Tumor cell inhibitory receptors killer cells natural. Medical search. Frequent questions

Given the important role of both cytokine-mediated inflammatory microenvironment and cytolytic NK cell activities in immune-oncology therapies, our findings present a compelling argument for further clinical investigation. (frontiersin.org)
Cancer immunotherapy restores or enhances the effector function of T cells in the tumor microenvironment, but the efficacy of immunotherapy has been hindered by therapeutic resistance. (bvsalud.org)
In the tumor microenvironment, T cells, as crucial immune response against malignant diseases as well as other immune central effector cells, such as natural killer cells, are regulated via co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals from immune or tumor cells. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
For example, in multiple myeloma, CXCR3 and CCR5 ligands (MIG, IP-10, and MIP-1a) are significantly upregulated in the bone marrow compared to healthy controls, affecting the composition of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. (confex.com)
Their infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of gastric cancer (GC) are significantly decreased, which has been reported as a robust prognostic marker. (biomedcentral.com)
We constructed a non-contact co-culturing system and humanized xenograft tumor mice model to detect the influence of GC microenvironment on NK-92 or primary human NK cells viability by flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
The interactions between tumor and immune cells in the local microenvironment are believed to be involved in the growth, metastasis and invasion of GC [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, the complexity of tumor microenvironment (TME), which mainly consists of neoplastic cells, stromal cells, immune cells, soluble factors and extracellular matrix, severely diminishes the efficacy of anti-tumor immunity, thus restraining the effects of various immunotherapies developed during the past decades. (biomedcentral.com)
In the tumor microenvironment, TIGIT is often overexpressed and directly inhibits both T cell and NK cell effector function and proliferation. (bmj.com)
Progressive upregulation of checkpoints on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes promotes an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, severely compromising tumor immunity. (aacrjournals.org)
Thus, addressing the presence of immunosuppressive myeloid cell populations in the periphery and tumor microenvironment of patients with cancer is likely to be required for effective NK cell-based immunotherapy. (elifesciences.org)
Wang H , Han G , Chen J , . Heterogeneity of tumor immune microenvironment in malignant and metastatic change in LUAD is revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. (aging-us.com)
Plenty of research had reported that the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) impacts cancer progression and metastases, as well as affects patient prognoses and outcomes [ 6 , 7 ], which emphasizes the important role of immune cells, vital components of the tumor microenvironment, impacting on patient survival and tumor progression [ 8 , 9 ]. (aging-us.com)
The fourth generation of CAR-T design attempts to deliver cytokines to modulate the tumor microenvironment either by activating host effector T cells or hampering host suppressors and reinforcing memory T cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
The BrafV600E mutation has a direct role in driving cellular transformation but multiple studies suggest that it also indirectly modulates the tumor microenvironment. (cancer-pictures.org)
Thus more investigation is needed to better characterize the nature of the tumor microenvironment in melanoma and how BrafV600E inhibitors affect the function of infiltrating. (cancer-pictures.org)
These animal studies revealed that IL-12 experienced a profound and beneficial effect on the tumor microenvironment. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
The impact of IL-12 Schisantherin B was dependent on the expression of the IL-12 receptor on host cells and not on Schisantherin B its expression on the transferred cells further emphasizing the role of IL-12 in altering the tumor microenvironment. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
The theoretical basis for marrow failure includes primary defects in or damage to the stem cell or the marrow microenvironment. (medscape.com)

We hypothesized that memory-like (ML) NK cell differentiation, tumor targeting with cetuximab, and engineering with an anti-EphA2 (Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor A2) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) enhance NK cell responses against HNSCC. (figshare.com)
The NK Cell Research Toolkit enables researchers to examine the effects of distinct molecules on NK cells' targeting and eradication of discrete tumor cell types, and to design novel chimeric antigen receptors to modify endogenous signaling pathways. (freegenes.org)
Here, we demonstrate that NK cells (haNKs) engineered to express a PD-L1 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) haNKs killed a panel of human and murine head and neck cancer cells at low effector-to-target ratios in a PD-L1-dependent fashion. (elifesciences.org)
Here, we describe the pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo study of irradiated haNK cells engineered to express a second-generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). (elifesciences.org)
Engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies (CAR-T) are now commercially available to treat certain leukemias and lymphomas. (bdbiosciences.com)
Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) recognize specific proteins on the surface of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
The basic principles of chimeric antigen receptor design. (msdmanuals.com)

Dr. Canter's research has a strong focus on multi-species models for natural killer (NK) cell immunotherapy, including adoptive therapy in dogs with spontaneous cancers and murine models of solid tumors. (ucdavis.edu)
Nectin-4 has been shown to be a successful therapy target in solid tumors including bladder cancer. (oncotarget.com)
and histologically or cytologically proven locally advanced or advanced solid tumors, for which no effective standard therapy is available. (bmj.com)
Cytovia is the first company to combine its own iPSC-derived natural killer (iNK) cells and multispecific, NK cell-engaging antibodies and is building a pipeline that encompasses both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. (biospace.com)
Solid tumors, autoimmune diseases, graft versus host disease (GvHD), genetic diseases and neurodegenerative diseases are investigated using many types of autologous and allogeneic cells with rapidly evolving cell engineering and editing approaches. (bdbiosciences.com)
Perspectives of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte treatment in solid tumors. (msdmanuals.com)

Their function is regulated by the activation of a number of activating and inhibitory receptors that bind to specific ligands expressed on the surface of target cells. (frontiersin.org)
HNSCC cell lines and patient samples express multiple inhibitory and activating surface ligands. (figshare.com)
These receptors bind to various ligands on target cells, both endogenous and exogenous, and have an important role in regulating the NK-cell response. (wikidoc.org)
Despite valuable efforts to discover novel immune checkpoints and their ligands, the precise roles of their therapeutic functions, as well as the broad identification of their counterpart receptors, remain to be addressed. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
Here, we investigated the modulation of γδ T cell-mediated tumor cell lysis by TLR ligands. (aacrjournals.org)
A dysregulated immune system (including changes in the number and/or function of immune cells, cytokine levels, and the expression of inhibitory receptors or their ligands) plays a key role in the development of HCC. (wjgnet.com)
CD226 competes for binding with the same ligands with TIGIT but delivers a positive stimulatory signal to the immune cells. (molecule.to)
The NK cell research toolkit product contains three classes of genes: ligands, surface receptors, and transcription factors. (freegenes.org)
Upon the stage of tumorigenesis, down-regulation of the major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) molecules and also the overexpression of the stress-induced ligands on the surface of malignant cells to avoid recognition by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), make them more sensitive to NK cell-mediated death. (biomedcentral.com)
In this manner, the reduced detection of self MHC-I molecules by NK cell-inhibitory receptors coupled with an increase in activating signals by recognition of stress-induced surface ligands promote the cytolytic activity of NK cells. (biomedcentral.com)
PD-1 is an immunoinhibitory receptor that stymies lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion when bound to its membrane-bound or secreted ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, expressed by both immune and tumour cells [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

The human NK cell repertoire is functionally diversified through a tightly regulated differentiation process characterized by an early transition from CD56bright to CD56dim NK cells, followed by coordinated changes in expression of inhibitory receptors, including NKG2A and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). (confex.com)

Like T cells, NK cells have many qualities characteristic of the adaptive immune system, including the production of "memory" cells that persist following encounter with antigens and the ability to create a secondary recall response. (wikipedia.org)
MHC class I molecules consist of the main mechanism by which cells display viral or tumor antigens to cytotoxic T-cells. (wikidoc.org)
Studies have shown that exposure of T cells to tumor antigens upregulates the expression of inhibitory checkpoint receptors, leading to T-cell dysfunction or exhaustion. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
1 T cells are engineered to express CARs through viral vectors, enabling them to recognize specific target antigens. (bdbiosciences.com)
For instance tumors treated with BrafV600E inhibitors displayed increased T lymphocyte infiltration and expression of melanoma antigens MHCI and PDL1 expression (17-21). (cancer-pictures.org)
Similarly mice engrafted with a melanoma cell line and treated with the vemurafenib analogue PLX4720 also exhibited increased T cell infiltration in tumors and responsiveness to antigens (18 22 The anti-tumor effects of PLX4720 in this engraftment model was particularly dependent on CD8 T cells and could be enhanced by CD137 agonistic mAb treatment suggesting that BrafV600E inhibitors can sensitize tumors to certain immunotherapies (22). (cancer-pictures.org)
Tumor Antigens Many tumor cells produce antigens, which may be released in the bloodstream or remain on the cell surface. (msdmanuals.com)
Concomitant use of interferon enhances the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and TAAs on tumor cells, thereby augmenting the killing of tumor cells by the infused effector cells. (msdmanuals.com)
The importance of dendritic cells in presenting antigens to T and B lymphocytes is increasingly recognized. (medscape.com)
[ 12 ] These cells can capture antigen and migrate to lymphoid organs, where they present the antigens to naive T cells. (medscape.com)

Moreover, NK cells are poised to release cytokines such as IFN- γ , TNF-α and growth factors that can initiate inflammatory responses mediated by both the innate and the adaptive arm of the immune system. (frontiersin.org)
The cytokines Interferon play a crucial role in NK-cell activation. (wikidoc.org)
NK cells are activated in response to interferons or macrophage -derived cytokines . (wikidoc.org)
Natural killer (NK) cells, with a predominant morphology of large granular lymphocytes, represent a lineage of lymphoid cells with constitutive ability to mediate cytotoxicity toward pathologic target cells and secrete cytokines. (mhmedical.com)
The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Although the expression of MHC class I and II molecules can be upregulated by MSC exposure to inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN- γ ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ), they are still unable to induce an immunological response [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
These cells secrete immune inhibitory growth factors and cytokines, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is primarily produced by microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). (encyclopedia.pub)
These experimental cytokine-producing CAR-Ts, called T cells redirected for universal cytokine killing (TRUCKs), can deliver a variety of cytokines, such as IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 or IL-21. (bdbiosciences.com)
IL-12 and IL-23 are pro-inflammatory cytokines that are important to the development of T helper 1 (Th-1) and T helper 17 (Th-17) T cell subsets while IL-27 and IL-35 are potent inhibitory cytokines[6]. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. (cdc.gov)
T helper (Th) 2 cells, which recruit and accumulate in the lungs and produce a range of different effector cytokines. (cdc.gov)
However, more recent studies have revealed the potential collaboration of other helper T cells and their cytokines in this process. (cdc.gov)
The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the possible roles of newly identified helper T cells derived cytokines (IL-9, 17, 22, 25 and IL-33) in asthma. (cdc.gov)

Unlike T lymphocytes, resting NK cells use preformed lytic granules to kill target cells, implying a rapid cytolytic effect that requires a finely regulated control mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
Some EBOV infections generate a cytokine storm, which hinders peripheral natural killer cells (NK) and T and B lymphocytes. (cdc.gov)
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play a pivotal role in the immune surveillance and elimination of transformed or virally infected cells. (frontiersin.org)
Natural killer cells are cytolytic lymphocytes belonging to the innate immune system and are involved in anti-viral and anti-tumor responses ( 1 ) and are recognized as major players in immune-mediated anti-tumor therapies ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
NK-cells are defined as large granular lymphocytes that do not express T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) or Pan T marker CD3 or surface immunoglobulins (Ig) B cell receptor but that usually express the surface markers CD16 (FcγRIII) and CD56 in humans, and NK1.1/NK1.2 in certain strains of mice. (wikidoc.org)
Separation of human CD314 positive CD56 positive NK cells (red-filled) from CD314 negative CD56 negative lymphocytes (black-dashed) in flow cytometry analysis (surface staining) of human peripheral whole blood stained using anti-human CD314 (1D11) APC antibody. (exbio.cz)
These lymphocytes successfully eliminate the genetically unstable tumour cells with intrinsically high immunogenicity [ 4 ] through a series of successive stages [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Introduction Adoptive cell therapy (Take action) using autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and high dose IL-2 preceded by the administration of a non-myeloablative lymphodepleting regimen mediates objective tumor regression in 50%-70% of melanoma patients based on RECIST (responsive evaluation criteria in solid tumor)[1]. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
Additionally Take action using genetic modification of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) with anti-tumor receptors can mediate regression in multiple malignancy Sele histologies[2-5]. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) may have greater tumoricidal activity than LAK cells. (msdmanuals.com)
[ 13 ] Dendritic cells are also efficient stimulators of B-cell lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
Effective induction of antigen-specific T-cell responses requires interaction between the dendritic cells and T lymphocytes to prime the latter cells for expansion and subsequent immune responses. (medscape.com)
The first signal may involve interaction between an MHC I-bound and/or MHC II-bound peptide on an APC with the T-cell receptor (TCRs) on the effector lymphocytes. (medscape.com)

CTLR inhibitory receptors include the CD94/NKG2A and the murine Ly49, which is probably analogous to the human KIR. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, treatment with imiquimod downregulated MHC class I molecules on tumor cells possibly resulting in a reduced binding affinity for inhibitory receptor NKG2A expressed on γδ T cells. (aacrjournals.org)
Here, we report that blocking the inhibitory NKG2A receptor enhances tumor immunity by promoting both natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cell effector functions in mice and humans. (hal.science)
Activating and inhibitory receptors on synovial fluid natural killer cells of arthritis patients: role of CD94/NKG2A in control of cytokine secretion. (ox.ac.uk)
Activated synovial NK cells produced interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor, and the production was further up-regulated by antibody masking of CD94/NKG2A, and down-regulated by target cells expressing human leucocyte antigen-E in complex with peptides known to engage CD94/NKG2A. (ox.ac.uk)
We conclude that synovial NK cells have an activated phenotype and that CD94/NKG2A is a key regulator of synovial NK-cell cytokine synthesis. (ox.ac.uk)
Indeed, in a group of patients, a relevant fraction of NK cells expressed a mature phenotype characterized by the KIR + NKG2A − signature 3-6 months after transplantation. (ashpublications.org)
In a fraction of these patients, an aberrant and hyporesponsive CD56 − CD16 + p75/AIRM1 − NK-cell subset (mostly KIR + NKG2A − ) reminiscent of that described in patients with viremic HIV was detected. (ashpublications.org)
In humans, HLA class I-specific receptors include killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) specific for determinants shared by groups of HLA-A, -B, and -C allotypes 4 and CD94/NKG2A heterodimer specific for the nonclassic, class I molecule HLA-E 5 . (ashpublications.org)
Here we report, using the pathogenic model of antiretroviral therapy-treated, SIV-infected rhesus macaques that sequential interleukin-21 and interferon alpha therapy generate terminally differentiated blood natural killer cells (NKG2a/c low CD16 + ) with potent human leukocyte antigen-E-restricted activity in response to SIV envelope peptides. (nature.com)
The frequency and activity of terminally differentiated NKG2a/c low CD16 + natural killer cells correlates with a reduction of replication-competent SIV in lymph node during antiretroviral therapy and time to viral rebound following analytical treatment interruption. (nature.com)
define NK cell differentiation states based on their education via NKG2a and expression of CD16 (FcγRIII), an activating Fc receptor that mediates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) 8 , and demonstrate that nonpathogenic SIVagm infection in African green monkeys (AGMs) imprints the maturation of NK cells inducing terminally differentiated NKG2a low CD16 + NK cells, which express high levels of interleukin (IL)−21R. (nature.com)
Given previous findings on a role of IL-21 and IFNα in regulating NK cell function, and that NKG2a low CD16 + NK cells are generated while expressing high levels of IL-21R in nonpathogenic SIV infection, we sought to determine whether immunotherapy with IL-21 and IFNα rescues AGM-like profiles of NK cell maturation and activity in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). (nature.com)

Fig. 4: A lower level of CAR-mediated TROG-antigen expression was associated with improved clinical response to CAR-NK cell-based immunotherapy. (nature.com)
PIM2+ cancer cells generated by proinflammatory macrophages acquired the capability to survive, metastasize, and resist T-cell cytotoxicity and immunotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
These results provide insight into the regulatory and functional features of PIM2+ tumors and suggest that strategies to influence the functional activities of inflammatory cells or PIM2 kinase may improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
His research is now focused on further characterization of the activating and inhibitory receptors of NK cells as part of a multi-species evaluation of optimizing NK cancer immunotherapy, and they are broadening their dog canine immunotherapy comparative oncology clinical trials with other novel immune agents. (ucdavis.edu)
Characterization and Potential Applications of Dog Natural Killer Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy. (ucdavis.edu)
In this review, we examine the prospects for the application of newly emerging checkpoints, such as T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3, lymphocyte activation gene-3, T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA), new B7 family proteins, and B- and T-cell lymphocyte attenuator, in association with immunotherapy of malignancies. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are considered adjuvants in clinical trials of cancer immunotherapy. (aacrjournals.org)
One of these promising cancer treatment advances is the natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy. (benitonovas.com)
Natural killer (NK) cells may be an attractive alternative source of effector cells in immunotherapy in CLL, provided that functionality is retained within the CLL micro-environment. (vu.nl)
Research into NK cells may advance the development of effective off-the-shelf cell therapies, which will drastically lower the cost of immunotherapy and make these life-saving treatments available to more patients. (freegenes.org)
Failed T cell-based immunotherapies in the presence of genomic alterations in antigen presentations pathways may be overcome by NK cell-based immunotherapy. (elifesciences.org)
T cell-based immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint blockade or adoptive T cell transfer, is limited by the ability of T cells to detect major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-presented antigen by tumor cells. (elifesciences.org)
Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy may overcome genetic mechanisms of resistance to T cell-based immunotherapy through antigen- and MHC-independent recognition of malignant cells. (elifesciences.org)
Designer T and NK cells are a modality within immunotherapy that manipulates receptor-ligand interactions to enhance cells of the immune system to destroy cancer more effectively. (encyclopedia.pub)
Building off experience in hematopoietic stem cell transplant and exploiting advances in genetic engineering, genome editing, immunology, immunotherapy, stem cell biology, understanding disease mechanisms and cell therapy manufacturing, considerable progress has been made with hundreds of clinical trials underway. (bdbiosciences.com)
These findings are described in the article entitled Circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells increase in patients undergoing neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer , recently published in the journal Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy . (databasefootball.com)
In passive cellular immunotherapy, specific effector cells are directly infused and are not induced within the patient. (msdmanuals.com)
Passive cellular immunotherapy references A number of immunologic interventions, both passive and active, can be directed against tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
In passive cellular immunotherapy, specific effector cells. (msdmanuals.com)
CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer. (msdmanuals.com)

They regulate the killing function of these cells by interacting with major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules, which are expressed on all nucleated cell types. (wikipedia.org)
most KIRs are inhibitory: their recognition of MHC molecules suppresses the cytotoxic activity of their NK cell. (wikipedia.org)
A limited number of KIRs are activating: their recognition of MHC molecules activates the cytotoxic activity of their cell. (wikipedia.org)
Receptors displaying this function evolved during phylogenesis following the rapid evolution of genes coding for MHC class I molecules. (wikipedia.org)
As these are stress-molecules, released by cells upon viral infection, they serve to signal to the NK-cell the presence of viral pathogens. (wikidoc.org)
Upon release in close proximity to a cell slated for killing, perforin forms pores in the cell membrane of the target cell through which the granzymes and associated molecules can enter, inducing apoptosis . (wikidoc.org)
These inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I alleles , which could explain why NK cells kill cells possessing low levels of MHC class I molecules. (wikidoc.org)
A common evolutionary adaption to this seen in both intracellular microbes and tumours is a chronic down-regulation of these MHC I molecules, rendering the cell impervious to T-cell mediated immunity. (wikidoc.org)
heterodimers) - a C-type lectin family receptor, conserved in both rodents and primates and identifies non-classical (also non-polymorphic) MHC I molecules like HLA E . Though indirect, this is a way to survey the levels of classical (polymorphic) HLA molecules, however, because expression of HLA-E at the cell surface is dependent upon the presence of classical MHC class I leader peptides. (wikidoc.org)
To overcome these obstacles, combinational therapies with newly discovered inhibitory molecules or combined blockage of several checkpoints provide a rationale for further research. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
Killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) are mainly involved in inhibiting NK killing (inhibitory KIRs) via interaction with MHC class I molecules. (ox.ac.uk)
After activation, they can directly lyse the targets by generating cytotoxic molecules, such as perforin and granzyme B. Besides, NK cells also secret amounts of immune regulators, especially IFN-γ, to enhance the overall anti-tumor activity [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
According to the current view, damage-associated molecules released by infected or injured cells, or secreted by innate immune cells generate danger signals activating an immune response. (frontiersin.org)
MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Nectins are immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules and regulate besides cell adhesion various cellular functions, such as cell motility, proliferation, polarization, survival and differentiation [ 1 - 3 ] and appear to have an immunomodulatory function [ 4 , 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)
1-3 Among receptors negatively regulating NK-cell function, a crucial role is played by those interacting with MHC class I molecules. (ashpublications.org)
Natural killer (NK) cells are "licensed" with functional competence following education with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 1 . (nature.com)
In an effort to improve the effectiveness of Take action we utilized a strategy to genetically change TIL to deliver to the tumor site molecules that can enhance the anti-tumor function of the transferred cells. (ecologicalsgardens.com)

This phenomenon is determined by MHC class I-specific inhibitory receptors that functionally dominate the triggering potentials induced by activating receptors Thus, NK cells use a complex array of inhibitory or activating receptor/ligand interactions, the balance of which regulates NK cell function and cytolytic activity. (wikipedia.org)
γδ T-cell cytotoxicity and granzyme A/B production were enhanced after pretreatment of tumor cells with TLR3 [poly(I:C)] or TLR7 ligand (imiquimod). (aacrjournals.org)
The interaction of CD54 and the corresponding ligand CD11a/CD18 expressed on γδ T cells is responsible for triggering effector function in γδ T cells. (aacrjournals.org)
Remarkably, Clec4a4+ eosinophils were instructed by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that imprints many gut immune cells. (stanford.edu)
While monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) blocking programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have been approved for multiple cancer indications, only a subset of patients benefit from immune checkpoint blockade therapies, highlighting the need for additional approaches. (molecule.to)
Bintrafusp alfa is a first-in-class bifunctional fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of the human transforming growth factor β receptor II (a TGFβ "trap") fused to a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody blocking programed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). (bmj.com)
The genes listed here can be expressed on NK cells, feeder cells, or tumor cells to study individual NK cell signaling pathways, strengths of activation of different receptor-ligand interactions, and whether certain NK cells are more or less resistant to inhibitory cues from cancer cells. (freegenes.org)

Dendritic cells (DC) are postulated to play a role in autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). (journaltocs.ac.uk)
In this review, we have discussed the status and roles of various immune effector cells ( e.g ., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells), their cytokine profile, and the chemokine-receptor axis in promoting or impeding HCC. (wjgnet.com)
Given that CD155 is highly expressed by both human and mouse tumors and tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, it has been proposed that TIGIT might inhibit antitumor immune responses via multiple, sequential steps: first, inhibiting NK cell-mediated tumor cell killing as well as tumor Ag release, then inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells and suppressing CD8+ T cell function via TIGIT+ Tregs, and finally directly inhibiting CD8+ T cell effector functions. (molecule.to)
This stress condition can also lead to the attraction of immune cells, notably antigen presenting cells (APCs) (i.e. immature dendritic cells), natural killer cells (NK cells), and cytotoxic T-cells to the site of infection [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As cells undergo oncogenesis, neoantigens are released and captured on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/ human leukocyte antigen (HLA) of dendritic cells (DCs) that subsequently mature and migrate to central lymphoid organs. (encyclopedia.pub)
Patient PBMCs are collected by leukapheresis followed by enrichment approaches to isolate T cells while removing other cells such as B cells, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells and contaminating tumor cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
The histiocytoses encompass a group of diverse disorders characterized by the accumulation and infiltration of variable numbers of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the affected tissues. (medscape.com)
Pluripotent stem cells can also be committed to produce dendritic cells. (medscape.com)
Dendritic cells appear to develop in several pathways. (medscape.com)
[ 11 ] Immature dendritic cells respond to GM-CSF (not to macrophage colony-stimulating factor [M-CSF]) and become committed to generating dendritic cells, which are "professional" antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (medscape.com)
Dendritic cells display a large amount of MHC-peptide complexes at their surface and can increase the expression of costimulatory receptors and migrate to the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues, where they activate specific T cells. (medscape.com)

They serve to contain viral infections while the adaptive immune response is generating antigen -specific cytotoxic T cells that can clear the infection. (wikidoc.org)
Schematic diagram indicating the complementary activities of cytotoxic T-cells and NK cells. (wikidoc.org)
Subsequently, binding of the CD28 co-stimulatory receptor to the DCs' CD80/86 receptor fully activates the cytotoxic T cells which then migrate to infiltrate the tumour and kill the cells by locally releasing perforin and granzymes [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
T-cell engagers are bispecific antibodies that recruit cytotoxic T cells to kill tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Expanded natural killer cells killed both allogeneic and autologous primary myeloma cells avidly via a perforin-mediated mechanism in which the activating receptor NKG2D, natural cytotoxicity receptors, and DNAX-accessory molecule-1 played a central role. (haematologica.org)
In particular, NK cells mediate their cytolytic function through the engagement of activating receptors, such as NKG2D, DNAM-1, NKp30, NKp46, and NKp44 ( 3 , 4 ), or following pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
This killing is mediated primarily via the natural cytotoxicity receptors, including NKp46, NKp44, NKp30, and by the NKG2D receptor. (ox.ac.uk)
The cytotoxicity receptor NKG2D is downregulated, and the killing capacity through this receptor was markedly reduced in CLL-derived NK cells. (vu.nl)
The mouse monoclonal antibody 1D11 recognizes an extracellular epitope of CD314 / NKG2D, a 42 kDa C-type lectin-like activating receptor expressed by NK cells, gamma/delta T cells, and CD8+ T cells. (exbio.cz)
CD314, also known as NKG2D (natural killer receptor G2D) or KLRK1 (killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily K, member 1), is a homodimeric C-type lectin-like activating receptor and costimulator with type II membrane orientation (C teminus extracellular). (exbio.cz)

1 , 2 NK cells are now considered to belong to the cellular subgroup that is characterized by the production of interferon (IFN)- γ within the family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), a family of developmentally related cells involved in innate immunity and tissue development. (mhmedical.com)
Hence, clarifying the mechanisms involved in TME regulation on anti-tumor immunity might provide potential targets. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present review, we describe and discuss the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF)-EMF and pulsed EMF on cell signals and factors relevant to the activation of danger signals and innate immunity cells. (frontiersin.org)
Spatial distribution of LTi-like cells in intestinal mucosa regulates type 3 innate immunity. (stanford.edu)
it functions as an inhibitory checkpoint receptor, thereby limiting adaptive and innate immunity. (molecule.to)
This sequence of steps may ultimately prevent elimination of cancer cells, so TIGIT is considered to be a key inhibitor in cancer immunity. (molecule.to)
Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in early immunity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation because they are the first lymphocyte subset recovering after the allograft. (ashpublications.org)
B-RafV600E inhibitors have been suggested to promote tumor regression with the help of host immunity but this hypothesis has not been examined directly in detail. (cancer-pictures.org)
Supporting this result agonistic CD40 antibody was sufficient to evoke anti-tumor immunity and suppress tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. (cancer-pictures.org)
Purpose Infusion of interleukin-12 (IL-12) may mediate anti-tumor immunity in animal models yet its Schisantherin B systemic administration to patients with cancer results in minimal Schisantherin B efficacy and severe toxicity. (ecologicalsgardens.com)

Natural killer cell cytolysis of target cells and cytokine production is controlled by a balance of inhibitory and activating signals, which are facilitated by NK cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Using a chemo-genetic approach, we identify BET bromodomain containing proteins BRD2 and BRD4 as central regulators of NK cell functions, including direct cytokine secretion, NK cell contact-dependent inflammatory cytokine secretion from monocytes as well as NK cell cytolytic functions. (frontiersin.org)
We show that both BRD2 and BRD4 control inflammatory cytokine production in NK cells isolated from healthy volunteers and from rheumatoid arthritis patients. (frontiersin.org)
The combination of the FLEX-NK TM and iNK platforms demonstrated greater in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity in HCC models than iNK cells alone, with a favorable in vitro cytokine release and immune cell subset safety profile. (biospace.com)
Virus-based immunostimulatory cytokine and chemokine expression can recruit and activate T cells, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and natural killer (NK) cells, and subsequently, improve the therapeutic activity of OVs. (biomedcentral.com)
This immunosuppressive helper T cell phenotype can be further induced by the zinc-finger transcription factor GATA3, which regulates Th2 cytokine expression [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
8] To improve ACT using TIL and to take advantage of the antitumor properties of IL-12 we as well as others used genetic engineering of anti-tumor T cells with a gene encoding IL-12 to deliver the potent cytokine selectively to the tumor site in murine tumor models[9-12]. (ecologicalsgardens.com)

ASPH appears to be involved in the regulation of proliferation, invasion and metastasis of PC cells through multiple signaling pathways, suggesting its role as a tumor biomarker and therapeutic target. (bjbms.org)
The CCK-8 method measures cell proliferation, and the Transwell method detects migration and invasion. (researchsquare.com)
Excessive proliferation and migration of lens epithelial cells and transformation into mesenchymal cells (ie EMT) are common causes of cataracts. (researchsquare.com)
Analogous studies in a murine syngeneic tumor model using surrogate antibodies demonstrated significant synergy between LAG-3 and PD-1 blockade-combination treatment led to a marked improvement in therapeutic efficacy, increased T-cell proliferation, IFNγ production, and elicited durable immunologic memory upon tumor rechallenge. (aacrjournals.org)
Using these genes, researchers can manipulate NK cells, cancer cells, and "feeder" cells (i.e. cells used to trigger NK cell proliferation). (freegenes.org)
On the other hand, the proliferation of oncolytic viruses into target cells and subsequent recognition of viral elements by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors can positively affect the development of the innate and adaptive immune responses against tumor cells (Fig. 1 ) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
First, we are interested in Epstein Barr Virus-mediated mechanisms of immune evasion with particular emphasis on pathways that promote survival and proliferation of EBV B cell lymphomas, the characterization of the human T cell and NK cell response to EBV and the identification of novel therapeutics for treatment of EBV B cell lymphomas. (stanford.edu)
The T cells also effectively terminate their activation and proliferation as a means of avoiding autoimmunity, resulting in different phenotypes that either further activate Th1 immune responses or suppress via Th2-driven responses. (encyclopedia.pub)
In addition, previous studies have shown that lysosomes may play important roles in cancer development and progression through the abovementioned biological processes and that the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes are closely related to cancer cell proliferation, energy metabolism, invasion and metastasis, immune escape and tumor-associated angiogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
In SIVagm infection, systemic IL-15 was associated with NK cell proliferation in lymph node (LN), while systemic IFNα correlated with NK cell cytotoxicity in LN 17 . (nature.com)
In vitro studies based on MCF-7 cell proliferation and induction of vitellogenin in primary culture of rainbow trout hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)
They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions. (bvsalud.org)
Each category of histiocytosis can be traced to reactive or neoplastic proliferation in one of these cell lineages. (medscape.com)

Following activation, NK cells mediate killing of target cells through two major pathways that require direct contact between NK cells and their target cells ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Mechanistically, IL1ß derived from IFNÎ³-polarized tumor macrophages triggered PIM2 expression in cancer cells via the p38 MAPK/Erk and NF-κB signaling pathways. (bvsalud.org)
Tumors escape immune surveillance by inducing various immunosuppressive pathways, including the activation of inhibitory receptors on tumor-infiltrating T cells. (molecule.to)
Next, the results of cell-cell communication analysis suggested that pericytes interact with broad immune cells via MDK-NCL pathways in metastasis samples, MIF-(CD74+CXCR4) and MIF-(CD74+CC44) interaction especially occurred between different cell types in tumor and normal samples. (aging-us.com)
For example, ex vivo IL-21 treatment expanded CD16 + NK cells 9 , antagonized the IL-15-dependent expansion of resting NK cells 10 , and reverses hypo-responsiveness via the STAT1 and PI3K-AKT-FOXO1 pathways 11 . (nature.com)

NK-cells, along with macrophages and several other cell types, express the FcR molecule, an activating biochemical receptor that binds the Fc portion of antibodies . (wikidoc.org)
Interestingly, receptors which expression declines during NK cell differentiation (CCR5, CCR7, and CXCR3) are commonly associated with adaptive T cell responses to viruses, whereas receptors that are upregulated along the differentiation axis (CXCR1, CXCR2, CX3CR1, CMKLR1) are typical for neutrophils and macrophages as a part of the innate immune response. (confex.com)
PD-L1 CAR haNKs reduced levels of macrophages and other myeloid cells endogenously expressing high PD-L1 in peripheral blood from patients with head and neck cancer. (elifesciences.org)
While macrophages were reported to act as one of the cells in LUAD, enrichment analysis of macrophage marker genes revealed the important role of macrophages in the activation of neutrophils. (aging-us.com)

Adoptive transfer of expanded natural killer cells inhibited the growth of established OPM2 and high-risk primary myeloma tumors grown in the murine model. (haematologica.org)
Preclinical studies in murine tumor treatment models demonstrated powerful antitumor effects following the systemic administration of IL-12[7]. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
In preclinical studies the transduction of murine anti-tumor T cells with a gamma-retrovirus encoding IL-12 substantially increased the ability of low numbers of cells to mediate the destruction of invasive cancers in the absence of IL-2 administration. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
Antigen reactive murine T cells constructed with this NFAT governed IL-12 vector (NFAT.IL-12) effectively treated huge established murine tumors in cell dosages that had minimal undesireable effects and in. (ecologicalsgardens.com)

Tumors can have an immunosuppressive environment comprised of multiple cell types including those of myeloid origin. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
The specific medications administered depend on the choice of therapy and whether it is supportive care only, immunosuppressive therapy, or hematopoietic cell transplantation. (medscape.com)

Although targeting immune checkpoint regulators has shown relative clinical efficacy in some tumor types, most trials in the field of cancer immunotherapies have revealed unsatisfactory results due to de novo or adaptive resistance in cancer patients. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
Cytovia Therapeutics aims to accelerate patient access to transformational cell therapies and immunotherapies, addressing several of the most challenging unmet medical needs in cancer. (biospace.com)
Natural Killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system with inherent cancer cell-killing capabilities, providing an exciting alternative to costly custom T cell immunotherapies. (freegenes.org)
It has been previously demonstrated that NK cell functionality is responsive to immunotherapies with IL-21 and interferon alpha (IFNα). (nature.com)

NKp46 (CD335, NCR1, ) is a cytotoxicity-activating receptor that may contribute to the increased efficiency of activated natural killer (NK) cells to mediate tumor cell lysis. (thermofisher.com)
It is believed that NK cells, in turn, evolved as an evolutionary response to this adaption, as the loss of the MHC would deprive these cells of the inhibitory effect of MHC and render these cells vulnerable to NK-cell mediated lysis. (wikidoc.org)
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) specifically induce cancer cells death by infection of and spreading on tumor cells through different mechanisms such as direct lysis effect or adjacent cells fusion. (biomedcentral.com)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder with debilitating symptoms related to anemia, immunosuppression, bone destruction, and renal failure. (haematologica.org)
Malignant expansions of NK cells, either acute or chronic, are rare, but represent well-identified clinical entities. (mhmedical.com)
Compared with conventional cancer treatments, the main advantage of oncolytic virotherapy is its tumor-selective replication followed by the destruction of malignant cells without damaging healthy cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Although several studies revealed the important role of immune cells and related marker genes impact on LUAD prognosis and process, a comprehensive understanding of TIME malignant and metastatic change in LUAD is still limited. (aging-us.com)

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive tumor with low response rates to frontline PD-1 blockade. (figshare.com)
As head and neck cancer and urothelial carcinomas share morphological and molecular similarities, we aimed to evaluate Nectin-4 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). (oncotarget.com)
Unresectable recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) has a very poor prognosis. (mdpi.com)

NK cells recognize the targets through the biased signals transmitted from active or inhibitory receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
This network is the main organizational feature that allows the immune system to keep its dynamic equilibrium (homeostasis) through activating and inhibitory signals and, at the same time, to adapt the response to environmental cues. (frontiersin.org)
NK cells express germ-line receptors that are either stimulatory or inhibitory, and the summation of these signals determines activation status ( Caligiuri, 2008 ). (elifesciences.org)
Natural killer (NK)-cell function is finely regulated by an array of receptors transducing either inhibitory or activating signals. (ashpublications.org)

Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte cell involved in the innate immune system's response to viral infection and tumor transformation of host cells. (wikipedia.org)
Natural killer cells (or NK cells ) are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the Innate immune system . (wikidoc.org)
Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a coinhibitory receptor associated with impaired T-cell function and is frequently coexpressed with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) in the context of human cancers. (aacrjournals.org)
We have generated a high affinity and selective humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody, TSR-033, which binds human LAG-3 and serves as a functional antagonist, enhancing in vitro T-cell activation both in mixed lymphocyte reactions and staphylococcal enterotoxin B-driven stimulation assays. (aacrjournals.org)
Surface receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and nuclear transcription factors attenuate T cell responses, where CTLA-4 competes with CD28 for binding to CD80/86, resulting in inhibitory downstream signalling [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Although antilymphocyte serum was used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and in T-cell and B-cell lymphomas, resulting in temporary decreases in lymphocyte counts or lymph node size, newer humoral immunotherapeutic modalities have been developed. (msdmanuals.com)

Fig. 3: Impact of TROG-antigen acquisition on CAR-NK cell phenotype and function in vivo. (nature.com)
Fig. 6: AI-CAR-expressing NK cells showed superior in vivo antitumor activity. (nature.com)
The transferred, expanded natural killer cells proliferated in vivo in an interleukin-2 dose-dependent fashion, persisted up to 4 weeks, were readily detectable in the human bone, inhibited myeloma growth and protected bone from myeloma-induced osteolysis. (haematologica.org)
A therapeutic strategy combining immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with IL1ß blockade or PIM2 kinase inhibition in vivo effectively and successfully elicited tumor regression. (bvsalud.org)
We generated ML NK and conventional (c)NK cells from healthy donors, then evaluated their ability to produce IFNγ, TNF, degranulate, and kill HNSCC cell lines and primary HNSCC cells, alone or in combination with cetuximab, in vitro and in vivo using xenograft models. (figshare.com)
In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
The FLEX-NK TM tetravalent, multifunctional antibody CYT-303 directed against NKp46 and GPC3 demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity against HCC tumor targets. (biospace.com)
T cells are modified ex vivo by transduction with viral vectors containing CAR or other modifications of interest. (bdbiosciences.com)
Taken together our results establish the critical role of immune-related changes with key contributions for CD40L and IFNγ signaling in the anti-tumor responses brought on in vivo by BRafV600E inhibitors. (cancer-pictures.org)
furthermore, in vivo IFNα-induced NK cell cytotoxicity correlates with reductions in HIV-DNA during antiretroviral therapy (ART) 16 . (nature.com)

In contrast, knockdown of BRD4 but not of BRD2 impairs NK cell cytolytic responses, suggesting BRD4 as critical regulator of NK cell mediated tumor cell elimination. (frontiersin.org)
Given their strong cytolytic activity and the potential for auto-reactivity, Natural Killer cell activity is tightly regulated. (wikidoc.org)
Aside from the Fc receptor, Natural Killer cells express a variety of receptors that serve to either activate or suppress their cytolytic activity. (wikidoc.org)
iNK cells expressed a favorable combination of multiple activation and few inhibitory receptors that corresponded to more potent cytolytic activity against HCC targets. (biospace.com)

NKp46 consists of two Ig-like domains assembled to leukocyte immunoglobulin-like (LIR) and killer inhibitory receptors (KIR). (thermofisher.com)
The FLEX-NK TM multifunctional engager antibody CYT-338 directed against NKp46 and CD38 demonstrated in vitro activity against multiple myeloma tumor targets. (biospace.com)

In this context, it has been suggested that various putative checkpoint receptors can be induced upon activation. (journaltocs.ac.uk)

Strategies are needed to enhance NK cell responses against HNSCC. (figshare.com)
ML and cNK cells were engineered to express anti-EphA2 CAR-CD8A-41BB-CD3z, and functional responses were assessed in vitro against HNSCC cell lines and primary HNSCC tumor cells. (figshare.com)
In addition, their clinical and biological significance is discussed, including their expression in various human cancers, along with their roles in T-cell-mediated immune responses. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
We found that the chemokine-induced migration capability of NK cells correlated closely with the expression level of corresponding chemokine receptor, leading to subset specific responses to various chemokine gradients (D). (confex.com)
By discussing the EMF modulating effects on cell functions, we envisage the use of EMF as a therapeutic agent to regulate immune responses associated with wound healing. (frontiersin.org)
Noteworthy, in recent years the possibility to use EMF exposure to modulate immune cell responses has been proposed and debated ( 6 - 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
This process is achieved by a collection of reactions and responses made by the body to damage these infected cells. (benitonovas.com)
Most data on dampened immune responses in CLL come from studies investigating CLL and T cell interactions. (vu.nl)
Despite their important role in anti-tumor responses, NK cells are not extensively characterized in CLL. (vu.nl)
In contrast, activation via CD16 (FCγRIII) led to adequate activation and functional responses in CLL-derived NK cells. (vu.nl)
Clinical relevance of this finding was shown by treatment with novel nanobody-Fc constructs, which induced cytotoxic responses in both CLL- and HC-derived NK cells via CD16. (vu.nl)
Engagement of CD314 amplifies antigen-specific T cell responses in CD314-positive T cell populations. (exbio.cz)
In this case, the stimulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent immunogenic cell death (ICD) process in OVs-infected cells elicit a range of anti-tumor immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
Patient's own immune cells are isolated, genetically modified to improve responses against cancer cells, expanded, and subsequently reintroduced into the individual. (encyclopedia.pub)
In addition to blocking anti-tumor immune responses these immunomodulatory cells can also promote tumor growth and metastasis through secretion of angiogenic factors (e.g. (cancer-pictures.org)
In contrast another study concluded that PLX4720 decreased T cell infiltration in the tumors and were unable to enhance anti-tumor responses in conjunction with CTLA4 blockade (23). (cancer-pictures.org)
Unlike HIV infection, which progresses to AIDS absent suppressive anti-retroviral therapy, nonpathogenic infections in natural hosts, such African green monkeys, are characterized by a lack of gut microbial translocation and robust secondary lymphoid natural killer cell responses resulting in an absence of chronic inflammation and limited SIV dissemination in lymph node B-cell follicles. (nature.com)

BACKGROUND: Although it has been well-documented that obesity is associated with decreased risk of premenopausal breast cancer and increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, it is unclear whether these associations differ among breast cancer subtypes defined by the tumor protein expression status of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). (cdc.gov)

1 Significant advances have been made by combining novel agents with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation which allows for long-term disease-free survival in the majority of transplant-eligible patients. (haematologica.org)
Blood and tissue biomarker analysis in dogs with osteosarcoma treated with palliative radiation and intra-tumoral autologous natural killer cell transfer. (ucdavis.edu)
These receptors allow NK cells to spare autologous normal cells and to kill cells in which MHC class I expression is down-regulated (eg, by tumor transformation or viral infection) or cells expressing non-self MHC class I alleles unable to engage these receptors (eg, allogenic transplantation settings). (ashpublications.org)

KIR's role in killing unhealthy self-cells and not killing healthy self-cells, involves them in protection against and propensity to viral infection, autoimmune disease, and cancer. (wikipedia.org)
The effector capability of NK cells has been described in a wide range of viral infections, such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C (HCV), HIV, and human cytomegalovirus infection ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
The ability of OVs to selectively infect tumor cells is mainly associated with the disruption of type-I interferon pathway, which represents the first line of defense against viral infections. (biomedcentral.com)
These data demonstrate that African green monkey-like natural killer cell differentiation profiles can be rescued in rhesus macaques to promote viral clearance in tissues. (nature.com)

In addition, activated T cells can express an inducible co-stimulator (iCOS), a surface receptor that is structurally and functionally similar to CD28 and enhances expression of Th2-related interleukin (IL)-10 rather than immune activating IL-2 [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

T cell-targeted immunomodulators such as monoclonal antibodies against PD-1 or CTLA4 may be used in combination with CAR-T cells in clinical trials. (bdbiosciences.com)

Dr. Canter's group is one of a select group of labs internationally who are studying dog NK cells, and they have completed a first-in-dog clinical trial of palliative radiation with intra-tumoral NK cells for dog with naturally-occurring osteosarcoma. (ucdavis.edu)
Thus, restoring the number of NK cells in TME is of great significance for GC clinical treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, anti-TIGIT mAb (tiragolumab) has demonstrated promising clinical efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer treatment when combined with an anti-PD-L1 drug (Tecentriq), leading to phase III trial initiation. (molecule.to)
Cytovia's GPC3-directed NK-engager in combination with iPSC-derived NK cells demonstrated impressive anti-tumor activity in mice that merits clinical development," added Dr. Michael Friedman , a member of Cytovia's Board of Directors. (biospace.com)
For the large number of hepatocellular cancer patients who currently have such limited, poor clinical options, a novel tumor antigen-directed NK engager is needed. (biospace.com)
These preclinical proof of concept studies with CYT-303 alone or in combination with iNK cells in HCC warrant clinical development. (biospace.com)
The technique has also shown preliminarily promising outcomes in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma in clinical trials targeting CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30 and B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), with many more under investigation. (bdbiosciences.com)
Clinical trials of LAK cells in humans are ongoing but this approach has not gained widespread use and is generally considered less effective than other cell therapies. (msdmanuals.com)
The clinical presentation of patients with aplastic anemia includes signs and symptoms related to the decrease in bone marrow production of hematopoietic cells. (medscape.com)

We have enrolled 24 patients in our study, 11 of whom had triple negative breast cancer, 6 had HER2+ breast cancer and 7 patients had estrogen and/or progesterone receptor positive breast cancer. (databasefootball.com)

NK cells, among other cells, are key effector cells of the innate immune system and play a crucial role in the antiviral response. (cdc.gov)
Natural killer (NK) cells are an integral component of the innate immune system, which undertake the immune surveillance against tumors [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytovia focuses on harnessing the innate immune system by developing complementary and disruptive NK-cell and NK-engager antibody platforms. (biospace.com)

Fig. 2: Impact of antigen-induced self-engagement on CAR-NK effector cell phenotype and function. (nature.com)
To further understand the role for NK cells in inflammation, we investigated the phenotype and function of synovial fluid (SF) NK cells from patients with chronic joint inflammation, as well as from patients with transient inflammation of the knee following trauma. (ox.ac.uk)
The transcription factors can be transduced or transfected into NK cells to alter their behavior or phenotype. (freegenes.org)
In other patients, most NK cells maintained an immature phenotype even after 12 months. (ashpublications.org)

Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), are a family of type I transmembrane glycoproteins expressed on the plasma membrane of natural killer (NK) cells and a minority of T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Initial expression of KIRs on NK cells is stochastic, but NK cells undergo an educational process as they mature that alters the KIR expression to maximize the balance between effective defense and self-tolerance. (wikipedia.org)
We investigated the genetic profiles of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in Ebola virus-infected patients. (cdc.gov)
The acquisition of self HLA class I binding KIRs during NK cell differentiation tunes the cytotoxic potential of NK cells in a process termed education, characterized by increased loading of granzyme B in dense core granules. (confex.com)

HOIL-1 inhibitors were screened using Autodock Vina, and the anti-tumor effects of pixantrone were evaluated. (bvsalud.org)

Members of the IgSF family include the human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and the Immunoglobulin-like transcripts (ILT). (wikipedia.org)

A number of immunologic interventions, both passive and active, can be directed against tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Natural killer (NK) cells were identified in the blood and lymphoid organs of humans and experimental animals as cells capable of killing tumors, virus-infected cells, and, in some instances, normal cells, in the absence of previous deliberate or known sensitization. (mhmedical.com)
Here, we characterized the whole-genome distribution of methyl-CpG and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in mouse innate lymphoid cell 3 (ILC3), ILC2 and natural killer (NK) cells. (stanford.edu)
Our data indicate that, also in this transplantation setting, NK cells are the first lymphoid population detectable in peripheral blood. (ashpublications.org)
1991. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls with Ah receptor affinity on lymphoid development in the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius on chick embryos in ovo and in mouse thymus anlagen in vitro . (cdc.gov)

With the exception of KIR2DL4, which has both activating and inhibitory capabilities, KIR receptors with long cytoplasmic tails are inhibitory and those with short tails are activating. (wikipedia.org)

Design and Methods OPM2 and high-risk primary myeloma tumors were grown in human fetal bone implanted into non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency mice with a deficient interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain. (haematologica.org)
These mice are devoid of endogenous natural killer and T-cell activity and were used to determine whether adoptively transferred expanded natural killer cells could inhibit myeloma growth and myeloma-associated bone destruction. (haematologica.org)
Inspired by the accidental discoveries, we constructed a NK-92 cell strain with high expression of GPX4 and treated the humanized xenograft tumor mice model with the NK-92 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Depletion or deactivation of MDSC in mice bearing tumors leads to improved immune function and improved efficacy of anti-cancer immune-based treatments. (databasefootball.com)
In mice these myeloid derived cells can be reprogrammed by IL-12 from immunosuppressors to immunostimulatory cells [9]. (ecologicalsgardens.com)

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are early, immature myeloid cells that are potent inhibitors of the immune system. (databasefootball.com)

While tumor imaging and radiotherapy strategies are crucial for tumor identification and treatment, the presence of metastasis and radiation resistance has reduced the efficacy of treatment in cancer patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Firstly, the transcriptome landscape of heterogeneous cell types in LUAD was analyzed and memory T cells, NK cells, and helper T cells were revealed to be the common immune cells in tumor, normal, and metastasis tissue, respectively. (aging-us.com)
In this study, we collected single-cell sequencing datasets of LUAD and applied an integrated bioinformatic method to depict the transcriptome characteristic of LUAD in normal, tumoral, and metastasis condition. (aging-us.com)

KIR and CD94 (CTLR) receptors are expressed by 5% of peripheral blood T cells. (wikipedia.org)
The present results show that peripheral blood NK cell chemokine receptor profile changes in a coordinated fashion during NK cell differentiation and is further influenced by the expression of self-specific KIR. (confex.com)
We confirm that synovial NK cells are similar to the well-characterized CD56(bright) peripheral blood (PB) NK-cell subset present in healthy individuals. (ox.ac.uk)
1% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (databasefootball.com)

Investigational cell therapies are addressing a wide range of hematological malignancies. (bdbiosciences.com)

To mediate appropriate and directed immune response against cancer, NK cells must be capable of migration to the tumor site. (confex.com)
5) Lysosomes can also fuse with the plasma membrane to mediate membrane repair or discharge contents outside the cell, such as cathepsins or immune factors. (biomedcentral.com)

These findings indicate that NK cells in CLL are not intrinsically defect and still perform effector functions upon adequate activating signaling. (vu.nl)

KIR receptors are named based on the number of their extracellular Ig-like domains (2D or 3D) and by the length of their cytoplasmic tail (long (L), short (S), or pseudogene (P)). The number following the L, S, or P in the case of a pseudogene, differentiates KIR receptors with the same number of extracellular domains and length of cytoplasmic tail. (wikipedia.org)
CAR-T cells, which incorporate an antibody-derived extracellular receptor and T cell derived intracellular signaling domains, have shown convincing outcomes in certain types of leukemia and lymphoma, including commercial licensure of CD19 CAR-Ts for the treatment of relapsed/ refractory large B cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (bdbiosciences.com)

This phenomenon could be offset by a dual-CAR system incorporating both an activating CAR against the cognate tumor antigen and an NK self-recognizing inhibitory CAR that transferred a 'don't kill me' signal to NK cells upon engagement with their TROG + siblings. (nature.com)
This system prevented trogocytic antigen-mediated fratricide, while sparing activating CAR signaling against the tumor antigen, and resulted in enhanced CAR-NK cell activity. (nature.com)
Natural Killer cells must receive an activating signal, which can come in a variety of forms, the most important of which are listed below. (wikidoc.org)
MHC class I-independent recognition of NK-activating receptor KIR2DS4. (ox.ac.uk)
opposing effects of activating and inhibitory receptors regulate NK cell activity. (mhmedical.com)
Here, we studied the expression of activating and inhibitory receptors on CLL-derived and healthy control (HC) NK cells, and their functional response towards several stimuli.NK cells from CLL patients have an increased maturation stage, with an expansion of NKG2C + NK cells in CMV seropositive individuals. (vu.nl)
Our results show that NK cells, in contrast to the T cell compartment, retain their function within the CLL micro-environment, provided that they receive an adequate activating signal. (vu.nl)
In NK cells, CD314 is a primary activating receptor. (exbio.cz)
The activating or inhibitory receptors can similarly be transduced or transfected into NK cells to perturb their behavior. (freegenes.org)

Treatment of xenograft tumors resulted in PD-L1-dependent tumor growth inhibition. (elifesciences.org)

Alterations in either the innate or adaptive arm of the immune system and cross-talk between them make the immune system tolerant to tumors, leading to disease progression. (wjgnet.com)

CAR T cell trogocytosis and cooperative killing regulate tumour antigen escape. (nature.com)

However, engineering NK cells is difficult due to their heterogeneity and plasticity, requiring further research into realizing their use as cell therapies. (freegenes.org)
Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of human NK cells developing after umbilical cord blood transplantation: a role for human cytomegalovirus? (ashpublications.org)
A common theme in cell therapy is the need to characterize and understand cell phenotypes and heterogeneity at every step of the process. (bdbiosciences.com)

Background T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domains (TIGIT) is an inhibitory receptor expressed on T cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs) and natural killer (NK) cells. (bmj.com)

Anatomy32

Organisms11

Diseases41

Chemicals and Drugs95

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Microenvironment19

Chimeric antigen7

Solid tumors6

Ligands11

Followed by coordinated changes in expressi1

Antigens10

Cytokines14

Lymphocytes13

NKG2A13

Immunotherapy20

Molecules19

Ligand7

Dendritic cells11

Cytotoxic T-cel4

NKG2D6

Immunity10

Cytokine7

Proliferation13

Pathways5

Macrophages4

Murine4

Immunosuppressive2

Immunotherapies4

Lysis3

Malignant4

Neck squamous cell carc3

Signals4

Lymphocyte6

Vivo10

Cytolytic4

NKp462

Checkpoint receptors1

Responses17

Human epidermal growth f1

Autologous3

Viral4

Functionally1

Monoclonal antibodies1

Clinical9

Progesterone receptor1

Innate immune3

Phenotype4

KIRs4

Anti-tumor effects1

Immunoglobulin-like receptor1

Immunologic1

Lymphoid4

Long cytoplasmic1

Mice5

Myeloid-derived1

Metastasis3

Peripheral blood4

Hematological malignancies1

Mediate2

Effector functions1

Extracellular2

Activating9

Xenograft1

Progression1

Regulate1

Heterogeneity3

Immunoreceptor1