• Causes of the disorder are predominantly idiopathic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Idiopathic epilepsy is an epilepsy syndrome that is genetic or presumed genetic and in which there is no underlying disorder affecting development or other neurologic function (e.g., petit mal epilepsy). (clinicalgate.com)
  • Spasmodic torticollis is an extremely painful chronic neurological movement disorder causing the neck to involuntarily turn to the left, right, upwards, and/or downwards. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dystonia is a complex neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions. (bvsalud.org)
  • citation needed] Primary spasmodic torticollis is defined as having no other abnormality other than dystonic movement and occasional tremor in the neck. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several primary neurodegenerative disorders distinct from Parkinson's disease (PD) share parkinsonian features of bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and balance disturbances. (medscape.com)
  • A seizure typically causes altered awareness, abnormal sensations, focal involuntary movements, or convulsions (widespread violent involuntary contraction of voluntary muscles). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nonepileptic seizures are provoked by a temporary disorder or stressor (eg, metabolic disorders, central nervous system (CNS) infections, cardiovascular disorders, drug toxicity or withdrawal, psychogenic disorders). (msdmanuals.com)
  • citation needed] Spasmodic torticollis is a form of focal dystonia, a neuromuscular disorder that consists of sustained muscle contractions causing repetitive and twisting movements and abnormal postures in a single body region. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuroscientific studies on the function of the basal ganglia often examine the behavioral performance of patients with movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dystonia (DT), while simultaneously examining the underlying electrophysiological activity during deep brain stimulation surgery. (bvsalud.org)
  • presents with focal seizures with dysarthria, sialorrhea, dysphasia, and unilateral clonic or tonic-clonic movement of the mouth, or nocturnal focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. (medlink.com)
  • METHODS: We sought to determine spasticity and dystonia underidentification rates in children at high risk for cerebral palsy (following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy) by assessing how often child neurologists identified hypertonia alone versus specifying the hypertonia type as spasticity and/or dystonia by age 5 years. (bvsalud.org)
  • RESULTS: Of 168 children, 63 developed cerebral palsy and hypertonia but only 19 (30%) had their hypertonia type specified as spasticity and/or dystonia by age 5 years. (bvsalud.org)
  • Increasing studies implicate the microbiome as a possible key susceptibility factor for neurological disorders, but the relationship between the gut microbiota and dystonia remains poorly explored. (bvsalud.org)
  • Neonatal Seizure Disorders Neonatal seizures are abnormal electrical discharges in the central nervous system of neonates and usually manifest as stereotyped muscular activity or autonomic changes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diagnosis may be clinical and involves results of neuroimaging, laboratory testing, and electroencephalography (EEG) for new-onset seizures or levels of antiseizure drugs (anticonvulsants) for previously diagnosed seizure disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Epileptic seizure types and precipitating stimuli for reflex seizures (website), May 13, 2009. (clinicalgate.com)
  • Seizure disorder is a general term that is usually used to include any one of several disorders including epilepsy, febrile seizures, and possibly single seizures and seizures secondary to metabolic, infectious, or other etiologies (e.g., hypocalcemia, meningitis). (clinicalgate.com)
  • An epileptic syndrome is a disorder that manifests one or more specific seizure types and has a specific age of onset and a specific prognosis. (clinicalgate.com)
  • In general, seizure type is the primary determinant of the type of medications the patient is likely to respond to, and the epilepsy syndrome determines the type of prognosis one could expect. (clinicalgate.com)
  • Glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) and neuronal multisystem degeneration are the pathologic hallmarks of this clinically variable disorder (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Symptomatic epilepsy is an epilepsy syndrome caused by an underlying brain disorder (e.g., epilepsy secondary to tuberous sclerosis). (clinicalgate.com)
  • A cryptogenic epilepsy (also termed presumed symptomatic epilepsy ) is an epilepsy syndrome in which there is a presumed underlying brain disorder causing the epilepsy and affecting neurologic function, but the underlying disorder is not known. (clinicalgate.com)
  • The disorder is categorized as early onset if the patient is diagnosed before the age of 27, and late onset thereafter. (wikipedia.org)
  • Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (pseudoseizures) are symptoms that simulate seizures in patients with psychiatric disorders but that do not involve an abnormal electrical discharge in the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • the prognosis depends on the underlying disorder, including its reversibility or treatability and the likelihood of developing epilepsy from it. (clinicalgate.com)
  • Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate seizures and by the neurobiologic, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of this condition. (clinicalgate.com)
  • Approach to the Patient With a Suspected Inherited Disorder of Metabolism Most inherited disorders of metabolism (inborn errors of metabolism) are rare, and therefore their diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These disorders have complex clinical presentations that reflect degeneration in various neuronal systems. (medscape.com)
  • However, because of the common parkinsonian features, the disorders have been collectively named Parkinson-plus syndromes. (medscape.com)
  • Modern immunocytochemical techniques and genetic findings suggest that Parkinson-plus syndromes can be broadly grouped into 2 types: synucleinopathies and tauopathies. (medscape.com)
  • The studies hypothesize the hyper activation of the cortical areas is due to reduced pallidal inhibition of the thalamus, leading to over activity of the medial and prefrontal cortical areas and under activity of the primary motor cortex during movement. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies of local field potentials have also shown an increase of 4-10 Hz oscillatory activity in the globus pallidus internus during myoclonic episodes and an increase of 5-7 Hz activity in dystonic muscles when compared to other primary dystonias. (wikipedia.org)
  • A small number of patients develop the disorder as a result of another disorder or disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dejerine and Thomas first used the term olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) in 1900 when they described 2 patients with a degenerative disorder leading to progressive cerebellar dysfunction and parkinsonism. (medscape.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Child neurologists did not specify the type of hypertonia in a majority of children at high risk of cerebral palsy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Both agonist and antagonist muscles contract simultaneously during dystonic movement. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dystonia is a syndrome of sustained muscle contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles, usually resulting in twisting, torsional, and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. (medscape.com)
  • citation needed] Spasmodic torticollis is a form of focal dystonia, a neuromuscular disorder that consists of sustained muscle contractions causing repetitive and twisting movements and abnormal postures in a single body region. (wikipedia.org)
  • Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (pseudoseizures) are symptoms that simulate seizures in patients with psychiatric disorders but that do not involve an abnormal electrical discharge in the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Antidepressants increased the risk compared to placebo of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality) in children, adolescents, and young adults in short-term studies of major depressive disorder (MDD) and other psychiatric disorders. (nih.gov)
  • Depression and certain other psychiatric disorders are themselves associated with increases in the risk of suicide. (nih.gov)
  • Suicide is a known risk of depression and certain other psychiatric disorders, and these disorders themselves are the strongest predictors of suicide. (druginteractionchecker.com)
  • Pooled analyses of short-term placebo-controlled trials of antidepressant drugs (SSRIs and others) showed that these drugs increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality) in children, adolescents, and young adults (ages 18 to 24) with major depressive disorder (MDD) and other psychiatric disorders. (druginteractionchecker.com)
  • The pooled analyses of placebo-controlled trials in children and adolescents with MDD, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), or other psychiatric disorders included a total of 24 short-term trials of 9 antidepressant drugs in over 4400 patients. (druginteractionchecker.com)
  • The pooled analyses of placebo-controlled trials in adults with MDD or other psychiatric disorders included a total of 295 short-term trials (median duration of 2 months) of 11 antidepressant drugs in over 77,000 patients. (druginteractionchecker.com)
  • Secondary dystonia includes a heterogenous group of etiologies including inherited (with and without brain degeneration) and acquired neurologic disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Sertraline is not approved for use in pediatric patients except for patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). (nih.gov)
  • Studies of local field potentials have also shown an increase of 4-10 Hz oscillatory activity in the globus pallidus internus during myoclonic episodes and an increase of 5-7 Hz activity in dystonic muscles when compared to other primary dystonias. (wikipedia.org)
  • The dystonic posturing then gradually progresses with age to other extremities and trunk muscles by the early teens. (medscape.com)
  • At the present time there are 25 types of genetically determined dystonias. (medscape.com)
  • Genetically determined dystonias that are accompanied by myoclonus include SGCE/DYT11, whereas dystonias that accompany a mixed pattern of hyperkinetic disorders include MR-1/DYT8, PRRT2/DYT10, and SLC2A1/ DYT18. (medscape.com)
  • Based on clinical characteristics, DYT1 can be classified into two types: the postural type with appendicular and truncal dystonias, or the action type, which is associated with violent dyskinetic movements in addition to dystonic posture. (medscape.com)
  • The chronic administration of sertraline was found in animals to downregulate brain norepinephrine receptors, as has been observed with other drugs effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder. (nih.gov)
  • Clinical Worsening and Suicide Risk Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), both adult and pediatric, may experience worsening of their depression and/or the emergence of suicidal ideation and behavior (suicidality) or unusual changes in behavior, whether or not they are taking antidepressant medications, and this risk may persist until significant remission occurs. (druginteractionchecker.com)
  • Families and caregivers of patients being treated with antidepressants for major depressive disorder or other indications, both psychiatric and nonpsychiatric, should be alerted about the need to monitor patients for the emergence of agitation, irritability, unusual changes in behavior, and the other symptoms described above, as well as the emergence of suicidality, and to report such symptoms immediately to health care providers. (druginteractionchecker.com)
  • After 5 years, 15 of those patients had developed dystonic posturing in the neck. (medlink.com)
  • Combined dystonia can be classified into three sub-types: those accompanied by parkinsonism, by myoclonus, or by a mixed pattern of various hyperkinetic movements. (medscape.com)
  • However, because of the common parkinsonian features, the disorders have been collectively named Parkinson-plus syndromes. (medscape.com)
  • We analyzed the vector directionalities of the lone pairs of the nitrogen common to these molecules, and the acidic hydrogen of phenols (in aminoindanes, aminotetralins, apomorphines, p-phenol-piperazines, octahydrobenzo(g)quinolines, octahydrobenzo(f)quinolines, and benzazepines) or of nitrogen (in ergoline-type compounds and related structures). (nih.gov)
  • Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a type of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). (nih.gov)
  • It is an unchanging encephalopathy that may be due to a number of disorders that affect brain development and function. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Then the head may turn, pull or tilt in jerky movements, or sustain a prolonged position involuntarily. (wikipedia.org)
  • C26726 Infectious Disorder C118464 Pediatric Adverse Events Terminology C102993 Bacteremia Bacteremia A laboratory test result that indicates the presence of bacteria in the blood. (nih.gov)