development, presented the data at the Annual Conference of DNA Vaccines in Asia 2009 held in Beijing, China, July 9-10, 2009, in a presentation entitled, "Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza DNA Vaccines Delivered Via Electroporation. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- Dr. J. Joseph Kim, Inovio's CEO, said, "Our innovative SynConâ„¢ technology has the potential to protect people from influenza strains not exactly like the ones that make up the existing vaccines. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- This is a clear advantage for our universal flu program over conventional influenza vaccines. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- Inovio's novel SynConâ„¢ technology enables the company to design DNA-based vaccines with the potential to protect against unmatched sub-types and strains of pathogens. (medicineandtechnology.com)
- Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
- However, their high genetic variability allows the virus to evade the host immune response and the potential protection offered by seasonal vaccines. (distantreader.org)
Proteins8
- Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
- There are 3 types of influenza-A, B and C-which are classified according to their distinct internal proteins. (health.gov.au)
- Virus strains are named according to influenza virus type, the place where first isolated, the isolate number and the year of isolation as well as the nature of the two surface proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- The reason for this is not a poor immune response, rather it is the fact that the influenza virus continues to change its coat proteins so that the new infecting variants are no longer recognised and destroyed by the immune response generated against the earlier infection. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- On the surface of the virus are HA proteins and NA proteins. (corespirit.com)
- Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C by their nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
- Influenza B virions have four proteins in the envelope: HA, NA, NB, and BM2. (virology.ws)
- Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
Outbreaks5
- When it struck, the 1918 flu pandemic-one of the deadliest outbreaks on record-killed up to 50 million. (jnj.com)
- The flu outbreaks are not uncommon. (vetcos.com)
- 4 Influenza C is more like the common cold in its effect, being less severe than influenza A or B. 5 Influenza types A and B are responsible for major outbreaks. (health.gov.au)
- While outbreaks of influenza may be traced as far back as 412 B.C.E. , the first pandemic , or worldwide epidemic, that clearly fits the description of influenza occurred in 1580. (atrainceu.com)
- Influenza outbreaks are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and economic burden. (bvsalud.org)
Orthomyxoviridae4
- The influenza virus occurs as three types A, B and C which correspond to three genera of the family Orthomyxoviridae . (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the Orthomyxoviridae family infect various species, including mammals and birds. (biomedcentral.com)
- Influenza A virus (IAV) is a member of the family Orthomyxoviridae and contains eight segments of a single-stranded RNA genome with negative polarity [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Influenza , kang luwih ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud lelara nular kang disebabaké déning virus RNA saka famili Orthomyxoviridae (virus influenza), kang nyerang unggas lan mamalia . (wikipedia.org)
Infection18
- It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
- Influenza, commonly known as flu, refers to a respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. (zovon.com)
- In the U.S. alone, flu infection is known to claim about 36,000 lives every season, while the average cost of hospitalizations and outpatient doctor visits due to flu amounts to approximately 10 billion USD. (zovon.com)
- People with compromised immune system such as those suffering from HIV infection or patients who are on immune suppressing agents, like those suffering from cancer, are at a higher risk of catching flu. (zovon.com)
- First human case of bird flu infection occurred in May 1997, in a 3 year old boy who died of the disease. (vetcos.com)
- Our findings demonstrate AAV delivery of cross-subtype neutralizing nanobodies may be an effective strategy to prevent influenza infection and provide long-term protection independent of a host induced immune response. (frontiersin.org)
- This phenomenon of successive infections by the influenza virus is in marked contrast to the situation with viruses like measles, mumps or small pox where exposure to a single infection induces lifelong immunity. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
- they occur in a random fashion and the variant viruses that have the best genetically endowed combination of efficient infection, rapid replication, and greatest survival become the dominant populations. (biomedcentral.com)
- It thus appears inevitable that, without means to prevent influenza infection, another pandemic will occur within the foreseeable future. (biomedcentral.com)
- The resistance to zanamivir is rare [17] , but its use is limited to patients who can actively inhale it, which often excludes young children, impaired older adults or patients with underlying airway disease [14] , that is the groups of patients most vulnerable to serious influenza infection complications. (distantreader.org)
- Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
- 1 ] Influenza C is associated with mild cases of upper respiratory infection. (health.govt.nz)
- Once-daily oral treatment of ferrets with 2 mg/kg 4'-FlU initiated 12 hours after infection rapidly stopped virus shedding and prevented transmission to untreated sentinels. (bvsalud.org)
- Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
- Complications of influenza infection include secondary bacterial pneumonia and exacerbation of underlying chronic health conditions. (cdc.gov)
- [1-5] Aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications are contraindicated for children and adolescents with influenza-like illness, as their use during influenza infection has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome. (cdc.gov)
- As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)
Reassortment6
- The results indicate that the 1918 pandemic virus may not have emerged by a reassortment of avian and human virus as did the 2 other pandemic strains. (cdc.gov)
- Last June, in Eurosurveillance: Genetic Tuning Of Avian H7N9 During Interspecies Transmission , researchers working for China's National and Provincial CDCs, announced that the genetic diversity of the H7N9 virus was even greater than previously described, and that continual reassortment with the H9N2 virus, along with passage through a variety of host species, appears to be influencing its ongoing evolution. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- Last year, in EID Journal: Predicting Hotspots for Influenza Virus Reassortment , we looked at research that ranked eastern China as one of the globe's top breeding grounds for new flu strains. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- I showed that the influenza C virus genome consists of 7 RNA segments, and demonstrated reassortment among different influenza C virus strains. (virology.ws)
- Reassortment among the three influenza types (A, B, C) does not occur. (virology.ws)
- [8,9] However, these viruses were shown to be incompetent for reassortment with other influenza A viruses, a hallmark of the species, indicating that they are not true influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
Outbreak5
- On September 29, 2005, David Nabarro, the newly appointed Senior United Nations System Coordinator for Avian and Human Influenza, warned the world that an outbreak of avian influenza could kill anywhere between 5 million and 150 million people. (wikipedia.org)
- Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
- Though it didnt claim all those who were infected as the fatality index of epidemic by this virus is low 0.5% and falls in category 2 of pandemic severity index and also its seen that every subsequent outbreak is milder as it seems that people in affected region develops some immunity towards N2 at every outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
- The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
- The second wave occurred with an outbreak of severe influenza in the fall of 1918 and the final wave hit in the spring of 1919. (atrainceu.com)
Antigenic drift3
- antigenic drift which occurs within influenza virus subtypes and antigenic shift to new subtypes such as the emergence of Asian influenza in 1957 and Hong Kong influenza in 1968. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- Preventive vaccination has historically been the most efficient measure of influenza control, but this approach presents important limitations due to the accumulation of antigenic mutations in the virus, known as antigenic drift. (distantreader.org)
- This 'antigenic drift' leads to the emergence of new antigenic variants or virus strains. (health.govt.nz)
Pandemic of 1918-1919 killed1
- The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I, at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. (atrainceu.com)
Birds5
- This Influenza virus is infectious to all species of animals and birds: Human Influenza, Swine Influenza, Equine Influenza, Avian Flu etc are the different names. (vetcos.com)
- Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
- Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)
- Affected species include other mammals and birds, giving influenza A the opportunity for a major reorganization of surface antigens. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
Asian Flu1
- Influenza viruses which have undergone antigenic shift have caused the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957 , the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 , and the Swine Flu scare of 1976. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Hong Kon2
- Hong Kong Flu Epidemic is Back And Is On A Killing Spree It Has Killed More Than 100 In Just A Month In 2018. (atomictherapy.org)
- In homoeopathy there is treatment for Hong Kong Flu and medicines differs from patient to patient. (atomictherapy.org)
H9N22
- In 1999 a different strain of bird flu virus identified as A (H9N2) infected two people in Hong Kong. (vetcos.com)
- While we can't know what this fall holds in store for the H7N9 virus, studies released earlier this year (see EID Journal: H7N9 As A Work In Progress ), show that the H7N9 avian virus continues to reassort with local H9N2 viruses , introducing new clades of the virus into China's poultry population. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Respiratory9
- Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
- Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
- Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
- Flu and cold are both respiratory illnesses but are caused by different groups of organisms. (zovon.com)
- Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
- Many of these viruses were attacking the respiratory system, but others were deadly because they were disrupting the cardiovascular system or the immune system in general. (bmimag.life)
- Nearly all adults have been infected with influenza C virus, which causes mild upper respiratory tract illness. (virology.ws)
- That's correct - influenza C causes mild upper respiratory tract infections with cold-like symptoms. (virology.ws)
- Typical features of influenza include abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough (usually nonproductive), sore throat, and coryza, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. (cdc.gov)
Neutralising antibodies1
- This theory was based on the asymmetric nature of the antigenic cross reactions observed between parent viruses and their mutants selected in the presence of neutralising antibodies. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
1918-19192
- Lasting just over a year, the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic stands as a lasting reminder of what happens when governments and their citizens fail to meet a crisis head on. (atrainceu.com)
- Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe," the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster. (atrainceu.com)
Pigs2
- Pigs can be infected with both human and avian influenza viruses in addition to swine influenza viruses. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- The goal of this study was to understand the replication kinetics, tissue tropism, and pathogenesis of human ICV (huICV) in comparison to the swine influenza D virus (swIDV) in guinea pigs. (bvsalud.org)
Pathogens1
- There are 18 H types and 11 NA types, giving 198 possible combinations, but only a few are human pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
Among different influenza1
- In contrast, the stem region of HA, formed mostly by the HA2 subunit, is relatively conserved among different influenza A subtypes [19] and indeed could represent an universal target for the development of cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. (distantreader.org)
Isolates1
- We compared over 3,000 PB2 protein sequences of human-transmissible and avian isolates, to produce a catalogue of sites involved in adaptation to human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein10
- Although many research efforts have focused on the molecular evolution of specific genes of influenza viruses, comprehensive comparisons among the nucleotide sequences of all 8 genomic segments and among the 11 encoded protein sequences have not been extensively reported. (cdc.gov)
- We subsequently validated the robustness of those signatures with human and avian protein sequences downloaded from Influenza Virus Resources at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/FLU.html ). (cdc.gov)
- So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
- More than 20 strains of Influenza A viruses are identified, based on their difference in protein spikes. (vetcos.com)
- Haemagglutinin (H) protein aids the virus in gaining access to the host cell Interior. (vetcos.com)
- The method presented was applied to an analysis of influenza A PB2 protein sequences, with the objective of identifying the components of adaptation to human-to-human transmission, and reconstructing the mutation history of these components. (biomedcentral.com)
- The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
- Like the M2 protein of influenza A virus, the BM2 protein is a proton channel that is essential for the uncoating process . (virology.ws)
- The M1 protein lies just below the membrane, as in influenza A and B virions. (virology.ws)
- When two different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, their protein capsids and lipid envelopes are removed, exposing their RNA, which is then transcribed to mRNA. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Pneumonia4
- The symptoms of flu tend to start more suddenly, are more serious and can result in complicated health conditions, such as pneumonia, bacterial infections or hospitalizations. (zovon.com)
- In April 2003, a Dutch veterinarian working in a farm infected with bird flu virus of H7 strain died of pneumonia. (vetcos.com)
- they very rapidly develop the most viscous type of Pneumonia that has ever been seen. (atrainceu.com)
- Influenza C virus (ICV) is increasingly associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children and its disease severity is worse than the influenza B virus, but similar to influenza A virus associated CAP. (bvsalud.org)
Deaths8
- Seasonal human influenza causes about 36,000 deaths and 226,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. (medscape.com)
- According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the flu was responsible for an estimated 38,000 deaths in the United States alone during the 2016-2017 flu season, and an even greater number were hospitalized with the illness. (jnj.com)
- An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
- The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
- According to the World Health Organization (WHO), influenza is responsible for nearly 500,000 annual deaths globally. (zovon.com)
- The Spanish flu was responsible for about 100 million deaths. (zovon.com)
- The Spanish Flu is estimated to have caused as many as 40 million deaths worldwide, with unusually high mortality among young adults. (health.gov.au)
- A relatively recent plague-like event was the 1918 flu pandemic, better known as Spanish flu, which caused an estimated 50 million deaths worldwide (some say even 100 million). (dnx.news)
Human25
- Specific mutations on those points may enable an avian influenza virus to become a human virus. (cdc.gov)
- Histograms based on pairwise sequence comparison showed that NP disjointed most between human and avian influenza viruses, followed by PA and PB2. (cdc.gov)
- Influenza causes significant loss of workdays, human suffering, and mortality. (medscape.com)
- There are four types of influenza viruses, namely, A, B, C and D. Human influenza viruses, A and B cause seasonal flu every year. (zovon.com)
- But occasionally happens with a sudden change in genotype of the virus which is unfamiliar to human immune system to resist. (vetcos.com)
- The Vet did not take any medication against bird flu or human flu. (vetcos.com)
- This analysis identified 17 characteristic sites, five of which have been present in human-transmissible strains since the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
- In a pandemic, a new influenza virus emerges and infects the human population which has little or no pre-existing immunity ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The association between M segment splicing and pathogenicity remains ambiguous in human influenza A viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this study, we aimed to investigate M splicing in various human influenza A viruses and characterize its physiological roles by applying the splicing inhibitor, herboxidiene. (biomedcentral.com)
- The discrepancy in M2-dependence emphasizes the importance of M2 in human influenza A virus pathogenicity, which leads to subtype-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
- g-FLUA2H is a web-based application focused on the analysis of the dynamics of influenza virus animal-to-human (A2H) mutation transmissions. (biomedcentral.com)
- It can be used for a detailed characterization of the composition and incidence of mutations present in the proteomes of influenza viruses from animal and human host populations, for a better understanding of host tropism. (biomedcentral.com)
- Human infections by influenza A viruses commonly occur yearly, with a seasonal peak incidence [ 6 ], usually as a mild disease, but for some, as a more severe illness that may be fatal. (biomedcentral.com)
- Sequence change (mutation) events can transform an animal-origin virus into a human virus, with varying levels of fitness to survive in the new host [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- And indeed, over the past two years we've seen the emergence of no less than four new subtypes ( H7N9, H10N8, H5N8, H5N6 ) from this region that pose significant risks to poultry or human health. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- If you want to stay safe from a pandemic, it might be a good idea to learn more about the deadliest viruses that we have witnessed in human history. (bmimag.life)
- It was actually a combination of human and avian influenza that was probably found in geese for the first time. (bmimag.life)
- It could occur with primate viruses and may be a factor for the appearance of new viruses in the human species such as HIV. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Because the human immune system has difficulty recognizing the new influenza strain, it may be highly dangerous. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- One increasingly worrying situation is the possible antigenic shift between avian influenza and human influenza. (influenzavirusnet.com)
- In this study, we describe a human monoclonal antibody (PN-SIA49) that recognizes a highly conserved epitope located on the stem region of the HA and able to neutralize a broad spectrum of influenza viruses belonging to different subtypes (H1, H2 and H5). (distantreader.org)
- To address the threat that avian influenza (AI) poses to human health, it is necessary to recognize its broader agricultural and economic implications and to integrate this knowledge into disease control strategies. (nationalacademies.org)
- In the twentieth century, the most devastating example of a new influenza subtype emerging in the human population occurred in 1918. (atrainceu.com)
- B) Antibody response in the human population, which the authors propose to have contributed to the elimination of existing seasonal influenza virus strains. (atrainceu.com)
Genes4
- New strains of flu virus arise not through mutation but through recombination of genes. (vetcos.com)
- Do viruses ever reassort across these lines-like influenza A and C exchanging HA genes or something? (virology.ws)
- If this happens, it is possible for the genes of these viruses to mix and create a new virus (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
- Maximum clade credibility trees revealed a rapid diversification of NA genes in different genetic lineages, all of them containing Oseltamivir-resistant viruses of very recent emergence. (biomedcentral.com)
Emerge1
- One type of pandemic is that which that can emerge when a type of influenza virus, known as the influenza A virus, changes suddenly, resulting in a virus that is different from any virus that already exists. (corespirit.com)
Different influenza virus1
- In the spring of 2009, a different influenza virus - one that had never been seen before - suddenly appeared. (bcm.edu)
Monoclonal2
- Typing for influenza A virus was then performed with immunofluorescent assay by type-specific monoclonal antibody (Dako, Cambridgeshire, UK). (cdc.gov)
- A much more promising strategy is to use recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza and several are currently in clinical development ( 9 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
Lineages3
- Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be categorized into lineages and strains. (zovon.com)
- The currently circulating Influenza B virus lineages are: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. (zovon.com)
- Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but are further broken down into 2 lineages: Yamagata and Victoria. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination1
- Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for people who are at increased risk of complications from the disease, such as those aged 65 years or older, and people with conditions such as cardiovascular disease and lung conditions which predispose them to severe influenza, and others with impaired immunity. (health.gov.au)
Epidemic4
- Johnson & Johnson played a key role in helping to prevent the spread of the virus by introducing the epidemic mask, made from sterile gauze. (jnj.com)
- in Hong Kong the virus infected population of 5lacs and the epidemic density in the region was 500 infected people per acre, and had infected 15% of USA population. (atomictherapy.org)
- If you are infected with the virus or have flu like symptoms after travel history to epidemic region then isolate yourself so that you dont spread the virus to others and get properly diagnosed and treated. (atomictherapy.org)
- The effect of the influenza epidemic was so severe that the average lifespan in the United States was depressed by 10 years (Billings, 2005). (atrainceu.com)
20221
- Preliminary in-season burden estimates for the 2022-2023 flu season were updated for the final time this season on May 26, 2023. (medscape.com)
Illness6
- Patients with chronic illness such as those suffering from asthma, diabetes, heart disease can increase the probability of catching flu. (zovon.com)
- Influenza surveillance in Australia is based on laboratory isolation of influenza viruses, sentinel general practitioner reports of influenza-like illness, and absenteeism data from a major national employer. (health.gov.au)
- Reports of influenza-like illness from sentinel general practitioners showed a slow but steady increase throughout the first half of the year to peak in late August. (health.gov.au)
- bug" or "bugs" are an informal noun for harmful microorganism (bacteria or virus)/or an illness caused by such. (dnx.news)
- The H7N9 virus , which emerged suddenly in China 20 months ago, has sparked two winter waves of illness, with the second year's toll roughly twice that of the first year. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- If this new virus causes illness in people and can be transmitted easily from person to person, an influenza pandemic can occur. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Poultry3
- Domestic poultry and some mammals, particularly swine, are also hosts to a limited number of influenza A subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
- The cause (etiology) of HPAI in domestic poultry was identified as a virus, though Influenza viruses were not isolated until the 1930s. (cdc.gov)
- While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)
Epidemiology1
- These strategies are presented, along with background information on the biology, ecology, and epidemiology of avian influenza, by David Swayne and David Suarez of the USDA. (nationalacademies.org)
Control of influenza2
- Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)
- The emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs in recent years further limits the options available for the control of influenza. (distantreader.org)
Occur3
- Influenza infections are seasonal in temperate climates, more commonly occurring in the colder months (June to September in the Southern Hemisphere and December to April in the Northern Hemisphere) but may occur year-round in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)
- Since influenza A viruses contain eight separate segments of RNA, genetic re-assortment can occur when cells are infected simultaneously by two or more influenza viruses resulting in progeny viruses that contain some (1, 2, 3 or 4) RNA segments from one parent virus and the remaining (7, 6, 5 or 4) RNA segments from the second virus. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
- Pandemic influenza results from the emergence of a new influenza A virus to which the population possesses little or no immunity and that can occur at any time of year. (atrainceu.com)
Symptoms5
- See Clinical Presentation for more detailed information on the signs and symptoms of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)
- Nearly everyone has experienced the fever, aches, and other symptoms of seasonal flu that afflicts 5 - 20 percent of Americans each year. (bcm.edu)
- Flu and cold cannot be differentiated by analyzing the symptoms alone. (zovon.com)
- Influenza viruses, because they are spread via droplets, aerosols, and fomites ( contaminated inanimate objects like door handles, coffee pot handles, keyboards ) - and because carriers can often be infectious prior to showing symptoms - are the type of pandemic threats that keep most epidemiologists up at night. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- Peak virus shedding usually occurs from 1 day before onset of symptoms to 3 days after. (cdc.gov)
Cases of influenza2
- The virus causes significant morbidity: in the US in 2008, approximately one-third of all laboratory confirmed cases of influenza were caused by influenza B (as shown on the first graph on this CDC page) . (virology.ws)
- In the United States the first reports came from public health officials in Haskell County, Kansas, who reported "18 cases of influenza of a severe type. (atrainceu.com)
Impact of influenza1
- 1 The health and economic impact of influenza largely arise from related complications. (health.gov.au)
Analysis of influenza1
- This report provides an analysis of influenza surveillance data in Australia during 2006. (health.gov.au)
Severe2
- Generally, flu is more severe than common cold. (zovon.com)
- According to a prospective cohort study, as many as 1 in 3 children seeking treatment in the ED for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) at the peak of flu season are at high risk of suffering severe complications. (medscape.com)
Complications3
- Most patients with flu recover within a few days, but some people develop complications. (zovon.com)
- Complications from influenza can result in increased hospitalisations and mortality. (health.gov.au)
- Persons 65 years of age and older, young children, pregnant women, and persons of any age with certain underlying health problems are at increased risk for complications of influenza and hospitalization. (cdc.gov)